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(Created page with "{{Infobox artifact |image = 270px |name = Pataliputra capital |image_caption = Pataliputra palace capital (front and left-side view), early Maurya Empire period, 3rd century BCE. [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ic/id/7370 Another modern photograph of the capital]. |material = Unpolished buff sandstone |size = Height: 85 cm<br> Width: 123 cm Weight: 1,800...") Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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The earliest known example in India, the Pataliputra capital (3rd century BCE) is decorated with rows of repeating [[rosette (design)|rosettes]], [[ovolo]]s and [[bead and reel]] mouldings, [[Meander (art)|wave-like]] [[Scroll (art)|scrolls]] and side [[volute]]s with central rosettes, around a prominent central [[flame palmette]], which is the main motif. These are quite similar to [[Classical Greece|Classical Greek]] designs, and the capital has been described as quasi-[[Ionic order|Ionic]].<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="BvoC 2010, p.44"/> Greek influence,<ref name="John Boardman 1993, p.110"/> as well as [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[Achaemenid architecture|Achaemenid influence]] have been suggested.<ref name="auto1"/> | The earliest known example in India, the Pataliputra capital (3rd century BCE) is decorated with rows of repeating [[rosette (design)|rosettes]], [[ovolo]]s and [[bead and reel]] mouldings, [[Meander (art)|wave-like]] [[Scroll (art)|scrolls]] and side [[volute]]s with central rosettes, around a prominent central [[flame palmette]], which is the main motif. These are quite similar to [[Classical Greece|Classical Greek]] designs, and the capital has been described as quasi-[[Ionic order|Ionic]].<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="BvoC 2010, p.44"/> Greek influence,<ref name="John Boardman 1993, p.110"/> as well as [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[Achaemenid architecture|Achaemenid influence]] have been suggested.<ref name="auto1"/> | ||
The [[Sarnath capital]] is a pillar capital discovered in the archaeological excavations at the ancient [[Buddhist]] site of [[Sarnath]].<ref name="ASI">{{cite book |title=Archaeological Survey Of India Annual Report 1906-7 |date=1909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474/page/n132 72] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474}}</ref> The pillar displays [[Ionic order|Ionic]] volutes and [[palmette]]s.<ref name="BRM">{{cite book |last1=Mani |first1=B. R. |title=Sarnath : Archaeology, Art and Architecture |date=2012 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani/page/60 60] |url=https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=B. |title=Guide to Sarnath |date=1937 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293/page/n63 41] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293}}</ref> It has been variously dated from the 3rd century BCE during the [[Mauryan Empire]] period,<ref>Presented as a "Mauryan capital, 250 BC" with the addition of recumbant lions at the base, in the page "Types of early capitals" in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Percy |title=Indian Architecture (Buddhist And Hindu) |date=1959 |page=x |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54756#page/n33/mode/2up}}</ref | The [[Sarnath capital]] is a pillar capital discovered in the archaeological excavations at the ancient [[Buddhist]] site of [[Sarnath]].<ref name="ASI">{{cite book |title=Archaeological Survey Of India Annual Report 1906-7 |date=1909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474/page/n132 72] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474}}</ref> The pillar displays [[Ionic order|Ionic]] volutes and [[palmette]]s.<ref name="BRM">{{cite book |last1=Mani |first1=B. R. |title=Sarnath : Archaeology, Art and Architecture |date=2012 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani/page/60 60] |url=https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=B. |title=Guide to Sarnath |date=1937 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293/page/n63 41] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293}}</ref> It has been variously dated from the 3rd century BCE during the [[Mauryan Empire]] period,<ref name="ASI"/><ref>Presented as a "Mauryan capital, 250 BC" with the addition of recumbant lions at the base, in the page "Types of early capitals" in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Percy |title=Indian Architecture (Buddhist And Hindu) |date=1959 |page=x |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54756#page/n33/mode/2up}}</ref> to the 1st century BCE, during the [[Sunga Empire]] period.<ref name="BRM"/> One of the faces shows a galopping horse carrying a rider, while the other face shows an elephant and its [[Mahout|mahaut]].<ref name="BRM"/> | ||
The pillar capital in Bharhut, dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, also incorporates many of these characteristics,<ref>Early Buddhist Narrative Art by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky [https://books.google.com/books?id=9LjmXHFXju4C&pg=PR16 p.16]</ref><ref>Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia & Southern Serbia by R.F. Hoddinott [https://books.google.com/books?id=WoSuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 p.17]</ref> with a central [[anta capital]] with many rosettes, beads-and-reels, as well as a central palmette design.<ref name="Tadgell"/><ref name="India Archaeological Report p185-196">India Archaeological Report, Cunningham, p185-196</ref><ref>Age of the Nandas and Mauryas by Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri [https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA376 p.376 sq]</ref> Importantly, recumbent animals (lions, symbols of Buddhism) were added, in the style of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]]. | The pillar capital in Bharhut, dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, also incorporates many of these characteristics,<ref>Early Buddhist Narrative Art by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky [https://books.google.com/books?id=9LjmXHFXju4C&pg=PR16 p.16]</ref><ref>Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia & Southern Serbia by R.F. Hoddinott [https://books.google.com/books?id=WoSuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 p.17]</ref> with a central [[anta capital]] with many rosettes, beads-and-reels, as well as a central palmette design.<ref name="Tadgell"/><ref name="India Archaeological Report p185-196">India Archaeological Report, Cunningham, p185-196</ref><ref>Age of the Nandas and Mauryas by Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri [https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA376 p.376 sq]</ref> Importantly, recumbent animals (lions, symbols of Buddhism) were added, in the style of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]]. | ||
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This capital is smaller in size however, at 33 cm high, and 63 cm wide when complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofindiana030585mbp#page/n245/mode/2up|title=History Of Indian And Eastern Architecture Vol I|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> A similar capital with an elephant as the central motif has also been found in Sarnath. | This capital is smaller in size however, at 33 cm high, and 63 cm wide when complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofindiana030585mbp#page/n245/mode/2up|title=History Of Indian And Eastern Architecture Vol I|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> A similar capital with an elephant as the central motif has also been found in Sarnath. | ||
A pillar capital in [[Bharhut]],<ref>[[:File:Bharhut pillar capital.jpg]]</ref> dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, is an amalgam of the lions of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] and a central anta capital with many Hellenistic elements (rosettes, beads-and-reels), as well as a central palmette design similar to that of the Pataliputra capital.<ref | A pillar capital in [[Bharhut]],<ref>[[:File:Bharhut pillar capital.jpg]]</ref> dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, is an amalgam of the lions of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] and a central anta capital with many Hellenistic elements (rosettes, beads-and-reels), as well as a central palmette design similar to that of the Pataliputra capital.<ref name="Tadgell"/><ref name="India Archaeological Report p185-196"/> Monumental capitals with a central palmette design can still be found several centuries later in examples such as the [[Mathura lion capital]] (1st century CE). | ||
A later capital found in [[Mathura]] dating to the 2nd or 3rd century ([[Kushan Empire|Kushan period]]) displays a central palmettes with side volutes in a style described as "Ionic", in the same kind of composition as the Pataliputra capital but with a coarser rendering. ([https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_artsofindiasoutheastasia2/54 photograph]).<ref>The Arts of India, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayas at the Dallas Museum of Art, Published on 12 December 2013. Article with photograph [https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_artsofindiasoutheastasia2/54]</ref> | A later capital found in [[Mathura]] dating to the 2nd or 3rd century ([[Kushan Empire|Kushan period]]) displays a central palmettes with side volutes in a style described as "Ionic", in the same kind of composition as the Pataliputra capital but with a coarser rendering. ([https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_artsofindiasoutheastasia2/54 photograph]).<ref>The Arts of India, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayas at the Dallas Museum of Art, Published on 12 December 2013. Article with photograph [https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_artsofindiasoutheastasia2/54]</ref> | ||
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{{Uncategorized|date=November 2023}} | |||