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{{Short description|11th century | {{Short description|11th century Indian Hindu emperor}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date= | {{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}} | ||
{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| name = | | name = Vidyadharavarman | ||
| title = ''' | | title =''[[Chakravartin|Chakravartin Samrat]]''<br>''''Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-ParamaMaheshvara Parameshvara-Dharmarajika-Rajnyashrestha-Prajapita-Mahobanaresh-Mahishmatipati-Sri-Kalanjaradhipati'''' | ||
| reign = r. c. 1003-1035 CE | | reign = r. c. 1003-1035 CE | ||
| succession = [[ | | succession = 9th [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel]] Emperor | ||
| predecessor = [[ | | predecessor = [[Gandavarman]] | ||
| successor = [[Vijayapala]] | | successor = [[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] | ||
| image = File:Art of Vidyadharvarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni.png | |||
| caption = Imagination of Vidyadharavarman Chandel and Mahmud of Ghazni | |||
| birth_date = | | birth_date = | ||
| birth_place = | | birth_place = | ||
| death_date = | | death_date = | ||
| death_place = | | death_place = | ||
| spouse = Satyabhama- | | spouse = Satyabhama-Devi ([[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] [[Princess]]) {{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> | ||
| spouse-type = Maharani | | spouse-type = Maharani | ||
| spouses = | | spouses = | ||
| spouses-type = Wives | | spouses-type = Wives | ||
| issue = [[Vijayapala]] | | issue = *[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] | ||
*Jayapalavarman | |||
*Ajayapalavarman | |||
| issue-type = Sons | | issue-type = Sons | ||
| full name = | | full name = '''Shrimanmat Vidyadharavarman Deva Chandel'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref> | ||
| regnal name = śrimanmat vidyādhara-varman | |||
| regnal name = | | house = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya Yadava]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]] | ||
| house = [[Haihaya]], [[Lunar dynasty]] | |||
| dynasty = [[Chandelas|Chandel]] | | dynasty = [[Chandelas|Chandel]] | ||
| father = [[ | | father = [[Gandavarman]] | ||
| mother = | | mother = | ||
| religion = [[Shaivism]] | | religion = [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], [[Hinduism]] | ||
| native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit]] | | native_lang1 = [[Sanskrit]] | ||
| native_lang1_name1 = | | native_lang1_name1 = '''श्रीमनमत विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल''' | ||
}} | {{Infobox military person | ||
| embed = yes | |||
| branch = [[Chandela|Chandel Army]] | |||
| branch_label = Service | |||
| serviceyears = 1003-1035 CE | |||
| serviceyears_label = | |||
| rank = | |||
[[Chakravartin]]}}}} | |||
''' | '''Vidyadharavarman Deva''' ([[संस्कृत]]: विद्याधरवर्मन देव चन्देल, [[IAST]] Vidyādharavarman, reign. c. 1003-1035 CE) known as Vidyadhara Chandel, was an Chakravartin emperor of India from the [[Chandela|Chandel dynasty]]. He ruled from his capital at [[Kalanjara]] in [[Jejakabhukti]] region (present-day in Uttar Pradesh). During invasion on kannauj, he killed the Ghaznavid governors and a Pratihara king [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Rajyapala]]. He defeated and imprisoned the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] of Dhara and Kalachuri king [[Gangeyadeva]] of Tripuri and placed them under the Chandel empire. He was the only Hindu Rajput ruler who resisted [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghaznavi]] twice. Later in 1030 CE, he celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazna|Mahmud Ghaznavi]], [[Bhoja]] etc rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== Ascension == | |||
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadhara's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadhara's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadhara was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadhara's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref> In early period he streched Chandel power from Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south. According to the Khajuraho inscription, he was born in the Chandel clan of, which is a synonym of Vrishni clan or Chedi clan (the main branch of Chandravanshi Haihaya Yadavas). He was a brave and skilled ruler like his grandfather Dhangadevavarman. Vidyadhardeva was married to Princess Satyabhama. From Satyabhama he had three sons,Vijayapalavarman, Jayapalavarman, Ajayapalavarman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cD1DAAAAYAAJ&q=satyabhama+vidyadhara&dq=satyabhama+vidyadhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOhbjq15OCAxU4xjgGHTXlAxQ4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#satyabhama%20vidyadhara|title=Report|last=Education (1971- )|first=India Department of|date=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education & Social Welfare, Departments of Education and Culture, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> His full name was Vidyadharadeva-Varman Chandel<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Rama Shankar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA286&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |last2=Tripathi |first2=Rama S. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1xbgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&dq=Vidyadharadeva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixhuv24sSCAxXzp1YBHQjOBYMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharadeva&f=false |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1878 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kLWRy6gJ2AUC&pg=PA195&dq=Vidyadharavarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB2YWy48SCAxUXsFYBHYXVAeoQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Vidyadharavarman&f=false |title=Annales du musée Guimet: bibliothèque de vulgarisation |date=1905 |language=fr}}</ref> | |||
==Military Career== | |||
===Invasion of Kannauj=== | |||
In 1018 CE, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadhara). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadhara's predecessor Ganda. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadhara who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandelas, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadhara.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}} | |||
===Against Mahmud Ghaznavi of Ghazna=== | |||
It is possible that Vidyadhara appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019 CE, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}} | |||
According Dr. Katare in J.H.Q, Vidyadhara defeated Mahmud soon after the latter's invasion of Kannauj.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=96}} | |||
According to C.V. Vaidya, the invasions of the Yaminis ([[Ghaznavid]]) had completely changed the political map of Northern India. The empire of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the kingdom of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s the valiant defenders of the North-West had disappeared, along with a whole host of minor states. Chandelas alone survived the or deal. They not only halted the triumphal career of [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], but also cmergcd as the dominant power to the North of the [[Vindhya range|Vindhyas]] and the credit for that undoubtedly goes to the sagacious policy of [[Vidyadharavarman]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=97}} | |||
After an unsuccessful invasion of Kalinjar in 1019 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] again invaded the [[Chandela|Chandel kingdom]] in 1022 CE and the war was fought outside of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]]. After a long battle Mahmud surrendered and made a peace with Kalinjar. Later, [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] celebrated his success over Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandhariya Mahadev temple]].{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzALEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+proud+kshatriya+king+vidyadhara&pg=PT69 |title=Invaders and Infidels (Book 1): From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions |date=2020-11-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90077-22-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyadhar+Chandel |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0810-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraberty |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-g9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vidyadhara+Chandel |title=The Racial History of India |date=1944 |publisher=Vijaya Krishna Brothers |language=en}}</ref> | |||
According to [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', the two armies were encamped on the opposite banks of a river. Mahmud sent an envoy to Vidyadhara (called "Nanda" by Ahmad), asking him to accept [[Islam]] and Mahmud's suzerainty. Vidyadhara refused to make a submission. After seeing the Chandel ruler's vast army from an elevated spot, Mahmud became worried. However, at night, Vidyadhara withdrew with some of his companions, leaving behind his army. According to this account, there was no fight between the two armies. After Vidyadhara's withdrawal, Mahmud's army sacked his camp, and procured a great amount of wealth, including 580 elephants. Gardezi, in his ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', states that the Chandel ruler (called "Ganda" in this account) had already deserted his camp by the time Mahmud's envoy reached there. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] offers a different account, stating that the two armies fought a battle before retreating at the nightfall. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=78-79}} | |||
In 1022 CE, Mahmud invaded the Chandel kingdom again, besieging the [[Gwalior Fort]] (Gopadri), which was controlled by a [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] feudatory of Vidyadhara. This feudatory is identified with Kirtiraja. According to ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' Mahmud lifted the siege after four days, in return for a tribute of 35 elephants. He then proceeded to besiege the Chandel fortress of [[Kalanjara]]. After a long siege, the Kalanjara ruler (called "Nanda" in this account), offered Mahmud a tribute of 300 elephants and "begged for safety". According to [[Firishta]]'s account, the Chandel king intoxicated the elephants and sent them to Mahmud's camp without any riders. These wild elephants were tamed by Mahmud's [[Tatars|Tatar]] soldiers. The Chandel king, on seeing this act of bravery, sent a [[panegyric]] praising Mahmud and his army. In return, Mahmud also complimented the Vidyadhara, and awarded him 15 fortresses and other presents before turning to his capital [[Ghazna]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=80-82}} | |||
S. K. Mitra theorizes that the encounter between Vidyadhara and Mahmud ended with an "exchange of gifts", which must have been depicted as "tribute" by the Muslim historians.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}} | |||
===Against Paramaras & Kalachuris=== | |||
Paramara Bhoja, as part of his campaigns, attacked King Kitiraja of the Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior and Kachchhapaghat was a vassal of the Chandelas. Although Bhoj tried to woo him, he considered it wrong to betray his beloved king and declined the invitation. By then the Chandel army arrived and Bhoja had to retreat. According to the inscriptions at [[Mahoba]], Debkund and [[Tripuri]], in 1027 AD Vidyadharadeva planned an attack on the Chandel kingdom with the combined forces of [[Malwa]] and Tripuri. In the war, Vidyadhardeva Varman defeated the Parmara king [[Bhoja]] of Malwa and the [[Kalachuri]] king Gangeydeva of Tripuri, captured them and put them in the prison of Kalinjar. Then Bhoja/Bhojdeva, along with the moon of Kalachuuri i.e. Ganga Dev, worshiped this guru of war, i.e. Vidyadharadeva Varman, filled with fear like a disciple, After singing praises of his greatness and pleading again and again that the king will remain under you, Vidyadharadeva took pity on Bhoja and Gangeya Deva and released them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Boot_Hooves_and_Wheels.html?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat K.|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_pt_1_2.html?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. [no special title|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7007-121-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dynastic_History_of_Northern_India_e.html?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)|last=Ray|first=Hem Chandra|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Political_History_of_Northern_India_from.html?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ|title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) With a Foreword by Vasudeva Sarana Agrawala|last=Choudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|date=1954|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the kings of Parmar and Kalachuri dynasty remained feudal kings under the Chandela Empire, although from time to time they rebelled and became independent, But after a few days they were defeated by the royal Chandel army. After the death of Vidyadharadevavarman, the fame and power of the Chandel Empire started declining but it was re-established by his grandson Kirtivarman.{{sfn|Lakshmīkānta Mālavīya, Pradhī Mālavīya sfn}}{{sfn|Vimala Candra Pāṇḍeya |1962 sfn}} | |||
{{sfn|Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |2007 sfn}} | |||
An inscription of Gwalior [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] king Kirtiraja, who was vassal of Chandelas, tell us that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Emperor Vidyadharadeva in this campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=नागोरी |first=एस एल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8:+Guptottarak%C4%81l%C4%ABna+Bh%C4%81rata |title=प्राचीन भारत का वृहत् इतिहास: Guptottarakālīna Bhārata |date=2007 |publisher=पोइन्टर पब्लिशर्स |isbn=978-81-7132-509-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Vimala Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XULRAAAAMAAJ&q=Vimala+Candra+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya |title=Prācīna Bhārata kā itihāsa, 500 ī.-1200 ī. dakshiṇa sahita: vikrama, Jabbalapura tathā anya viśvavidyālayoṃ ke liye |date=1962 |publisher=Kedāra Nātha Rāma |language=hi}}</ref> | |||
The [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare. {{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awasthi |first=A. B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb05AQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0+ |title=प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास: राजपूत राजवंश |date=1969 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mālavīya |first1=Lakshmīkānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQ-AAAAMAAJ&q=Uttar%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81rata+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa:+History+of+northern+India |title=Uttarī Bhārata kā itihāsa: History of northern India |last2=Mālavīya |first2=Pradhī |date=1971 |publisher=Prakāśana Kendra |language=hi}}</ref> | |||
According to Barhari inscription, around 1028 CE, Vidyadhara defeated the united forces of Paramara king [[Bhoja]] and kalachuri king [[kalachuris of Tripuri|Gangeya-deva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfgdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gv%C4%81liyara+dar%C5%9Bana+-+Volume+1+-+%7C1980 |title=Gvāliyara darśana |date=1980 |publisher=Gvāliyara Śodha Saṃsthāna, Jīvājī Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref> | |||
== Cultural contributions == | |||
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadhara]] | |||
Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Bhoja]] and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his Kuldeva (family deity) Nilkantha Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara.{{Sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=468}} Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|pp=420–21}} | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
=== Bibliography === | |||
{{ref begin}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Abram |first=David |title=Rough Guide to India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA420 |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-089-3}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Deva |first=Krishna |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Temples_of_Khajuraho/4OzVAAAAMAAJ |title=Temples of Khajuraho |volume=1 |year=1990 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India }} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisirkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=Boda |first3=Sharon La |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA468 |year=1994 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Mahesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |year=1984 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Sullerey |first=Sushil Kumar |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }} | |||
{{ref end}} | |||
{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}} | |||
[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] | |||
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]] | |||
== Ascension == | == Ascension == | ||