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{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{other uses|Communist Party of India (disambiguation)}}
{{other uses|Communist Party of India (disambiguation)}}
{{Lead too short|date=May 2023}}
{{for|parties with similar names|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
 
{{Infobox Indian political party
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name        = Communist Party of India
| party_name        = Communist Party of India
| abbreviation      = CPI
| abbreviation      = CPI
| party_flag        =[[File:CPI-banner.svg|200px]]
| party_flag        = CPI-banner.svg
| party_logo        = Communist Party of India logo.png
| party_logo        = Communist Party of India Symbol.png
|logo_size         =
| logo_size         = 150px
| colorcode        = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}  
| colorcode        = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}  
|general_secretary  = [[D. Raja]]
|general_secretary  = [[D. Raja]]
|ppchairman       = [[Binoy Viswam]]
|ppchairman         = ''[[Vacant]]''
| loksabha_leader  = [[K. Subbarayan]]
| loksabha_leader  = [[K. Subbarayan]]
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Binoy Viswam]]
| rajyasabha_leader = ''[[Vacant]]''
| foundation        = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1925|12|26}}
| foundation        = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1925|12|26}}  
| publication      = {{list collapsed|title='''Newspapers'''|''[[New Age Weekly|New Age]]''<br />''[[Mukti Sangharsh]]''<br/>''[[Janayugom]]''<br/>''
| founder =
| publication      = {{collapsible list|title='''Newspapers'''|''[[New Age Weekly|New Age]]''<br />''[[Mukti Sangharsh]]''<br/>''[[Janayugom]]''<br/>''
[[Navayugom]]<br/>''[[Kalantar]]''<br/>''[[Visalaandhra]]''<br/>''[[Jana Sakthi]]''<br/>''[[Praja Paksham]]''<br/>''[[Nawan Zamana]]''<br/>[[Nua Dunia]]''<br/>''[[Janashakti]]''<br/>''[[Kembavuta]]''<br/>''[[Yugantar]]''<br/>''Kholao Thakhai''<br/>''Tripurar Katha''}}
[[Navayugom]]<br/>''[[Kalantar]]''<br/>''[[Visalaandhra]]''<br/>''[[Jana Sakthi]]''<br/>''[[Praja Paksham]]''<br/>''[[Nawan Zamana]]''<br/>[[Nua Dunia]]''<br/>''[[Janashakti]]''<br/>''[[Kembavuta]]''<br/>''[[Yugantar]]''<br/>''Kholao Thakhai''<br/>''Tripurar Katha''}}
| headquarters      = Ajoy Bhavan<br>15, Indrajit Gupta Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India  
| headquarters      = Ajoy Bhavan<br>15, Indrajit Gupta Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India  
| eci              = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NCP, TMC and CPI lose national party status, AAP earns coveted tag Dated 10.04.2023|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10|publisher=India Today|access-date=10 April 2023|location=India|year=2013|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410142934/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
| eci              = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NCP, TMC and CPI lose national party status, AAP earns coveted tag Dated 10.04.2023|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10|publisher=India Today|access-date=10 April 2023|location=India|year=2013|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410142934/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
| alliance          = {{list collapsed|title='''Alliances'''|{{bulleted list|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] {{small|([[National]])}}|
| alliance          = {{collapsible list|title='''Alliances'''|{{bulleted list|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] {{small|(National)}}|
[[Secular Progressive Alliance]] {{small|([[Tamil Nadu]])}}|[[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] {{small|([[Tripura]])}}|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] {{small|([[West Bengal]])}}|[[Left Democratic Front]] {{small|([[Kerala]])}}|[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] {{small|([[Bihar]])}}| [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] {{small|([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]])}}|[[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]] {{small|([[Manipur]])}}}}}}
[[Secular Progressive Alliance]] {{small|([[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])}}|[[Secular Democratic Alliance]] {{small|([[West Bengal]])}}|[[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] {{small|([[Tripura]])}}|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] {{small|([[West Bengal]])}}|[[Left Democratic Front]] {{small|([[Kerala]])}}|[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] {{small|([[Bihar]])}}| [[United Opposition Forum]] {{small|([[Assam]])}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Maharashtra)|Left Democratic Front]] {{small|([[Maharashtra]])}}|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] {{small|([[Maharashtra]])}}|[[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]] {{small|([[Manipur]])}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC +]] {{ small|([[Telangana]])}}}}}}
| loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|2|543|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}  
| loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|2|543|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}  
| rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|2|245|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|2|245|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|ideology          = <!-- IMPORTANT: Do not change party ideology or position without bringing reliable sources to the Talk page and garnering consensus. -->[[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name="Mishra2021">{{cite book | author = Anil Kumar Mishra/ Sudhir Kumar Mishra | date = 19 January 2021 | title = Dictionary of Social Sciences | publisher = Prabhat Prakashan | pages = 32– | isbn = 9789351867661 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AgybDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | access-date = 24 April 2023 | archive-date = 12 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512191113/https://books.google.com/books?id=AgybDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | url-status = live }}</ref>
|ideology          = <!-- IMPORTANT: Do not change party ideology or position without bringing reliable sources to the Talk page and garnering consensus. -->{{Nowrap|[[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name="Mishra2021">{{cite book | author = Anil Kumar Mishra/ Sudhir Kumar Mishra | date = 19 January 2021 | title = Dictionary of Social Sciences | publisher = Prabhat Prakashan | pages = 32– | isbn = 9789351867661 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AgybDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | access-date = 24 April 2023 | archive-date = 12 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512191113/https://books.google.com/books?id=AgybDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | url-status = live }}</ref>}}
| position          = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref name="CPI_1">* {{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests |title=Manipur: CPI State Secretary, Blogger Arrested over CAA Protests |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225152639/https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests |url-status=live }}
| position          = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref name="CantiPI_1">* {{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests |title=Manipur: CPI State Secretary, Blogger Arrested over CAA Protests |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225152639/https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531123638/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531123638/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|editor= Klaus Voll, Doreen Beierlein |title=Rising India – Europe's Partner?: Foreign and Security Policy, Politics, Economics, Human Rights and Social Issues, Media, Civil Society and Intercultural Dimensions |location=[[University of Michigan]] |publisher=Mosaic Books|date=2006 |page=387 |isbn= 978-3-899-98098-1 }}</ref>  
* {{cite book|editor= Klaus Voll, Doreen Beierlein |title=Rising India – Europe's Partner?: Foreign and Security Policy, Politics, Economics, Human Rights and Social Issues, Media, Civil Society and Intercultural Dimensions |location=[[University of Michigan]] |publisher=Mosaic Books|date=2006 |page=387 |isbn= 978-3-899-98098-1 }}</ref> to [[far-left]]<ref name="Mishra2021">{{cite book | author = Anil Kumar Mishra/ Sudhir Kumar Mishra | date = 19 January 2021 | title = Dictionary of Social Sciences | publisher = Prabhat Prakashan | pages = 32– | isbn = 9789351867661 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AgybDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | access-date = 24 April 2023 | archive-date = 12 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230512191113/https://books.google.com/books?id=AgybDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 | url-status = live }}</ref>
|students          = [[All India Students' Federation]]
|students          = [[All India Students' Federation]]
| youth            = [[All India Youth Federation]]
| youth            = [[All India Youth Federation]]
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* [[Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union]]
* [[Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union]]
| peasants          = [[All India Kisan Sabha]]
| peasants          = [[All India Kisan Sabha]]
| website          = {{url|https://communistpartyofindia.com/}}  
| website          = {{URL|https://communistparty.in}}  
| native_name      =
| native_name_lang  = 
| membership        = {{increase}} 650,000 (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/india/2022/10/15/membership-report-cpi-party-conference-2022.html | title=സിപിഐ തളർച്ചയിൽ; താങ്ങ് കേരളം, തമിഴ്നാട്; ബംഗാളിലും ത്രിപുരയിലും പടുകുഴിയിൽ | access-date=25 October 2022 | archive-date=25 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025161748/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/india/2022/10/15/membership-report-cpi-party-conference-2022.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2022/07/17/cpi-continue-to-congress-alliance.html | title=Cpi continue to congress alliance | date=17 July 2022 | access-date=25 October 2022 | archive-date=25 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025162128/https://www.twentyfournews.com/2022/07/17/cpi-continue-to-congress-alliance.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| membership        = {{increase}} 650,000 (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/india/2022/10/15/membership-report-cpi-party-conference-2022.html | title=സിപിഐ തളർച്ചയിൽ; താങ്ങ് കേരളം, തമിഴ്നാട്; ബംഗാളിലും ത്രിപുരയിലും പടുകുഴിയിൽ | access-date=25 October 2022 | archive-date=25 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025161748/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/india/2022/10/15/membership-report-cpi-party-conference-2022.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2022/07/17/cpi-continue-to-congress-alliance.html | title=Cpi continue to congress alliance | date=17 July 2022 | access-date=25 October 2022 | archive-date=25 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025162128/https://www.twentyfournews.com/2022/07/17/cpi-continue-to-congress-alliance.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| colours          = {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} Red
| colours          = {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} Red
|state_seats_name  = [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislatures]]
|state_seats_name  = [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislatures]]
|state_seats        = {{Composition bar|21|617|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} {{small|(Total)}}  
|state_seats        = {{Composition bar|22|4036|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} {{small|(Total)}}  
{{hidden
{{hidden
   |State Legislatures
   |State Legislatures
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{{Composition bar|2|243|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} ([[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]])
{{Composition bar|2|243|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} ([[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]])
{{Composition bar|2|234|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} ([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]])  
{{Composition bar|2|234|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} ([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]])  
{{Composition bar|1|119|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} ([[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]])
}}
}}
| state2_seats_name = [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]]  
| state2_seats_name = [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]]  
| state2_seats      = {{Composition bar|2|75|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}  ([[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]])
| state2_seats      = {{Composition bar|1|75|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}  ([[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]])
| no_states        = {{Composition bar|3|31|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| no_states        = {{Composition bar|3|31|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| international    = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]]  
| international    = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]]  
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{{Communist Parties|Asia}}  
{{Communist Parties|Asia}}  
{{Communism in India|expanded=all}}
{{Communism in India|expanded=all}}
<span lang="ml" dir="ltr">The</span> '''Communist Party of India''' ('''CPI''') is the oldest [[communist]] party in India. The CPI was founded in modern-day [[Kanpur]] on 26 December 1925.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/communistparty.in/cpi/brief-history-of-cpi|title=Brief History of CPI – CPI|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209001241/https://sites.google.com/a/communistparty.in/cpi/brief-history-of-cpi|archive-date=9 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html|title=Foundation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925: product of (...) – Mainstream|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430040336/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|title=Origins of Indian communism|first=A. G.|last=Noorani|website=Frontline|date=17 May 2012|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163401/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Communism sidebar}}
{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}}
{{Marxism}}
The '''Communist Party of India''' ('''CPI''') is the oldest [[communist party]] in [[India]]. The CPI was founded in modern-day [[Kanpur]] on 26 December 1925.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/communistparty.in/cpi/brief-history-of-cpi|title=Brief History of CPI – CPI|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209001241/https://sites.google.com/a/communistparty.in/cpi/brief-history-of-cpi|archive-date=9 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html|title=Foundation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925: product of (...) – Mainstream|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430040336/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|title=Origins of Indian communism|first=A. G.|last=Noorani|website=Frontline|date=17 May 2012|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163401/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Although the CPI considers its formation date as 1925, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], which [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|split from CPI in 1964]], is of the view that the CPI was founded on 17 October 1920. There is a [[Foundation of the Communist Party of India|disagreement between the two parties on this topic]].<ref name="Karat">{{cite book |last1=Karat |first1=Brinda |title=100 Years of the Communist Party |date=2019 |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |location=New Delhi |pages=5, 9 |url=https://dataspace.princeton.edu/handle/88435/dsp015q47rr96x |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
 
Currently, it has two members in [[Lok Sabha]] and two members in [[Rajya Sabha]]. In addition, it has 22 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] across four states and one [[Legislative council|MLC]] in [[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]]. It has the current ECI status of a [[List of political parties in India|state party]] in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Manipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NCP, TMC and CPI lose national party status, AAP earns coveted tag |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=10 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
 
CPI was heavily involved in resistance to British colonisation, the fight against the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and for [[land reform]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jaffe |first1=Greg |last2=Doshi |first2=Vidhi |date=1 June 2018 |title=One of the few places where a communist can still dream |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-place-where-communists-can-still-dream/2017/10/26/55747cbe-9c98-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html |access-date=1 February 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Between 1921 and 1933, many communist leaders were arrested and imprisoned. In 1934, the British colonial administration banned the Communist Party and its affiliated trade union and peasant organisations, making membership a criminal offence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=1 September 2020 |title=One Hundred Years of the Communist Movement in India |url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-32-communist-movement-in-india/ |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research |language=en}}</ref> The Communist Party continued its activities clandestinely, despite the repression. Between 1946 and 1951, it structured the [[Telangana Rebellion|peasant revolt in Telangana]] and organised guerrilla warfare against the feudal lords.<ref name=":1" /> The CPI was the main opposition party in India during the 1950s to 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/communist-party-of-india-formation-day-decoding-the-decline-of-principal-opposition-party-of-1957/na20231225235213195195497|title=Communist Party Of India Formation Day: Decoding The Decline Of Principal Opposition Party Of 1957|date=25 December 2023 |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>
 
CPI was part of the ruling [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] government from 1996 to 1998 and had two ministers under [[Deve Gowda ministry|Devegowda]] and [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]] Ministry. The Left Front gave outside support to the V. P. Singh government (1989–90) and UPA government (2004–2009). The [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cpim.org/content/thirty-years-left-front-government-west-bengal|title=Thirty Years of the Left Front Government in West Bengal|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>
 
As of December 2023, the CPI is a part of the [[Government of Kerala|state government]] in Kerala led by [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]. The CPI have four [[Second Vijayan ministry|Cabinet Ministers]] and a [[Chittayam Gopakumar|Deputy Speaker]] in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, it is in power with [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] coalition led by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]. In Telangana, it is in alliance with the [[Revanth Reddy ministry|INC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kerala-pinarayi-vijayan-led-ldf-government-to-be-sworn-in-tomorrow-11621387356607.html|title=Kerala: Pinarayi Vijayan-led LDF government to be sworn in tomorrow|date=19 May 2021 |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>
 
CPI, along with the Left Front, is part of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] bloc formed to defeat the incumbent [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led right-wing [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government in [[2024 Indian general election|2024 General elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/cpi-parts-ways-with-india-bloc-in-jharkhand-to-go-solo-in-lok-sabha-polls/article67936766.ece|title=CPI parts ways with INDIA bloc in Jharkhand, to go solo in Lok Sabha polls|website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date= 24 March 2023}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Formation===
===Formation===
The Communist Party of India was formed on 26 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in [[Kanpur]], which was then known as ''Cawnpore''. Its founders included [[M. N. Roy]], his wife Evelyn Trent, [[Abani Mukherji]], and [[M. P. T. Acharya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fWJAAAAMAAJ&q=%22evelyn+trent%22+%22founder%22+%22communist%22 |title=The Birth and Death of Political Parties in India |date=17 October 2008 |last1=Innaiah |first1=N. |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020629/https://books.google.com/books?id=-fWJAAAAMAAJ&q=%22evelyn+trent%22+%22founder%22+%22communist%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate|S.V. Ghate]] was the first General Secretary of CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, Tashkent group of Contacts were made with [[Anushilan]] and [[Jugantar]] the groups in [[Bengal]], and small communist groups were formed in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] (led by [[S.A. Dange]]), [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (led by [[Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar|Singaravelu Chettiar]]), [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] (led by [[Shaukat Usmani]]), [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh]] (led by [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah|Ghulam Hussain]]) and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] (led by [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]]).
The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed on 26 December 1925 at the [[Foundation of the Communist Party of India|first Party Conference]] in [[Kanpur]], which was then known as ''Cawnpore''. [[S. V. Ghate]] was the first General Secretary of the CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, Tashkent group of Contacts were made with [[Anushilan]] and [[Jugantar]] the groups in [[Bengal]], and small communist groups were formed in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] (led by [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]]), [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (led by [[Malayapuram Singaravelu|Singaravelu]]), [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] (led by [[Shaukat Usmani]]), [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh]] (led by [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah|Ghulam Hussain]]) and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] (led by [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]]).
 
There is a dispute on the year of formation of CPI. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] which split from CPI in 1964, considers 17 October 1920 as the founding day of Communist Party of India. On this day, M. N. Roy, Evelyn Trent-Roy, [[Abani Mukherji]], Rosa Fitingov, Mohd. Ali, Mohamad Shafiq, and M. P. T. Acharya met in [[Tashkent]] to form the communist movement in India. Though 1920 and 1925 both dates are insignificant, because on both of these occasions, the CPI did not adopt a "Party Constitution", which was a foremost prerequisite required to be considered for the membership of the [[Communist International]]. The CPI considers 1925 as their founding day, but CPI(M) thinks 1920 as the year, when communist movement in India was founded. There is a technical dispute between both parties on this issue.<ref name=Karat />


===Involvement in independence struggle===
===Involvement in independence struggle===
During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national co-ordination. The government had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. Between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement; First [[Peshawar Conspiracy Case]], [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]] and the [[S.A. Dange#Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case|Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]]. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], [[M.N. Roy]], Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, [[Malayapuram Singaravelu|Singaravelu Chettiar]], Ghulam Hussain and R.C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P.">Ralhan, O.P. (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Political Parties'' New Delhi: Anmol Publications p. 336, Rao. p. 89-91.</ref>
During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was poorly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national co-ordination. The government banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party difficult. Between 1921 and 1924, there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement: the [[Peshawar Conspiracy Cases]], the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]], and the [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]]. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], M. N. Roy, [[Muzaffar Ahmad]], Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, [[Malayapuram Singaravelu]], Ghulam Hussain, and R. C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P.">Ralhan, O. P. (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Political Parties'' New Delhi: Anmol Publications p. 336, Rao. p. 89-91.</ref>


Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was in Germany and R.C. Sharma in French [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondichéry]], and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in [[Kabul]] and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P."/> Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader
Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M. N. Roy was in Germany and R. C. Sharma in French [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondichéry]], and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in [[Kabul]] and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P."/> Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader.


On 26 December 1925 a communist conference was organised in Kanpur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Moments in Kanpur|url=http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821203425/http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Government authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called [[Satya Bhakta]]. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a '[[National communism]]' and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as [[Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan]] (LKPH) dissolved into the CPI.<ref>M.V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 92-93</ref> The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.
On 26 December 1925, a communist conference was organised in Kanpur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Moments in Kanpur|url=http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821203425/http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Government authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called [[Satya Bhakta]]. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a '[[National communism]]' and against subordination under the Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as [[Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan]] (LKPH) dissolved into the CPI.<ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 92-93</ref> The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.


Soon after the 1926 conference of the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.<ref>M.V. S. Koteshwar Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 111</ref>
Soon after the 1926 conference of the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.<ref>M. V. S. Koteshwar Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 111</ref>


The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the [[Kuomintang]] had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the [[Indian National Congress]] and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'.<ref name="saha">Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 21-25</ref> The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian [[Swaraj Party|Swarajist Party]], considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to use the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists.<ref>M.V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 47-48</ref> The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, 3 July 1929{{spaced ndash}}19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.<ref>M.V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 97-98, 111–112</ref>
The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the [[Kuomintang]] had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the [[Indian National Congress]] and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'.<ref name="saha">Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 21-25</ref> The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian [[Swaraj Party|Swarajist Party]], considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to use the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists.<ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 47-48</ref> The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the executive committee of the Communist International, 3 July 1929{{spaced ndash}}19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.<ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 97-98, 111–112</ref>


[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|thumb|350px| Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] Prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): [[K. N. Sehgal]], [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], [[A. Prasad]], [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[G. Adhikari]]. Middle Row: [[Radharaman Mitra]], [[Gopen Chakravarti]], [[Kishori Lal Ghosh]], [[L. R. Kadam]], [[D. R. Thengdi]], [[Goura Shanker]], [[Shibnath Bannerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K.N. Joglekar]], [[P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]]. Front Row: [[M. G. Desai]], [[Dharani Goswami|D. Goswami]], [[R.S. Nimbkar]], [[S.S. Mirajkar]], [[S.A. Dange]], [[S.V. Ghate]], [[Gopal Basak]].]]
[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, [[S. S. Mirajkar]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], [[S. V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.]]


On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.<ref>Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National -Regional – Local. Vol. 23. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 689-691</ref><ref>M.V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 96</ref>
On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.<ref>Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National -Regional – Local. Vol. 23. Revolutionary Movements (1930–1946)''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 689-691</ref><ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 96</ref>


As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them [[P. Sundarayya]], were recruited to the CPI by [[Dada Amir Haider Khan|Amir Hyder Khan]].<ref name="ems7">[[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 7</ref>
As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them [[P. Sundarayya]], were recruited to the CPI by [[Dada Amir Haider Khan|Amir Hyder Khan]].<ref name="ems7">E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 7</ref>


The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934 the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.<ref>[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet|Surjeet, Harkishan Surjeet]]. ''March of the Communist Movement in India – An Introduction to the Documents of the History of the Communist Movement in India''. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 25</ref>
The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934, the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.<ref>[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet|Surjeet, Harkishan Surjeet]]. ''March of the Communist Movement in India – An Introduction to the Documents of the History of the Communist Movement in India''. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 25</ref>


When Indian left-wing elements formed the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in 1934, the CPI branded it as [[Social fascism|Social Fascist]].<ref name="saha"/>
When Indian left-wing elements formed the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in 1934, the CPI branded it as [[Social fascism|Social Fascist]].<ref name="saha"/>


The [[League Against Gandhism]], initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in [[Calcutta]], founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant [[Anti-imperialism|anti-Imperialist]] activities. The group took the name ‘League Against Gandhism’ in 1934.<ref>Roy Subodh, Communism in India – Unpublished Documents 1925–1934. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 338-339, 359–360</ref>
The [[League Against Gandhism]], initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in [[Calcutta]], founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant [[Anti-imperialism|anti-Imperialist]] activities. The group took the name 'League Against Gandhism' in 1934.<ref>Roy Subodh, Communism in India – Unpublished Documents 1925–1934. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 338-339, 359–360</ref>


In connection with the change of policy of the [[Comintern]] toward [[Popular Front]] politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left-wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for [[soviet (council)|soviets]].<ref name="mnroy">Roy, Samaren. ''M.N. Roy: A Political Biography''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Orient Longman, 1998. p. 113, 115</ref>
In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward [[popular front]] politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left-wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for [[soviet (council)|soviets]].<ref name="mnroy">Roy, Samaren. ''M. N. Roy: A Political Biography''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Orient Longman, 1998. p. 113, 115</ref>


In July 1937, clandestine meeting held at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30224225.ece|title=A man and a movement|first=R. KRISHNAKUMAR in|last=Thiruvananthapuram|website=Frontline|date=26 August 2004|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104847/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30224225.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Five persons were present at the meeting, [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[K. Damodaran]], [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], [[N. C. Sekhar]] and [[S.V. Ghate]].
In July 1937, clandestine meeting held at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30224225.ece|title=A man and a movement|first=R. KRISHNAKUMAR in|last=Thiruvananthapuram|website=Frontline|date=26 August 2004|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104847/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30224225.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Five persons were present at the meeting, [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[K. Damodaran]], [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], [[N. C. Sekhar]] and [[S.V. Ghate]]. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The CPI in [[Kerala]] was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|title=Founders|website=CPIM Kerala|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208202135/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>  
The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The CPI in [[Kerala]] was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|title=Founders|website=CPIM Kerala|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208202135/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>  
The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras.<ref>E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 6</ref> Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with E. M. S. Namboodiripad and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and [[All India Kisan Sabha]].<ref name="ems7"/>
The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras.<ref>[[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 6</ref> Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with EMS and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and [[All India Kisan Sabha]].<ref name="ems7"/>


In 1936–1937, the co-operation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in [[Meerut]] in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on [[Marxism-Leninism]]'.<ref>[[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 44</ref> At the 3rd CSP congress, held in [[Faizpur]], several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.<ref>[[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 45</ref>
In 1936–1937, the co-operation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in [[Meerut]] in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on [[Marxism-Leninism]]'.<ref>E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 44</ref> At the 3rd CSP congress, held in [[Faizpur]], several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.<ref>E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 45</ref>


In Kerala communists won control over CSP, and for a brief period controlled Congress there.
Two communists, E. M. S. Namboodiripad and [[Z. A. Ahmed]], became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.<ref name="mnroy"/>


Two communists, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and [[Z.A. Ahmed]], became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.<ref name="mnroy"/>
On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference, CPI released a declaration called ''Proletarian Path'', which sought to use the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for [[general strike]], no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.<ref>Ralhan, O. P. (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National -Regional – Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 82</ref>


On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference CPI released a declaration called ''Proletarian Path'', which sought to use the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for [[general strike]], no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.<ref>Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National -Regional – Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 82</ref>
In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Soviet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany.<ref>[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet|Surjeet, Harkishan Surjeet]]. ''March of the Communist Movement in India – An Introduction to the Documents of the History of the Communist Movement in India''. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 55</ref> Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="newsclick.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Communists-During-India-Freedom-Struggle?amp |title=Where Were Communists During India's Freedom Struggle? |date=15 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/15/letters/cpi-and-quit-india-movement.html|title=CPI and the Quit India Movement|date=14 April 2012 |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>


In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Soviet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany.<ref>[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet|Surjeet, Harkishan Surjeet]]. ''March of the Communist Movement in India – An Introduction to the Documents of the History of the Communist Movement in India''. [[Calcutta]]: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 55</ref> Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the [[Quit India Movement]].
CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 on its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats, winning in eight seats. In total, the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, [[Somnath Lahiri]], was elected to the Constituent Assembly.<ref>M. V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 207.</ref>


CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 of its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats, winning in eight seats. In total the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, [[Somnath Lahiri]], was elected to the Constituent Assembly.<ref>M.V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 207.</ref>
The Communist Party of India [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and did not participate in the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest at the division of the country.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009">{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sekhar |title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52 |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-01823-9 |language=en |quote=As a protest against Partition, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Communist Party of India (CPI) did not participate in the celebrations of 15 August.}}</ref>


The Communist Party of India [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and did not participate in the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest of the division of the country.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009">{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sekhar |title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52 |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-01823-9 |language=en |quote=As a protest against Partition, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Communist Party of India (CPI) did not participate in the celebrations of 15 August.}}</ref>
{{Communism sidebar}}
{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}}
{{Marxism}}
===After independence===
===After independence===
[[File:Armed_peasants_-_Telangana_armed_struggle.jpg|thumb|The [[Telangana armed struggle]] (1946–1952), was a peasant rebellion by communists against the feudal lords of the Telangana region in the princely state of Hyderabad. ]]
[[File:Armed peasants - Telangana armed struggle.jpg|thumb|The [[Telangana armed struggle]] (1946–1952), was a peasant rebellion by communists against the feudal lords of the Telangana region in the princely state of Hyderabad. ]]
[[File:Telangana_Armed_Struggle_guerrillas.jpg|thumb|Guerrillas of the Telangana armed struggle]]
[[File:Telangana_Armed_Struggle_guerrillas.jpg|thumb|Guerrillas of the Telangana armed struggle]]
[[File:A Communist Party camp in Karol Bagh, Delhi, 1952.jpg|thumb|CPI election campaign in [[Karol Bagh]], Delhi, for the [[1952 Indian general election]]]]
[[File:A Communist Party camp in Karol Bagh, Delhi, 1952.jpg|thumb|CPI election campaign in [[Karol Bagh]], Delhi, for the [[1952 Indian general election]]]]
[[File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg|thumb|First Council of Ministers, First CPI Ministry in Kerala]]
[[File:Kerala Council of Ministers 1957 EMS.jpg|thumb|First Council of Ministers, First CPI Ministry in Kerala]]
During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the [[Second Party Congress of the Communist Party of India|2nd Party Congress]] in Calcutta, [[B. T. Ranadive]] (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party.<ref>Chandra, Bipan & others (2000). ''India after Independence 1947–2000'', New Delhi:Penguin, {{ISBN|0-14-027825-7}}, p.204</ref> The conference adopted the 'Programme of Democratic Revolution'. This programme included the first mention of struggle against [[caste]] injustice in a CPI document.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/april01/artcj.pdf|title=Page d'accueil – Sciences Po CERI|access-date=12 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227153210/http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/april01/artcj.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008|url-status = live}}</ref>


In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in [[Tripura]], [[Telangana]] and [[Kerala]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} The most important [[Telangana Rebellion|rebellion took place in Telangana]], against the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]]. The Communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a 'left adventurist'.
During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the [[Second Party Congress of the Communist Party of India|2nd Party Congress]] in Calcutta, [[B. T. Ranadive]] (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party.<ref>Chandra, Bipan & others (2000). ''India after Independence 1947–2000'', New Delhi:Penguin, {{ISBN|0-14-027825-7}}, p. 204</ref> The conference adopted the 'Programme of Democratic Revolution'. This programme included the first mention of struggle against [[caste]] injustice in a CPI document.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/april01/artcj.pdf|title=Page d'accueil – Sciences Po CERI|access-date=12 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227153210/http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/april01/artcj.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008|url-status = live}}</ref>


In [[Manipur]], the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by [[Hijam Irabot|Jananeta Irawat Singh]]. Singh had joined CPI in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/northeast/story_7350994.asp|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta : Northeast|access-date=6 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014070444/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/northeast/story_7350994.asp|archive-date=14 October 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> At the 1951 congress of the party, 'People's Democracy' was substituted by 'National Democracy' as the main slogan of the party.<ref>[[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 273</ref>
In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in [[Tripura]], [[Telangana]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516269|title=Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part One: Historical Setting|jstor=3516269 |access-date=24 March 2024 |last1=Sundarayya |first1=P. |journal=Social Scientist |date=23 May 1973 |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.2307/3516269 }}</ref> The most important [[Telangana Rebellion|rebellion took place in Telangana]], against the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]]. The communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a 'left adventurist'.


Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, communist party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). Communist party conducted movements for land reform, trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Achievement of communists in Bihar placed the communist party in the forefront of left movement in India.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Bihar produced some of the legendary leaders like Kishan leaders [[Sahajanand Saraswati]] and [[Karyanand Sharma]], intellectual giants like [[Jagannath Sarkar (CPI politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]], [[Yogendra Sharma]] and [[Indradeep Sinha]], mass leaders like [[Chandrasekhar Singh]] and [[Sunil Mukherjee]], Trade Union leaders like Kedar Das and others.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} In the Mithila region of Bihar Bhogendra Jha led the fight against the Mahants and Zamindars. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
In [[Manipur]], the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by [[Hijam Irabot|Jananeta Irawat Singh]]. Singh had joined CPI in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/northeast/story_7350994.asp|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta : Northeast|access-date=6 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014070444/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/northeast/story_7350994.asp|archive-date=14 October 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> At the 1951 congress of the party, 'People's Democracy' was substituted by 'National Democracy' as the main slogan of the party.<ref>E. M. S. Namboodiripad. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. New Delhi: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 273</ref>


In early 1950s young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganised sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like [[S A Dange]], [[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]] and [[P K Vasudevan Nair]] were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like [[Homi F. Daji]], [[Guru Radha Kishan]], H L Parwana, [[Sarjoo Pandey]], Darshan Singh Canadian and Avtaar Singh Malhotra were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor.
Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, communist party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). Communist party conducted movements for land reform, trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Achievement of communists in Bihar placed the communist party in the forefront of left movement in India.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145534|title=Peasant Movement and Communist Mobilization in Bihar: A Case Study of Darbhanga (1950-70)|jstor=44145534 |access-date=24 March 2024 |last1=Chaudhry |first1=Vandhana |last2=Chaudhry |first2=Vandana |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=23 May 2024 |volume=64 |pages=1074–1082 }}</ref> Bihar produced some of the legendary leaders like Kishan leaders [[Sahajanand Saraswati]] and [[Karyanand Sharma]], intellectual giants like [[Jagannath Sarkar (CPI politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]], [[Yogendra Sharma]], and [[Indradeep Sinha]], mass leaders like [[Chandrasekhar Singh]] and [[Sunil Mukherjee]], Trade Union leaders like Kedar Das and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://droltuvide.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/8/7/148778685/indian-communist-party.pdf|title=Indian Communist Party|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> In the Mithila region of Bihar [[Bhogendra Jha]] led the fight against the Mahants and Zamindars. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kanhaiya-kumars-ticket-to-stardom-or-oblivion-6350491.html|title=Kanhaiya Kumar's ticket to stardom or oblivion?|date=29 March 2019 |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Bhogendra-Jha-passes-away/article16357155.ece | title=Bhogendra Jha passes away | work=The Hindu | date=22 January 2009 | access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>


In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the [[1951–52_Indian_general_election | 1st Lok Sabha]], while the Indian National Congress was in power.
In the early 1950s, young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganised sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like [[S. A. Dange]], [[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]], and [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]] were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like [[Homi F. Daji]], [[Guru Radha Kishan]], H. L. Parwana, [[Sarjoo Pandey]], Darshan Singh Canadian and Avtaar Singh Malhotra were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbpbu.ac.in/userfiles/file/2020/STUDY_MAT/POL_SC/LEFT%20PARTIES%20(1).pdf|title=COURSE-420. UNIT-3 BY Dr. ALEYA MOUSAMI SULTANA DEPT. OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, CPBU. LEFT PARTIES IN INDIA|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor.


In the [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]], Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776:history-of-kerala-legislature | title=History of Kerala Legislature | work=Government of Kerala | access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101549/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776%3Ahistory-of-kerala-legislature | archive-date=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.<ref>Basu, Pradip. Towards Naxalbari (1953–1967) – An Account of Inner-Party Ideological Struggle. [[Calcutta]]: Progressive Publishers, 2000. p. 32.</ref>
In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the [[1951–52 Indian general election|1st Lok Sabha]], while the Indian National Congress was in power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/history/how-communist-party-of-india-emerged-as-largest-opposition-to-congress-in-1951-52|title=How Communist Party of India Emerged as Largest Opposition to Congress in 1951-52|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>
 
In the [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]], the Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776:history-of-kerala-legislature | title=History of Kerala Legislature | work=Government of Kerala | access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101549/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776%3Ahistory-of-kerala-legislature | archive-date=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.<ref>Basu, Pradip. Towards Naxalbari (1953–1967) – An Account of Inner-Party Ideological Struggle. [[Calcutta]]: Progressive Publishers, 2000. p. 32.</ref>


''[[Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Liberation of Dadra-Nagar Haveli]]'':
''[[Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Liberation of Dadra-Nagar Haveli]]'':
The Communist Party of India, along with its units in Bombay, Maharashtra and Gujarat, decided to start armed operations in the area in the July 1954. Both the areas were liberated by the beginning of August. Communist leaders like Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha and others emerged as the famous Communist leaders of this movement. Thereafter, the struggle to liberate [[Daman and Diu]] was begun by the Communist Party in Gujarat and other forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|date=18 December 2020|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723074406/https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Communist Party of India, along with its units in Bombay, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, decided to start armed operations in the area in the July 1954. Both the areas were liberated by the beginning of August. Communist leaders like Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha, and others emerged as the famous Communist leaders of this movement. Thereafter, the struggle to liberate [[Daman and Diu]] was begun by the Communist Party in Gujarat and other forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|date=18 December 2020|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723074406/https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|url-status=live}}</ref>


''[[Goa liberation movement|Goa Satyagraha]]'':
''[[Goa liberation movement|Goa Satyagraha]]'':
The countrywide Goa satyagraha of 1955–56 is among the unforgettable pages in the history of freedom struggle, in which the Communists played a major and memorable role. The CPI decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured.
The countrywide Goa satyagraha of 1955–1956 is among the unforgettable pages in the history of freedom struggle, in which the communists played a major and memorable role. The CPI decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured.
The satyagraha was led and conducted by a joint committee known as Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti. S.A. Dange, Senapati Bapat, S.G. Sardesai, Nana Patil and several others were among the prominent leaders of the Samiti. Satyagraha began on 10 May 1955, and soon became a countrywide movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mainstreamweekly.net/article3273.html|title=Goa — the Liberators and the Lesson – Mainstream|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723074407/https://mainstreamweekly.net/article3273.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The satyagraha was led and conducted by a joint committee known as Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti. S. A. Dange, Senapati Bapat, S. G. Sardesai, Nana Patil and several others were among the prominent leaders of the Samiti. Satyagraha began on 10 May 1955, and soon became a countrywide movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mainstreamweekly.net/article3273.html|title=Goa — the Liberators and the Lesson – Mainstream|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723074407/https://mainstreamweekly.net/article3273.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


Ideological differences led to the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|split in the party in 1964]] when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
Ideological differences led to the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|split in the party in 1964]] when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fiftytwo.in/blog/whats-the-difference-between-cpi-and-cpim/|title=What's the difference between CPI and CPI(M)?|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>


During the period 1970–77, CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress as part of a coalition known as the [[United Front (1970–1979, Kerala)|United Front]], with the CPI-leader [[C. Achutha Menon]] as Chief Minister. This government continued governing throughout the emergency period and was responsible for the many acts of repression throughout the period carried out against political opponents in the guise of fighting naxals, manifesting most infamously in the [[Rajan case]]. The United Front government also used this opportunity to pursue class struggle by punishing those from the managerial classes, money lenders, bosses with anti-labour stances, ration shopkeepers and truckers engaged in black marketing, under stringent provisions of [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA]] and [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|DIR]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1242023968 |title=India's first dictatorship : the emergency, 1975 -1977 |date=2021 |others=Pratinav Anil |isbn=978-93-90351-60-2 |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India |oclc=1242023968}}</ref>
During the period between 1970 and 1977, the CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress as part of a coalition known as the [[United Front (1970–1979, Kerala)|United Front]], with the CPI-leader [[C. Achutha Menon]] as Chief Minister. This government continued governing throughout the emergency period and was responsible for the many acts of repression throughout the period carried out against political opponents in the guise of fighting naxals, manifesting most infamously in the [[Rajan case]]. The United Front government also used this opportunity to pursue class struggle by punishing those from the managerial classes, money lenders, bosses with anti-labour stances, ration shopkeepers and truckers engaged in black marketing, under stringent provisions of [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA]] and [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|DIR]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1242023968 |title=India's first dictatorship : the emergency, 1975 -1977 |date=2021 |others=Pratinav Anil |isbn=978-93-90351-60-2 |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India |oclc=1242023968}}</ref>


After the fall of the regime of [[Indira Gandhi]], CPI reoriented itself towards co-operation with CPI(M).
In the 1980s, the CPI opposed the [[Khalistan movement]] at Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thukral |first1=Gobind |date=31 October 1986 |title=Punjab: Red Targets |work=India Today |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/killing-of-communist-leaders-in-punjab-makes-left-parties-more-firm-in-opposing-terrorism/1/348960.html |accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokane Chronicle - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1345&dat=19860327&id=MetWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zfkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5436,2840055&hl=en |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=news.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Killing of communist leaders in Punjab makes Left parties more firm in opposing terrorism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19861031-killing-of-communist-leaders-in-punjab-makes-left-parties-more-firm-in-opposing-terrorism-801383-1986-10-30 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=India Today |date=31 October 1986 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2013 |title=Gurpreet Singh: Khalistani separatists' killings leave a legacy of sorrow in Canada and the U.S. |url=https://www.straight.com/news/389916/gurpreet-singh-khalistani-separatists-killings-leave-legacy-sorrow-canada-and-us |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en}}</ref>


In the 1980s, CPI opposed the [[Khalistan movement]] at Punjab.
In 1986, the CPI's leader in Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature [[Darshan Singh Canadian]] was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rik0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Chanan+Singh+Dhoot+killed&pg=PT53 |title=Punjab Politics: Retrospect and Prospect |publisher=Readworthy |isbn=978-93-5018-082-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ਧੂਤ ਦੇ ਕਤਲ ਦੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਜਿੰਦਾ ਨੇ ਲਈ-ਪੁਲਸ ਨੂੰ ਸਖਤ ਤਾੜਨਾ |work=Ajit}}</ref>
In 1986, CPI's leader in Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature [[Darshan Singh Canadian]] was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}


==Present situation==
==Present situation==
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{{legend|#F781BF|States which have Governments of coalition of parties including Left parties like [[CPI(M)]], CPI, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] and [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]].|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|#F781BF|States which have Governments of coalition of parties including Left parties like [[CPI(M)]], CPI, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] and [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]].|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|#969696| States which did not have/had a chief minister from the [[CPI(M)]] or the CPI.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}]]
{{legend|#969696| States which did not have/had a chief minister from the [[CPI(M)]] or the CPI.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}]]
[[File:Cpipkvtvnd (87).JPG|thumb|Mural in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]] CPI was recognised by the [[Election Commission of India]] as a 'National Party'. Till 2022, CPI happened to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same [[electoral symbol]]. Owing to a massive defeat in [[2019 Indian general election]] where the party saw its tally reduced to 2 MPs, the Election Commission of India has sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSP-CPI-NCP-get-to-retain-national-status-for-now/articleshow/53819419.cms|title=BSP, CPI, NCP get to retain national status, for now – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412014828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSP-CPI-NCP-get-to-retain-national-status-for-now/articleshow/53819419.cms|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CPM-may-lose-national-party-status/articleshow/52370325.cms|title=CPM may lose national party status – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117143649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CPM-may-lose-national-party-status/articleshow/52370325.cms|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bsp-ncp-and-cpi-may-lose-national-party-status/story-QTvg2iWonkSWbtxN57xd5I.html|title=BSP, NCP and CPI may lose national party status|date=11 August 2014|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116133233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bsp-ncp-and-cpi-may-lose-national-party-status/story-QTvg2iWonkSWbtxN57xd5I.html|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Reprieve-for-BSP-CPI-as-EC-amends-rules/article14583806.ece|title=Reprieve for BSP, CPI as EC amends rules|date=23 August 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121195958/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Reprieve-for-BSP-CPI-as-EC-amends-rules/article14583806.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/ec-might-strip-national-party-status-from-bsp-ncp-cpi-1475727.html|title=EC might strip national party status from BSP, NCP, CPI|work=oneindia.com|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116132759/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/ec-might-strip-national-party-status-from-bsp-ncp-cpi-1475727.html|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>  
[[File:Cpipkvtvnd (87).JPG|thumb|Mural in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]
Due to repeated poor performances in elections, Election Commission of India withdrew its national party status on 10 April 2023.
 
The CPI was recognised by the [[Election Commission of India]] as a 'National Party'. Until 2022, CPI happened to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same [[electoral symbol]]. Owing to a massive defeat in [[2019 Indian general election]] where the party saw its tally reduced to two MPs, the Election Commission of India sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSP-CPI-NCP-get-to-retain-national-status-for-now/articleshow/53819419.cms|title=BSP, CPI, NCP get to retain national status, for now – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412014828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSP-CPI-NCP-get-to-retain-national-status-for-now/articleshow/53819419.cms|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CPM-may-lose-national-party-status/articleshow/52370325.cms|title=CPM may lose national party status – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117143649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CPM-may-lose-national-party-status/articleshow/52370325.cms|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bsp-ncp-and-cpi-may-lose-national-party-status/story-QTvg2iWonkSWbtxN57xd5I.html|title=BSP, NCP and CPI may lose national party status|date=11 August 2014|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116133233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bsp-ncp-and-cpi-may-lose-national-party-status/story-QTvg2iWonkSWbtxN57xd5I.html|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Reprieve-for-BSP-CPI-as-EC-amends-rules/article14583806.ece|title=Reprieve for BSP, CPI as EC amends rules|date=23 August 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121195958/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Reprieve-for-BSP-CPI-as-EC-amends-rules/article14583806.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/ec-might-strip-national-party-status-from-bsp-ncp-cpi-1475727.html|title=EC might strip national party status from BSP, NCP, CPI|work=oneindia.com|access-date=25 November 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116132759/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/ec-might-strip-national-party-status-from-bsp-ncp-cpi-1475727.html|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> Due to repeated poor performances in elections, the Election Commission of India withdrew its national party status on 10 April 2023.<ref name=":0" />


On the national level they supported the Indian National Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the [[Common Minimum Programme]]. The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue [[disinvestment]], massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.
On the national level, they supported the Indian National Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the [[Common Minimum Programme]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/28/stories/2004052807371200.htm |title=The Hindu : National : UPA Government to adhere to six basic principles of governance |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606150120/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/28/stories/2004052807371200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2005|title=Prime Minister's Office archived by Wayback machine|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/cmp.htm|access-date=30 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403170505/http://pmindia.nic.in/cmp.htm|archive-date=3 April 2005}}</ref> The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue [[disinvestment]], massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.


On 8 July 2008, the General Secretary of CPI(M), [[Prakash Karat]], announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the [[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act]]. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200807081550.htm|title=The Hindu News Update Service|date=1 August 2008|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801185533/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200807081550.htm|archive-date=1 August 2008}}</ref>
On 8 July 2008, the General Secretary of the CPI(M), [[Prakash Karat]], announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the [[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act]]. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200807081550.htm|title=The Hindu News Update Service|date=1 August 2008|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801185533/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200807081550.htm|archive-date=1 August 2008}}</ref>


In [[West Bengal]] it participates in the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala the party is part of [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]. In [[Tripura]] the party is a partner of the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]], which governed the state till 2018. In [[Tamil Nadu]] it is part of the [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] and in Bihar it is the part of [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]. It is involved in the [[Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra]]. In 2022 February CPI and Congress formed an alliance in Manipur named [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2022|title=Manipur: Congress forms pre-poll alliance with Left-wing political parties|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-congress-forms-pre-poll-alliance-with-left-wing-political-parties-7744817/|access-date=4 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127202313/https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-congress-forms-pre-poll-alliance-with-left-wing-political-parties-7744817/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=In run-up to Manipur polls, Congress announces pre-poll alliance with 5 parties|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-run-up-to-manipur-polls-congress-announces-pre-poll-alliance-with-5-parties-101643300217727.html|access-date=4 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204001348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-run-up-to-manipur-polls-congress-announces-pre-poll-alliance-with-5-parties-101643300217727.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The current general secretary of CPI is [[D. Raja]].
In [[West Bengal]], the CPI participates in the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala, the party is part of [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]. In [[Tripura]] the party is a partner of the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]], which governed the state until 2018. In [[Tamil Nadu]] it is part of the [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] and in Bihar it is the part of [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]. It is involved in the [[Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra]]. In February 2022, CPI and Congress formed an alliance in Manipur named [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2022|title=Manipur: Congress forms pre-poll alliance with Left-wing political parties|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-congress-forms-pre-poll-alliance-with-left-wing-political-parties-7744817/|access-date=4 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127202313/https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-congress-forms-pre-poll-alliance-with-left-wing-political-parties-7744817/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=In run-up to Manipur polls, Congress announces pre-poll alliance with 5 parties|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-run-up-to-manipur-polls-congress-announces-pre-poll-alliance-with-5-parties-101643300217727.html|access-date=4 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204001348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-run-up-to-manipur-polls-congress-announces-pre-poll-alliance-with-5-parties-101643300217727.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The current general secretary of CPI is [[D. Raja]].


==Presence in states==
==Presence in states==
As of 2020, the CPI is a part of the state government in [[Kerala]]. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is Chief Minister of Kerala. CPI have 4 Cabinet Ministers in Kerala. In [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] it is in power with [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] coalition led by [[M. K. Stalin]]. The [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] governed [[West Bengal]] for 34 years (1977–2011) and [[Tripura]] for 25 years (1993–2018)
As of 2020, the CPI is a part of the state government in [[Kerala]]. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is Chief Minister of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-03|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100814/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> CPI have four Cabinet Ministers in Kerala. In [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]], it is in power with [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] coalition led by [[M. K. Stalin]]. The [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] governed [[West Bengal]] for 34 years (1977–2011) and [[Tripura]] for 25 years (1993–2018)


===State Governments===
===State Governments===
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| style="text-align: center;" |62
| style="text-align: center;" |62
| style="text-align: center;" |[[List of Chief Ministers of Kerala|26 May 2016]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[List of Chief Ministers of Kerala|26 May 2016]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Left Democratic Front]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|{{Composition bar|99|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|{{Composition bar|97|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2
| style="text-align: center;" |2
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 26 August 2022
| [[File:Nitish Kumar in February 2007.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
| style="text-align: center;" |45
| style="text-align: center;" |[[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|22 February 2015]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|{{Composition bar|165|243|hex={{party color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}}}]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|28 October 2020 – 7 November 2020]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |3
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]  
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]  
| style="text-align: center;" |7 May 2021
| style="text-align: center;" |7 May 2021
Line 217: Line 217:
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{Composition bar|159|234|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{Composition bar|159|234|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
|-
|3
|[[Telangana]]
|7 December 2023
| [[File:Revanth Reddy.png|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|style="background-color: {{party color| Indian National Congress}};" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|75
|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|7 December 2023]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]+
|{{Composition bar|76|119|{{party color| Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Elections in Telangana|30 November 2023]]
|}
|}


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| style="background:green;"|
| style="background:green;"|
| [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]
| [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]
| {{yes2|in government}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ACTRENDS2020/partywiseresult-S04.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110025739/https://results.eci.gov.in/ACTRENDS2020/partywiseresult-S04.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2020|access-date=2020-11-15|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
Line 246: Line 259:
| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]
| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]
| {{yes2|in government}}
| {{yes2|in government}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-03|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100814/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
Line 255: Line 268:
| [[Secular Progressive Alliance]]
| [[Secular Progressive Alliance]]
| {{yes2|in Government}}
| {{yes2|in Government}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/download/httpseci.gov.infilesfile13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/10-%20Detailed%20Results.pdf |title=Detailed Result, Tamil Nadu Assembly Election 2021 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Elections in Telangana|2023]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|119|{{party color| Communist Party of India}}}}
|style="background-color: {{party color| Indian National Congress}};" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
|{{Yes2|in Government}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurmanath |first=K. V.|date=2023-12-03 |title=Congress clinches Telangana; KCR defeated at Kamareddy |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/congress-clinches-telangana-kcr-defeated-at-kamareddy/article67601603.ece |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
|}
|}


Line 271: Line 293:
| [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| 2020
| 2020
| 2
| 1
| {{Composition bar|2|75|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| {{Composition bar|1|75|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| style="background:green;"|
| style="background:green;"|
| [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]
| [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]
| {{yes2|in government}}
| {{yes2|in government}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/Member_List.htm|title=Members|access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!1
!1
|[[Binoy Viswam]]
|[[P. P. Suneer]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{dts|2 July 2018}}
|{{dts|2 July 2024}}
|{{dts|1 July 2024}}
|{{dts|1 July 2030}}
|-
|-
!2
!2
Line 303: Line 325:


=== List of Lok Sabha (Lower House) members ===
=== List of Lok Sabha (Lower House) members ===
{{main|List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha}}  
{{main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}  
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!  style="width:45%; background:#f00; color:white;"| No.
!  style="width:45%; background:#f00; color:white;"| No.
Line 316: Line 338:
|-
|-
!2
!2
|[[M. Selvarasu]]
|[[Selvaraj V]]
|[[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
|[[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
Line 322: Line 344:


==Leadership==
==Leadership==
The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Leadership">{{cite web|url=https://www.communistparty.in/blank-1|title=Leadership|website=CPI Official Copy|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045827/https://www.communistparty.in/blank-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2019 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Leadership">{{cite web|url=https://www.communistparty.in/blank-1|title=Leadership|website=CPI Official Copy|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045827/https://www.communistparty.in/blank-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===General Secretary===
===General Secretary===
*[[D. Raja]]
* [[D. Raja]]
 
===National Secretariat===
===National Secretariat===
#[[D. Raja]]
#[[D. Raja]]
#[[Atul Kumar Anjaan]]
#[[Amarjeet Kaur]]
#[[Amarjeet Kaur]]
#K. Narayana
#K. Narayana
#[[Kanam Rajendran]]
#Bhalchandra Kango
#Bhalchandra Kango
#Pallab Sen Gupta
#Pallab Sen Gupta
Line 340: Line 359:
#[[Nagendra Nath Ojha]]
#[[Nagendra Nath Ojha]]
#Rama Krushna Panda
#Rama Krushna Panda
#[[Annie Raja]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/14/annie-raja-elected-to-cpi-national-secretariat-2 | title=Annie Raja elected to CPI national secretariat }}</ref>
#Girish Chandra Sharma<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1343625&u=national-executive-meeting-begins-annie-raja-in-cpi-national-secretariat-1343625 | title=National executive meeting begins; Annie Raja in CPI national secretariat }}</ref>


==List of General secretaries and Chairmen of CPI==
==List of General secretaries and Chairmen of CPI==
Line 345: Line 366:


<blockquote>"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where  
<blockquote>"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where  
necessary."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4927-communist-party-of-india/|title=Communist Party of India|date=5 September 2018|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419165305/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4927-communist-party-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
necessary."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4927-communist-party-of-india/|title=Communist Party of India|date=5 September 2018|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419165305/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4927-communist-party-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ General secretaries and Chairmen<ref>{{cite news|title=20th Party Congress, Hyderabad|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|access-date=7 September 2020|website=newageweekly.in|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919085848/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|+ General secretaries and Chairmen<ref name="20th Party Congress, Hyderabad">{{cite news|title=20th Party Congress, Hyderabad|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|access-date=7 September 2020|website=newageweekly.in|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919085848/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Reddy steps into Bardhan's shoes as CPI general secretary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080515/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Reddy is CPI general secretary again|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080048/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Sudhakar Reddy unanimously re-elected CPI general secretary|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html|website= business-standard.com|language= en|access-date= 1 May 2021|archive-date= 1 May 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080048/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=D. Raja takes over as CPI general secretary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/d-raja-takes-over-as-cpi-general-secretary/article28626860.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2019 |language=en-IN |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108170430/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/d-raja-takes-over-as-cpi-general-secretary/article28626860.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Reddy steps into Bardhan's shoes as CPI general secretary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080515/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Reddy is CPI general secretary again|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080048/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Sudhakar Reddy unanimously re-elected CPI general secretary|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html|website= business-standard.com|language= en|access-date= 1 May 2021|archive-date= 1 May 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080048/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=D. Raja takes over as CPI general secretary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/d-raja-takes-over-as-cpi-general-secretary/article28626860.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2019 |language=en-IN |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108170430/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/d-raja-takes-over-as-cpi-general-secretary/article28626860.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>


Line 369: Line 390:
| '''7th'''|| [[File:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|75px]] ||[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] || 1962–1964
| '''7th'''|| [[File:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|75px]] ||[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] || 1962–1964
|-
|-
| '''8th'''|| [[File:Indrajit Gupta.jpg|75px]] ||[[Indrajit Gupta]] || 1990–1996
| '''8th'''|| ||[[Indrajit Gupta]] || 1990–1996
|-
|-
| '''9th'''|| [[File:Bardan.JPG|75px]] ||[[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]] || 1996–2012
| '''9th'''|| [[File:Bardan.JPG|75px]] ||[[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]] || 1996–2012
Line 381: Line 402:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Party Congress <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|title=Kanpur in History &#124; Genie For Kanpur|website=Genie for City|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728215040/http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0315_pd/first-party-congress-%E2%80%93-1943|title=The First Party Congress – 1943 &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022195830/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0315_pd/first-party-congress-%E2%80%93-1943|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dharmadispatch.in/commentary/the-calcutta-line-of-the-communist-party-of-india-and-the-train-of-its-continuing-treachery|title=The Calcutta Line of the Communist Party of India and the Train of its Continuing Treachery|first=Sandeep|last=Balakrishna|website=The Dharma Dispatch|date=22 October 2019|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922014234/https://www.dharmadispatch.in/commentary/the-calcutta-line-of-the-communist-party-of-india-and-the-train-of-its-continuing-treachery|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0712_pd/third-party-congress-%E2%80%93-attempt-towards-course-correction|title=Third Party Congress – An Attempt towards Course Correction &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805213240/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0712_pd/third-party-congress-%E2%80%93-attempt-towards-course-correction|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0719_pd/fourth-congress-inner-party-struggle-begins|title=The Fourth Congress: Inner-party Struggle Begins &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805221727/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0719_pd/fourth-congress-inner-party-struggle-begins|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/conferences-6.php?n=1|title=Party Congress|website=cpimkerala.org|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025112604/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/conferences-6.php?n=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/02/seventh-congress-of-cpi.html|title=Seventh Congress of the CPI|website=newageweekly.in|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128203612/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/02/seventh-congress-of-cpi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=20th Party Congress, Hyderabad|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|access-date=7 September 2020|website=newageweekly.in|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919085848/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|+ Party Congress <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|title=Kanpur in History &#124; Genie For Kanpur|website=Genie for City|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728215040/http://genieforcity.com/kanpur/history-kanpur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0315_pd/first-party-congress-%E2%80%93-1943|title=The First Party Congress – 1943 &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022195830/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0315_pd/first-party-congress-%E2%80%93-1943|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dharmadispatch.in/commentary/the-calcutta-line-of-the-communist-party-of-india-and-the-train-of-its-continuing-treachery|title=The Calcutta Line of the Communist Party of India and the Train of its Continuing Treachery|first=Sandeep|last=Balakrishna|website=The Dharma Dispatch|date=22 October 2019|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922014234/https://www.dharmadispatch.in/commentary/the-calcutta-line-of-the-communist-party-of-india-and-the-train-of-its-continuing-treachery|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0712_pd/third-party-congress-%E2%80%93-attempt-towards-course-correction|title=Third Party Congress – An Attempt towards Course Correction &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805213240/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0712_pd/third-party-congress-%E2%80%93-attempt-towards-course-correction|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0719_pd/fourth-congress-inner-party-struggle-begins|title=The Fourth Congress: Inner-party Struggle Begins &#124; Peoples Democracy|website=peoplesdemocracy.in|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805221727/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0719_pd/fourth-congress-inner-party-struggle-begins|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/conferences-6.php?n=1|title=Party Congress|website=cpimkerala.org|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025112604/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/conferences-6.php?n=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/02/seventh-congress-of-cpi.html|title=Seventh Congress of the CPI|website=newageweekly.in|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128203612/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/02/seventh-congress-of-cpi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20th Party Congress, Hyderabad"/>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/cpi-attacks-govt-on-economic-policies/275203|title=CPI attacks Govt on economic policies|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030105900/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/cpi-attacks-govt-on-economic-policies/275203|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/23/cpi-discuss-upa-policies-20th-national-congress-hyderabad-1206252300.html|title=CPI to discuss UPA policies at its 20th National Congress in Hyderabad|date=23 March 2008|website=oneindia.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024093339/https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/23/cpi-discuss-upa-policies-20th-national-congress-hyderabad-1206252300.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CPI-party-congress-calls-for-Left-unity/articleshow/12448346.cms|title=CPI party congress calls for Left unity &#124; Patna News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 March 2012|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504151420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CPI-party-congress-calls-for-Left-unity/articleshow/12448346.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/hyderabad-to-patna-xxi-congress.html|title=Hyderabad to Patna – XXI CONGRESS|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127021343/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/hyderabad-to-patna-xxi-congress.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/cpi-to-hold-congress-in-puducherry/article6494280.ece|title=CPI to hold congress in Puducherry|first=R.|last=Sivaraman|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 October 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231444/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/cpi-to-hold-congress-in-puducherry/article6494280.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpi-party-congress-in-kollam/article19878050.ece|title=CPI party congress in Kollam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022152726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpi-party-congress-in-kollam/article19878050.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-to-host-cpi-all-india-congress-from-october-14-to-18/article65750782.ece | title=Andhra Pradesh: Vijayawada to host CPI All India Congress from October 14 to 18 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 August 2022 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009135021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-to-host-cpi-all-india-congress-from-october-14-to-18/article65750782.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mallikarjun-kharge-has-advantage-over-shashi-tharoor-due-to-experience-says-d-raja/article65962079.ece | title=CPI will formulate alternative economic programmes at party congress, says D. Raja | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 October 2022 | last1=Praveen | first1=S. r. | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009135023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mallikarjun-kharge-has-advantage-over-shashi-tharoor-due-to-experience-says-d-raja/article65962079.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/cpi-attacks-govt-on-economic-policies/275203|title=CPI attacks Govt on economic policies|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030105900/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/cpi-attacks-govt-on-economic-policies/275203|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/23/cpi-discuss-upa-policies-20th-national-congress-hyderabad-1206252300.html|title=CPI to discuss UPA policies at its 20th National Congress in Hyderabad|date=23 March 2008|website=oneindia.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024093339/https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/23/cpi-discuss-upa-policies-20th-national-congress-hyderabad-1206252300.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CPI-party-congress-calls-for-Left-unity/articleshow/12448346.cms|title=CPI party congress calls for Left unity &#124; Patna News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 March 2012|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504151420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CPI-party-congress-calls-for-Left-unity/articleshow/12448346.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/hyderabad-to-patna-xxi-congress.html|title=Hyderabad to Patna – XXI CONGRESS|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127021343/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/hyderabad-to-patna-xxi-congress.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/cpi-to-hold-congress-in-puducherry/article6494280.ece|title=CPI to hold congress in Puducherry|first=R.|last=Sivaraman|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 October 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231444/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/cpi-to-hold-congress-in-puducherry/article6494280.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpi-party-congress-in-kollam/article19878050.ece|title=CPI party congress in Kollam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022152726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpi-party-congress-in-kollam/article19878050.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-to-host-cpi-all-india-congress-from-october-14-to-18/article65750782.ece | title=Andhra Pradesh: Vijayawada to host CPI All India Congress from October 14 to 18 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 August 2022 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009135021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-to-host-cpi-all-india-congress-from-october-14-to-18/article65750782.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mallikarjun-kharge-has-advantage-over-shashi-tharoor-due-to-experience-says-d-raja/article65962079.ece | title=CPI will formulate alternative economic programmes at party congress, says D. Raja | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 October 2022 | last1=Praveen | first1=S. r. | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009135023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mallikarjun-kharge-has-advantage-over-shashi-tharoor-due-to-experience-says-d-raja/article65962079.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
! Party Congress !! Year !! Place
! Party Congress !! Year !! Place
|-
|-
|Founding Conference || 1925 December 25 – 28 ||Kanpur
|Founding Conference || 1925 December 25 – 28 ||Cawnpore
|-
|-
| 1st || 1943 May 23–1 June || Bombay
| 1st || 1943 May 23–1 June || Bombay
Line 391: Line 412:
| [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India|2nd]] || 1948 February 28–6 March || Calcutta
| [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India|2nd]] || 1948 February 28–6 March || Calcutta
|-
|-
| 3rd|| 1953 December 27 – 1, 954 January 4|| Madurai
| 3rd|| 1953 December 27 – 1954 January 4|| Madurai
|-
|-
| 4th|| 1956 April 19 – 29 || Palghat
| 4th|| 1956 April 19 – 29 || Palghat
Line 438: Line 459:
==Principal mass organisations==
==Principal mass organisations==
*[[All India Trade Union Congress]] (AITUC)
*[[All India Trade Union Congress]] (AITUC)
*[[All India Students’ Federation]] (AISF)  
*[[All India Students' Federation]] (AISF)  
*[[All India Youth Federation]] (AIYF)
*[[All India Youth Federation]] (AIYF)
*[[National Federation of Indian Women]] (NFIW)
*[[National Federation of Indian Women]] (NFIW)
Line 444: Line 465:
*[[Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union]] – BKMU (agricultural workers)
*[[Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union]] – BKMU (agricultural workers)
*[[Indian People's Theatre Association]] – IPTA (cultural wing)
*[[Indian People's Theatre Association]] – IPTA (cultural wing)
*[[All India State Government Employees Confederation]] (State government employees)
*All India State Government Employees Confederation (State government employees)
*[[Indian Society for Cultural Co-operation and Friendship]] (ISCUF)
*[[Indian Society for Cultural Co-operation and Friendship]] (ISCUF)
*[[All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation]] (AIPSO)
*[[All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation]] (AIPSO)
Line 477: Line 498:
*[[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]] – Former general secretary  
*[[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]] – Former general secretary  
*[[Aruna Asaf Ali]] – Freedom fighter
*[[Aruna Asaf Ali]] – Freedom fighter
*[[Binoy Viswam]] – Member of Rajya Sabha, Former minister in the Government of Kerala
*[[Binoy Viswam]] – Former Member of Rajya Sabha, Former minister in the Government of Kerala and current State Secretary of CPI Kerala State Committee
* [[Bhan Singh Bhaura]] - Parliamentarian from Punjab and Founder President Khet Mazdoor Sabha
*[[Bhan Singh Bhaura]] - Parliamentarian from Punjab and Founder President Khet Mazdoor Sabha
*[[Bhargavi Thankappan]] – Parliamentarian
*[[Bhargavi Thankappan]] – Parliamentarian
*[[Bhupesh Gupta]] – Parliamentarian
*[[Bhupesh Gupta]] – Parliamentarian
Line 506: Line 527:
*[[Kalpana Datta]] – freedom fighter
*[[Kalpana Datta]] – freedom fighter
*[[Kalyan Roy]] – Parliamentarian
*[[Kalyan Roy]] – Parliamentarian
*[[Kanam Rajendran]] – Current Kerala state secretary of the party
*[[Kanam Rajendran]] – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
*[[K.N. Joglekar]] – founding member of CPI
*[[K.N. Joglekar]] – founding member of CPI
* [[Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf]]
* [[Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf]]
Line 514: Line 535:
*[[Mohit Banerji]] – Prominent Leader
*[[Mohit Banerji]] – Prominent Leader
*[[Nallakannu]] – former Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party
*[[Nallakannu]] – former Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party
*[[N.E. Balaram]] – Founding leader of the [[Socialism in India|communist movement]] in Kerala, India
*[[N. E. Balaram]] – Founding leader of the [[Socialism in India|communist movement]] in Kerala, India
*[[Pannyan Raveendran]] – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
*[[Pannyan Raveendran]] – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
*[[Parvathi Krishnan]] – Parliamentarian
*[[Parvathi Krishnan]] – Parliamentarian
Line 527: Line 548:
*[[Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate]] – First general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
*[[Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate]] – First general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
* [[Satypal Dang]]- He was a legislator of Punjab State Legislative Assembly, representing the Communist Party of India for four terms and a Minister of Food and Civil Supplies in the United Front ministry led by Justice Gurnam Singh and Padma Bhushan Awardee.
* [[Satypal Dang]]- He was a legislator of Punjab State Legislative Assembly, representing the Communist Party of India for four terms and a Minister of Food and Civil Supplies in the United Front ministry led by Justice Gurnam Singh and Padma Bhushan Awardee.
*[[S.S. Mirajkar]] – Trade Unionist, Freedom fighter
*[[S. S. Mirajkar]] – Trade Unionist, Freedom fighter
*[[Suhasini Chattopadhyay]] – founding member of CPI
*[[Suhasini Chattopadhyay]] – founding member of CPI
*[[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] – former general secretary of the party & parliamentarian
*[[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] – former general secretary of the party & parliamentarian
Line 537: Line 558:
*[[Vimla Dang]] – leader of CPI  
*[[Vimla Dang]] – leader of CPI  
*[[V. S. Sunil Kumar]] – Former Agriculture Minister in Kerala
*[[V. S. Sunil Kumar]] – Former Agriculture Minister in Kerala
*[[V. V. Raghavan|V.V. Raghavan]] -CPI Central Secretariat Member, two-time Loksabha Member from [[Thrissur]] Kerala, [[Rajya sabha]] Member, Former [[Agriculture minister]] of Kerala
*[[V. V. Raghavan]] -CPI Central Secretariat Member, two-time Loksabha Member from [[Thrissur]] Kerala, [[Rajya sabha]] Member, Former [[Agriculture minister]] of Kerala


==General election results==
==General election results==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="border:2px #000 solid; width=;"70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
{| class=wikitable
|+ Performance of Communist Party of India in Lok Sabha elections
|+ Performance of Communist Party of India in Lok Sabha elections
!
!
Line 554: Line 575:
|-
|-
| align=left|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
| align=left|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
| 1952|| 489 || {{Composition bar|16|49|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || – || 3,487,401 || 3.29% || –
| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951−52]]|| 489 || {{Composition bar|16|49|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || ''New'' || 3,487,401 || 3.29% || ''New''
|<ref name="ECI1951">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=LS Statistical Report : 1951 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=70 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1951">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=LS Statistical Report : 1951 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=70 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
| align=left|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
| 1957|| 494 ||  {{Composition bar|27|109|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{increase}} 11 || 10,754,075 || 8.92% || {{increase}} 5.63%
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]|| 494 ||  {{Composition bar|27|109|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{increase}} 11 || 10,754,075 || 8.92% || {{increase}} 5.63%
|<ref name="ECI1957">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1957 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=49 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404200011/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | archive-date=4 April 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1957">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1957 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=49 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404200011/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | archive-date=4 April 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
| align=left|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
| 1962|| 494 ||  {{Composition bar|29|137|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{increase}} 2 || 11,450,037 || 9.94% || {{increase}} 1.02%
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]|| 494 ||  {{Composition bar|29|137|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{increase}} 2 || 11,450,037 || 9.94% || {{increase}} 1.02%
|<ref name="ECI1962">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1962 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=75 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203719/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf | archive-date=4 April 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1962">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1962 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=75 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203719/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf | archive-date=4 April 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
| align=left|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
| 1967|| 520 || {{Composition bar|23|109|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{decrease}} 6 || 7,458,396 || 5.11% || {{decrease}} 4.83%
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]|| 520 || {{Composition bar|23|109|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{decrease}} 6 || 7,458,396 || 5.11% || {{decrease}} 4.83%
|<ref name="ECI1967">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1967 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=78 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1967">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1967 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=78 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
| align=left|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
| 1971|| 518 || {{Composition bar|23|87|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{steady}} || 6,933,627 || 4.73% || {{decrease}} 0.38%
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]|| 518 || {{Composition bar|23|87|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{steady}} || 6,933,627 || 4.73% || {{decrease}} 0.38%
|<ref name="ECI1971">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1971 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=79 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1971">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1971 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=79 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
| align=left|[[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
| 1977|| 542 || {{Composition bar|7|91|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 16 || 5,322,088 || 2.82% || {{decrease}} 1.91%
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]|| 542 || {{Composition bar|7|91|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 16 || 5,322,088 || 2.82% || {{decrease}} 1.91%
|<ref name="ECI1977">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1977 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=89 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1977">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1977 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=89 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
| align=left|[[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
| 1980|| 529 ( 542<sup>*</sup> ) ||  {{Composition bar|10|47|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{increase}} 3 || 4,927,342 || 2.49% || {{decrease}} 0.33%
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]|| 529 ( 542<sup>*</sup> ) ||  {{Composition bar|10|47|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{increase}} 3 || 4,927,342 || 2.49% || {{decrease}} 0.33%
|<ref name="ECI1980">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1980 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=86 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1980">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1980 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=86 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
| align=left|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
| 1984|| 541 || {{Composition bar|6|66|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 4 || 6,733,117 || 2.70% || {{increase}} 0.21%
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]|| 541 || {{Composition bar|6|66|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 4 || 6,733,117 || 2.70% || {{increase}} 0.21%
|<ref name="ECI1984">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1984 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=81 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ECI1985">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1985/Vol_I_LS_85.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1985 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015622/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1985/Vol_I_LS_85.pdf | archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1984">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1984 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=81 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ECI1985">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1985/Vol_I_LS_85.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1985 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015622/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1985/Vol_I_LS_85.pdf | archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
| align=left|[[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
| 1989|| 529 || {{Composition bar|12|50|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{increase}} 6 || 7,734,697 || 2.57% || {{decrease}} 0.13%
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]|| 529 || {{Composition bar|12|50|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{increase}} 6 || 7,734,697 || 2.57% || {{decrease}} 0.13%
|<ref name="ECI1989">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1989 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=88 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1989">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1989 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=88 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
| align=left|[[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
| 1991|| 534 ||  {{Composition bar|14|43|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{increase}} 2 || 6,898,340 || 2.48% || {{decrease}} 0.09%
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]|| 534 ||  {{Composition bar|14|43|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{increase}} 2 || 6,898,340 || 2.48% || {{decrease}} 0.09%
|<ref name="ECI1991">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1991 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=58 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ECI1992">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1992/GE_VOL_I_92.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1992 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161046/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1992/GE_VOL_I_92.pdf | archive-date=6 June 2016 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1991">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1991 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=58 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ECI1992">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1992/GE_VOL_I_92.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1992 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161046/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1992/GE_VOL_I_92.pdf | archive-date=6 June 2016 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
| align=left|[[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
| 1996|| 543 ||  {{Composition bar|12|43|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{decrease}} 2 || 6,582,263 || 1.97% || {{decrease}} 0.51%
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]|| 543 ||  {{Composition bar|12|43|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{decrease}} 2 || 6,582,263 || 1.97% || {{decrease}} 0.51%
|<ref name="ECI1996">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1996 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=93 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1996">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 1996 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=93 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
| align=left|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
| 1998|| 543 || {{Composition bar|09|58|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{decrease}} 3 || 6,429,569 || 1.75% || {{decrease}} 0.22%
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]|| 543 || {{Composition bar|09|58|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}} || {{decrease}} 3 || 6,429,569 || 1.75% || {{decrease}} 0.22%
|<ref name="ECI1998">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1998 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1998">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1998 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
| align=left|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
| 1999|| 543 || {{Composition bar|04|54|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 5 || 5,395,119 || 1.48% || {{decrease}} 0.27%
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]|| 543 || {{Composition bar|04|54|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 5 || 5,395,119 || 1.48% || {{decrease}} 0.27%
|<ref name="ECI1999">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1999 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI1999">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1999 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
| align=left|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
| 2004|| 543 || {{Composition bar|10|34|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{increase}} 6 || 5,484,111 || 1.41% || {{decrease}} 0.07%
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]|| 543 || {{Composition bar|10|34|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{increase}} 6 || 5,484,111 || 1.41% || {{decrease}} 0.07%
|<ref name="ECI2004">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 2004 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=101 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI2004">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf | title=LS Statistical Report : 2004 Vol. 1 | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=101 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
| align=left|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
| 2009|| 543 || {{Composition bar|04|56|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 6 || 5,951,888 || 1.43% || {{increase}} 0.02%
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]|| 543 || {{Composition bar|04|56|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 6 || 5,951,888 || 1.43% || {{increase}} 0.02%
|<ref name="ECI2009">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf | title=LS 2009 : Performance of National Parties | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223419/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf | archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI2009">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf | title=LS 2009 : Performance of National Parties | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223419/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf | archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| align=left|[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
| align=left|[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
| 2014|| 543 || {{Composition bar|1|67|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 3 || 4,327,298 || 0.78% || {{decrease}}  0.65%
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]|| 543 || {{Composition bar|1|67|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}|| {{decrease}} 3 || 4,327,298 || 0.78% || {{decrease}}  0.65%
|<ref name="ECI2014">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf | title=LS 2014 : List of successful candidates | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=93 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024141309/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf | archive-date=24 October 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|<ref name="ECI2014">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf | title=LS 2014 : List of successful candidates | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | page=93 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024141309/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf | archive-date=24 October 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|2019
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|543
|543
|{{Composition bar|2|49|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|49|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
Line 624: Line 645:
|3,576,184
|3,576,184
|0.58%
|0.58%
|{{decrease}}<br/>0.2%
|{{decrease}}<br/>0.20%
|<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>  
|<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>  
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|2|30|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{steady}}
|3,132,683
|0.49%
|{{decrease}}<br/>0.09%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024|access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/03/over-8000-candidates-in-fray-in-2024-general-elections-16-per-cent-from-national-parties|title=Over 8,000 candidates in fray in 2024 General Elections, 16 per cent from national parties|date=3 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>
|}
|}
<sup>*</sup> : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.
<sup>*</sup> : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.
Line 709: Line 740:
|}
|}
<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10983-6-state-wise-candidate-data-summary/ |title=6. State Wise Candidate data Summary |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509155400/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10983-6-state-wise-candidate-data-summary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10983-6-state-wise-candidate-data-summary/ |title=6. State Wise Candidate data Summary |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509155400/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10983-6-state-wise-candidate-data-summary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-seventh-lok-sabha-elections-1980/ | title=Seventh Lok Sabha elections (1980) | work=Indian Express | date=14 March 2014 | agency=Indian Express | access-date=18 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026125112/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-seventh-lok-sabha-elections-1980/ | archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-seventh-lok-sabha-elections-1980/ | title=Seventh Lok Sabha elections (1980) | work=Indian Express | date=14 March 2014 | agency=Indian Express | access-date=18 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026125112/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-seventh-lok-sabha-elections-1980/ | archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>


Line 723: Line 754:
! style="background:#f00; color:white;"|Vote %
! style="background:#f00; color:white;"|Vote %
! style="background:#f00; color:white;"|Change in<br/>vote %
! style="background:#f00; color:white;"|Change in<br/>vote %
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 elections in India|2023]]
|Telangana
|119
|{{Composition bar|1|1|{{party color | Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{Increase}}1
|80,336
|0.34
|{{Decrease}}0.07
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|90
|{{Composition bar|0|3|{{party color|Communist Party of India }}}}
|{{no change}}
|6,594
|0.04
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[2022 elections in India|2022]]
| rowspan="6" |[[2022 elections in India|2022]]
Line 856: Line 904:
|{{decrease}} 0.39%
|{{decrease}} 0.39%
|-
|-
|Rowspan=4|[[2018 elections in India|2018]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2018 elections in India|2018]]
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|90
|90
Line 872: Line 920:
| 0.12%
| 0.12%
|{{decrease}} 0.06%
|{{decrease}} 0.06%
|-
|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
|119
|{{Composition bar|0|3|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
| 83,215
|0.40%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|-
|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
Line 888: Line 928:
| 0.82%
| 0.82%
|{{decrease}} 0.85%
|{{decrease}} 0.85%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2017 elections in India|2017]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
|68
|{{Composition bar|0|3|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{steady}}
| 1,686
| 0.04%
|{{decrease}} 0.15%
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|403
|{{Composition bar|0|68|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
|{{steady}}
| 138,764
| 0.16%
|{{increase}} 0.03%
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 910: Line 933:
*{{legend2|#FFE6E6|indicates in government or in Coalition government |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend2|#FFE6E6|indicates in government or in Coalition government |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}


{| class="wikitable"
Results from the Election Commission of India website. Results do not deal with partitions of states, defections and by-elections during the mandate period.
|-
! State || No. of candidates || No. elected || Total no. of seats in Assembly || Year of election
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]] || 7 || 0 || 175 || 2019
|-
|[[Assam]] || 1 || 0 || 126 || 2021
|-
|[[Bihar (India)|Bihar]] || 6 || 2 || 243 || 2020
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]] || 2 || 0 || 90 || 2018
|-
|Delhi || 3 || 0 || 70 || 2020
|-
|[[Goa]] || 2 || 0 || 40 || 2017
|-
|[[Gujarat]] || 2 || 0 || 182 || 2017
|-
|[[Haryana]] || 4 || 0 || 90 || 2019
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]] || 3 || 0 || 68 || 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Assembly Election Results 2017: A Journey Through The Campaigning In Gujarat And Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assembly-election-results-2017-a-journey-through-the-campaigning-in-gujarat-and-himachal-pradesh-1788913 |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=18 December 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assembly-election-results-2017-a-journey-through-the-campaigning-in-gujarat-and-himachal-pradesh-1788913 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 3 || 0 || 87 || 2014
|-
|[[Jharkhand]] || 16 || 0 || 81 || 2019
|-
|[[Karnataka]] || 4 || 0 || 224 || 2018
|-
|[[Kerala]] || 23 || 17 || 140 || 2021
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]] || 18 || 0 || 230 || 2018
|-
|[[Maharashtra]] || 16 || 0 || 288 || 2019
|-
|[[Manipur]] || 2 || 0 || 60 || 2022
|-
|[[Meghalaya]] || 1 || 0 || 60 || 2013
|-
|[[Mizoram]] || 0 || 0 || 40 || 2013
|-
|[[Odisha]] || 12 || 0 || 147 || 2019
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || 1 || 0 || 30 || 2021
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 7 || 0 || 117 || 2022
|-
|[[Rajasthan]] || 42 || 0 || 200 || 2018
|-
|[[Telangana]] || 3 || 0 || 119 || 2018
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]] || 6 || 2 || 234 || 2021
|-
|[[Tripura]] || 1 || 0 || 60 || 2018
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]] || 38 || 0 || 403 || 2022
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]] || 4 || 0 || 70 || 2022
|-
|[[West Bengal]] || 10 || 0 || 294 || 2021
|}
Results from the Election Commission of India website. Results do not deal with partitions of states (Bihar was bifurcated after the 2000 election, creating [[Jharkhand]]), defections and by-elections during the mandate period.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 986: Line 949:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Chakrabarty, Bidyut. ''Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014).  
* Chakrabarty, Bidyut. ''Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014).  
* Devika, J. "Egalitarian developmentalism, communist mobilization, and the question of caste in Kerala State, India." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' (2010): 799–820. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Devika/publication/231963735_Egalitarian_Developmentalism_Communist_Mobilization_and_the_Question_of_Caste_in_Kerala_State_India/links/56a6105308ae2c689d39b459.pdf online]
* Devika, J. "Egalitarian developmentalism, communist mobilization, and the question of caste in Kerala State, India." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' (2010): 799–820. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Devika/publication/231963735_Egalitarian_Developmentalism_Communist_Mobilization_and_the_Question_of_Caste_in_Kerala_State_India/links/56a6105308ae2c689d39b459.pdf online]
Line 1,001: Line 964:
* Singer, Wendy. "Peasants and the Peoples of the East: Indians and the Rhetoric of the Comintern," in Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe, ''International Communism and the Communist International, 1919–43.'' (Manchester University Press, 1998).
* Singer, Wendy. "Peasants and the Peoples of the East: Indians and the Rhetoric of the Comintern," in Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe, ''International Communism and the Communist International, 1919–43.'' (Manchester University Press, 1998).
* Steur, Luisa. "Adivasis, Communists, and the rise of indigenism in Kerala." ''Dialectical Anthropology'' 35.1 (2011): 59–76. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luisa_Steur/publication/225125280_Adivasis_Communists_and_the_rise_of_indigenism_in_Kerala/links/550945210cf27e990e0e2c5b.pdf online]
* Steur, Luisa. "Adivasis, Communists, and the rise of indigenism in Kerala." ''Dialectical Anthropology'' 35.1 (2011): 59–76. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luisa_Steur/publication/225125280_Adivasis_Communists_and_the_rise_of_indigenism_in_Kerala/links/550945210cf27e990e0e2c5b.pdf online]
* N.E. Balaram, ''A Short History of the Communist Party of India.'' Kozikkode, Cannanore, India: Prabhath Book House, 1967.
* N. E. Balaram, ''A Short History of the Communist Party of India.'' Kozikkode, Cannanore, India: Prabhath Book House, 1967.
* Samaren Roy, ''The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N. Roy and the Comintern.'' Calcutta: Firma KLM Private, 1986.
* Samaren Roy, ''The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N. Roy and the Comintern.'' Calcutta: Firma KLM Private, 1986.


Line 1,007: Line 970:
* G. Adhikari (ed.), ''Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume One, 1917–1922.'' New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1971.
* G. Adhikari (ed.), ''Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume One, 1917–1922.'' New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1971.
* G. Adhikari (ed.), ''Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume Two, 1923–1925.'' New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974.
* G. Adhikari (ed.), ''Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume Two, 1923–1925.'' New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974.
* V.B. Karnick (ed.), ''Indian Communist Party Documents, 1930–1956.'' Bombay: Democratic Research Service/Institute of Public Relations, 1957.
* V. B. Karnick (ed.), ''Indian Communist Party Documents, 1930–1956.'' Bombay: Democratic Research Service/Institute of Public Relations, 1957.
* Rao, M. B., Ed. ''Documents Of The History Of The Communist Party Of India(1948–1950), Vol. 7'' (1960) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.148620 online]
* Rao, M. B., Ed. ''Documents Of The History Of The Communist Party Of India(1948–1950), Vol. 7'' (1960) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.148620 online]
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
 
{{commons}}
* {{official website|https://communistpartyofindia.com/}}
* {{official website|https://communistpartyofindia.com/}}
* {{GovPubs|Communist%20Party%20of%20India|CPI}}  
* {{GovPubs|Communist%20Party%20of%20India|CPI}}  
Line 1,034: Line 997:
[[Category:Former member parties of the United Progressive Alliance]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the United Progressive Alliance]]
[[Category:Communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Americanism]]
[[Category:Anti-American sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalist organizations]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalist organizations]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalist political parties]]
[[Category:Left-wing parties]]
[[Category:Left-wing parties]]
[[Category:Left-wing parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Left-wing parties in Asia]]
Line 1,043: Line 1,007:
[[Category:National political parties in India]]
[[Category:National political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1925]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1925]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]] 
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
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[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance‎]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
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