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Around 321 BCE, the Nanda Dynasty ended with the defeat of Dhana Nanda at the hands of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] who became the first king of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] with the help of his mentor [[Chanakya]]. The Empire later extended over most of India under King [[Ashoka]], who was at first known as 'Ashoka the Cruel' but later became a disciple of Buddhism and became known as '[[Dharma]] Ashoka'.<ref>Tenzin Tharpa, ''Tibetan Buddhist Essentials: A Study Guide for the 21st Century: Volume 1: Introduction, Origin, and Adaptation'', p.31</ref><ref>Sanjeev Sanyal (2016), ''The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History'', section "Ashoka, the not so great"</ref> Later, the Mauryan Empire ended, as did the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] and [[Kharavela|Khārabēḷa]] empires, to be replaced by the [[Gupta Empire]]. The capital of the Gupta Empire remained Pataliputra in Magadha. | Around 321 BCE, the Nanda Dynasty ended with the defeat of Dhana Nanda at the hands of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] who became the first king of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] with the help of his mentor [[Chanakya]]. The Empire later extended over most of India under King [[Ashoka]], who was at first known as 'Ashoka the Cruel' but later became a disciple of Buddhism and became known as '[[Dharma]] Ashoka'.<ref>Tenzin Tharpa, ''Tibetan Buddhist Essentials: A Study Guide for the 21st Century: Volume 1: Introduction, Origin, and Adaptation'', p.31</ref><ref>Sanjeev Sanyal (2016), ''The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History'', section "Ashoka, the not so great"</ref> Later, the Mauryan Empire ended, as did the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] and [[Kharavela|Khārabēḷa]] empires, to be replaced by the [[Gupta Empire]]. The capital of the Gupta Empire remained Pataliputra in Magadha. | ||
During the Pala-period in Magadha from the 11th to 13th century CE, a local Buddhist dynasty known as the [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya]] ruled as tributaries to Pala Empire.<ref name=Balogh2021 | During the Pala-period in Magadha from the 11th to 13th century CE, a local Buddhist dynasty known as the [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya]] ruled as tributaries to Pala Empire.<ref name=Balogh2021/> | ||
==Buddhism and Jainism== | ==Buddhism and Jainism== | ||
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[[File:Magadha kingdom coin Circa 350 BC AR Karshapana.jpg|thumb|Magadha kingdom coin, c. 350 BCE, Karshapana]] | [[File:Magadha kingdom coin Circa 350 BC AR Karshapana.jpg|thumb|Magadha kingdom coin, c. 350 BCE, Karshapana]] | ||
According to Indologist [[Johannes Bronkhorst]], the culture of Magadha was in fundamental ways different from the Vedic kingdoms of the [[Indo-Aryans]]. According to Bronkhorst, the [[Śramaṇa|śramana]] culture arose in "[[Greater Magadha]]," which was Indo-Aryan, but not [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]]. In this culture, [[Kshatriya | According to Indologist [[Johannes Bronkhorst]], the culture of Magadha was in fundamental ways different from the Vedic kingdoms of the [[Indo-Aryans]]. According to Bronkhorst, the [[Śramaṇa|śramana]] culture arose in "[[Greater Magadha]]," which was Indo-Aryan, but not [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]]. In this culture, [[Kshatriya]]s were placed higher than [[Brahmin]]s, and it rejected [[Vedas|Vedic]] authority and rituals.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p={{pn|date=April 2022}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Long |first=Jeffery D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608555139 |title=Jainism : an introduction |date=2009 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-4416-3839-7 |location=London |oclc=608555139}}</ref> He argues for a cultural area termed "[[Greater Magadha]]", defined as roughly the geographical area in which the [[Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]] lived and taught.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p={{pn|date=April 2022}}}} Suggestive of this distinction, in some Vedic and post-Vedic rituals, a "Magadha man" represents the canonical non-Vedic "Barbarian", the Magadhan standing in for the presence of any and all non-Vedic peoples or the ritually impure.<ref name=Witzel>{{cite journal |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=Macrocosm, Mesocosm, and Microcosm: The Persistent Nature of 'Hindu' Beliefs and Symbolic Forms |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=1997 |pages=501–539 |doi=10.1007/s11407-997-0021-x |jstor=20106493 |s2cid=144673508 }}</ref> | ||
With regard to the Buddha, this area stretched by and large from [[Śrāvastī]], the capital of [[Kosala]], in the north-west to [[Rajgir|Rājagṛha]], the capital of Magadha, in the south-east".{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007 |pp=xi, 4}} According to Bronkhorst "there was indeed a culture of Greater Magadha which remained recognizably distinct from Vedic culture until the time of the grammarian Patañjali (ca. 150 BCE) and beyond".{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=265}} Vedic texts such as the Satapatha Brahmana demonize the inhabitants of this area as demonic and as speaking a barbarous speech. The Buddhologist Alexander Wynne writes that there is an "overwhelming amount of evidence" to suggest that this rival culture to the Vedic Aryans dominated the eastern Gangetic plain during the early Buddhist period. Orthodox Vedic Brahmins were, therefore, a minority in Magadha during this early period.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31537|title=Review of Bronkhorst, Johannes, Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India|last=Wynne|first=Alexander|date=2011|website=H-Buddhism|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> | With regard to the Buddha, this area stretched by and large from [[Śrāvastī]], the capital of [[Kosala]], in the north-west to [[Rajgir|Rājagṛha]], the capital of Magadha, in the south-east".{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007 |pp=xi, 4}} According to Bronkhorst "there was indeed a culture of Greater Magadha which remained recognizably distinct from Vedic culture until the time of the grammarian Patañjali (ca. 150 BCE) and beyond".{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=265}} Vedic texts such as the Satapatha Brahmana demonize the inhabitants of this area as demonic and as speaking a barbarous speech. The Buddhologist Alexander Wynne writes that there is an "overwhelming amount of evidence" to suggest that this rival culture to the Vedic Aryans dominated the eastern Gangetic plain during the early Buddhist period. Orthodox Vedic Brahmins were, therefore, a minority in Magadha during this early period.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31537|title=Review of Bronkhorst, Johannes, Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India|last=Wynne|first=Alexander|date=2011|website=H-Buddhism|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> | ||
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==Historical figures from Magadha== | ==Historical figures from Magadha== | ||
[[File:Mahavir.jpg|thumb|upright|The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, Mahavira, who was born in Magadha to a royal family ]] | [[File:Mahavir.jpg|thumb|upright|The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, Mahavira, who was born in Magadha to a royal family]] | ||
Important people from the ancient region of Magadha include: | Important people from the ancient region of Magadha include: | ||