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{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{short description|Country in South Asia}} | ||
{{about|the country in South Asia}} | |||
{{Very long|date=June 2023|rps=104}} | |||
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2022}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} | |||
{{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
| conventional_long_name | | conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of Pakistan | ||
| common_name | | common_name = Pakistan | ||
| native_name | | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان}}|italics=off}}|{{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān''}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2009 |page=141 |isbn=978-0-313-34497-8}}</ref>}} | ||
| image_flag | | image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg | ||
| image_coat | | image_coat = State emblem of Pakistan.svg | ||
| symbol_type | | symbol_type = [[State emblem of Pakistan|State emblem <br />(Coat of arms)]] | ||
| national_motto | | national_motto = {{transliteration|ur|[[Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam]]}}<br />{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|ایمان، اتحاد، نظم}}|paren=off}}<br />"Faith, Unity, Discipline"{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web |title=The State Emblem |url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701023430/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of Pakistan]]. |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} | ||
| national_anthem | | national_anthem = {{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|[[Qaumi Taranah|Qaumī Tarānah]]}}<br />{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قَومی ترانہ}}}}{{parabr}}{{center|"The National Anthem"<br />[[File:Pakistan anthem - United States Navy Band.ogg]]}} | ||
| image_map | | image_map = PAK orthographic.svg | ||
| map_width | | map_width = 220px | ||
| map_caption | | map_caption = Land controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green | ||
| capital = [[Islamabad]] | | capital = [[Islamabad]] | ||
| coordinates | | coordinates = {{coord|33|41|30|N|73|03|00|E|type:city_region:PK}} | ||
| largest_city | | largest_city = [[Karachi]]<br />{{coord|24|51|36|N|67|00|36|E|type:city_region:PK}} | ||
| official_languages | | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Urdu]]|[[Pakistani English|English]]}} | ||
| | | national_languages = Urdu<ref>{{cite website|title=article 251 national language |date=April 20, 2021 |website=Pakistanconstitutionlaw |url=https://pakistanconstitutionlaw.com/article-251-national-language/|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> | ||
| languages_type = [[Spoken language]]s | |||
| ethnic_groups | | languages = [[Languages of Pakistan|Over 77 languages]]{{sfn|Ethnologue|2022}} | ||
| | | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | ||
| | | 38.78% [[Punjabis]] | ||
| 14. | | 18.24% [[Pashtuns]] | ||
| | | 14.57% [[Sindhis]] | ||
| 7. | | 12.19% [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] | ||
| 3. | | 7.08% [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]] | ||
| | | 3.02% [[Baloch people|Balochs]] | ||
| 1.24% [[Brahuis]] | |||
| 4.88% [[Ethnic groups in Pakistan|other]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
| ethnic_groups_year | | ethnic_groups_year = 2017{{efn|Different sources give widely different figures. Estimates are based according to the [[2017 Census of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375 | title=Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result | date=19 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="2017CensusLanguage">{{cite web |date=2021 |title=TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409115251/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=www.pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>}} | ||
| | | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | ||
| religion | | 96.5% [[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref name="Article_2" /> | ||
| 96. | | 2.1% [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]] <!-- 1.73% Hindu (Jati) 0.41% Hindu (scheduled castes) --> | ||
| 2. | | 1.3% [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]] | ||
| 1. | | 0.1% [[Religion in Pakistan|other]] | ||
| 0. | |||
}} | }} | ||
| demonym = Pakistani | | demonym = Pakistani | ||
| government_type | | government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Islamic republic|Islamic]] [[parliamentary republic]] | ||
| leader_title1 | | leader_title1 = [[President of Pakistan|President]] | ||
| leader_name1 | | leader_name1 = [[Arif Alvi]] | ||
| leader_title2 | | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] | ||
| leader_name2 | | leader_name2 = [[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]] ([[Caretaker government|Caretaker]]) | ||
| leader_title3 | | leader_title3 = [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]] | ||
| leader_name3 | | leader_name3 = [[Sadiq Sanjrani]] | ||
| leader_title4 | | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | ||
| leader_name4 | | leader_name4 = [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]] | ||
| leader_title5 | | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] | ||
| leader_name5 | | leader_name5 = [[Qazi Faez Isa]] | ||
| legislature | | legislature = [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] | ||
| upper_house | | upper_house = [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] | ||
| lower_house | | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] | ||
| sovereignty_type | | sovereignty_type = [[Pakistan Movement|Independence]] | ||
| sovereignty_note | | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | ||
| established_event1 | | established_event1 = [[Lahore Resolution|Declaration]] | ||
| | | established_date1 = 23 March 1940 | ||
| | | established_event2 = [[Dominion of Pakistan|Independence]] | ||
| | | established_date2 = 14 August 1947 | ||
| | | established_event3 = [[Islamic republic|Dominion status terminated]] | ||
| | | established_date3 = 23 March 1956 | ||
| | | established_event4 = Purchase of [[Gwadar Purchase|Gwadar]] | ||
| | | established_date4 = 8 December 1958 | ||
| | | established_event5 = [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Eastern territory]] [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|withdrawn]] | ||
| | | established_date5 = 16 December 1971 | ||
| | | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Pakistan|Current constitution]] | ||
| | | established_date6 = 14 August 1973 | ||
| area_km2 | | established_event7 = | ||
| area_footnote | | established_date7 = | ||
| area_rank | | established_event8 = | ||
| area_sq_mi | | established_date8 = | ||
| percent_water | | area_km2 = 881,913 | ||
| population_density_km2 | | area_footnote = {{efn|"Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; [[Azad Kashmir]] ({{convert|13297|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] ({{convert|72520|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx |title=Pakistan statistics |publisher=Geohive |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406012611/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of {{convert|796,095|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/as/pk/where-is-pakistan.html |title=Where is Pakistan?|website=worldatlas.com|date=24 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
| population_density_sq_mi | | area_rank = 33rd | ||
| population_density_rank | | area_sq_mi = 307,374 | ||
| population_estimate | | percent_water = 2.86 | ||
| | | population_density_km2 = 273.8 | ||
| | | population_density_sq_mi = 633 | ||
| population_estimate_rank | | population_density_rank = 56th | ||
| population_estimate = | |||
| population_estimate_year = | |||
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} | | population_census = 241,499,431<ref name="2023census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Pakistan.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 'The Digital Census' |date= 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk) |access-date = 15 August 2023}}</ref> | ||
| GDP_PPP_year | | population_census_year = [[2023 Pakistani census|2023]] | ||
| GDP_PPP_rank | | population_estimate_rank = 5th | ||
| GDP_PPP_per_capita | | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.568 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.PK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Pakistan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> | ||
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | ||
| GDP_nominal | | GDP_PPP_rank = 23rd | ||
| GDP_nominal_year | | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,773<ref name="IMFWEO.PK" /> | ||
| GDP_nominal_rank | | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 168th | ||
| GDP_nominal_per_capita | | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $340.636 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PK" /> | ||
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | ||
| Gini_year | | GDP_nominal_rank = 42nd | ||
| Gini_change | | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,471<ref name="IMFWEO.PK" /> | ||
| Gini | | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 177th | ||
| Gini_ref | | Gini_year = 2018 | ||
| HDI | | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | ||
| HDI_year | | Gini = 31.6 <!--number only--> | ||
| HDI_change | | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> | ||
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url= | | HDI = 0.544 <!--number only--> | ||
| HDI_rank | | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | ||
| currency | | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | ||
| currency_code | | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | ||
| time_zone | | HDI_rank = 161st | ||
| utc_offset | | currency = [[Pakistani rupee]] (₨) | ||
| utc_offset_DST | | currency_code = PKR | ||
| DST_note | | time_zone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]] | ||
| time_zone_DST | | utc_offset = +05:00 | ||
| date_format | | utc_offset_DST = | ||
| DST_note = ''[[Daylight saving time|DST]] is not observed'' | |||
| time_zone_DST = | |||
| date_format = {{ubl | |||
| {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in Pakistan]].}} | | {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in Pakistan]].}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| drives_on = left<ref>{{cite news |last=Loureiro |first=Miguel |title=Driving—the good, the bad and the ugly |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110085150/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archive-date=10 January 2012 |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=28 July 2005 |access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> | |||
| drives_on | | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Pakistan|+92]] | ||
| calling_code | | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.pk]] |[[.pk|پاکستان.]]}} | ||
| cctld | }} | ||
| | {{Contains special characters|Urdu|compact=yes}} | ||
'''Pakistan''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|پَاکِسْتَان}}}} {{IPA-ur|ˈpaːkɪstaːn|}}),{{efn|Pronounced variably in English as {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Pakistan.ogg|ˈ|p|æ|k|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg|ˈ|p|ɑː|k|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|æ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɑː|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n}}.}} officially the '''Islamic Republic of Pakistan''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|اِسْلامی | |||
جَمْہُورِیَہ پَاکِسْتَان}}|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ur|islāmi jamhūriyāh pākistān}}), is a country in [[South Asia]]. It is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|fifth-most populous country]], with a population of 241.5 million people, and has the world's [[Islam by country#Countries|largest Muslim population]] as of 2023.<ref name="2023census"/> [[Islamabad]] is the nation's capital, while [[Karachi]] is its largest city and financial centre, followed by [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Multan]], [[Peshawar]] and [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the world by area and the second largest in [[South Asia]], spanning {{convert|881,913|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}}. It has a {{convert|1,046|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} coastline along the [[Arabian Sea]] and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by [[India]] to [[India–Pakistan border|the east]], [[Afghanistan]] to [[Durand Line|the west]], [[Iran]] to [[Iran–Pakistan border|the southwest]], and [[China]] to [[China–Pakistan border|the northeast]]. It is separated from [[Tajikistan]] by Afghanistan's narrow [[Wakhan Corridor]] in the north, and also shares a maritime border with [[Oman]]. | |||
Pakistan is the site of [[History of Pakistan|several ancient cultures]], including the 8,500-year-old [[Neolithic]] site of [[Mehrgarh]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]],<ref>{{citation |last1=Coningham |first1=Robin |author1-link=Robin Coningham |last2=Young |first2=Ruth |title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2015}} Quote: ""Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different from other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800—2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."</ref> the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] of the [[Bronze Age]],{{sfn|Wright|2009|ps=:Quote: "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."|pages=1–2}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Allchin |first1=Bridget |last2=Allchin |first2=Raymond |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA131 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |page=81131 |isbn=978-0-521-28550-6|quote="During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system."}}</ref> and the ancient [[Gandhara civilisation]].<ref>{{citation |first=Ernst |last=Badian |title=Alexander at Peucelaotis |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=37 |pages=117–128 |number=1 |year=1987 |jstor=639350|doi=10.1017/S0009838800031712 |s2cid=246878679}}</ref> The regions that comprise the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]];<ref>{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb |url-access=registration |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6}}</ref> the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in its southern regions, the [[Samma dynasty|Samma]], the [[Hindu Shahis]], the [[Shah Miris]], the [[Ghaznavids]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Spuler |first=Bertold |title=The Muslim World: a Historical Survey |date=1969 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=90-04-02104-3}}</ref> and most recently, the [[British Raj]] from 1858 to 1947. | |||
Spurred by the [[Pakistan Movement]], which sought a homeland for the [[Muslims]] of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], and election victories in 1946 by the [[All-India Muslim League]], Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the [[Partition of India|Partition of the British Indian Empire]], which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life.<ref>{{citation|last=Copland|first=Ian|title=India, 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ|series=Seminar Studies in History|year=2001|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-38173-5}} Quote: "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats ... The result left no one, not least the British, in doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay (p. 71) ... In most respects, therefore, the League's success in the elections of 1945–46 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan. (p 72)"<br />- {{citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |title=A Concise History of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-139-45887-0}} Quote: "The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. ... Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people."</ref> Initially a [[Dominion of Pakistan|Dominion]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], Pakistan officially drafted [[Constitution of Pakistan|its constitution]] in 1956, and emerged as a declared [[Islamic republic]]. In 1971, the exclave of [[East Pakistan]] seceded as the new country of [[Bangladesh]] after a [[Bangladesh Liberation War|nine-month-long civil war]]. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively [[Secularism in Pakistan|secular]] and [[Islamism|Islamist]].<ref>{{citation |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2016 |pages=227–240 |isbn=978-0-300-21659-2}}</ref> Pakistan elected a civilian government in 2008, and in 2010 adopted a [[parliamentary system]] with periodic elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani parties to share power |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7286145.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=9 March 2008}}<br />- {{cite news |title=Pakistan to curb president powers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8609814.stm |work=BBC News |date=8 April 2010}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan is a [[middle power]] nation,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3LfkrrNM4QC&pg=PA55 |title=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security |last1=Buzan |first1=Barry |last2=Wæver |first2=Ole |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-89111-0|page=55 |quote=In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Rajagopalan |first=Rajesh |chapter=Pakistan: regional power, global problem? |editor1=Nadine Godehardt |editor2=Dirk Nabers |title=Regional Orders and Regional Powers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2WrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-71891-5 |pages=193–208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=T. V. |title=International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation |date=2012 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-02021-4 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofzH6pFO9iUC&dq=is+pakistan+a+regional+power&pg=PA11|access-date=3 February 2017 |quote=The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways.}}</ref><ref name="Buzan2004">{{cite book |author=Barry Buzan |title=The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8|access-date=27 December 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0-7456-3374-9 |pages=71, 99}}</ref><ref name="Solomon">{{cite web |author=Hussein Solomon |title=South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership |url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020624231948/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |archive-date=24 June 2002|access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vandamme |first1=Dorothee |title=Pakistan and Saudi Arabia : Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy? |url=https://geopolcecri.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/note-danalyse-33-pakistan-arabie-saoudite1.pdf |publisher=Université catholique de Louvain |access-date=21 December 2016 |quote=Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers (see in this regard Ping, 2007). |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055633/https://geopolcecri.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/note-danalyse-33-pakistan-arabie-saoudite1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has the world's [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|sixth-largest standing armed forces]]. It is a declared [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapons state]], and is ranked amongst the [[emerging and growth-leading economies]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1218182 |title=Pakistan an emerging market economy: IMF |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |date=8 November 2015 |website=www.dawn.com|access-date=27 February 2016}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.globaldashboard.org/2012/02/13/is-pakistan-an-emerging-market/ |title=Is Pakistan an emerging market? |last=Kaplan |first=Seth|access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref> with a large and rapidly-growing middle class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/973649/pakistan-has-18th-largest-middle-class-in-the-world-report |title=Pakistan has 18th largest 'middle class' in the world: report|date=16 October 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/GDP-ranking-table |title=GDP ranking {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterised by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an [[Ethnic groups in Pakistan|ethnically]] and [[Languages of Pakistan|linguistically]] diverse country, with similarly diverse [[Geography of Pakistan|geography]] and [[Wildlife of Pakistan|wildlife]]. The country continues to face challenges, including [[Poverty in Pakistan|poverty]], [[Literate Pakistan Foundation|illiteracy]], [[Corruption in Pakistan|corruption]] and [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Mathew Joseph C. |title=Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |page=337 |isbn=978-1-351-99725-6}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://aiddata.org/blog/poverty-in-pakistan-numerous-efforts-many-numbers-not-enough-results |title=Poverty in Pakistan: Numerous efforts, many numbers, not enough results |website=aiddata.org}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/953303/over-last-9-months-70-decline-in-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan/ |title=70% decline in terrorist attacks in Pakistan{{Snd}}|work=The Express Tribune|date=9 September 2015 }}</ref> Pakistan is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]], and the [[Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition|Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition]], and is designated as a [[major non-NATO ally]] by the [[United States]]. | |||
== Etymology == | |||
The name ''Pakistan'' was coined by [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]], a [[Pakistan Movement]] activist, who in January 1933 first published it (originally as "Pakstan") in a pamphlet ''[[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never]]'', using it as an [[acronym]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali |title=Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever? |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html|access-date=4 December 2007 |date=28 January 1933 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Rahmat Ali explained: "It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands, Indian and Asian, [[Punjab Province (British India)|''P''anjab]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|''A''fghania]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|''K''ashmir]], [[Sind Division|''S''indh]], and [[Baluchistan Agency|Baluchis''tan'']]." He added that "Pakistan is both a [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] word... It means the land of the Paks, the spiritually pure and clean."<ref>Krishna K. Tummala, ''Public Administration in India'' (Allied Publishers, 1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HSQZj1_FrosC&pg=PA42 p. 42], citing Choudhry Rahmat Ali, ''Pakistan'' (Cambridge University Press, 1946), p. 225</ref> Etymologists note that {{wikt-lang|fa|پاک}} {{transliteration|fa|pāk}}, is 'pure' in Persian and [[Pashto]]<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Pashto |last=Raverty |first=Henry George |url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1478.raverty |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307070438/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1478.raverty |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Persian suffix {{wikt-lang|fa|ـستان}} {{transliteration|fa|[[-stan]]}} means 'land' or 'place of'.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ford |first=Matt |title=Kazakhstan's President is Tired of His Country's Name Ending in 'Stan' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/02/kazakhstans-president-is-tired-of-his-countrys-name-ending-in-stan/283676/ |website=Atlantic |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan, Kazakhstan: How Many "-stans" Are There? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/afghanistan-kyrgyzstan/ |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=12 April 2022 |date=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Hayyim|first=Sulayman|title=New Persian-English Dictionary|chapter-url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=ستان&searchhws=yes |chapter=ستان |year=1892 |page=30 |volume=2 |location=Tehran |publisher=Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Burki |first1=Shahid Javed |title=Pakistan |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/History |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref> | |||
Rahmat Ali's concept of Pakistan only related to the north-west area of the Indian subcontinent. He also proposed the name "Banglastan" for the Muslim areas of [[Bengal]] and "Osmanistan" for [[Hyderabad State]], as well as a political federation between the three.<ref>''[[South Asian Studies]]'', Volume 11 (Department of Political Science, University of Rajasthan, 1976), p. 69</ref><ref>Sugam Anand, ''Modern Indian Historiography: From Pillai to Azad'' (MG Publishers, 1991), p. 178</ref> | |||
== History == | |||
{{main|History of Pakistan}} | |||
{{See also|Timeline of Pakistani history}} | |||
=== Indus Valley Civilization === | |||
[[File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.75|left| ''[[Priest-king (sculpture)|Priest-King]]'' from [[Mohenjo-Daro]] ({{circa|2500 BCE}})]] | |||
Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in [[South Asia]] originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan.<ref>Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007), "Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent", in Michael Petraglia, Bridget Allchin, ''The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics'', Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-5562-1}}</ref> The earliest known inhabitants in the region were [[Soanian]] during the [[Lower Paleolithic]], of whom stone tools have been found in the [[Soan Valley]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Parth R. Chauhan |title=An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian{{Snd}} A Theoretical Perspective |url=http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution |website=Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology |publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Indus River|Indus region]], which covers most of present day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh<ref name="vipul" /> and the Bronze Age [[Indus Valley civilisation]]{{sfn|Wright|2009|ps=:Quote: "The Indus civilization is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Ancient Egypt|Pharonic Egypt]], was a cradle of early civilization in the Old World (Childe 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Feuerstein |first=Georg |author2=Subhash Kak |author3=David Frawley |title=In search of the cradle of civilization: new light on ancient India |publisher=Quest Books |location=Wheaton, IL |year=1995 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbx7q0gxyTcC&q=In+Search+of+the+Cradle+of+Civilization |isbn=978-0-8356-0720-9}}<br />- Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin, ''Pakistan: a Global Studies Handbook''. ABC-CLIO publishers, 2006, {{ISBN|1-85109-801-1}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists |title=Archaeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed|date=16 November 2012 |website=globalpost.com}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3aOCwAAQBAJ |title=Killing Civilization: A Reassessment of Early Urbanism and Its Consequences |first=Justin |last=Jennings |year=2016 |publisher=UNM Press |via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8263-5661-1 }}</ref> (2,800–1,800 BCE) at [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-Daro]].<ref>{{cite book |title=India Unveiled |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tmn91va2e4UC&pg=PT180 |author=Robert Arnett |publisher=Atman Press|access-date=23 December 2011 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-9652900-4-3 |pages=180–}}<br />- {{cite web |title=Mohenjo-Daro |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/mohenjo_daro.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601181841/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/mohenjo_daro.html |archive-date=1 June 2010 |author=Meghan A. Porter |publisher=Minnesota State University|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> | |||
===Vedic Period=== | |||
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|''[[Standing Buddha]]'' from [[Gandhara]] (1st–2nd century CE)]] | |||
The [[Vedic period]] (1500–500 BCE) was characterised by an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] culture; during this period the [[Vedas]], the oldest scriptures associated with [[Hinduism]], were composed, and this culture later became well established in the region.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJMlW-zDE14C |title=Pakistan: a primary source cultural guide |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group Inc|pages=58–59, 100–102 |author=Marian Rengel |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8239-4001-1 |year=2004}}<br />- {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/503627/Rigveda |title=Rigveda |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> Ancient city of [[Multan]] was a significant cultural centre of Indus valley civilization and an important Hindu pilgrimage centre, the city was founded before 3000 BC era.<ref name="taxila">{{cite book |title=Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway |year=2008 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-542-0 |pages=60, 128, 376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC|author1=Sarina Singh |author2=Lindsay Brow |author3=Paul Clammer |author4=Rodney Cocks |author5=John Mock}}</ref> The Vedic civilization also flourished in the ancient [[Gandhara|Gandhāran]] city of Takṣaśilā([[Taxila]]) along with [[Puruṣapura|Purasupura]] (Peshawer) which was founded around 600-1000 BCE.{{sfn|Allchin|Allchin|1988|p=314}}<ref name="vipul">{{cite book |author=Vipul Singh |title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC|publisher=Dorling Kindesley, licensees of Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1753-0 |pages=3–4, 15, 88–90, 152, 162 |year=2008}}</ref> | |||
===Classical Period=== | |||
The western regions of Pakistan [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|became part]] of [[Achaemenid Empire]] around 519 BCE. In 326 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the region by defeating various local rulers, most notably, the King [[Porus]], at [[Battle of Hydaspes|Jhelum]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA7|publisher=The Oryx Press|editor=David W. del Testa |year=2001 |location=Westport, CN |isbn=978-1-57356-153-2 |page=7}}</ref> It was followed by the [[Maurya Empire]], founded by [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and extended by [[Ashoka the Great]], until 185 BCE. The [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] founded by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius of Bactria]] (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under [[Menander I|Menander]] (165–150 BCE), prospering the [[Greco-Buddhism|Greco-Buddhist]] culture in the region.<ref name="vipul" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to Historic Taxila |url=http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/guide_to_historic_taxila.htm |author=Ahmad Hasan Dani |publisher=The National Fund for Cultural Heritage|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in the 6th century BCE.<ref>"History of Education", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last1=Scharfe |first1=Hartmut |last2=Bronkhorst |first2=Johannes |last3=Spuler |first3=Bertold |last4=Altenmüller |first4=Hartwig |title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12556-8 |page=141}}</ref> The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was provided on an individualistic basis.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Needham |title=A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham |year=1994 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-89950-903-7 |quote=When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400. |page=24}}<br />- {{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |quote=In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila. |page=157}}<br />- {{cite journal |author1=Balakrishnan Muniapan |author2=Junaid M. Shaikh |title=Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India |journal= World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development|year=2007 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=50–61 |doi=10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130}}<br />- {{cite book |author=Radha Kumud Mookerji |title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist |edition=2nd |year=1951 |orig-year=reprint 1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0423-4 |pages=478–479}}</ref> | |||
At its zenith, the [[Rai dynasty]] (489–632 CE) ruled [[Sindh]] and the surrounding territories.<ref>{{cite book |author=Andre Wink |title=Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World |year=1996 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=152}}</ref> | |||
===Islamic conquest=== | |||
The Arab conqueror [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]] conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711 CE.<ref name="Information of Pakistan">{{cite web |title=History in Chronological Order |url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723113602/http://infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |title=Why some in Pakistan want to replace Jinnah as the founder of the country with an 8th century Arab |url=http://scroll.in/article/721012/why-some-in-pakistan-want-to-replace-jinnah-as-the-founder-of-the-country-with-an-8th-century-arab |website=Scroll.in|date=22 June 2015 }}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/735610/figuring-qasim-how-pakistan-was-won |title=Figuring Qasim: How Pakistan was won |work=Dawn |date=19 July 2012 |access-date=19 February 2015}}<br />- {{cite web |title=The first Pakistani? |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1175127/the-first-pakistani |work=Dawn |date=12 April 2015 |access-date=19 May 2021}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1098562/muhammad-bin-qasim-predator-or-preacher |title=Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher? |work=Dawn|access-date=19 February 2015|date=8 April 2014}}</ref> The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid<ref name="Information of Pakistan"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Saigol |first=Rubina |title=What is the most blatant lie taught through Pakistan textbooks? |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1125484 |work=Dawn |year=2014 |access-date=14 August 2014}}<br />- {{cite web |last=Rafi |first=Shazia |title=A case for Gandhara |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1164469 |work=Dawn |year=2015 |access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> but the concept of ''Pakistan'' arrived in the 19th century. The Early Medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of [[Islam]] in the region. During this period, [[Sufi]] [[Dawah|missionaries]] played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira Marvin |title=A history of Islamic societies |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |pages=382–384}}</ref> Upon the defeat of the [[Turk Shahis|Turk]] and [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasties which governed the [[Kabul Valley]], [[Gandhara]] (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkwa), and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|several successive Muslim empires]] ruled over the region, including the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] (975–1187 CE), the [[Ghorid]] Kingdom, and the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526 CE). The [[Lodi dynasty]], the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE). | |||
[[File:Badshahi Masjid - Side View.jpg|thumb|left|[[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Lahore]]]] | |||
The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of [[Indo-Persian culture]] in the region.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA1 |title=Turko-Persia in historical perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=4–21 |year=2002 |access-date=28 December 2011 |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5}}</ref> In the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal period were [[Multan]], [[Lahore High Court|Lahore, Peshawer]] and [[Thatta]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA365 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part II |last=Chandra |first=Satish |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|page=365}}</ref> which were chosen as the site of impressive [[Mughal architecture|Mughal buildings]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Malik |first=Iftikhar Haider |title=The History of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6NfsuDACQwC&pg=PA79 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-313-34137-3}}</ref> In the early 16th century, the region remained under the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Metcalf, B.|author2=Metcalf, T. R.|date=2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}}</ref> | |||
In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] and later the [[Sikh Empire]], as well as invasions by [[Nader Shah]] from Iran in 1739 and the [[Durrani Empire]] of Afghanistan in 1759. The growing political power of the British in Bengal had not yet reached the territories of modern Pakistan. | |||
=== Colonial period === | |||
{{main|1=British India|2=Aligarh Movement|3=British Raj|4=Two-nation theory}} | |||
{{multiple image | |||
| align = right | |||
| width1 = 170 | |||
| image1 = Sir Syed1.jpg | |||
| caption1 = Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] (1817–1898), whose [[Two-nation theory|vision]] formed the basis of Pakistan | |||
| alt1 = Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose vision (Two-nation theory) formed the basis of Pakistan | |||
| width2 = 170 | |||
| image2 = Jinnah1945b.jpg | |||
| caption2 = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the [[Pakistan Movement]]. | |||
| alt2 = Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement | |||
}} | |||
None of the territory of modern Pakistan was ruled by the British until 1839 when [[Karachi]], a small fishing village ruled by [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] of [[Sindh]] with a mud fort guarding the harbour, was [[History of Karachi#Company rule|taken]], and held as an enclave with a port and [[Karachi Cantonment|military base]] for the [[First Afghan War]] that soon followed. The rest of [[Sindh]] was taken in 1843, and in the following decades, first the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], and then after the post-[[Sepoy Mutiny]] (1857–1858) direct rule of [[Queen Victoria]] of the [[British Empire]], took over most of the country partly through wars, and also treaties. The main wars were that against the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] [[Talpur dynasty]], ended by the [[Battle of Miani]] (1843) in Sindh, the [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh Wars]] (1845–1849) and the [[Anglo-Afghan War]]s (1839–1919). By 1893, all modern Pakistan was part of the [[British Indian Empire]], and remained so until independence in 1947. | |||
Under the British, modern Pakistan was mostly divided into the [[Sind Division]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], and the [[Baluchistan Agency]]. There were various [[princely state]]s, of which the largest was [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]]. | |||
A [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion]] in 1857 called the [[Sepoy mutiny]] of [[Bengal]] was the region's major armed struggle against the British.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/india/sepoyreb.html |title=Sepoy Rebellion: 1857 |publisher=Thenagain.info |date=12 September 2003|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Divergence in the [[Hindu–Islamic relations|relationship]] between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in [[British Raj|British India]] that led to motivated [[Violence against Muslims in India|religious violence in British India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.massviolence.org/india-from-1900-to-1947?cs=print |title=India from 1900 to 1947 |date=2 November 2007|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence |last=Markovits |first=Claude|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> The [[Hindi–Urdu controversy|language controversy]] further escalated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ak̲h̲tar |first=Altāf Ḥusain Ḥālī; Talk̲h̲īṣ, Salim |title=Ḥayāt-i jāved |date=1993 |publisher=Sang-i Mīl Publications |location=Lāhore |isbn=978-969-35-0186-5}}</ref> The [[Bengali Renaissance|Hindu renaissance]] witnessed an awakening of intellectualism in traditional [[Hinduism]] and saw the emergence of more assertive influence in the social and political spheres in British India.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Coward |editor-first=Harold G. |title=Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism |date=1987 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-88706-572-9}}<br />- {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=R.N. |title=Islam related Naipual [sic] |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |edition=1st |date=2006 |isbn=978-81-7625-693-3}}</ref> A [[Aligarh Movement|Muslim intellectual movement]], founded by Sir [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] to counter the Hindu renaissance, envisioned as well as advocated for the [[two-nation theory]]<ref name="congress">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/95017247/ |title=Country Profile: Pakistan |publisher=Library of Congress |year=1995 |pages=2–3, 6, 8|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> and led to the creation of the [[All-India Muslim League]] in 1906. In contrast to the [[Indian National Congress]]'s [[Anti-British sentiment|anti-British]] efforts, the Muslim League was a [[Anglomania|pro-British]] movement whose political program [[British heritage of Pakistan|inherited the British values]] that would shape Pakistan's future [[Pakistani society|civil society]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Qureshi |first=M. Naeem |title=Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat movement, 1918–1924 |date=1999 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden [u.a.] |pages=57, 245 |isbn=978-90-04-11371-8}}</ref> The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the [[Indian National Congress]] under the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of [[Indian independence movement|civil disobedience]] in the 1920s and 1930s against the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |author=John Farndon |title=Concise encyclopaedia |year=1999 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-7513-5911-4 |page=455}}<br />- {{cite book |title=India express: the future of a new superpower |date=4 March 2008 |publisher=Viking Canada |isbn=978-0-670-06484-7 |author=Daniel Lak |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaexpressfutu0000lakd|url-access=registration |access-date=14 March 2012 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaexpressfutu0000lakd/page/113 113]}}</ref><ref name="Brookings Institution Press">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Stephen Philip |title=The idea of Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe |url-access=registration |date=2004 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6 |edition=1st pbk.}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Clock Tower Faisalabad by Usman Nadeem.jpg|thumb|[[Clock Tower, Faisalabad]], built by the British government in the 19th century]] | |||
The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect by the British of the [[Indian Muslims]] in [[Indian politics|politics]]. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, [[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Iqbal]] called for "the amalgamation of [[Northwestern India|North-West]] Muslim-majority Indian states" consisting of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind]], and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html |title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address |website=Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal|access-date=19 December 2006}}</ref> The perceived neglect of Muslim interests by Congress led British [[1937 Indian provincial elections|provincial governments]] during the period of 1937–39 convinced [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan to espouse the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the [[Lahore Resolution]] of 1940 presented by [[Sher-e-Bangla]] [[A.K. Fazlul Haque]], popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.<ref name="congress" /> In [[World War II]], Jinnah and [[British education|British-educated]] [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|founding fathers]] in the Muslim League supported the United Kingdom's [[United Kingdom in World War II|war efforts]], countering opposition against it whilst working towards Sir Syed's [[Two-nation theory|vision]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html |title=Understanding Jinnah's Position on World War I and II Lessons to be learned |date=5 January 2009|publisher=Politact |location=United Kingdom |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203020939/https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> | |||
==== Pakistan Movement ==== | |||
{{main|Pakistan Movement}} | |||
{{further|History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Indian independence movement|Partition of India}} | |||
The [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]] resulted in the Muslim League winning 90 percent of the seats reserved for Muslims. Thus, the 1946 election was seen as a plebiscite in which the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan, a plebiscite won by the Muslim League. This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the support of the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. The Indian National Congress, which initially denied the Muslim League's claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims, was now forced to recognise the fact.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmin Niaz |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|page=70 |quote=In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Sajjad | first=M. | title=Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours | publisher=Routledge | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-55981-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT221| page=221}}</ref> The British had no alternative except to take Jinnah's views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson of the entirety of British India's Muslims. However, the British [[Opposition to the partition of India|did not want colonial India to be partitioned]], and in one last effort to prevent it, they devised the [[Cabinet Mission Plan|Cabinet Mission plan]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmin Niaz |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|page=71 |quote=Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center.}}</ref> | |||
As the cabinet mission failed, the British government announced its intention to end the British Rule in 1946–47.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/2146058 |title=Jinnah and cabinet Mission Plan 1946 |via=Academia.edu |last=Akram |first=Wasim |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> [[Indian nationalism|Nationalists]] in British India—including [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Abul Kalam Azad]] of Congress, Jinnah of the [[All-India Muslim League]], and [[Master Tara Singh]] representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence in June 1947 with the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]].<ref name="jinnah">{{cite book |author=Stanley Wolpert |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-577462-7 |pages=306–332}}</ref> As the United Kingdom agreed to the [[Partition of India|partitioning of India]] in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on [[Fourteenth of August|14 August 1947]] {{small|(27th of [[Ramadan]] in 1366 of the [[Islamic Calendar]])}}, amalgamating the [[Islam in India|Muslim-majority]] eastern and northwestern regions of [[British India]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press"/> It comprised the provinces of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[East Bengal]], the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], and Sindh.<ref name="congress"/><ref name="jinnah"/> | |||
In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1169309 |title=Murder, rape and shattered families: 1947 Partition Archive effort underway |date=13 March 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=There are no exact numbers of people killed and displaced, but estimates range from a few hundred thousand to two million killed and more than 10 million displaced.|access-date=14 January 2017 }}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqAGKpOe9xMC&pg=PA36 |title=South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective |last=Basrur |first=Rajesh M. |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-16531-5 |quote=An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ...}}<br />- {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kne87aU7D0C&q=2+000+000+killed+partition&pg=PA3 |title=Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change |last=Isaacs |first=Harold Robert |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-674-44315-0 |quote=2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of British-India and the creation of India and Pakistan}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA53 |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-56566-0|page=53 |quote=Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to 2 million (a subsequent Indian speculation). Today, however, it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition (Butalia, 1997).}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html |title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of British India |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2000}}<br />- {{Cite book |title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-134-37825-8 |page=5}}</ref> people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |date=2003 |publisher=Carfax Publishing: Taylor and Francis Group |pages=81–82 (5(1), 71–101) |quote=In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder. |website=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414153300/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291225/20th-century-international-relations/32936/South-Asia#ref304573 |title=20th-century international relations (politics) :: South Asia |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=16 August 2014 }}</ref> while 50,000 Muslim women were [[Violence against women during the partition of India|abducted and raped]] by Hindu and Sikh men, 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women also experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&pg=PA75 |title=Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India |last=Daiya |first=Kavita |publisher=Temple University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59213-744-2|page=75 |quote=The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics |last1=Singh |first1=Amritjit |last2=Iyer |first2=Nalini |last3=Gairola |first3=Rahul K. |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4|page=14 |quote=The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered.}}<- br>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131 |title=Women and the Politics of Violence |last=Abraham |first=Taisha |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-241-0847-5|page=131 |quote=In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them.}}<br />- [https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC&q=12000&pg=PA125 Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and ... – Kamala Visweswara]. nGoogle Books.in (16 May 2011).</ref> Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India.<ref name="ECM">{{cite book |last1=Hasan |first1=Arif |last2=Raza |first2=Mansoor |title=Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7imPH4KVJUC&pg=PA12 |quote=When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan. |publisher=IIED |year=2009 |page=12 |isbn=978-1-84369-734-3}}</ref> It was the largest mass migration in human history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bates |first=Crispin |title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |quote=Unfortunately, it was accompanied by the largest mass migration in human history of some 10 million. |work=BBC History|date=3 March 2011 |access-date=16 August 2014}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |title=Rupture in South Asia |publisher=UNHCR|access-date=16 August 2014}}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/the-fading-memory-of-partition-india-pakistan-bangladesh/376120/ |title=The Fading Memory of South Asia's Partition |date=15 August 2014 |website=The Atlantic |author=Tanya Basu|access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> A subsequent dispute over the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] eventually sparked the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftjFki3fhYC&pg=PA6 |title=Insurgent Crossfire: North-East India |publisher=Lancer Publishers |access-date=15 April 2012 |author=Subir Bhaumik |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-897829-12-7 |page=6 }}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm |title=Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan |publisher=Mount Holyoke College |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902172823/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
=== Independence and modern Pakistan === | |||
{{Main|Dominion of Pakistan|History of Pakistan}} | |||
{{See also|Monarchy of Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Queen Elizabeth II]] was the last monarch of independent Pakistan, before it became a republic in 1956.]] | |||
After [[Creation of Pakistan|independence]] in 1947, Jinnah, the [[Party chair|President]] of the Muslim League, became the nation's first [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] as well as the first [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|President-Speaker]] of the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]], but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jinnah_mohammad_ali.shtml |title=BBC – History – Historic Figures: Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)|website=BBC|access-date=20 December 2016 |quote=Jinnah became the first governor general of Pakistan, but died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.}}</ref> Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the [[Secretary General|secretary-general]] of the [[All-India Muslim League|party]], the nation's [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|first]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]]. From 1947 to 1956, [[Monarchy of Pakistan|Pakistan was a monarchy]] within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.<ref>{{citation|last1=Kumarasingham|first1=Harshan|title=THE 'TROPICAL DOMINIONS': THE APPEAL OF DOMINION STATUS IN THE DECOLONISATION OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CEYLON, vol. 23| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726109 |year=2013|publisher=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|page=223|jstor=23726109|quote=Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively.}}</ref> | |||
The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders, among them [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0FuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy |last=McGrath |first=Allen |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-577583-9|page=38 |quote=Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them.}}</ref> Mountbatten clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA136 |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar S. |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-14966-2|page=136 |quote=Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea.}}</ref> Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as [[Governor-General of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC&pg=PA163 |title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-974504-3|page=163 |quote=Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself.}}</ref> When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PT209 |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-134-75022-1|quote=When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan if he had known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, his answer was instructive. There was no doubt in his mind about the legality or morality of his position on Pakistan. 'Most probably,' he said (1982:39).}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Pakistan.ogv|thumb|The American [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] film on Pakistan, made in 1950, examines the history and geography of Pakistan.]] | |||
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|quote = "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place or worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State." | |||
|source = —[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_assembly_1947.html |title=Muhammad Ali Jinnah's first Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan (August 11, 1947) |website=JSpeech|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> | |||
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The name ''' | Maulana [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], a respected Deobandi ''alim'' (scholar) who occupied the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and [[Abul A'la Maududi|Maulana Mawdudi]] of [[Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-i-Islami]] played a pivotal role in the demand for an Islamic constitution. [[Abul A'la Maududi|Mawdudi]] demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an explicit declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the ''shariah'' in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616 |title=Pakistan |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|quote=Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan.}}</ref> | ||
A significant result of the efforts of the Jamaat-i-Islami and the ''[[ulama]]'' was the passage of the [[Objectives Resolution]] in March 1949. The Objectives Resolution, which [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] called the second most important step in Pakistan's history, declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". The Objectives Resolution has been incorporated as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.<ref name=":13">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616 |title=Pakistan |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|quote=The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based". It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust", that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed", and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna". The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.}}</ref> | |||
[[Democracy in Pakistan|Democracy]] was stalled by the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] that had been enforced by President [[Iskander Mirza]], who was replaced by the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]], General [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]. After adopting a [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|presidential system]] in 1962, the country experienced exceptional growth until a [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India in 1965 that led to an economic downturn and wide-scale [[Tashkent Agreement|public disapproval]] in 1967.<ref>{{cite book |title=A brief history of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA197|access-date=27 December 2011 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |pages=190–197 |author=James Wynbrandt}}</ref><ref name="ChowdhuryMahmud2008">{{cite book |title=Handbook on the South Asian economies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBl8XLiRo3IC&pg=PA72|access-date=27 December 2011 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |author1=Anis Chowdhury |author2=Wahiduddin Mahmud |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84376-988-0 |pages=72–75}}</ref> [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|Consolidating]] control from Ayub Khan in 1969, President [[Yahya Khan]] had to deal with a devastating [[1970 Bhola cyclone|cyclone]] that caused 500,000 deaths in [[East Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mission with a Difference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ62tP_5a2AC&pg=PA17|access-date=13 March 2012 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |page=17 |id=GGKEY:KGWAHUGNPY9}}</ref> | |||
In 1970 Pakistan held its [[1970 Pakistani general election|first democratic elections]] since independence, meant to mark a transition from [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|military rule]] to democracy, but after the East Pakistani [[Awami League]] won against the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military establishment refused to hand over power.<ref>{{cite book |author=Adam Jones |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35384-7 |page=420}}</ref><ref name="Jahan">{{cite book |author=R. Jahan |title=Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches, and resources |year=2004 |publisher=Information Age Publishing |isbn=978-1-59311-074-1 |pages=147–148 |editor=Samuel Totten}}</ref> [[Operation Searchlight]], a military crackdown on the Bengali nationalist movement, led to a declaration of independence and the waging of [[Bangladesh Liberation War|a war of liberation]] by the Bengali [[Mukti Bahini]] forces in East Pakistan,<ref name="Jahan" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm |title=1971 war summary |year=2002 |work=BBC News |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> which in West Pakistan was described as a civil war as opposed to a war of liberation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=40 |issue=41 |pages=4463–4471 |year=2005 |jstor=4417267 |issn=2349-8846}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg|thumb|upright|Signing of the [[Tashkent Declaration]] to end [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|hostilities]] with India in 1965 in [[Tashkent]], [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|USSR]], by President [[Field Marshal Ayub Khan|Ayub]] alongside [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] (centre) and [[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]] (left)]] | |||
Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dummett |first=Mark |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |work=BBC News |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |publisher=Nation Books |year=2015 |page=216 |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1}}</ref> Some academics such as [[Rudolph Rummel]] and [[Rounaq Jahan]] say both sides<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTM |title=Statistics of Pakistan's Democide |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> committed genocide; others such as [[John Richard Sisson|Richard Sisson]] and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims |last=Beachler |first=Donald |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-33763-3 |page=16}}</ref> In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, [[preemptive strikes]] on India by Pakistan's [[Pakistan Air Force|air force]], [[Pakistan Navy|navy]], and [[Pakistan Marines|marines]] sparked [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|a conventional war]] in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining [[Independence of Bangladesh|independence]] as [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Jahan" /> | |||
With Pakistan [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrendering]] in the war, Yahya Khan was replaced by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] as president; the country worked towards promulgating [[Constitution of Pakistan|its constitution]] and putting the country on the road to democracy. Democratic rule resumed from 1972 to 1977—an era of self-consciousness, intellectual [[Socialism in Pakistan|leftism]], [[Nationalism in Pakistan|nationalism]], and nationwide reconstruction.<ref>{{cite web |author=M. Zafar |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/arena.htm |title=How Pakistan Army moved into the Political Arena |website=Defence Journal |access-date=15 March 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929004111/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/arena.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear deterrence]] capability with [[Mutually assured destruction|the goal of preventing]] any [[Foreign interventionism|foreign invasion]]; the country's [[KANUPP|first]] [[nuclear power plant]] was inaugurated in that same year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Programme |url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |website=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025504/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Hoodbhoy">{{cite news |author=Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy |author-link=Pervaiz Hoodbhoy |title=Pakistan's nuclear bayonet |website=[[The Herald (Pakistan)|The Herald]] |date=23 January 2011 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212415/http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html |archive-date=18 February 2011|access-date=9 September 2011}}</ref> Accelerated in response to India's [[Operation Smiling Buddha|first nuclear test]] in 1974, this [[Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons|crash program]] was completed in 1979.<ref name="Hoodbhoy" /> | |||
Democracy ended with a [[Operation Fair Play|military coup]] in 1977 against the [[Socialism in Pakistan|leftist]] PPP, which saw [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] become the president in 1978. From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's [[Corporate sector of Pakistan|corporatisation]] and [[Islamization of Economy|economic Islamisation]] initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sushil Khanna |title=The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy |url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv8n1/pakistan.htm |publisher=Revolutionary Democracy|access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> While building up the country's [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear program]], increasing [[Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|Islamisation]],<ref>{{cite book |title=State and Secularism: Perspectives from Asia |page=202 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4282-37-6 |author1=Michael Heng Siam-Heng |author2=Ten Chin Liew |year=2010 |location=Singapore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cCtsWb9hoYC&q=zia+ul+haq&pg=PA202|access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> and the rise of a homegrown [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservative]] philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US [[Operation Cyclone|resources to factions]] of the [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] against the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]'s [[Soviet–Afghan War|intervention]] in [[communist Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Steve Coll |author-link=Steve Coll |title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 |url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/720 |url-access=registration |edition=23 February 2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/720 720] |publisher=Penguin Press HC |isbn=978-1-59420-007-6 |year=2004 }}<br />- {{cite book |author=Odd Arne Westad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhFZHRpQdu4C&pg=PT343 |title=The global Cold War: third world interventions and the making of our times|access-date=22 January 2012 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85364-4 |pages=348–358}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential [[Deobandi]] ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haroon |first=Sana |year=2008 |title=The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=66–67 |jstor=27755911|doi=10.1017/S1356186307007778 |s2cid=154959326 }}</ref> | |||
[[Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|President Zia died]] in a plane crash in 1988, and [[Benazir Bhutto]], daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's [[Women in Muslim societies|first female]] Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]], and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office while the country's situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s. This period is marked by prolonged [[Periods of stagflation in Pakistan|stagflation]], instability, [[Corruption in Pakistan|corruption]], [[Nationalism in Pakistan|nationalism]], [[Geostrategy|geopolitical]] rivalry with India, and the clash of [[Socialism in Pakistan|left wing]]-[[Conservatism in Pakistan|right wing]] ideologies.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marie Chene |url=http://www.u4.no/publications/overview-of-corruption-in-pakistan/ |title=Overview of corruption in Pakistan |website=Anti Corruption Resource Centre |access-date=23 December 2011 }}<br />- {{cite journal |author=Ishrat Husain |title=Pakistan & Afghanistan: Domestic Pressures and Regional Threats: The Role of Politics in Pakistan's Economy |url=http://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0 |journal=Journal of International Affairs |year=2009 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |access-date=11 March 2012 |archive-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624114512/http://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML (N)]] secured a [[supermajority]] in [[1997 Pakistani general election|elections]] in 1997, Nawaz Sharif authorised [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|nuclear testings]] (See:''[[Chagai-I]]'' and ''[[Chagai-II]]''), as a [[tit-for-tat|retaliation]] to the [[Pokhran-II|second nuclear tests]] ordered by India, led by Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in May 1998.<ref name="Stanford University Press">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz Hassan |title=Eating grass: the making of the Pakistani bomb |date=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-7600-4}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Musharaff and Bush in Islamabad (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] meets with President [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] in [[Islamabad]] during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.]] | |||
Military tension between the two countries in the [[Kargil district]] led to the [[Kargil War]] of 1999, and turmoil in [[Civil-military relations|civic-military relations]] allowed General [[Pervez Musharraf]] to take over through a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|bloodless coup d'état]].<ref name="kargil">{{cite news |title=India launches Kashmir air attack |date=26 May 1999 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/352995.stm|access-date=5 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/472968.stm |title=Pakistan after the coup: Special report |date=12 October 2000|access-date=17 March 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Musharraf governed Pakistan as [[head of government|chief executive]] from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008—a period of [[Enlightened moderation|enlightenment]], social [[Liberal islam|liberalism]], extensive [[Economic reforms in Pakistan|economic reforms]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20643510~menuPK:158937~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html |title=Pakistan Among Top 10 Reformers |publisher=World Bank |date=12 September 2005|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism]]. When the [[National Assembly (Pakistan)|National Assembly]] historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007, the new elections were called by the [[Election Commission of Pakistan|Election Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Performance of 12th NationalAssembly of Pakistan- |url=http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/Democracy%26LegStr/5Yearsof12thNationalAssemblyofPakistan-CitizensReport.pdf |website=Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transperency |page=5|access-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112104310/http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/Democracy%26LegStr/5Yearsof12thNationalAssemblyofPakistan-CitizensReport.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> | |||
After the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]] in 2007, the PPP secured the [[Majority|most votes]] in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]] of 2008, appointing party member [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm |title=New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in |date=25 March 2008|access-date=17 March 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Threatened with [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|impeachment]], President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by [[Asif Ali Zardari]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i9dz2ZxX6MRv5ZOKT4cx4-1O_qTQ |title=Zardari wins Pakistan presidential election: officials |date=5 September 2008 |agency=AFP|access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707123120/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i9dz2ZxX6MRv5ZOKT4cx4-1O_qTQ |archive-date=7 July 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/18/musharraf.address/ |date=19 August 2008 |access-date=19 January 2010 |title=Musharraf Exits, but Uncertainty Remains |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Candace Rondeaux}}<br />- {{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,405221,00.html |title=Pakistani President Musharraf Resigns Amid Impeachment Threats |website=Fox News |date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820093124/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,405221,00.html |archive-date=20 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Clashes with the [[Judiciary of Pakistan|judicature]] prompted [[Yousaf Raza Gillani|Gillani]]'s disqualification from the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] in June 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-55039-Gilani-disqualified-as-PM:-SC-- |title=Gilani disqualified as PM: SC |newspaper=Daily The News International.com|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|involvement in the war on terrorism]] has cost up to $118 billion,<ref>{{cite news |title='War on terror' has cost Pakistan $118bn: SBP |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1297305 |access-date=3 April 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |date=19 November 2016}}</ref> [[List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001|sixty thousand casualties]] and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan IDP Figures Analysis |url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/south-and-south-east-asia/pakistan/figures-analysis |access-date=3 April 2017 |work=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404045647/http://www.internal-displacement.org/south-and-south-east-asia/pakistan/figures-analysis |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[2013 Pakistani general election|general election]] held in 2013 saw the PML (N) almost achieve a [[supermajority]], following which [[Nawaz Sharif]] was elected as the Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time in fourteen years, in a democratic transition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-05/an-pervaz-sharif-officially-endorsed-as-pakistan27s-prime-mini/4735828 |title=Nawaz Sharif sworn in as Pakistani PM |work=ABC |date=5 June 2013|access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> In 2018, [[Imran Khan]] (the chairman of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]]) won the [[2018 Pakistan general election]] with 116 general seats and became the 22nd [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] in election of [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] for [[Prime Minister]] by getting 176 votes against [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (the chairman of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML (N)]]) who got 96 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imran Khan won Pakistan general election, 2018 and became the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/leader-of-the-house-national-assembly-to-elect-new-prime-minister-of-pakistan-today/ |access-date=22 August 2018 |work=[[Daily Pakistan]]}}</ref> In April 2022, [[Shehbaz Sharif]] was elected as Pakistan's new prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote in the parliament.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan: Shehbaz Sharif chosen as PM after week-long uncertainty |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61063386 |publisher=BBC News |date=11 April 2022}}</ref> | |||
{{clear}} | |||
== Role of Islam == | |||
{{see also|Islam in Pakistan}} | |||
Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616|title=Pakistan|last=Hussain|first=Rizwan|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|quote=Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in its relationship with Islam: it is the only country to have been established in the name of Islam}}<br />- {{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/ian-talbot/jinnah-and-making-pakistan|title=Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan|last=Talbot|first=Ian|date=2 February 1984|website=History Today|quote=As British rule there drew to an end, many Muslims demanded, in the name of Islam, the creation of a separate Pakistan state.}}</ref> The idea of Pakistan, which had received overwhelming popular support among Muslims, especially those in the provinces of British India where Muslims were in a minority such as the [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=496 |quote=The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P.}}</ref> was articulated in terms of an [[Islamic state]] by the Muslim League leadership, the [[ulama]] (Islamic clergy) and Jinnah.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=497 |quote=As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state.}}</ref> Jinnah had developed a close association with the ''ulama'' and upon his death was described by one such ''alim'', [[Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], as the greatest Muslim after [[Aurangzeb]] and as someone who desired to unite the Muslims of the world under the banner of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA489 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=489 |quote=But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA489 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=489 |quote=Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies}}</ref> | |||
The Objectives Resolution in March 1949, which declared God as the sole sovereign over the entire universe, represented the first formal step to transform Pakistan into an Islamic state.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA16 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=16 |quote=The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly.}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> Muslim League leader [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=491 |quote=Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state. He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim, and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself. It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved.}}</ref> Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world and assumed that Muslim from other countries would share their views on the relationship between religion and nationality.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA18 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=18 |quote=One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics, Keith Callard, observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality.}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Eid prayers at the Badshahi Mosque.JPG|thumb|327x327px|Eid Prayers at the [[Badshahi Mosque]] in Lahore]] | |||
However, Pakistan's pan-Islamist sentiments for a united Islamic bloc called Islamistan were not shared by other Muslim governments,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA18 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=18 |quote=Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, however, were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language, or territory.}}</ref> although Islamists such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine, [[Amin al-Husseini|Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini]], and leaders of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], became drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Conference]] (OIC) was formed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA19 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=19 |quote=Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan. Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country.}}</ref> | |||
The strongest opposition to the Islamist ideological paradigm being imposed on the state came from the [[Bengali Muslims]] of East Pakistan<ref name="Haqqani2010">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA19 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |year=2010 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |pages=19– |author=Husain Haqqani}}</ref> whose educated class, according to a survey by social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed, preferred secularism and focused on ethnic identity unlike educated West Pakistanis who tended to prefer an Islamic identity.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2_FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37 |title=The Causes of the Bangladesh War |last=Cochrane |first=Iain |year=2009 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4452-4043-5 |quote=The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.}}</ref> The Islamist party [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] considered Pakistan to be an Islamic state and believed [[Bengali nationalism]] to be unacceptable. In the 1971 conflict over East Pakistan, the Jamaat-e-Islami fought the Bengali nationalists on the Pakistan Army's side.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh |url=http://apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach17.pdf |date=2004 |page=418}}</ref> The conflict concluded with East Pakistan seceding and the creation of independent [[Bangladesh]]. | |||
After Pakistan's first ever general elections, the [[Constitution of Pakistan|1973 Constitution]] was created by an elected Parliament.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |title=Islam, Law and Identity |last1=Diamantides |first1=Marinos |last2=Gearey |first2=Adam |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-67565-2 |page=196 |quote=The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections. In this first ever general elections ...}}</ref> The Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion. It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]] and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Khurshid |title=The Right to Development in International Law: The Case of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Wh8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |page=189 |isbn=978-1-134-01999-1}}</ref> The 1973 Constitution also created certain institutions such as the [[Sharia]]t Court and the [[Council of Islamic Ideology]] to channel the interpretation and application of Islam.<ref name=":9">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Islam, Law and Identity |last1=Diamantides |first1=Marinos |last2=Gearey |first2=Adam |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-67565-2 |page=198 |quote=The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam: the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court.}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan's leftist Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] faced vigorous opposition which coalesced into a movement united under the revivalist banner of ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' ("Rule of the [[Muhammad|Prophet]]")<ref name="nasr-45">{{cite book |title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-509695-8 |location=New York, Oxford |pages=45–46 |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr}}</ref> which aimed to establish an Islamic state based on Sharia laws. Bhutto agreed to some Islamist demands before being overthrown in a coup.<ref name="Kepel-1002">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA100 |title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam |last1=Kepel |first1=Gilles |date=2002 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-257-8 |edition=2006 |pages=100–101|access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> | |||
In 1977, after taking power from Bhutto in a coup d'état, General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]], who came from a religious background,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA132 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=132 |quote=Most accounts of Zia ul-Haq's life confirm that he came from a religious family and that religion played an important part in molding his personality.}}</ref> committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing ''[[sharia]]'' law.<ref name="Kepel-1002" /> Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Islam, Law and Identity |last1=Diamantides |first1=Marinos |last2=Gearey |first2=Adam |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-67565-2 |page=198 |quote=The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia-ul Haq ...}}</ref> and court benches<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIUwZ4aVM8AC&pg=PA17 |title=Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=19|access-date=3 December 2014 |isbn=978-1-56432-063-6}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA132 |title=Pakistan: between mosque and military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=United Book Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |location=Washington D.C. |page=400}}</ref> to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine.<ref name="wynbr-2009">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9 |url-access=registration |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9/page/216 216]–7 |quote=Zia, however, tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society. |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James}}</ref> Zia bolstered the influence of the ''[[ulama]]'' (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties.<ref name="wynbr-2009" /> [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] forged a strong alliance between the [[Pakistan army|military]] and Deobandi institutions<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |last1=Syed |first1=Jawad |last2=Pio |first2=Edwina |last3=Kamran |first3=Tahir |last4=Zaidi |first4=Abbas |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94966-3 |page=379 |quote=... the military dictator Zia ul Haq (1977–1988) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements (e.g. the TJ).}}</ref> and even though most Barelvi ulama<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |title=The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State |last=Cesari |first=Jocelyne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-51329-7 |page=135 |quote=For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind [JUH]) was counterproductive.}}</ref> and only a few Deobandi scholars had supported Pakistan's creation, Islamic state politics came to be mostly in favour of [[Deobandi]] (and later Ahl-e-Hadith/[[Salafi]]) institutions instead of Barelvi.<ref name=":10">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |last1=Syed |first1=Jawad |last2=Pio |first2=Edwina |last3=Kamran |first3=Tahir |last4=Zaidi |first4=Abbas |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94966-3 |page=379 |quote=Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly influential.}}</ref> Sectarian tensions increased with Zia's anti-Shia policies.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA346 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94966-3 |page=346 |quote=The grave impact of that legacy was compunded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization.}}</ref> | |||
According to a [[Pew Research Center]] (PEW) opinion poll, a majority of Pakistanis support making Sharia the official law of the land.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-beliefs-about-sharia/ |title=Chapter 1: Beliefs About Sharia |last=Street |date=30 April 2013 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> In a survey of several Muslim countries, PEW also found that Pakistanis tend to identify with their religion more than their nationality in contrast to Muslims in other nations such as [[Egypt]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Jordan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2006/07/06/muslims-in-europe-economic-worries-top-concerns-about-religious-and-cultural-identity/254-5/ |title=What Do You Consider Yourself First?|date=31 March 2010 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
== Geography, environment, and climate == | |||
{{Main|Geography of Pakistan|Environment of Pakistan|Climate of Pakistan|List of extreme weather records in Pakistan|l4=Extreme weather records in Pakistan|List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan|List of beaches in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|[[Köppen climate classification]] of Pakistan]] | |||
The [[Geography of Pakistan|geography]] and [[Climate of Pakistan|climate]] of Pakistan are extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of [[wildlife]].<ref name="Ministry of Information, Broadcasting, and National Heritage">{{cite web |url=http://infopak.gov.pk/LandAndPeople.aspx |title=Land and People |publisher=Ministry of Information, Broadcasting, and National Heritage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222074046/http://infopak.gov.pk/LandAndPeople.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2015|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Pakistan covers an area of {{convert|881913|km2|abbr=on}}, approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the [[List of countries by area|33rd-largest nation by total area]], although this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a {{convert|1046|km|abbr=on}} coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mughal |first1=F. H. |title=Time to develop resilience plan for Karachi against rising sea level |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1553312 |access-date=9 November 2022 |work=Dawn |date=30 April 2020}}</ref> and land borders of {{convert|6774|km|abbr=on}} in total: {{convert|2430|km|abbr=on}} with Afghanistan, {{convert|523|km|abbr=on}} with [[People's Republic of China|China]], {{convert|2912|km|abbr=on}} with India and {{convert|909|km|abbr=on}} with [[Iran]].<ref name="ciafactbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |title=Pakistan |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |website=[[World Factbook]]|access-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> It shares a maritime border with Oman,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/OMN-PAK2000MB.PDF |title=Muscat Agreement on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 12 June 2000(1) |page=1|access-date=18 August 2011 |website=United Nations}}</ref> and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold, narrow [[Wakhan Corridor]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Edward Wong |title=In Icy Tip of Afghanistan, War Seems Remote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/world/asia/28wakhan.html|access-date=4 January 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 October 2010}}</ref> Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia.<ref name="yasmeen">{{cite book |author=Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin |title=Pakistan: a global studies handbook |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|pages=3, 317, 323–324}}</ref> | |||
Geologically, Pakistan is located in the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone and overlaps the [[Indian plate|Indian tectonic plate]] in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the [[Eurasian plate]], mainly on the [[Iranian plateau]]. [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are [[List of earthquakes in Pakistan|prone to violent earthquakes]]. This region has the highest rates of [[seismicity]] and the largest earthquakes in the Himalaya region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan in the most active quake zone, says US Geological Survey |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1215636/pakistan-in-the-most-active-quake-zone-says-us-geological-survey |work=Dawn|access-date=5 November 2015 |date=27 October 2015}}</ref> Ranging from the coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains of the north, Pakistan's landscapes vary from plains to deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Pakistan |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/pakistan/index.stm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations|access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222051452/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/pakistan/index.stm |archive-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan]] | |||
Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, and the Balochistan Plateau.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Pakistan: Geography |url=http://www.pakistanstudies-aips.org/pakistan/geography/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035911/http://www.pakistanstudies-aips.org/pakistan/geography/index.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=American Institute For Pakistan Studies|access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> The northern highlands contain the [[Karakoram]], [[Hindu Kush]], and [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] mountain ranges (see [[mountains of Pakistan]]), which contain some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen [[eight-thousanders]] (mountain peaks over {{convert|8000|m|ft|-1||disp=or}}), which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world, notably [[K2]] ({{convert|8611|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[Nanga Parbat]] ({{convert|8126|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name="mountains">{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110014044/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html |archive-date=10 November 2006 |title=PTDC page on mountaineering |publisher=Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the [[Thar Desert]] in the east. The {{convert|1609|km|abbr=on}} Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial plains along it in the Punjab and Sindh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107861.html |title=Pakistan |website=InfoPlease |publisher=Pearson Education|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a [[monsoon]] season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. There are four distinct seasons in Pakistan: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.<ref name="congress" /> Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Pakistan-CLIMATE.html |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations |date=28 March 2008|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
The [[ | === Flora and fauna === | ||
{{Main|Wildlife of Pakistan|Flora of Pakistan|Fauna of Pakistan}} | |||
The diversity of the landscape and climate in Pakistan allows a wide variety of trees and plants to flourish. The forests range from coniferous [[alpine plant|alpine]] and [[subalpine]] trees such as [[spruce]], [[pine]], and [[deodar cedar]] in the extreme northern mountains to [[deciduous]] trees in most of the country (for example, the mulberry-like [[Dalbergia sissoo|shisham]] found in the [[Sulaiman Mountains]]), to palms such as [[coconut]] and [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]] in the southern Punjab, southern Balochistan, and all of Sindh. The western hills are home to [[juniper]], [[tamarisk]], coarse grasses, and scrub plants. [[Mangrove]] forests form much of the coastal wetlands along the coast in the south.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwfpak.org/forest_mangrove.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225000128/http://wwfpak.org/forest_mangrove.php |archive-date=25 December 2004 |title=Conservation of Mangrove Forests in the Coastal Areas of Sindh and Balochistan |website=WWF Pakistan|access-date=17 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Markhor_Horns_(5779055412).jpg|thumb|[[Markhor]] is the national animal of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fatima |first=Naz |date=2020-06-30 |title=Some Interesting facts about National Animal of Pakistan |url=https://markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/13 |journal=MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology) |pages=02 |doi=10.54393/mjz.v1i1.13 |s2cid=246708061 |issn=2790-4385|doi-access=free }}</ref>]] | |||
Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from {{convert|1,000|to|4000|m|abbr=off}} in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the [[xeric]] regions of Balochistan, date palm and ''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]]'' are common. In most of the Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forest as well as tropical and xeric shrublands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/countryrep/pakistan/introduction.html |website=AIT-UNEP RRC.AP|access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112111709/http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/countryrep/pakistan/introduction.html |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> About 2.2% or {{convert|1687000|ha|km2}} of Pakistan was forested in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rhett Butler |url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Pakistan.htm |title=Pakistan Deforestation Rates and Related Forestry Figures |website=Mongabay.com|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> | |||
= | The fauna of Pakistan also reflects the country's varied climate. Around 668 bird species are found there,<ref name="wwf11bio" /> including [[crow]]s, [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s, [[Acridotheres|mynas]], [[hawk]]s, [[falcon]]s, and [[eagle]]s. [[Palas, Kohistan]], has a significant population of [[western tragopan]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=[[Naeem Ashraf Raja]] |author2=P. Davidson |year=1999 |title=The birds of Palas, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan |url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/15pdfs/Raja-Palas.pdf |journal=Forktail |volume=15 |pages=77–85 |access-date=12 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610214757/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/15pdfs/Raja-Palas.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia, and India.<ref name="GrimmettRoberts2009">{{cite book |title=Birds of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoeL2O5Iq0YC |publisher=A&C Black|access-date=11 January 2012 |author1=Richard Grimmett |author2=Tom J. Roberts |author3=Tim Inskipp |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7136-8800-9 |pages=6, 38–41, 132–136}}</ref> | ||
[[ | |||
The | The southern plains are home to [[mongoose]]s, [[small Indian civet]], hares, the [[Asiatic jackal]], the [[Indian pangolin]], the [[jungle cat]], and the [[desert cat]]. There are [[mugger crocodile]]s in the Indus, and [[wild boar]], deer, [[Indian porcupine|porcupines]], and small rodents in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, [[striped hyena]]s, wildcats, and [[leopards]].<ref name="sheet">{{cite web |title=Sheet1 |url=http://www.wwfpak.org/images/listmammalsofpakistan.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915012052/http://www.wwfpak.org/images/listmammalsofpakistan.xls |archive-date=15 September 2006 |format=XLS |publisher=WWF|access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="animal">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Pakistan plant and animal life |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/438805/Pakistan/23683/Plant-and-animal-life |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref> The lack of vegetative cover, the severe climate, and the impact of grazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position. The [[chinkara]] is the only animal that can still be found in significant numbers in [[Cholistan]]. A small number of [[nilgai]] are found along the Pakistan–India border and in some parts of Cholistan.<ref name="sheet" /><ref name="ShackletonGroup1997">{{cite book |title=Wild sheep and goats and their relatives: status survey and conservation action plan for caprinae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJBodAXB9eoC&pg=PA243|access-date=11 January 2012 |author1=David M. Shackleton |author2=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Caprinae Specialist Group |year=1997 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0353-4 |pages=10–13, 352}}</ref> A wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north, including the [[Marco Polo sheep]], the [[urial]] (a subspecies of wild sheep), the [[markhor]] goat, the [[ibex]] goat, the [[Asian black bear]], and the [[Himalayan brown bear]].<ref name="sheet" /><ref name="wwf">{{cite web |title=Species |url=http://wwfpak.org/species/index.php |website=WWF Pakistan |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228142518/http://wwfpak.org/species/index.php |archive-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan |url=http://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/asia/pakistan.aspx |website=Wildlife Conservation Society|access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref> Among the rare animals found in the area are the [[snow leopard]]<ref name="wwf" /> and the blind [[Indus river dolphin]], of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the [[Indus Dolphin Reserve|Indus River Dolphin Reserve]] in Sindh.<ref name="wwf" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RQwcO0wM6IC&pg=PA33 |title=Pakistan |publisher=ABDO |access-date=11 January 2012 |author=Pete Heiden |isbn=978-1-61787-631-8 |pages=33–44 |year=2011}}</ref> In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22 amphibians, 198 freshwater fish species and 5,000 species of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in Pakistan.<ref name="wwf11bio" /> | ||
The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world, which, along with hunting and pollution, has had adverse effects on the ecosystem. It had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 7.42/10, ranking it 41st globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> The government has established a large number of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to address these issues.<ref name="wwf11bio">{{cite web |title=Biodiversity |url=http://wwfpak.org/p_environment_biodiversity.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115084804/http://wwfpak.org/p_environment_biodiversity.php |archive-date=15 January 2005 |publisher=WWF|access-date=10 January 2012}}<- br>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity Sharing the Environment |url=http://www.environment.gov.pk/pub-pdf/StateER2005/Part3-Chp%205.pdf |publisher=Government of Pakistan |pages=1, 4–7|access-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827071639/http://www.environment.gov.pk/pub-pdf/StateER2005/Part3-Chp%205.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2006}}</ref> | |||
== Government and politics == | == Government and politics == | ||
{{ | {{Main|Government of Pakistan|Politics of Pakistan}} | ||
'' | [[File:Parliament House, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|[[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament House]]]] | ||
Pakistan's political experience is essentially related to the struggle of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent to regain the power they lost to British colonisation.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616 |title=Pakistan |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |quote=Hence, Pakistan's political experience is integrally related to the struggle of Indian Muslims to find an autonomous political center after their loss of power to the British in the early nineteenth century.}}</ref> Pakistan is a democratic [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] [[Federal parliamentary republic|federal republic]], with Islam as the [[state religion]].<ref name="Article_2">{{cite web |url=http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part1.html |title=Part I: "Introductory" |website=pakistani.org}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|first constitution]] was adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958, who replaced it with the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|second constitution]] in 1962.<ref name="Brookings Institution Press" /> A complete and comprehensive [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]] was adopted in 1973, but it was suspended by [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] in 1977 but reinstated in 1985. This constitution is the country's most important document, laying the foundations of the current government.<ref name="ciafactbook" /> The Pakistani military establishment has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout [[Political history of Pakistan|Pakistan's political history]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press" /> The periods 1958–1971, [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|1977–1988]], and 1999–2008 saw [[Military coups in Pakistan|military coups]] that resulted in the imposition of [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] and military commanders who governed as de facto presidents.<ref name="military">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472953.stm |title=World: South Asia Pakistan's army and its history of politics |date=10 December 1999|access-date=16 March 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Today Pakistan has a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[parliamentary system]] with clear [[Separation of powers|division of powers]] and [[Check and balance|checks and balances]] among the branches of government. The first successful [[2013 Pakistani general election|democratic transition]] occurred in May 2013. Politics in Pakistan is centred on, and dominated by, a homegrown [[social philosophy]] comprising a blend of ideas from [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]], [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservatism]], and the [[third way]]. As of the [[2013 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 2013, the three main political parties in the country are: the [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservative]] [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League-N]]; the [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialist]] PPP; and the [[Centre politics|centrist]] and third-way [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|Pakistan Movement for Justice]] (PTI). In 2010, constitutional changes reduced presidential powers and the role of the president became purely ceremonial. The role of prime minister strengthened.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan moves to roll back presidential powers |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-apr-02-la-fg-pakistan-zardari3-2010apr03-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 April 2010}}</ref> | |||
* [[Head of State]]: The [[President of Pakistan|President]], who is elected by an [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]] is the ceremonial head of the state and is the civilian [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] (with the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] as principal military adviser), but military appointments and key confirmations in the armed forces are made by the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] after reviewing the reports on candidates' merit and performance. Almost all appointed officers in the judicature, [[Pakistani military|military]], the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|chairman joint chiefs]], [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|joint staff]], and legislature require the executive confirmation from the Prime Minister, whom the President must consult by law. However, the powers to pardon and grant clemency lie with the President of Pakistan. | |||
* [[Legislative]]: The [[bicameral]] legislature comprises a 104-member [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] ([[Upper House|upper house]]) and a 342-member [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] ([[Lower House|lower house]]). [[Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Members]] of the National Assembly are elected through the [[first-past-the-post]] system under [[universal adult suffrage]], representing electoral districts known as National Assembly [[Constituencies of Pakistan|constituencies]]. According to the constitution, the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, with all the provinces having equal representation. | |||
[[File:A night side view of Prime Minister's Secretariat Building.jpg|thumb|left|[[Prime Minister's Office (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Office]]]] | |||
* Executive: The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the [[majority rule]] party or a coalition in the [[National Assembly (Pakistan)|National Assembly]]— the [[lower house]]. The Prime Minister serves as the [[head of government]] and is designated to exercise as the country's chief executive. The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a [[Cabinet of Pakistan|cabinet]] consisting of ministers and advisers as well as running the government operations, taking and authorising executive decisions, appointments and recommendations of [[Central Superior Services|senior civil servants]] that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister. | |||
* [[List of provincial governments of Pakistan|Provincial governments]]: Each of the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]] has a similar [[List of Chief Ministers in Pakistan|system of government]], with a [[Elections in Pakistan|directly elected]] [[:Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan|Provincial Assembly]] in which the leader of the largest party or coalition is elected [[Chief Minister (Pakistan)|Chief Minister]]. Chief Ministers oversee the [[List of provincial governments of Pakistan|provincial governments]] and head the provincial cabinet. It is common in Pakistan to have different ruling parties or coalitions in each of the provinces. The provincial bureaucracy is headed by the [[Chief Secretary (Pakistan)|Chief Secretary]], who is appointed by the Prime Minister. The provincial assemblies have power to make laws and approve the provincial budget which is commonly presented by the provincial finance minister every fiscal year. [[List of Governors of Pakistan|Provincial governors]] who are the ceremonial heads of the provinces are appointed by the President.<ref name="ciafactbook" /> | |||
[[File:Supreme Court of Pakistan, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|[[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]]] | |||
* [[Judiciary of Pakistan|Judicature]]: The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts: the superior (or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower) judiciary. The [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]] is the [[wikt:Chief judge|chief judge]] who oversees the judicature's [[Court system of Pakistan|court system]] at all levels of command. The superior judiciary is composed of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]], the [[Federal Shariat Court]] and five [[High courts of Pakistan|high courts]], with the Supreme Court at the apex. The [[Constitution of Pakistan]] entrusts the superior judiciary with the obligation to preserve, protect and defend the constitution. Other regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have separate court systems. | |||
=== Foreign relations === | |||
{{Main|Foreign relations of Pakistan}} | |||
Since Independence, Pakistan has attempted to balance its relations with foreign nations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Political system in Pakistan |last1=Arora |first1=Ranjana |date=1995 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publ. |isbn=978-81-7100-739-4 |location=New Delhi |editor-last1=Grover |editor-first1=Verinder}}<br/>- {{cite book |title =Prepare or perish : a study of national security |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publ. |isbn=978-81-7212-001-6 |location=New Delhi |last=KrishnaRao |first=K.V.}}<br/>- {{cite news |work=Dispatch News Desk |url=http://www.dnd.com.pk/pakistan-wants-promotion-of-friendly-brotherly-relations-with-all-countries-mamnoon/113602 |title=Pakistan wants promotion of friendly, brotherly relations with all countries: Mamnoon |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|foreign policy]] and [[Pakistani geostrategy|geostrategy]] mainly focus on the economy and security against threats to its [[Nationalism in Pakistan|national identity]] and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with other Muslim countries.<ref name="Govt of Pakistan">{{cite web |title=Foreign Policy of Pakistan |publisher=Govt of Pakistan |url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/content.php?pageID=Foreign%20Policy |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150315004214/http://mofa.gov.pk/content.php?pageID=Foreign%20Policy}}</ref> Briefing on the country's foreign policy in 2004, a [[Pakistan Senate|Pakistani senator]]{{clarify|date=April 2017}}<!--Which Pakistani senator?--> reportedly explained: "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."<ref name="rizvi">{{cite web |url=http://www.millat.com/democracy/Foreign%20Policy/Briefing_Paper_english_11.pdf |title=Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Overview 1947–2004 |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency |pages=10–12, 20 |access-date=20 December 2011 |author=Hasan Askari Rizvi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623023124/http://www.millat.com/democracy/Foreign%20Policy/Briefing_Paper_english_11.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
The | The [[Kashmir conflict]] remains the major point of contention between Pakistan and India; three of their [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|four wars]] were fought over this territory.<ref name="k1"/> Due partly to difficulties in relations with its geopolitical rival India, Pakistan maintains close political relations with Turkey and Iran,<ref name="AuthorHouse. 2006">{{cite book |title=Friends Near Home: Pakistan's Strategic Security Options |date=2006 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4670-1541-7 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |last1=Anwar |first1=Muhammad}}</ref> and both countries have been a focal point in Pakistan's foreign policy.<ref name="AuthorHouse. 2006" /> Saudi Arabia also maintains a respected position in Pakistan's foreign policy. | ||
A non-signatory party of the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|Treaty on Nuclear Non-Proliferation]], Pakistan is an influential member of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]].<ref name="Routledge, UK">{{cite book |title=Pakistan's nuclear weapons |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-40871-4 |location=London |last1=Chakma |first1=Bhumitra}}</ref> In recent events, Pakistan has blocked an [[Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty|international treaty]] to limit [[fissile material]], arguing that the "treaty would target Pakistan specifically".<ref name="NPT News Directorate">{{cite news |url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/pakistan-a-responsible-nuclear-power-official-asserts/ |title=Pakistan a Responsible Nuclear Power, Official Asserts |last=Officials reports |date=18 June 2010|access-date=3 December 2012 |newspaper=NPT News Directorate}}</ref> In the 20th century, Pakistan's nuclear deterrence program focused on countering India's nuclear ambitions in the [[South Asia|region]], and [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] by India eventually led Pakistan to [[Pakistan's nuclear testing series|reciprocate]] to maintain a geopolitical balance as becoming a [[Nuclear power in Pakistan|nuclear power]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/102445.stm |title=World: Monitoring Nawaz Sharif's speech |date=28 May 1998|access-date=11 March 2012 |newspaper=BBC}}</ref> Currently, Pakistan maintains a policy of [[N-deterrence|credible minimum deterrence]], calling its program vital [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear deterrence]] against foreign aggression.<ref name="United Book Press." /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/15/n-deterrence-to-be-pursued.html |title=N-deterrence to be pursued |date=15 July 2011|access-date=11 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718102116/http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/15/n-deterrence-to-be-pursued.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Meeting of SCO leaders - 20190614 - 02.jpg|thumb|Pakistani Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] at the 2019 [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] summit]] | |||
Located in the strategic and geopolitical corridor of the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication fibre optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.<ref name="Tauris">{{cite book |title=The foreign policy of Pakistan : ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994 |date=1997 |publisher=Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-169-5 |location=London [u.a.] |last1=Shah |first1=Mehtab Ali}}</ref> Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a [[Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations|Permanent Representative]] to represent Pakistan's positions in international politics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#p |title=United Nations Member States |date=3 July 2006 |publisher=United Nations|access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Pakistan has lobbied for the concept of "[[enlightened moderation]]" in the Muslim world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Senate OIC Report |date=September 2005 |url=http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/PAKISTANANDTHEOIC.pdf |publisher=Senate of Pakistan: Senate Foreign Relations Committee |pages=16–18 |access-date=8 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219073408/http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/PAKISTANANDTHEOIC.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2009}}<br/>- {{cite news |title=A Plea for Enlightened Moderation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5081-2004May31.html |date=1 June 2004 |access-date=24 December 2011 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/138945/ |access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC), the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] (ECO),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecosecretariat.org/ |title=Member Countries |access-date=24 December 2011 |website=[[Economic Cooperation Organization]] |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124120317/http://www.ecosecretariat.org/}}<br/>- {{cite web |url=http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/psde20AGM/EXPLORING%20PAKISTANS%20REGIONAL%20ECONOMIC%20COOPERATION%20POTENTIAL.pdf |title=Exploring Pakistan's Regional Economic Cooperation Potential |pages=1–2 |access-date=24 December 2011 |author=A.R.Kemal |website=PIDE}}</ref> and the [[G20 developing nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commerce.nic.in/wto_sub/g20/pressrel.htm#_ftn1 |title=G-20 Ministerial Meeting |date=19 March 2005 |publisher=Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India|access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Commerce.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201100335/http://commerce.nic.in/wto_sub/g20/pressrel.htm}}</ref> | |||
=== | [[File:Motorcade in Arrival Ceremonies for Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan use.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=(L–R) English: Motorcade for President Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan. In open car (Lincoln-Mercury Continental with bubble top): Secret Service agent William Greer (driving); Military Aide to the President General Chester V. Clifton (front seat, centre); Secret Service Agent Gerald "Jerry" Behn (front seat, right, partially hidden); President Mohammad Ayub Khan (standing); President John F. Kennedy (standing). Crowd watching. 14th Street, Washington, D.C.| President of Pakistan [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] with US President [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1961|left]] | ||
Pakistan | Pakistan is formally designated an "Iron Brother" by China,<ref>{{cite web |title=If Our Friends were Suffering, We Sent Everything to China. We didn't Worry about What Will Happen in the Future |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/zggcddwjw100ggs/jszgddzg/202208/t20220830_10757639.html |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China |access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Pakistan, China are iron brothers', Foreign secretary to Chinese counterpart |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/476838-foreign-secretary-in-china-to-strengthen-bilateral-partnership |access-date=20 March 2023|publisher=Geo news}}</ref> with both countries placing considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive [[China–Pakistan relations|special relationship]].<ref>{{cite news|date=17 May 2011|title=Pakistani PM hails China as his country's 'best friend'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13418957 |access-date=17 May 2011}}<br/>- {{cite news|last=Masood|first=Salman|date=13 October 2008|title=Pakistan President to Visit China, a Valued Ally|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/asia/13pstan.html|access-date=12 October 2008}}</ref> Pakistan opposed the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1950s due to geopolitical reasons. During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s, Pakistan was one of the closest allies of the United States.<ref name="rizvi" /><ref name="mostallied">{{cite web |last=Nolan |first=Robert |title=Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia |url=http://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2583/newsletter_info_sub_list.htm?section=Pakistan%3A%20The%20Most%20Allied%20Ally%20in%20Asia |url-status=dead |publisher=Foreign Policy Association |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725141127/http://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2583/newsletter_info_sub_list.htm?section=Pakistan%3A%20The%20Most%20Allied%20Ally%20in%20Asia |archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Relations between Pakistan and Russia have greatly improved since 1999, and co-operation in various sectors has increased.<ref name="Dawn, 2015">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Accord to diversify ties with Russia |url=http://dawn.com/news/1039487/accord-to-diversify-ties-with-russia |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 |agency=Dawn, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061827/http://www.dawn.com/news/1039487/accord-to-diversify-ties-with-russia |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Pakistan has had an "on-and-off" relationship with the United States. A close ally of the United States during the [[Cold War]], Pakistan's relationship with the US soured in the 1990s when the latter [[Pressler amendment|imposed sanctions]] because of Pakistan's secretive nuclear development.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=205102&Cat=2&dt=10/24/2009 |title=US military aid to Pakistan suspended six times since 1954 |access-date=26 October 2009 |work=[[The News International]] |author=Sabir Shah |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111234256/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=205102&Cat=2&dt=10%2F24%2F2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], Pakistan has been an ally of the US on the issue of [[counterterrorism]] in the [[Greater Middle East]] region, with the US supporting Pakistan with aid money and weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/22/2015-joint-statement-president-barack-obama-and-prime-minister-nawaz |title=2015 Joint Statement By President Barack Obama And Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif |access-date=28 December 2015|via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=D'Souza |first=Shanthie |date=2006 |title=US-Pakistan Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Dynamics and Challenges |url=http://idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_shanthie_0906.pdf |journal=Strategic Analysis|volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=525–561 |doi=10.1080/17540054.2006.12288848 |s2cid=259317591 |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> Initially, the US-led [[war on terrorism]] led to an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|20 years of war]] and by issues related to terrorism.<ref name="mondediplo2007">{{cite web |url=http://mondediplo.com/2007/11/03mideast |title=The United States' new backyard |work=Le Monde diplomatique|access-date=24 July 2010 |author=Alain Gresh|date=November 2007}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/12/us_pakistani_relatio.php |title=Analysis: The US-Pakistan relationship |date=4 December 2011|website=Long War Journal|access-date=15 January 2017 |author=C.J. Radin}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/pakistan-usa-allies-in-the-war-on-terrorism-1865/ |title=Pakistan & USA – Allies in the war on Terrorism!|access-date=15 February 2010 |author=Nazir Khaja |website=Defence Talk}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/pakistan-backed-attacks-on-american-targets-us-says/2011/09/22/gIQAf0q6oK_story.html |title=Pakistan backed attacks on American targets, U.S. says |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=30 January 2010 |author=Karen DeYoung}}</ref> Although it achieved the [[major non-NATO ally]] status by the United States since 2004,<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947–2012: A Concise History |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Shahi |isbn=978-0-19-906910-1 |edition=3rd |location=Karachi |last1=Shahi |first1=Abdul Sattar; foreword by Agha}}</ref> the Pakistani intelligence agency, includes [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|was accused]] of supported [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] until [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)|U.S. withdraw its troops from Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani intelligence helping Taliban: NATO report|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-02-02/leaked-nato-report-finds-taliban-pakistan-links/3806102|website=ABC|date=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US-Taliban deal: How Pakistan's 'Islamist support' finally paid off |first=Shamil |last=Shams |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-taliban-deal-how-pakistans-islamist-support-finally-paid-off/a-52634369 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Understanding Pakistan's Take on India-Taliban Talks |first=Umair |last=Jamal |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/understanding-pakistans-take-on-india-taliban-talks/ |work=The Diplomat |date=23 May 2020}}</ref> | ||
Pakistan | Pakistan does not have [[Pakistan-Israel relations|diplomatic relations]] with [[Israel]];<ref name="Washington Post, Pakistan Bureau">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/12/03/the-pakistani-origins-of-the-israeli-state/ |title=The Pakistani origins of the Israeli state |date=3 December 2014|access-date=2 March 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last1=Tharoor |first1=Ishaan}}</ref> nonetheless, some Israeli citizens have visited the country on tourist visas.<ref name="Haaretz">{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/.premium-1.644835 |title=Israeli lecturer takes part in Pakistan conference |date=28 February 2015|access-date=2 March 2015 |work=Haaretz |last1=Khoury |first1=Jack}}</ref> However, an exchange took place between the two countries using Turkey as a communication conduit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4203788.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913041723/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4203788.stm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2005 |title=Pakistan-Israel in landmark talks |date=1 September 2005 |access-date=4 July 2012 |work=BBC News }}</ref> Despite Pakistan being the only country in the world that has not established [[Armenia–Pakistan relations|diplomatic relations]] with [[Armenia]], an [[Armenians in Pakistan|Armenian community]] still resides in Pakistan.<ref name="Armenian Times">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.az/articles/armenia/86325 |title=Pakistan the only country not recognizing Armenia{{Snd}} envoy |date=5 February 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015 |work=Armenian Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303050820/http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325 |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
==== Relations with China ==== | |||
{{Main|China–Pakistan relations}} | |||
[[File:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Pakistan Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] with Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan. Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/130710/china-unveils-pakistan-embassy-its-largest-in-the-world/ |title=China opens 'largest' embassy in Pakistan, strengthens South Asia presence |website=asiancorrespondent.com|date=17 February 2015 }}</ref>]] | |||
Pakistan was one of the first countries to establish formal diplomatic relations with the [[People's Republic of China]], and the relationship continues to be strong since China's [[Sino-Indian War|war]] with India in 1962, forming a special relationship.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 |title=China-Pakistan Relations |last1=Afridi |first1=Jamal |last2=Bajoria |first2=Jayshree |date=6 July 2010 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322120845/http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 |archive-date=22 March 2015}}</ref> From the 1960s to 1980s, Pakistan greatly helped China in reaching out to the world's major countries and helped facilitate US President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[1972 Nixon visit to China|state visit]] to China.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan" /> Despite the change of [[Government of Pakistan|governments]] in Pakistan and fluctuations in the regional and global situation, China's policy in Pakistan continues to be a dominant factor at all times.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan" /> In return, China is Pakistan's largest trading partner, and economic co-operation has flourished, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistan's infrastructural expansion such as the Pakistani deep-water port at [[Gwadar]]. Friendly Sino-Pakistani relations reached new heights as both countries signed 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) in 2015 for co-operation in different areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-37104-Pak-China-trade-volume-to-be-taken-to-$20-bn |title=ISLAMABAD: Pakistan and China agreed to raise their trade volume up to $20 billion and pledged to continue their cooperation in civil nuclear technology|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421211901/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-37104-Pak-China-trade-volume-to-be-taken-to-%2420-bn|archive-date=21 April 2015}}<br/>- {{cite web |author=Urvashi Aneja |url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/136564802IPCS-Special-Report-26.pdf |title=Pakistan-China Relations |date=June 2006 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |page=1 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127123639/http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/136564802IPCS-Special-Report-26.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}<br/>- {{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-china-chro-idUSISL9262520061124 |title=CHRONOLOGY-Main events in Chinese-Pakistani relations |date=24 November 2006|work=Thomson Reuters|access-date=24 November 2006|publisher=Reuters|url-status=live|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929112130/http://www.reuters.com/article/2006/11/24/us-pakistan-china-chro-idUSISL9262520061124}}<br/>- {{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 |title=China-Pakistan Relations |access-date=6 July 2010 |author=Jamal Afridi |website=Council on Foreign Relations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424104631/http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 |archive-date=24 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both countries signed a [[China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement|Free Trade Agreement]] in the 2000s, and China makes largest investment in Pakistan's history through [[CPEC]]. Pakistan continues to serve as China's communication bridge to the Muslim world.<ref name="Stanford University Press, California, [u.s]">{{cite book |title=Between Mecca and Beijing |date=2000 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-6434-6 |location=California|last1=Gillette |first1=Maris Boyd}}</ref> Pakistan, China support each other on Kashmir, Taiwan, Xinjiang and other sensitive issues.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/china-and-pakistan-reiterate-support-to-each-others-core-interests/ |title=China and Pakistan Reiterate Support to Each Other's Core Interests |agency=The diplomat |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> | |||
=== | ==== Emphasis on relations with Muslim world ==== | ||
{{ | After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy |last=Pasha |first=Sayed Abdul Muneem |publisher=Global Media Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-88869-15-2|page=225 |quote=Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey.}}</ref> and made an active bid for leadership of the [[Muslim world]], or at least for leadership in efforts to achieve unity.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ|title=Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy |last=Pasha |first=Sayed Abdul Muneem |publisher=Global Media Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-88869-15-2|page=37 |quote=Pakistan was making a wholehearted bid for the leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for the leadership in achieving its unity.}}</ref> The [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar|Ali]] brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, in part due to its large manpower and military strength.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ|title=Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy |last=Pasha |first=Sayed Abdul Muneem |publisher=Global Media Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-88869-15-2|page=226 |quote=Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world.}}</ref> A top-ranking [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leader, [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman|Khaliquzzaman]], declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into [[Islamistan]]{{Snd}}a pan-Islamic entity.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z6TBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Creating a New Medina |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-107-05212-3|page=18 |quote=As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'.}}</ref> | ||
Such developments (along with Pakistan's creation) did not get American approval, and British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding |last=Haqqani |first=Husain |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61039-317-1 |pages=20–21 |quote=Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would ''in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations.''}}</ref> Since most of the [[Arab world]] was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction to Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyIVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding |last=Haqqani |first=Husain |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61039-317-1 |page=22 |quote=During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction.}}</ref> Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&pg=PA134 |title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan |last=Roberts |first=Jeffery J. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-275-97878-5 |page=134 |quote=The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan | Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the world. Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements of Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, [[Morocco]], and Eritrea were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPWrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India |last=Pande |first=Aparna |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-81893-6|page=178|quote=The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: "Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars." Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.}}</ref> Although Pakistan and Bangladesh were initially tense due to their cold historical relationship, bilateral cooperation has deepened in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh-Pakistan Relations: Closing the Gap, Increasing the Gains |url=http://southasiajournal.net/bangladesh-pakistan-relations-closing-the-gap-increasing-the-gains/ |publisher=South Asia Journal |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> | ||
'' | On the other hand, Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained at times due to sectarian tensions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |title=Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLtA_J3VUt4C&pg=PA144 |quote=Since then, Pakistan's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |page=144 |isbn=978-0-313-38194-2}}</ref> Iran and [[Saudi Arabia]] used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war, and by the 1990s Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban organisation in Afghanistan became a problem for [[Shia]]-led Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan at the time.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&pg=PA159 |title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India |last=Pande |first=Aparna |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-81894-3|page=159 |quote=Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare.}}</ref> Tensions between Iran and Pakistan intensified in 1998 when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes after Pakistani warplanes had bombarded Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-14/news/9809140197_1_shiite-taliban-sunni |title=Iran Raises Anti-pakistan Outcry |last=Schmetzer |first=Uli |date=14 September 1998 |work=Chicago Tribune |quote=KARACHI, Pakistan – Iran, which has amassed 200,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan, accused Pakistan on Sunday of sending warplanes to strafe and bombard Afghanistan's last Shiite stronghold, which fell hours earlier to the Taliban, the Sunni militia now controlling the central Asian country.|access-date=5 January 2017}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/09/16/afghanistan-arena-for-a-new-rivalry/eeedba2f-03b7-4ed6-ba97-91e51e633e96/ |title=Afghanistan: Arena For a New Rivalry |last=Constable |first=Pamela |date=16 September 1998 |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Taliban officials accused Iran of providing military support to the opposition forces; Tehran radio accused Pakistan of sending its air force to bomb the city in support of the Taliban's advance and said Iran was holding Pakistan responsible for what it termed war crimes at Bamiyan. Pakistan has denied that accusation and previous allegations of direct involvement in the Afghan conflict. Also fueling the volatile situation are ethnic and religious rivalries between the Taliban, who are Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan's dominant Pashtun ethnic group, and the opposition factions, many of which represent other ethnic groups or include Shiite Muslims. Iran, a Shiite Muslim state, has a strong interest in promoting that sect; Pakistan, one of the Taliban's few international allies, is about 80 percent Sunni.|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> As the Taliban returns to power in the 2020s, Pakistan cooperates with neighbors such as Iran and argues that Afghanistan should not be used for geopolitical rivalry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Iran, China, Russia, and Pakistan say Afghanistan should not be used for geopolitical rivalry |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/483606/Iran-China-Russia-and-Pakistan-say-Afghanistan-should-not |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Pakistan is an influential and founding member of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). Maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with the Arab world and other countries in the Muslim world is a vital factor in Pakistan's foreign policy.<ref name="Taylor & Francis.">{{cite book |title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis. |isbn=978-1-136-81894-3 |last1=Pande |first1=Aparna}}</ref> | |||
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=== Leadership in World governance initiatives === | |||
Pakistan has been one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, in 1968, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt the [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status= |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA)}}</ref> [[Muhammad Ayub Khan]], then [[president of Pakistan]] signed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly<ref>{{Cite news |date=1962-06-07 |title=Pakistan Announces Delegates Named |page=5 |work=Arizona Sun |url=https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/nodes/view/118619}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amerasinghe |first=Terence P. |title=Emerging World Law, Volume 1 |publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-933567-16-7 |page=50 |language=en}}</ref> and member of Parliament and adviser to the Prime Minister, [[Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer]], attended the World Constituent Assembly at [[Interlaken]], [[Switzerland]] in August, 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-29 |title=Als Interlaken die heimliche Welthauptstadt war |url=https://www.bernerzeitung.ch/als-interlaken-die-heimliche-welthauptstadt-war-476772910117 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Berner Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> | |||
=== | The first ever [[Provisional World Parliament|Provisional World Parliament (PWP)]] met in [[Brighton]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] at the [[Royal Pavilion]] in 1982 was presided over by Pakistani [[jurist]] and [[diplomat]] [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan|Sir Chaudhry Mohammad Zafrullah Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amerasinghe |first=Terence P. |title=Emerging World Law, Volume 1 |publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-933567-16-7 |page=61 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provisional World Parliament {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100012539 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=uia.org}}</ref> | ||
{{ | |||
{| class=" | === Administrative divisions === | ||
| | {{Main|Administrative units of Pakistan}} | ||
{| class="sortable wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! style="width:200px;"| Administrative division | |||
! style="width:100px;"| Capital | |||
! style="width:100px; text-align:right;"| Population | |||
|- | |||
||{{Flag|Balochistan}}|| [[Quetta]] || style="text-align:right;" | 12,344,408 | |||
|- | |||
||{{flagcountry|Punjab, Pakistan}} || [[Lahore]] || style="text-align:right;" | 110,126,285 | |||
|- | |- | ||
||{{Flag|Sindh}}|| [[Karachi]] || style="text-align:right;" | 47,886,051 | |||
| [[ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
||{{Flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}} || [[Peshawar]] || style="text-align:right;" | 40,525,047 | |||
| [[ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
||{{Flag|Gilgit-Baltistan}} || [[Gilgit]] || style="text-align:right;" | 1,800,000 | |||
| [[ | |- | ||
| [[File: | ||{{Flag|Azad Kashmir}} || [[Muzaffarabad]] || style="text-align:right;" | 4,567,982 | ||
|- | |||
||[[Islamabad Capital Territory]] ||[[Islamabad]] || style="text-align:right;" | 2,851,868 | |||
|} | |||
A [[federal parliamentary republic]] state, Pakistan is a federation that comprises [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]]: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and Balochistan,<ref>{{cite web|title=Part I: "Introductory"|url=https://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part1.html|access-date=2022-04-12|website=pakistani.org|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409090958/https://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and three [[Administrative units of Pakistan|territories]]: [[Islamabad Capital Territory]], Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The [[Government of Pakistan]] exercises the [[De facto standard|''de facto'']] jurisdiction over the [[Frontier Regions]] and the [[Western Kashmir|western parts]] of the [[Kashmir Region]]s, which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). In 2009, the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitutional assignment]] ({{small|the ''Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order''}}) awarded the Gilgit-Baltistan a [[Provinces of Pakistan|semi-provincial status]], giving it self-government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pid.gov.pk/Prime%20Minister.doc |publisher=Press Information Department, Pakistan |format=DOC |title=Highlights of Prime Minister's Press Talk on "Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order −2009" at PM'S Secretariat on August 29, 2009 |year=2009|access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116142519/http://www.pid.gov.pk/Prime%20Minister.doc |archive-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> | |||
The [[Local government in Pakistan|local government]] system consists of a three-tier system of [[Districts of pakistan|districts]], [[tehsil]]s, and [[Union Councils of Pakistan|union councils]], with an elected body at each tier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Decentralization in Pakistan |publisher=World Bank |url=http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21973776~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:293052,00.html |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130094603/http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21973776~pagePK%3A141137~piPK%3A141127~theSitePK%3A293052%2C00.html |archive-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten<ref>{{cite web |title=Azad Jammu and Kashmir Districts |url=http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42&Itemid=12 |publisher=Government of AJK |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114210747/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42&Itemid=12 |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> and Gilgit-Baltistan seven.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Dunya |title=Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order |year=2009 |page=1 |url=http://www.dunyanews.tv/newsite/other/GilgitBaltistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919114343/http://dunyanews.tv/newsite/other/GilgitBaltistan.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2010}}</ref> | |||
{{Pakistan Administrative Units Image Map}} | |||
[[Law enforcement in Pakistan|Law enforcement]] is carried out by a joint network of the [[Pakistan Intelligence Community|intelligence community]] with jurisdiction limited to the relevant province or territory. The [[National Intelligence Directorate (Pakistan)|National Intelligence Directorate]] coordinates the information intelligence at both federal and provincial levels; including the [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]], [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|IB]], [[National Highways and Motorway Police|Motorway Police]], and [[Civil Armed Forces]] such as the [[Pakistan Rangers]] and the [[Frontier Corps]].<ref name="law">{{cite book |author=Asad Jamal |title=Police Organisations in Pakistan |year=2010 |publisher=CHRI and HRCP |isbn=978-81-88205-79-0 |pages=9–15}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan's "premier" intelligence agency, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), was formed just within a year after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947.<ref>{{cite book |author=Manoj Shrivastava |title=Re-Energising Indian Intelligence |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-82573-55-5 |page=89}}</ref> ABC News Point in 2014 reported that the ISI was ranked as the top intelligence agency in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-best-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105032641/http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-best-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2015 |title=Top 10 Best Intelligence Agencies in The World 2016 |date=15 December 2014 |work=ABC News Point |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
The court system is organised as a hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the apex, below which are high courts, [[Federal Shariat Court]]s (one in each province and one in the federal capital), [[District courts of Pakistan|district courts]] (one in each district), Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Executive Magistrate Courts, and civil courts. The [[Pakistan penal code|Penal code]] has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is largely derived from tribal customs.<ref name="law" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Faqir Hussain |title=The Judicial System Of Pakistan |url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/File/thejudicialsystemofPakistan.pdf |website=Supreme Court of Pakistan |year=2009 |pages=10–21 |access-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120305/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/File/thejudicialsystemofPakistan.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
=== Kashmir conflict === | |||
{{Main|Kashmir conflict}} | |||
[[File:Kashmir map.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.]] | |||
[[Kashmir]], a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region situated at the northernmost point of the [[Indian subcontinent]], was governed as an autonomous [[princely state]] known as [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[British Raj]] prior to the [[Partition of India]] in August 1947. Following the independence of India and Pakistan post-partition, the region became the subject of a [[Kashmir conflict|major territorial dispute]] that has hindered [[India–Pakistan relations|their bilateral relations]]. The two states have engaged each other in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|two large-scale wars]] over the region in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|1947–1948]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]]. India and Pakistan have also fought smaller-scale protracted conflicts over the region in [[Siachen conflict|1984]] and [[Kargil War|1999]].<ref name="k1"/> Approximately 45.1% of the Kashmir region is controlled by India (administratively split into [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]), which also claims the entire territory of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that is not under its control.<ref name="k1"/> India's control over Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh as well as its claim to the rest of the region has likewise been contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of the region (administratively split into [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit−Baltistan]]) and claims all of the territory under Indian control.<ref name="k1"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Sean Anderson |title=Historical dictionary of terrorism |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4101-7 |pages=347–348}}</ref> Additionally, approximately 20% of the region known as [[Aksai Chin]] and the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksgam Valley]] (since [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement|Sino-Pakistani Agreement of 1963]]) has been controlled by [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese-controlled Kashmir|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/4/21/chinese-controlled-kashmir|access-date=2021-09-07|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> The Chinese-controlled areas of Kashmir remain subject to an Indian territorial claim, but are not claimed by Pakistan. | |||
[[File:Neelum Valley, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan.jpg|left|thumb|[[Neelum District|Neelum Valley]] in [[Azad Kashmir]] is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.]] | |||
India claims the entire Kashmir region on the basis of the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]]—a legal agreement with the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that was executed by [[Maharaja Hari Singh|Hari Singh]], the [[maharaja]] of the state, who agreed to cede the entire area to newly-independent India.<ref name="Commons">{{cite web |author=Paul Bowers |title=Kashmir (House of Commons Research Paper 04/28) |date=30 March 2004 |page=46 |publisher=House of Commons Library |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf |access-date=18 April 2012}}</ref> Pakistan claims most of Kashmir on the basis of its [[Muslims|Muslim]]-majority population and of its geography, the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states.<ref>{{cite book |author=Amita Shastri |title=The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Development and Identity |year=2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-23852-0 |page=289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=du7xvBFpbg4C&pg=PA289}}<br />- {{cite book |author=Joseph J. Hobbs |title=World Regional Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC|year=2008 |publisher=Brooks Cole |isbn=978-0-495-38950-7 |page=314}}</ref> India referred the dispute to the [[United Nations]] on 1 January 1948.<ref>{{cite news |author=Auckland |title=A brief history of the Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=23 January 2012 |date=24 September 2001 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 38|resolution]] passed in 1948, the UN's [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] asked Pakistan to remove most of its military troops to set the conditions for the holding of a [[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute|plebiscite]]. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region and a [[Karachi Agreement|ceasefire]] was reached in 1949 establishing a ceasefire line known as the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) that divided Kashmir between the two states as a ''[[de facto]]'' border.<ref name="kash">{{cite web |author=International Court of Justice |year=2012 |title=Advisory Opinion on the Legal Status of Kashmir |url=http://imuna.org/nhsmun/committee/international-court-justice-2012 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011211119/http://imuna.org/nhsmun/committee/international-court-justice-2012 |publisher=[[IMUNA]]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> India, fearful that the Muslim-majority populace of Kashmir would vote to secede from India, did not allow a plebiscite to take place in the region. This was confirmed in a statement by India's Defense Minister, [[V. K. Krishna Menon|Krishna Menon]], who stated: "Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19650908&id=9wwvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7266,2323319&hl=en |title=Kashmir Old Headache For U.N. |last=Endrst |first=Jeff |date=8 September 1965 |work=The Pittsburgh Press |quote=Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri-put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because 'Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan, and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive.'|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri people]] to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations,<ref>{{cite web |author=Talat Masood |title=Pakistan's Kashmir Policy |publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program |url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/November_2006/Masood.pdf |year=2006 |page=1 |access-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119210022/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/November_2006/Masood.pdf}}</ref> while India has stated that Kashmir is an "[[Akhand Bharat|integral part]]" of India, referring to the [[Simla Agreement|1972 Simla Agreement]] and to the fact that [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir|regional elections]] take place regularly.<ref name="unhcr2009in">{{cite web |date=16 July 2009 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,ANNUALREPORT,IND,,4a6452aa2d,0.html |title=Freedom in the World 2009 – Kashmir (India) |publisher=[[UNHCR]] |access-date=1 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810222516/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CANNUALREPORT%2CIND%2C%2C4a6452aa2d%2C0.html |archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> In recent developments, certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.<ref name="k1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kashmir |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=19 December 2011 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547}}</ref> | |||
=== Law enforcement === | |||
{{Main|Law enforcement in Pakistan|Pakistani Intelligence Community}} | |||
The [[law enforcement in Pakistan]] is carried out by joint network of several federal and provincial police agencies. The [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces]] and the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] (ICT) each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction extending only to the relevant province or territory.<ref name="ciafactbook" /> At the federal level, there are a number of civilian [[Pakistan Intelligence Community|intelligence agencies]] with nationwide jurisdictions including the [[Federal Investigation Agency]] (FIA) and the [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), as well as [[National Guard (Pakistan)|National Guard]] and the [[Civil Armed Forces]] such as the [[Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts]], the [[Punjab Rangers]], and the [[Frontier Corps Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North)]]. | |||
The most senior officers of all the civilian police forces also form part of the [[Police Service of Pakistan|Police Service]], which is a component of the [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan|civil service]] of Pakistan. Namely, there is four provincial [[Police Service of Pakistan|police service]] including the [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], [[Sindh Police]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police]], and the [[Balochistan Police]]; all headed by the appointed senior [[Inspector general|Inspector-Generals]]. The ICT has its own police component, the [[Capital Territory Police|Capital Police]], to maintain [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]] in the capital. The [[Crime Investigation Department (Pakistan)|CID]] bureaus are the [[crime investigation]] unit and form a vital part in each provincial [[Police Service of Pakistan|police service]]. | |||
The [[law enforcement in Pakistan]] also has a [[National Highways & Motorway Police|Motorway Patrol]] which is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistan's inter-provincial [[Motorways of Pakistan|motorway network]]. In each of provincial [[Police Service of Pakistan|Police Service]], it also maintains a respective [[Elite Police]] units led by the [[National Counter Terrorism Authority|NACTA]]—a counter-terrorism police unit as well as providing VIP escorts. In the Punjab and Sindh, the [[Pakistan Rangers]] are an internal security force with the prime objective to provide and maintain security in war zones and areas of conflict as well as maintaining law and order which includes providing assistance to the police.<ref name="npb1">{{cite web |url=http://www.npb.gov.pk/partners/ |title=Our Partners |publisher=National Police Bureau, Government of Pakistan|access-date=1 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155449/http://www.npb.gov.pk/partners/ |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Frontier Corps]] serves the similar purpose in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], and the Balochistan.<ref name="npb1" /> | |||
===Human rights=== | |||
{{Main|Human rights in Pakistan|LGBT rights in Pakistan}} | |||
Male [[homosexuality]] is illegal in Pakistan and punishable with up to life in prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=The countries where homosexuality is still illegal |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/96298/the-countries-where-homosexuality-is-still-illegal |work=The Week |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203653/https://www.theweek.co.uk/96298/the-countries-where-homosexuality-is-still-illegal |archive-date=28 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite news |title=Home Office refused thousands of LGBT asylum claims, figures reveal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/02/home-office-refused-thousands-of-lgbt-asylum-claims-figures-reveal |work=The Guardian |date=2 September 2019}}</ref> In its 2018 [[Press Freedom Index]], [[Reporters Without Borders]] ranked Pakistan number 139 out of 180 countries based on [[freedom of the press]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking|title=2018 World Press Freedom Index|access-date=3 May 2018|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref> Television stations and newspapers are routinely shut down for publishing any reports critical of the government or the military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/06/pakistani-news-channel-geo-suspended-isi|title=Pakistani TV news channel ordered off air after criticising spy agency|author=Jon Boone|work=The Guardian|date=6 June 2014}}<br />- {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jun/09/press-freedom-pakistan|title=Intimidated journalists in Pakistan cannot exercise press freedom|author=Roy Greenslade|work=The Guardian|date=9 June 2014}}<br />- {{cite news |title=Redlining the News in Pakistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/redlining-news-pakistan |work=VOA News |date=22 September 2019}}</ref> | |||
== Military == | |||
{{Main|Pakistan Armed Forces}} | |||
<!--THIS SECTION IS A SUMMARY—PLEASE ADD NEW MATERIAL TO THE MAIN ARTICLE-->[[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|[[Pakistan Air Force]]'s [[JF-17 Thunder]] flying in front of the {{convert|26660|ft|m|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high|order=flip}} [[Nanga Parbat]]]] | |||
The armed forces of Pakistan are the [[List of countries by number of troops|sixth largest]] in the world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about 651,800 personnel on active duty and 291,000 paramilitary personnel, as of tentative estimates in 2021.<ref name="Hackett">{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|work=International Institute for Strategic Studies |editor-last1=Hackett |editor-first1=James|year=2021|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781032012278|pages=289–293}}</ref> They [[Military history of Pakistan|came into existence]] after independence in 1947, and the military establishment has frequently influenced the [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] ever since.<ref name="military" /> [[Chain of command]] of the military is kept under the control of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]; all of the branches joint works, co-ordination, military logistics, and joint missions are under the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff HQ]].<ref name="Diane Publishing Co.">{{cite book |last1=Blood |first1=Peter R. |title=Pakistan: A Country Study |date=1995 |publisher=Diane Publishing Co. |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMTO7mn7hIC&pg=PA287|page=287}}</ref> The [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff HQ]] is composed of the [[AHQ (PAF)|Air HQ]], [[NHQ (PN)|Navy HQ]], and [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] in the vicinity of the [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi Military District]].<ref name="Frankfort, IL">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=R.S.N. |title=The military factor in Pakistan |year=2008 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&pg=PA409|page=409}}</ref> | |||
The [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] is the highest [[Staff Officer|principle staff officer]] in the armed forces, and the chief military adviser to the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]] though the chairman has no authority over the three branches of armed forces.<ref name="Diane Publishing Co." /> The [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] controls the military from the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|JS HQ]] and maintains strategic communications between the military and the civilian government.<ref name="Diane Publishing Co." /> {{as of|2021}}, the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|CJCSC]] is General [[Nadeem Raza]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadeem Raza takes charge as chairman joint chiefs of staff committee|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1519257|access-date=27 May 2021|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 November 2019}}</ref> alongside [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Asim Munir (general)|Asim Munir]],<ref>{{cite news|title=General Qamar Bajwa COAS, General Zubair Hayat CJCSC|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168038-General-Qamar-Bajwa-COAS-General-Zubair-Hayat-CJCSC|access-date=9 January 2017|newspaper=[[The News International]]|date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Who is Asim Munir, Pakistan's new army chief? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/24/who-is-asim-munir-pakistans-new-army-chief |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|chief of naval staff]] [[Admiral]] [[Muhammad Amjad Khan Niazi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Admiral Amjad Khan Niazi takes over command of Pakistan Navy as new chief|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/725948-admiral-amjad-khan-niazi-takes-over-command-of-pakistan-navy-as-its-new-chief|access-date=27 May 2021|newspaper=[[The News International]]|date=7 October 2020}}</ref> and [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|chief of air staff]] [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Zaheer Ahmad Babar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Zaheer Ahmad takes over as air chief|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/807167-zaheer-ahmad-takes-over-as-air-chief|access-date=27 May 2021|newspaper=[[The News International]]|date=20 March 2021}}</ref> The main branches are the [[Pakistan Army|Army]], the [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]] and the [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]], which are supported by a large number of [[Civil Armed Forces|paramilitaries]] in the country.<ref name="china22">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Armed Forces |url=http://www.cdi.org/issues/Asia/PAKISTAN.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980210034847/http://www.cdi.org/issues/Asia/PAKISTAN.html |archive-date=10 February 1998 |publisher=Center For Defense Information|access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> Control over the [[Pakistan's nuclear testing series|strategic arsenals]], deployment, employment, development, [[Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance|military computers]] and [[Nuclear command and control|command and control]] is a responsibility vested under the [[National Command Authority (Pakistan)|National Command Authority]] which oversaw the work on the [[Nuclear Doctrine of Pakistan|nuclear policy]] as part of the credible [[N-deterrence|minimum deterrence]].<ref name="Stanford University Press" /> | |||
The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations and regularly export military equipment and [[technology transfer]] to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php |title=Importer/Exporter TIV Tables |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> Joint logistics and major [[Military exercise|war games]] are occasionally carried out by the militaries of China and Turkey.<ref name="china22" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan and China participate in drill |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/26/pak-china-participate-in-anti-terrorist-drill.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127083338/http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/26/pak-china-participate-in-anti-terrorist-drill.html |archive-date=27 November 2011|access-date=11 March 2012 |newspaper=Dawn |date=26 November 2011}}<br />- {{cite news |author=Kamran Yousaf |title=Joint military exercise: Pakistan, China begin war games near Jhelum |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/292020/joint-military-exercise-pakistan-china-begin-war-games-near-jhelum/|access-date=11 March 2012 |newspaper=Tribune |date=15 November 2011}}</ref> Philosophical basis for the [[Conscription|military draft]] is introduced by the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] in times of emergency, but it has never been imposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,CSCOAL,,PAK,,486cb123c,0.html |title=Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Pakistan |publisher=[[UNHCR]] |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=9 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119141137/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CCSCOAL%2C%2CPAK%2C%2C486cb123c%2C0.html |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
=== Military history === | |||
Since 1947, Pakistan has been involved in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|four]] [[Conventional warfare|conventional wars]] with India. The first [[Indo-Pak war of 1947]] occurred in Kashmir with Pakistan gaining control of [[Western Kashmir]], (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan), and India retaining [[Eastern Kashmir]] (Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh). Territorial problems eventually led to [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|another conventional war]] in 1965. The [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 war]] resulted in Pakistan's [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|unconditional surrender]] of East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=War History |url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=47&rnd=443 |website=Pakistan Army |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225060835/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=47&rnd=443 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries at another [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|brink of war]].<ref name="kargil" /> Since 1947 the unresolved [[Durand Line|territorial problems]] with [[Afghanistan]] saw [[Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes|border skirmishes]] which were kept mostly at the [[Afghanistan Pakistan border|mountainous border]]. In 1961, the military and [[Pakistani intelligence community|intelligence community]] repelled the [[Military history of Pakistan#Pakistan-Afghanistan border clash of 1961|Afghan incursion]] in the [[Bajaur Agency]] near the [[Durand Line]] border.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953–63 |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0025) |year=1997|access-date=6 November 2013}}<br />- {{cite book |author=Ian Talbot |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |year=1999 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-21606-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/99 99] |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/99 }}</ref> | |||
Rising tensions with neighbouring USSR in [[Soviet–Afghan War|their involvement]] in Afghanistan, [[Pakistani intelligence community]], mostly the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], [[Operation Cyclone|systematically coordinated]] the [[United States involvement in regime change|US resources]] to the [[Afghan mujahideen]] and [[Afghan Arabs|foreign fighters]] against the Soviet Union's presence in the region. Military reports indicated that the [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] was in engagement with the [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviet Air Force]], supported by the [[Afghan Air Force]] during the course of the [[Russian war in afghanistan|conflict]]; one of which belonged to [[Alexander Rutskoy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF PAF |url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/history.html |publisher=Pakistan Air Force |access-date=20 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215075643/http://www.paf.gov.pk/history.html |archive-date=15 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apart from its own conflicts, Pakistan has been an active [[United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan|participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions]]. It played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from [[Mogadishu]], Somalia, in 1993 in [[Operation Gothic Serpent]].<ref name="israel" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.pk/pakistan-army/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822072041/http://www.defence.pk/pakistan-army/ |archive-date=22 August 2013 |title=Pakistan Army |publisher=Pakistan Defense|access-date=11 March 2009}}<br />- {{cite web |title=UN Peace Keeping Missions |url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=408&rnd=497 |publisher=Pakistan Army |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224160635/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=408&rnd=497 |archive-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to UN reports, the Pakistani military is the third largest troop contributor to UN [[UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan|peacekeeping missions]] after [[Ethiopia]] and India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Contributors to United Nations peacekeeping operations |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2016/dec16_1.pdf|access-date=10 February 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1215166 |title=Pakistan's peacekeeping role highlighted |date=24 October 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Pakistan has contributed more than 160,000 troops to-date in 41 missions spread over 23 countries in almost all continents, it said. The country has remained one of the largest troop contributing countries consistently for many years.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan has [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|deployed its military]] in some [[Arab world|Arab countries]], providing defence, training, and playing advisory roles.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJQ9AAAAIAAJ|title=Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia |year=1986 |publisher=Croom Helm |isbn=978-0-7099-4823-0|pages=139–140 |author=Anthony H. Cordesman}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PR2|title=Pakistan Islamisation|date=2005 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7648-548-7|page=42|author=Bidanda M. Chengappa}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]]'s fighter pilots have voluntarily served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in [[Six-Day War|the Six-Day War]] (1967) and in the [[Yom Kippur War]] (1973). Pakistan's [[fighter pilot]]s shot down ten Israeli planes in the Six-Day War.<ref name="israel">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Armed Forces |url=http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217224910/http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm |archive-date=17 December 2001 |work=Scramble |access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> In the 1973 war, one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt. [[Sattar Alvi]] (flying a MiG-21), shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage and was honoured by the Syrian government.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PA42 |title=Pakistan: Islamisation Army And Foreign Policy |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-548-7|page=42|author=Bidanda M. Chengappa}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BYk_sXT6tsC&pg=PA39 |title=The Yom Kippur War 1973 (2): The Sinai |year=2003 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-221-0 |page=39|author=Simon Dunstan}}<br />- {{cite book |author=P.R. Kumaraswamy |title=Revisiting the Yom Kippur War |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-32895-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1TkFQgzp5cC&pg=PT75|year=2013 |page=75}}</ref> Requested by the [[Government of Saudi Arabia|Saudi monarchy]] in 1979, Pakistan's [[Special Service Group|special forces]] units, operatives, and commandos were rushed to assist [[Saudi forces]] in [[Mecca]] to [[Grand Mosque Seizure|lead the operation]] of the [[Masjid al-Haram|Grand Mosque]]. For almost two weeks Saudi Special Forces and Pakistani commandos fought the insurgents who had occupied the [[Great Mosque of Mecca|Grand Mosque]]'s compound.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nZeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=The Audacious Ascetic: What the Bin Laden Tapes Reveal About Al-Qa'ida |last=Miller |first=Flagg |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-061339-6 |quote=Not since the tenth century had such a maverick crew occupied Islam's holiest sanctuary, and for nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani and French commandos fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl9eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219|title=Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond |last=Valentine |first=Simon Ross |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-84904-616-9 |page=219}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNwzeQAHVJwC |title=Fatal Faultlines : Pakistan, Islam and the West |publisher=Arc Manor Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-60450-478-1 |location=Rockville, Maryland |page=129 |author=Irfan Husain}}</ref> In 1991, Pakistan became involved with the [[Gulf War]] and sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specifically for the defence of [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/24/MN168392.DTL&ao=all |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=24 September 2002 |title=The 1991 Gulf war|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
Despite the UN arms embargo on [[Bosnia]], General [[Javed Nasir]] of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under Nasir's leadership the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] was also involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in [[Xinjiang]] Province, rebel Muslim groups in the [[Philippines]], and some religious groups in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TINpAAAAMAAJ|title=Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history |last=Wiebes |first=Cees |publisher=LIT Verlag |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-8258-6347-0|page=195 |quote=Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the Serbs.}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-46328-3|page=148 |quote=Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.}}</ref> | |||
Since 2004, the military has been engaged in an [[war in North-West Pakistan|insurgency]] in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, mainly against the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Tehrik-i-Taliban factions]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |title=Pakistan's undeclared war|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3645114.stm |work=BBC News |date=10 September 2004 |access-date=19 October 2008}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/24/AR2006012401528.html |title=The War in Pakistan |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=25 January 2006|access-date=19 October 2008}}</ref> Major operations undertaken by the army include [[Operation Black Thunderstorm]], [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat]] and [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620145347/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07 |archive-date=20 June 2009 |title=Troops make gains in Swat and South Waziristan |date=21 June 2009 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=29 December 2011}}<br />- {{cite news |title=26 killed as troops hit Taliban hideouts in Dir |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\04\28\story_28-4-2009_pg1_3|access-date=29 December 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times |date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502160940/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C04%5C28%5Cstory_28-4-2009_pg1_3 |archive-date=2 May 2009}}</ref> | |||
According to [[SIPRI]], Pakistan was the 9th-largest recipient and importer of arms between 2012 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php |title=TOP LIST TIV TABLES |website=SIPRI}}</ref> | |||
== Economy == | |||
{{update|section|date=April 2020}} | |||
{{main|Economy of Pakistan|Economic history of Pakistan}} | |||
{{see also|Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund}} | |||
{| class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:325px" | |||
|- style="background:#f5f5f5" | |||
! colspan="3" | Economic indicators | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing Power Parity|PPP]]) || $1.254 trillion <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;"|<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPEX,PCPI,&sy=2018&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref> | |||
| [[ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal) || $284.2 billion <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> | |||
| [[ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Real GDP growth || 3.29% <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=PTI achieves lowest GDP rate of 3.29pc since 2010–11 |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469254-pti-achieves-lowest-gdp-rate-of-3-29pc-since-2010-11 |website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Consumer price index|CPI]] inflation || 10.3% <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//price_statistics/monthly_price_indices/2019/Monthly%20Review%20July%2C%20%202019.pdf|title=Price statistics – Monthly_price}}</ref> | |||
| [[ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Unemployment in Pakistan|Unemployment]] || 5.7% <small>(2018)</small>|| style="text-align:right;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN EMPLOYMENT TRENDS 2018 |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Pakistan%20Employment%20Trend%20%20Reprt%202018%20Final.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223130331/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Pakistan%20Employment%20Trend%20%20Reprt%202018%20Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| [[ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | | Labor force participation rate || 48.9% <small>(2018)</small> ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Pakistan {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=PK&name_desc=true |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[National debt of Pakistan|Total public debt]] || $106 billion <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;" | | |||
| [[ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[National wealth]] || $465 billion <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;" |<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2019.pdf |access-date=11 November 2019 |title=Global wealth databook 2019 |publisher=Credit Suisse Research Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023104250/https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2019.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=dead |date=October 2019}}</ref> | |||
| [[ | |} | ||
| [[ | |||
The economy of Pakistan is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|23rd-largest]] in the world in terms of [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), and [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|42nd-largest]] in terms of nominal [[gross domestic product]]. Economists estimate that Pakistan was part of the wealthiest [[Indian subcontinent|region]] of the world throughout the first millennium CE, with the largest economy by GDP. This advantage was lost in the 18th century as other regions such as China and Western Europe edged forward.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |title=The World Economy. A Millennial Perspective (Vol. 1). Historical Statistics (Vol. 2) |publisher=OECD |year=2006 |pages=241, 261 |isbn=978-92-64-02261-4 }}</ref> Pakistan is considered a [[developing country]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Faryal Leghari |url=http://www.grc.ae/?frm_module=contents&frm_action=detail_book&sec=Contents&override=Articles%20%3E%20GCC%20Investments%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Future%20Trends&book_id=25458&op_lang=en |title=GCC investments in Pakistan and future trends |publisher=Gulf Research Center |date=3 January 2007 |access-date=12 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111131042/http://www.grc.ae/?frm_module=contents&frm_action=detail_book&sec=Contents&override=Articles%20%3E%20GCC%20Investments%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Future%20Trends&book_id=25458&op_lang=en |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite book |title=Contextualizing Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies and Developing Countries |date=2017 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78536-753-3 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3pHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133}}</ref> and is one of the [[Next Eleven]], a group of eleven countries that, along with the [[BRIC]]s, have a high potential to become the world's largest economies in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tavia Grant |title=On 10th birthday, BRICs poised for more growth |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/daily-mix/on-10th-birthday-brics-poised-for-more-growth/article2264208/|access-date=4 January 2012 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=8 December 2011 |location=Toronto}}</ref> | |||
In recent years, after decades of social instability, {{As of|2013|lc=y}}, serious deficiencies in [[macromanagement]] and unbalanced [[macroeconomics]] in basic services such as [[Pakistan Railways|rail transportation]] and [[Electricity in Pakistan|electrical energy]] generation have developed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan, Rusting in Its Tracks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/world/asia/pakistans-railroads-sum-up-nations-woes.html|access-date=19 May 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 May 2013 |author=Declan Walsh |quote=natural disasters and entrenched insurgencies, abject poverty and feudal kleptocrats, and an economy near meltdown}}</ref> The economy is considered to be semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henneberry |first=S. |title=An analysis of industrial–agricultural interactions: A case study in Pakistan |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/175305/files/agec2000v022i001a002.pdf |journal=Agricultural Economics |volume=22 |pages=17–27 |year=2000 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00041-9}}</ref><ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=World Bank Document |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf |page=14 |year=2008 |access-date=2 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="raid">{{cite web |url=http://www.rad-aid.org/UploadedFiles/RAD-AID%20Pakistan%20Health%20Care%20Radiology%20Report%202011.pdf |title=Pakistan Country Report |website=RAD-AID |year=2010 |pages=3, 7|access-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021042/http://www.rad-aid.org/UploadedFiles/RAD-AID%20Pakistan%20Health%20Care%20Radiology%20Report%202011.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> The diversified economies of [[Economy of Karachi|Karachi]] and [[Economy of Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab's urban centres]] coexist with less-developed areas in other parts of the country, particularly in Balochistan.<ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org" /> According to the [[Economic complexity index]], Pakistan is the 67th-largest export economy in the world and the 106th-most complex economy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan |url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/pak/ |website=atlas.media.mit.edu |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318001324/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/pak/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the fiscal year 2015–16, Pakistan's exports stood at US$20.81 billion and imports at US$44.76 billion, resulting in a negative trade balance of US$23.96 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hamza |first1=Abrar |title=Pakistan's trade deficit widens to 35-year high in FY16 |url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/business/16-Jul-16/pakistans-trade-deficit-widens-to-35-year-high-in-fy16|access-date=14 February 2017 |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|location=Pakistan |date=16 July 2016}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Islamabad Stock Exchange Bull.JPG|left|thumb|Statue of a bull outside the Pakistan Stock Exchange, Islamabad, Pakistan]] | |||
{{as of|2022}}, Pakistan's estimated [[nominal GDP]] is US$376.493 billion.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects }}</ref> The GDP by [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] is US$1.512 trillion. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,658, the [[GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP)/capita]] is US$6,662 ([[international dollar]]s),<ref name="imf2" /> According to the [[World Bank]], Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan's youth provides the country with both a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pakistan/overview |title=Pakistan Overview |website=worldbank.org}}</ref> 21.04% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. The unemployment rate among the aged 15 and over population is 5.5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports |page=15 |access-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219191319/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref> Pakistan has an estimated 40 million middle class citizens, projected to increase to 100 million by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrunde/2016/02/29/us-higher-education-partnership-development-pakistan/#11d078c1d7dd |title=How U.S. Higher Education Partnerships Can Promote Development In Pakistan |website=Forbes|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> A 2015 report published by the World Bank ranked Pakistan's economy at 24th-largest<ref>{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product 2015, PPP |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> in the world by purchasing power and 41st-largest<ref>{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product 2015 |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> in absolute terms. It is South Asia's second-largest economy, representing about 15.0% of regional GDP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recent developments |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGBLPROSPECTSAPRIL/0,,contentMDK:20394787~menuPK:659178~pagePK:2470434~piPK:4977459~theSitePK:659149,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120030342/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGBLPROSPECTSAPRIL/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20394787~menuPK%3A659178~pagePK%3A2470434~piPK%3A4977459~theSitePK%3A659149%2C00.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 |publisher=World Bank |date=June 2011 |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJxFBbyVC_hs |title=Pakistan May Keep Key Rate Unchanged After Two Cuts This Year |publisher=Bloomberg |date=28 September 2009|access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202102429/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJxFBbyVC_hs |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable infobox" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Fiscal Year!!GDP growth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/Table-1.pdf|title=MACRO ECONOMIC INDICATORS|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429221940/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/Table-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>!!Inflation rate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/Economic_Indicators_2018.pdf|title=Macro economic Indicators|website=Ministry of Finance|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|2013–14||{{increase}}4.05%|| {{IncreaseNegative|10}}8.6% | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|2014–15||{{increase}}4.06%||{{DecreasePositive|10}}4.5% | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|2015–16||{{increase}}4.56%||{{DecreasePositive|10}}2.9% | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|2016–17||{{increase}}5.37%||{{IncreaseNegative|10}}4.2% | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|2017–18 | |||
| [[ | |{{increase}}5.79% | ||
| | |{{DecreasePositive|10}}3.8% | ||
|} | |||
Pakistan's economic growth since its inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods of democratic transition, but robust during the three periods of [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]], although the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was not formed.<ref name="ChowdhuryMahmud2008" /> The early to middle 2000s was a period of [[Economic liberalisation in Pakistan|rapid economic reforms]]; the government raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%.<ref name="ciafactbook" /><ref name="JohnWall2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20918063~menuPK:293074~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:293052,00.html |title=Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006 |author=John Wall |publisher=World Bank |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311081830/http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20918063~menuPK:293074~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:293052,00.html |archive-date=11 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The economy cooled again from 2007.<ref name="ciafactbook" /> Inflation reached 25.0% in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |author=Sajid Chaudhry |title=Inflation Outlook 2008–09 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\01\17\story_17-1-2009_pg5_2|access-date=30 December 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times |date=17 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111205343/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C01%5C17%5Cstory_17-1-2009_pg5_2 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> and Pakistan had to depend on a fiscal policy backed by the [[International Monetary Fund]] to avoid possible bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/3147266/Pakistan-facing-bankruptcy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007093145/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/3147266/Pakistan-facing-bankruptcy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2008 |title=Pakistan facing bankruptcy—Telegraph|access-date=6 October 2008 |author=Isambard Wilkinson |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=6 October 2008}}</ref> A year later, the [[Asian Development Bank]] reported that Pakistan's economic crisis was easing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aaj.tv/2009/09/pakistans-economic-crisis-eases-in-2009-adb/ |title=Pakistan's economic crisis eases in 2009: ADB |work=AAJ News |agency=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193451/http://aaj.tv/2009/09/pakistans-economic-crisis-eases-in-2009-adb/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The inflation rate for the fiscal year {{nowrap|2010–11}} was 14.1%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Force Survey 2010–11 |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2010_11/results.pdf |publisher=Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan |year=2011 |page=12 |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425011532/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2010_11/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2013, as part of an [[International Monetary Fund]] program, Pakistan's economic growth has picked up. In 2014 [[Goldman Sachs]] predicted that Pakistan's economy would grow 15 times in the next 35 years to become the 18th-largest economy in the world by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/660936/global-ranking-pakistan-billed-to-become-18th-largest-economy-by-2050/ |title=Global ranking: Pakistan billed to become 18th largest economy by 2050 – The Express Tribune |website=The Express Tribune|access-date=4 March 2016|date=20 January 2014 }}</ref> In his 2016 book, ''The Rise and Fall of Nations'', [[Ruchir Sharma]] termed Pakistan's economy as at a 'take-off' stage and the future outlook until 2020 has been termed 'Very Good'. Sharma termed it possible to transform Pakistan from a "low-income to a middle-income country during the next five years".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/pakistans-economy-ready-takeoff/#.V9_EsZN95Z3 |title=Pakistan's economy ready for takeoff |work=[[The News International|The News on Sunday]] |access-date=7 November 2016|date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806060828/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/pakistans-economy-ready-takeoff/#.V9_EsZN95Z3|archive-date=6 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" | |||
! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world GDP (PPP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=513%2C273%2C223%2C564%2C924%2C456%2C644%2C536%2C429%2C582&s=PPPSH&grp=0&a=&pr.x=25&pr.y=10|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year | ||
| | ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:left;"|1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.54% | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:left;"|1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.72% | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|2000 | |||
| | | style="text-align:right;"|0.74% | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|2010 | |||
| | | style="text-align:right;"|0.79% | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:left;" |2017 || style="text-align:right;" |0.83% | |||
|} | |} | ||
== | Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its [[Labour force of Pakistan|labour market]] is the 10th-largest in the world. The 7-million–strong [[Pakistani diaspora]] contributed US$19.9 billion to the economy in 2015–16.<ref name="remit">{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Shahid |title=$20 billion remittances received in FY16 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1271081|access-date=20 February 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="overseaspakistanis1">{{cite web |url=http://www.overseaspakistanis.net/category/op-news/page/2/ |title=OP News Discussions Archives |publisher=Overseaspakistanis.net |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070343/https://www.overseaspakistanis.net/category/op-news/page/2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Homeremit.pdf |title=Pakistan | State Bank of Pakistan |publisher=sbp.org|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan are: the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]; the United States; Saudi Arabia; the Gulf states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman); Australia; Canada; Japan; the United Kingdom; Norway; and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\02\11\story_11-2-2010_pg5_3 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |newspaper=Daily Times |date=11 February 2010|access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611043330/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C02%5C11%5Cstory_11-2-2010_pg5_3 |archive-date=11 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="young">{{cite web |author=N.S. Nizami |title=Population, Labour Force and Employment |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/16_Population.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Pakistan |year=2010 |pages=1, 2, 9, 12, 20 |access-date=18 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929144355/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/16_Population.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the [[World Trade Organization]], Pakistan's share of overall world exports is declining; it contributed only 0.13% in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |author=Yasir kamal |title=Understanding Pakistan's Exports Flows: Results from Gravity Model Estimation |url=http://www.pitad.org.pk/indexP.php?type=completed-studies |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Trade and Development|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> | ||
{{ | |||
{{ | |||
=== Agriculture and primary sector === | |||
{{Main|Agriculture in Pakistan|Fuel extraction in Pakistan|Mining in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Pakistan Chrome Mines20120126 16100237 0003.jpg|thumb|left|[[Surface mining]] in [[Sindh]]. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by ''[[Forbes]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=US needs to look at Pakistan in a broader way, not just through security prism: Forbes report |website=[[Pakistan Today]] |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/04/city/islamabad/us-needs-to-look-at-pakistan-in-a-broader-way-not-just-through-security-prism-forbes-report/ |access-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100811/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/04/city/islamabad/us-needs-to-look-at-pakistan-in-a-broader-way-not-just-through-security-prism-forbes-report/}}</ref>]] | |||
The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from [[Agriculture in Pakistan|a mainly agricultural]] to a strong service base. Agriculture {{As of|2015|lc=y}} accounts for only 20.9% of the GDP.<ref name="DSEC">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2014–15 |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_15/Highlights.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Finance|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> Even so, according to the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/departments/stats/PakEconomy_HandBook/Chap-1.2.pdf |title=Sectoral Share in Gross Domestic Product |year=2010 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Statistics |page=10|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, is dependent on this sector. It accounts for 43.5% of employed labour force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.<ref name="DSEC" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/agriculture-statistics |title=Agriculture Statistics {{!}} Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|website=www.pbs.gov.pk|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> | |||
The | A large portion of the country's manufactured exports is dependent on raw materials such as cotton and hides that are part of the agriculture sector, while supply shortages and market disruptions in farm products do push up inflationary pressures. The country is also the fifth-largest producer of cotton, with cotton production of 14 million bales from a modest beginning of 1.7 million bales in the early 1950s; is self-sufficient in sugarcane; and is the fourth-largest producer in the world of milk. Land and water resources have not risen proportionately, but the increases have taken place mainly due to gains in labour and agriculture productivity. The major breakthrough in crop production took place in the late 1960s and 1970s due to the [[Green Revolution]] that made a significant contribution to land and yield increases of wheat and rice. Private tube wells led to a 50 percent increase in the cropping intensity which was augmented by tractor cultivation. While the tube wells raised crop yields by 50 percent, the High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice led to a 50–60 percent higher yield.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:NnB-wi4YIZYJ:https://ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/speeches/New/AgricultureSector_Issues_n_Prospects.docx+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au |title=AGRICULTURE SECTOR: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/03_Manufacturing.pdf |title=Manufacturing in Pakistan |publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> | ||
== | === Industry === | ||
[[File: | {{Main|Industry of Pakistan}} | ||
{{ | {{See also|Textile industry in Pakistan}} | ||
[[File:Tv Assembly Line 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Television assembly factory in [[Lahore]]. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by [[small and medium-sized enterprises]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/industry |title=Industry |publisher= Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|website=www.pbs.gov.pk|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>]] | |||
Industry is the second-largest sector of the economy, accounting for 19.74% of gross domestic product (GDP), and 24 percent of total employment. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM), at 12.2% of GDP, dominates the overall sector, accounting for 66% of the sectoral share, followed by small-scale manufacturing, which accounts for 4.9% of total GDP. Pakistan's cement industry is also fast growing mainly because of demand from [[Afghanistan]] and from the domestic real estate sector. In 2013 Pakistan exported 7,708,557 [[metric tons]] of cement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apcma.com/data_export.html |title=All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association Export Data |publisher=Apcma.com|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Pakistan has an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons of cement and 42,636,428 metric tons of clinker. In 2012 and 2013, the cement industry in Pakistan became the most profitable sector of the economy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhutta |first=Zafar |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/552042/cant-get-enough-soaring-profits-not-enough-for-cement-industry/ |title=Can't get enough: Soaring profits not enough for cement industry |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date=21 May 2013|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> | |||
The [[Textile industry in Pakistan|textile industry]] has a pivotal position in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. In Asia, Pakistan is the eighth-largest exporter of textile products, contributing 9.5% to the GDP and providing employment to around 15 million people (some 30% of the 49 million people in the workforce). Pakistan is the fourth-largest producer of cotton with the third-largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, contributing 5% to the global spinning capacity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Statistics on textile industry in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/522292/statistics-on-textile-industry-in-pakistan/|access-date=4 March 2017 |work=[[Express Tribune]] |date=18 March 2013}}</ref> China is the second largest buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion of textiles last fiscal. Unlike the US, where mostly value-added textiles are imported, China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric from Pakistan. In 2012, Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3% or US$1.07bn of all UK textile imports, 12.4% or $4.61bn of total Chinese textile imports, 3.0% of all US textile imports ($2,980 million), 1.6% of total German textile imports ($880 million) and 0.7% of total Indian textile imports ($888 million).<ref>{{cite news |last=Baig |first=Khurram |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/522293/anatomy-of-an-indispensable-sector-why-the-pakistan-textile-industry-cannot-die/ |title=Why the Pakistan textile industry cannot die |work=[[Express Tribune]] |date=18 March 2013|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> | |||
=== Services === | |||
{{main|Real estate in Pakistan|Information technology in Pakistan|Banking in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg|thumb|Rising skyline of [[Karachi]], with several under construction skyscrapers|upright=1.3]] | |||
}}</ref> | As of 2014–15, the services sector makes up 58.8% of GDP<ref name="DSEC" /> and has emerged as the main driver of economic growth.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/483436/the-unparalleled-growth-of-the-services-sector/ |title=The unparalleled growth of the services sector |work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Pakistani society like other developing countries is a consumption oriented society, having a high marginal propensity to consume. The growth rate of services sector is higher than the growth rate of agriculture and industrial sector. Services sector accounts for 54 percent of GDP in 2014 and little over one-third of total employment. Services sector has strong linkages with other sectors of economy; it provides essential inputs to agriculture sector and manufacturing sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-79.pdf |title=Contribution of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Pakistan's I.T sector is regarded as among the fastest growing sector's in Pakistan. The [[World Economic Forum]], assessing the development of Information and Communication Technology in the country ranked Pakistan 110th among 139 countries on the 'Networked Readiness Index 2016'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan most affordable country in world for telecom, ICT services: WEF |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1219605/pakistan-affordable-country-world-telecom-ict-services-wef/|access-date=5 March 2017 |work=[[Express Tribune]] |date=4 November 2016}}</ref> | ||
{{As of|May 2020}}, Pakistan has about 82 million internet users, making it the [[List of countries by number of Internet users|9th-largest population]] of Internet users in the world.<ref name="PTD">{{cite web |url=https://www.pta.gov.pk/en/telecom-indicators|title=Telecom Indicators |website=PTA}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-pakistan|title=Digital 2020: Pakistan |website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights|date=18 February 2020 }}</ref> The current growth rate and employment trend indicate that Pakistan's Information Communication Technology (ICT) industry will exceed the $10-billion mark by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/738036/upward-move-pakistans-ict-sector-to-cross-10b-mark-says-psha/ |title=Upward move: Pakistan's ICT sector to cross $10b mark, says P@SHA |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The sector employees 12,000 and count's among top five freelancing nations.<ref>{{cite report |date=7 July 2014 |title=Pakistan Startup Report |url=http://www.slideshare.net/WorldStartupReport/pakistan-startup-report |author1=Adam Dowood |author2=Bowei Goi}}<br/>- {{cite web |title=Pakistan: The Next Colombia Success Story? |website=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrunde/2015/08/03/pakistan-the-next-colombia-success-story/#2720446a3b60 |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The country has also improved its export performance in telecom, computer and information services, as the share of their exports surged from 8.2pc in 2005–06 to 12.6pc in 2012–13. This growth is much better than that of China, whose share in services exports was 3pc and 7.7pc for the same period, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatti |first=Muhammad Umer Saleem |date=22 June 2015 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1189624 |title=Services sector: domestic and outward growth |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> | |||
=== Tourism === | |||
{{main|Tourism in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Lake-saif-ul-malook Pakistan.jpg|[[Lake Saiful Muluk]], located at the northern end of the [[Kaghan Valley]], near the town of [[Naran, Kaghan Valley|Naran]], in the [[Saiful Muluk National Park]]|thumb]] | |||
[[File:Rakaposhi,_Nagar_GB_(Pakistan).jpg|left|thumb|The {{convert|7788|m|ft|-tall|adj=mid}} [[Rakaposhi]] mountain towers over [[Hunza Valley]]]] | |||
With its diverse cultures, people, and landscapes, Pakistan attracted around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Junaidi |first=Ikram |title=Tourist traffic witnesses sharp increase in five years |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1508132 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=30 September 2019}}</ref> which represented a significant decline since the 1970s when the country received unprecedented numbers of foreign tourists due to the popular [[Hippie trail]]. The trail attracted thousands of Europeans and Americans in the 1960s and 1970s who travelled via land through Turkey and Iran into India through Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Gregory |website=www.richardgregory.org.uk |url=http://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm |access-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728045152/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm |archive-date=28 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Northern Pakistan]] is well-known for its scenic beauty and several highest peaks of the world. The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the [[Khyber Pass]], [[Peshawar]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]] and [[Rawalpindi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paracha |first1=Nadeem F. |date=25 August 2011 |title=Karachi: The past is another city |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/654449/karachi-the-past-is-another-city|access-date=24 February 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> The numbers following the trail declined after the [[Iranian Revolution]] and the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christian-caryl/strange-rebels-excerpt_b_3427854.html |title=When Afghanistan Was Just a Stop on the 'Hippie Trail' |last=Caryl |first=Christian |date=12 June 2013 |website=The Huffington Post|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan's tourist attractions range from the [[Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves|mangroves]] in the south to the Himalayan [[List of hill stations of Pakistan|hill stations]] in the north-east. The country's tourist destinations range from the Buddhist ruins of [[Takht-i-Bahi]] and [[Taxila]], to the 5,000-year-old cities of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] such as [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/76d57272-6764-11de-925f-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/76d57272-6764-11de-925f-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=The road between China and Pakistan |website=[[Financial Times]] |date=4 July 2009|access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> Pakistan is home to several [[Mountain ranges of Pakistan|mountain peaks]] over {{convert|7,000|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=5 Pakistani peaks that are among world's highest |url=http://nation.com.pk/entertainment/11-Dec-2015/5-pakistani-peaks-that-are-among-world-s-highest|access-date=9 January 2017 |magazine=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |date=11 December 2015 |quote=Pakistan is home to 108 peaks above 7,000 metres and probably as many peaks above 6,000 m.}}</ref> The northern part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, examples of ancient architecture, and the [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] and Chitral valleys, home to the small pre-Islamic [[Kalash people|Kalasha]] community claiming descent from Alexander the Great.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html|title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due|last=Bezhan|first=Frud|date=19 April 2017|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|access-date=11 July 2017|quote=About half of the Kalash practice a form of ancient Hinduism infused with old pagan and animist beliefs.}}</ref> Pakistan's cultural capital, Lahore, contains many examples of [[Mughal architecture]] such as the [[Badshahi Masjid]], the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]], the [[Tomb of Jahangir]], and the [[Lahore Fort]]. | |||
In October 2006, just one year after the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' released what it described as "The top five tourist sites in Pakistan" in order to help the country's tourism industry.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Out of the rubble |first=Antonia |last=Windsor |date=17 October 2006|access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> The five sites included [[Taxila]], [[Lahore]], the [[Karakoram Highway]], [[Karimabad (Hunza)|Karimabad]], and [[Lake Saiful Muluk]]. To promote Pakistan's unique cultural heritage, the government organises various festivals throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/fairs_festivals.html |title=Tourism Events in Pakistan in 2010 |publisher=Tourism.gov.pk |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209103944/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/fairs_festivals.html |archive-date=9 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, the [[World Economic Forum]]'s Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Pakistan 125 out of 141 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_Report_2015.pdf |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> | |||
== Infrastructure == | |||
{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan}} | |||
Pakistan was recognised as the best country for infrastructure development in South Asia during the [[International Monetary Fund|IWF]] and World Bank annual meetings in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://embassyofpakistanusa.org/press-releases-10-09-2016/|title=Pakistan has been recognized as Best Country for Infrastructure Development in South Asia by the Emerging Markets, the newspaper of the IMF/World Bank Annual Meeting – Embassy of Pakistan, Washington D.C}}</ref> | |||
=== Nuclear power and energy === | |||
{{Main|Nuclear power in Pakistan|Energy in Pakistan|Electricity sector in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Tarbela Dam during the 2010 floods.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tarbela Dam]], the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.]] | |||
As of May 2021, [[nuclear power in Pakistan|nuclear power]] is provided by six licensed commercial [[nuclear power plants]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's largest Chinese-built nuclear plant to start operating|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/pakistans-largest-chinese-built-nuclear-plant-start-operating-2021-05-21/|access-date=18 June 2021 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=21 May 2021}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) is solely responsible for operating these power plants, while the [[Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority]] regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-np.htm |title=Nuclear Power Generation Programme |last=(PAEC) |first=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |author-link=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |publisher=PAEC |website=Government of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209020648/http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-np.htm |archive-date=9 February 2005|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> The [[Electricity generation|electricity generated]] by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly 5.8% of Pakistan's electrical energy, compared to 64.2% from [[fossil fuel]]s ([[crude oil]] and natural gas), 29.9% from [[hydroelectric power]], and 0.1% from [[Coal power plant|coal]].<ref name="Express Tribune, 2014">{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Zahir |title=Pakistan's energy security |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/655573/pakistans-energy-security/|access-date=23 February 2015 |quote=Special report on Energy security efforts in Pakistan |work=Express Tribune |date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Syed Yousaf |first=Raza |title=Current Picture of Electrical Energy In Pakistan |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:T4QW3douApsJ:www.iaea.org/INPRO/4th_Dialogue_Forum/DAY_3_01_August-ready/2._-_DG-C3-4-31-07-2012.pdf+pakistan+nuclear+power+program+2050&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjUcYBzrkzBdSSwbflDwBpLkLAkFaFROisP_jK3E3S97aqHY9tMS-It6gaYDd-q4lZP8BEuD6e4C5E91EnlkiSKIw-JbWuYsNwjNNC1f1Nxyw9D0Ib_V424k5ghsCazU80qDKfF&sig=AHIEtbRAsJSVdJ36dVxzvdggw_Xz16RLGg |website=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |publisher=Directorate-General for Nuclear Power Generation|access-date=28 November 2012 |date=31 July 2012}}<br />- {{cite news |last=Zulfikar |first=Saman |title=Pak-China energy cooperation |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=109910 |access-date=23 April 2012 |newspaper=Pakistan Observer |date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927072914/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=109910 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Pakistan is one of the four [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear armed states]] (along with India, Israel, and [[North Korea]]) that is not a party to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], but it is a member in good standing of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=IAEA Publications: Pakistan Overview |url=http://ola.iaea.org/factSheets/CountryDetails.asp?country=PK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612063504/http://ola.iaea.org/factSheets/CountryDetails.asp?country=PK |archive-date=12 June 2007 |website=IAEA, P.O. Box 100, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria |publisher=IAEA Membership states|access-date=17 April 2012}}<br />- {{cite news |last=Associate Press of Pakistan (APP) |title=IAEA declares nuclear energy programme safe |url=http://dawn.com/2011/04/25/iaea-declares-pakistan-nuclear-program-safe/ |access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=Dawn Newspapers, 25 April 2011 |date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625232049/http://dawn.com/2011/04/25/iaea-declares-pakistan-nuclear-program-safe/ |archive-date=25 June 2012}}<br />- {{cite news |last=Dahl |first=Fredrik |title=Nuclear-armed Pakistan chairs board of U.N. atom body |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-51762220100927?edition-redirect=in|access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=Reuters, Vienna |date=27 September 2010 |quote="Pakistan is a long-standing and "very law-abiding" member of the IAEA, got no opposition from any side at all}}</ref> | |||
The [[Karachi Nuclear Power Plant|KANUPP-I]], a [[CANDU reactor|Candu-type]] nuclear reactor, was supplied by Canada in 1971—the country's first commercial [[nuclear power plant]]. The Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation began in the early 1980s. After a Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation agreement in 1986,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bartholomew |first=Carolyn |title=Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZfpbEaitBwC&pg=PA212|publisher=Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-2600-2 |date=March 2010}}</ref> China provided Pakistan with a nuclear reactor dubbed [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|CHASNUPP-I]] for energy and the industrial growth of the country. In 2005 both countries proposed working on a joint energy security plan, calling for a huge increase in generation capacity to more than 160,000 [[Megawatt|MWe]] by 2030. Under its Nuclear Energy Vision 2050, the Pakistani government plans to increase nuclear power generation capacity to 40,000 [[Megawatt|MWe]],<ref>{{cite news |title=PAEC plans 40,000MW by 2050 using environment-friendly nuclear power |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14698-paec-plans-40000mw-by-2050-using-environment-friendly-nuclear-power|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=[[The News International]] |date=17 September 2015}}</ref> 8,900 [[Megawatt|MWe]] of it by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |last=Syed |first=Baqir Sajjad |title=8,900MW nuclear power generation planned |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1077816|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 January 2014}}<br />- {{cite journal |last=Ijaz |first=Muhammad, Director of Scientific Information and Public Relation (SIPR) |title=PAEC assigned 8,800 MWe nuclear power target by 2030:PAEC contributing to socio-economic uplift of the country |journal=PakAtom Newsletter |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–8 |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/p-nd10.pdf}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[File:Jhimpir Wind Farm 2012.jpg|thumb| | |||
Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of [[renewable energy]] for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 10,000 megawatts of renewable energy by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1218970/exclusive-club-nations-pakistan-producing-1000mw-clean-energy/ |title=Pakistan producing more than 1,000MW of clean energy |date=3 November 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>|left]]In June 2008 the nuclear [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|commercial complex]] was expanded with the ground work of installing and operationalising the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|Chashma-III]] and [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|Chashma–IV]] reactors at [[Chashma, Pakistan|Chashma]], [[Punjab (Pakistani province)|Punjab Province]], each with 325–340 MWe and costing [[Pakistani rupee|₨]] 129 billion; from which the [[Pakistani rupee|₨]] 80 billion came from international sources, principally China. A further agreement for China's help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|US–India agreement]] that shortly preceded it. The cost quoted then was US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan component of US$1.07 billion. In 2013 Pakistan established a second commercial [[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex|nuclear complex]] in [[Karachi]] with plans of additional reactors, similar to the one in [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|Chashma]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhutta |first1=Zafar |title=Govt to kick off work on 1,100MW nuclear power plant |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/559885/govt-to-kick-off-work-on-1100mw-nuclear-power-plant/|access-date=19 January 2015 |agency=Express Tribune |date=7 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Electricity in Pakistan|electrical energy]] is generated by various [[List of electric supply companies in Pakistan|energy corporations]] and evenly distributed by the [[National Electric Power Regulatory Authority]] (NEPRA) among the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]]. However, the [[Karachi]]-based [[K-Electric]] and the [[Water and Power Development Authority]] (WAPDA) generates much of the electrical energy used in Pakistan in addition to gathering revenue nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Sector Situation in Pakistan |url=http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf|access-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124180708/http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |website=Alternate Energy Development Board and GTZ |year=2005 |page=1}}</ref> In 2014, Pakistan had an installed [[electricity generation]] capacity of ~22,797{{small|[[Megawatt|MWt]]}}.<ref name="Express Tribune, 2014" /> | |||
=== Transport === | |||
{{main|Transport in Pakistan}} | |||
The transport industry accounts for ~10.5% of the nation's GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.worldbank.org/7CYYM39VG0 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100816122426/http://go.worldbank.org/7CYYM39VG0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2010 |title=Transportation in Pakistan |year=2011 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref> | |||
====Motorways==== | |||
{{main|Motorways of Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:M2-Motorway.jpg|thumb|The motorway passes through the [[Salt Range]] mountains.]] | |||
Motorways of Pakistan are a network of multiple-lane, high-speed, [[controlled-access highway]]s in Pakistan, which are owned, maintained, and operated federally by Pakistan's [[National Highway Authority]]. As of 20 February 2020, 1882 km of motorways are operational, while an additional 1854 km are under construction or planned. All motorways in Pakistan are pre-fixed with the letter 'M' (for "Motorway") followed by the unique numerical designation of the specific highway (with a hyphen in the middle), e.g. "M-1".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nha.gov.pk/en/|title=National Highways Authority – Committed to Excellence|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225171644/http://nha.gov.pk/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan's motorways are an important part of Pakistan's "National Trade Corridor Project",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/81261/40075-pak-seia-0.pdf|title=Proposed Multitranche Financing Facility Pakistan: National Trade Corridor Highway Investment Program|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank|ADB]]|date=April 2007|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> which aims to link Pakistan's three [[Arabian Sea]] ports ([[Karachi Port]], [[Port Bin Qasim]] and [[Gwadar Port]]) to the rest of the country through its national highways and motorways network and further north with [[Afghanistan]], [[Central Asia]] and China. The project was planned in 1990. The [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]] project aims to link [[Gwadar Port]] and [[Kashgar]] (China) using Pakistani motorways, [[National Highways of Pakistan|national highways]], and [[Expressways of Pakistan|expressways]]. | |||
====Highways==== | |||
{{See also|National Highways of Pakistan}} | |||
Highways form the backbone of Pakistan's transport system; a total road length of {{convert|263,942|km|mi|abbr=off}} accounts for 92% of passengers and 96% of inland freight traffic. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the [[Privatization in Pakistan|private sector]]. The National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north–south links connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]. Although this network only accounts for 4.6% of total road length,<ref name="DSEC" /> it carries 85% of the country's traffic.<ref name="pc">{{cite web |author=Ahmed Jamal Pirzada |title=Draft: Role of Connectivity in Growth Strategy of Pakistan |url=http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/role%20of%20connectivity%20in%20growth%20strategy%20of%20pakistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421064636/http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/role%20of%20connectivity%20in%20growth%20strategy%20of%20pakistan.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2012 |year=2011 |publisher=Planning Commission, Pakistan |pages=4, 7, 9|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Highway Development Sector Investment Program |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/37559-PAK-RRP.pdf |publisher=Asian Development Bank |year=2005 |pages=11, 12|access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007150953/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/37559-PAK-RRP.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2007}}</ref> | |||
====Railways==== | |||
{{See also|List of railway stations in Pakistan}}[[File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img54 Cantonment Railway Station.jpg|[[Karachi Cantonment railway station]]|thumb]] | |||
The [[Pakistan Railways]], under the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Ministry of Railways]] (MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until the 1970s the [[Pakistan Railways|train system]] was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national highways and the [[economic boom]] of the [[Cars in Pakistan|automotive industry]]. Beginning in the 1990s there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after the introduction of [[Automotive industry in Pakistan|vehicles]] in the country. Now the railway's share of inland traffic is below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic.<ref name="DSEC" /> As personal transportation began to be dominated by the automobile, total rail track decreased from {{convert|8,775|km|abbr=off}} in 1990–91 to {{convert|7,791|km|abbr=off}} in 2011.<ref name="pc" /><ref name="nation">{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Pakistan.html |website=Encyclopedia Nation|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref> Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost [[Foreign trade of Pakistan|foreign trade]] with China, Iran, and Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |author=Syed Fazl-e-Haider |title=China-Pakistan rail link on horizon |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IB24Df02.html |access-date=31 December 2011|date=24 February 2007|url-status=unfit|archive-date=26 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226192640/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IB24Df02.html |newspaper=Asia Times Online}}<br/>- {{cite news |title=Pakistan-Turkey rail trial starts |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8201934.stm|access-date=13 March 2012 |date=14 August 2009}}</ref> | |||
====Airports==== | |||
{{Main|List of airports in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:PIA rendezvous-edit.jpg|thumb|[[Boeing 737]] owned and operated by [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) at [[Skardu International Airport]]]] | |||
There are an estimated 151 airports and airfields in Pakistan as of 2013—including both the military and the mostly publicly owned [[Civil Aviation Authority (Pakistan)|civilian]] airports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=Airports – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> Although [[Jinnah International Airport]] is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the international airports in [[Allama Iqbal International Airport|Lahore]], [[Islamabad International Airport|Islamabad]], [[Peshawar International Airport|Peshawar]], [[Quetta International Airport|Quetta]], [[Faisalabad International Airport|Faisalabad]], [[Sialkot International Airport|Sialkot]], and [[Multan International Airport|Multan]] also handle significant amounts of traffic. | |||
The [[List of airlines of Pakistan|civil aviation industry]] is mixed with [[Nationalization in Pakistan|public]] and [[Privatization in Pakistan|private]] sectors, which was [[Privatization in Pakistan|deregulated]] in 1993. While the [[State owned enterprises|state-owned]] [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) is the major and dominant air carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight, the private airlines such as [[Airblue|airBlue]] and [[Air Indus]], also provide similar services at a [[Low cost carrier|low cost]]. | |||
====Seaports==== | |||
[[File:Karachi Seaport.jpg|[[Port of Karachi]] is one of [[South Asia]]'s largest and busiest deep-water [[Port|seaports]], handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum).|thumb|left]] | |||
Major seaports are in [[Karachi]], Sindh (the [[Port of Karachi|Karachi port]], [[Port Qasim]]).<ref name="pc" /><ref name="nation" /> Since the 1990s some seaport operations have been moved to [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] with the construction of [[Gwadar port|Gwadar Port]], [[Port of Pasni]] and [[Gadani ship-breaking yard|Gadani Port]].<ref name="pc" /><ref name="nation" /> [[Gwadar Port]] is the [[Deep water port|deepest sea port]] of the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=GWADAR PORT PAKISTAN |url=http://www.gwadarinfo.com/port.php |website=www.gwadarinfo.com |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830064514/http://www.gwadarinfo.com/port.php |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the [[World Economic Forum|WEF's]] Global Competitiveness Report, quality ratings of Pakistan's port infrastructure increased from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quality of port infrastructure, WEF |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.WEF.PORT.XQ|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> | |||
====Metro==== | |||
{{Main|List of rapid transit systems in Pakistan}} | |||
=====Metro Train===== | |||
[[File:The Red Metro Bus in Blue Area.jpg|thumb|Track of [[Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metrobus]] with adjoining station]] | |||
*The [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line Metro Train]] is an automated [[rapid transit]] system in [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2014-05-23|title=Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan's first metro train|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train|access-date=2022-04-12|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines part for the [[Lahore Metro]]. The line spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} with {{convert|25.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} elevated and {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} underground and has a cost of 251.06 billion Rupees ($1.6 billion).<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The line consists of 26 subway stations and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. The line became operational on 25 October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 October 2020|work=Daily Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> | |||
=====Metro Bus and BRTs===== | |||
*[[Lahore Metrobus]] is a [[bus rapid transit]] service operating in the city of [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|title=Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport|website=pakvisit.com|access-date=9 June 2018|archive-date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609002127/http://www.pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Metrobus network's first phase was opened in February 2013. It was the first Metro bus system in Pakistan. | |||
*[[Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus]] is a {{convert|48.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} [[bus rapid transit]] system operating in the [[Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area]]. The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between [[Pak Secretariat]], in [[Islamabad]], and [[Saddar, Rawalpindi|Saddar]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the [[Peshawar Morr Interchange]] and [[New Islamabad International Airport]] and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022.<ref name="Orange line trial run">{{Cite news|url=https://www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/|title=Islamabad Starts Trial of Orange Line Metro Bus Service|date=2022-04-16|work=INCPAK|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="PM Shehbaz Sharif inaugurates metrobus service">{{Cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad|title=PM Shehbaz Sharif confident his 'speedy work' will frighten ex-premier Imran Khan|date=2022-04-18|work=GEO News|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref> The system uses e-ticketing and an [[Intelligent Transportation System]] and is managed by the [[Punjab Mass Transit Authority]]. | |||
*[[Multan Metrobus]] is a [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) system in [[Multan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/national/06-Jun-2014/work-on-multan-metro-bus-to-begin-on-august-14 |title= Work on Multan Metro Bus to Begin on August 14|newspaper= The Nation|access-date= 30 January 2018}}</ref> Construction on the line began in May 2015, while operations commenced on 24 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1310439/this-is-naya-pakistan-pm-inaugurates-rs29bn-metro-bus-project-in-multan|title= Prime Minister inaugurates Multan Metrobus|newspaper= Dawn News|date= 24 January 2017|access-date= 24 January 2018}}</ref> | |||
*[[Peshawar Metrobus|Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit]] (Peshawar BRT) is a [[bus rapid transit]] system in [[Peshawar]], capital of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province. The construction of the project was started in October 2017 and was inaugurated on 13 August 2020, it is the fourth BRT system in Pakistan. | |||
*[[Green Line - Karachi Metrobus|Green Line Metrobus]] is the first phase of [[Karachi Metrobus]] that has been operational since 25 December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Imran inaugurates Karachi's much-awaited Green Line bus service |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1663004/pm-imran-inaugurates-karachis-much-awaited-green-line-bus-service |work=Dawn |date=10 December 2021|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> The [[Government of Pakistan]] financed the majority of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1055243/ground-breaking-ceremony-green-line-brt-finally-gets-go-ahead/|title=Ground-breaking ceremony: Green Line BRT finally gets go-ahead – The Express Tribune|date=26 February 2016|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> Construction of the Green Line began on 26 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1241849|title=Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz|last=Dawn.com|date=26 February 2016|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> | |||
*Faisalabad shuttle train service and [[Faisalabad Metrobus]] are the proposed rapid transit projects in the city of [[Faisalabad]]. These projects are the part of a mega-project of [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/542890/special-shuttle-train-service-to-be-launched-for-workers-of-cpec-sez/|title=Special shuttle train service to be launched for workers of CPEC SEZ|date=20 January 2020|website=Daily Times}}<br />- {{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/17091/cm-to-take-metro-bus-to-faisalabad/|title=CM to take metro bus to Faisalabad – Daily Times|date=15 April 2017|work=Daily Times|access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> | |||
=====Other Systems===== | |||
*[[Karachi Circular Railway]] is a partially active regional [[public transport|public transit system]] in Karachi, which serves the [[Karachi District|Karachi metropolitan area]]. KCR was fully operational between 1969 and 1999. Since 2001, restoration of the railway and restarting the system had been sought.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nation.com.pk/10-Aug-2020/chairman-railways-visits-kcr-track |title=Chairman Railways visits KCR track |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=10 August 2020 |work=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]] |access-date=12 January 2021}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260409/supreme-court-gives-four-more-months-to-overhaul-railways |title=Supreme Court gives four more months to overhaul railways |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=20 August 2020 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> In November 2020, the KCR partially revived operations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1591237/karachi-circular-railway-begins-partial-operations-today |title=Karachi Circular Railway begins partial operations |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=19 November 2020 |work=[[Dawn News]] |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> | |||
*A [[Mohamedali Tramways Company|tramway service]] was started in 1884 in [[Karachi]] but was closed in 1975 due to various factors.<ref>{{cite news|title=OLMT project to face further delay|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941286/1-olmt-project-face-delay/|access-date=2 April 2019|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|author=Adnan, Imran|date=1 April 2019|quote=As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.}}<br />- {{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|access-date=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016|quote=Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.}}</ref> The [[Sindh Government]] is planning to restart the tramway services in the city, collaborating with Austrian experts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://propakistani.pk/2019/01/02/karachi-is-planning-to-restart-tram-services/amp/|title=Karachi is Planning to Restart Tram Services|website=propakistani.pk|date=2 January 2019}}</ref> | |||
*In October 2019, a project for the construction of tramway service in [[Lahore]] has also been signed by the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Government]]. This project will be launched under public-private partnership in a joint venture of European and Chinese companies along with the Punjab transport department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1511430|title=MoU signed for tram service in Lahore|first=Khalid|last=Hasnain|date=18 October 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> | |||
====Flyovers and underpasses==== | |||
{{Main|List of flyovers in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Nagan Ch Karachi.jpg|Nagan Chowrangi Flyover, Karachi|thumb]] | |||
Many flyovers and underpasses are located in major urban areas of the country to segregate the flow of traffic. The highest number of flyovers and under passes are located in [[Karachi]], followed by [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1834123/1-work-begins-three-flyovers-karachi|title=Work begins on three more flyovers in Karachi|date=25 October 2018|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Other cities having flyovers and underpasses for the regulation of flow of traffic includes [[Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area|Islamabad-Rawalpindi]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Multan]], [[Peshawar]], [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]], [[Quetta]], [[Sargodha]], [[Bahawalpur]], [[Sukkur]], [[Larkana]], [[Rahim Yar Khan]] and [[Sahiwal]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/01/09/cm-to-inaugurate-6th-road-flyover-today/|title=CM to inaugurate 6th road flyover today | Pakistan Today|website=Pakistan Today|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625123246/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/01/09/cm-to-inaugurate-6th-road-flyover-today/|url-status=dead}}<br />- {{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1116986/infrastructure-jhal-flyover-near-completion-says-minister|title=Infrastructure: Jhal flyover near completion, says minister|date=5 June 2016|website=The Express Tribune}}<br />- {{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Flyover,+Sargodha,+Punjab,+Pakistan/@32.0811849,72.6671609,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x392177a4504530a1:0x9d3ee09ce7f9aa7f?hl=en-US&gl=pk|title=Flyover|website=Flyover}}<br />- {{cite web|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/166170/flyover-in-bahawalpur|title=Flyover in Bahawalpur|date=19 November 2005|website=Dawn}}</ref> | |||
Beijing Underpass, [[Lahore]] is the longest underpass of Pakistan with a length of about {{cvt|1.3|km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistans-longest-underpass-opens-in-lahore-1.2134973|title=Pakistan's longest underpass opens in Lahore|website=gulfnews.com|date=4 December 2017 }}</ref> [[Muslim Town Flyover]], [[Lahore]] is the longest flyover of the country with a length of about {{cvt|2.6|km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/04/30/say-hello-to-the-country%E2%80%99s-largest-flyover/amp/|title=Say hello to the country's largest flyover! | Pakistan Today|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> | |||
=== Science and technology === | |||
{{Main|Science and technology in Pakistan|List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries}} | |||
{{multiple image | |||
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| image1 = Abdus Salam 1987.jpg | |||
| caption1 = [[Abdus Salam]] won the 1979 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his contribution to [[electroweak interaction]]. He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science. | |||
| caption2 = [[Atta ur Rahman (scientist)|Atta-ur-Rahman]] won the [[UNESCO Science Prize]] for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it. | |||
| image2 = Atta-Ur-Rahman (cropped).jpg | |||
| caption3 = [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]] was a Pakistani organic chemist who pioneered research on pharmacology use of various domestic plants. He was a member of the [[Royal Society]]. | |||
| image3 = <!-- [[BP:NFCC]] violation: Salimuzzaman.jpg --> | |||
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| caption4 = [[Mahbub ul Haq]] was a Pakistani game theorist whose work led to the [[Human Development Index]]. He had a profound effect on the field of [[international development]]. | |||
| image4 = | |||
}} | |||
Developments in [[Science and technology in Pakistan|science and technology]] have played an important role in Pakistan's infrastructure and helped the country connect to the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Science and Technology |title=National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2012 |url=http://most.comsatshosting.com/%5CPolicies%5CNational%20Science,%20Technology%20and%20Innovation%20Policy%202012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Science and Technology|access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]] and the Pakistan Government to participate in the [[International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Address by Prime Minister |website=Press Information Department (Government of Pakistan) |format=DOC |url=http://www.pid.gov.pk/pm%20address%20on%2027-6-2011.doc |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112161844/http://www.pid.gov.pk/pm%20address%20on%2027-6-2011.doc |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics 2005.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Hameed A. Khan |editor2=M. M. Qurashi |editor3=Tajammul Hussain |editor4=Irfan Hayee |date=April 2006 |title=Physics in Developing Countries – Past, Present & Future |series=COMSATS' Series of Publications on Science and Technology |volume=8 |publisher=Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South |url=http://www.comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |page=9 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524011938/http://www.comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |archive-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Pakistani theoretical physicist [[Abdus Salam]] won a [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on the [[electroweak interaction]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1979 Nobel Prize in Physics |journal=Science |volume=206 |issue=4424 |pages=1290–1292 |bibcode=1979Sci...206.1290C |last1=Coleman |first1=Sidney |year=1979 |doi=10.1126/science.206.4424.1290 |pmid=17799637}}</ref> Influential publications and critical scientific work in the advancement of [[mathematics]], [[biology]], economics, [[computer science]], and [[genetics]] have been produced by Pakistani scientists at both the domestic and international levels.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Mian |editor-first1=Zia |editor-last2=Kothari |editor-first2=Smitu |title=Out of the nuclear shadow |date=2001 |publisher=Zed |location=London |isbn=978-1-84277-059-7}}</ref> | |||
In [[chemistry]], [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]] was the first Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of the [[neem]] tree to the attention of natural products chemists.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://technologytimes.pk/documents/mag/PDF_Old/Vol02-Issue11.pdf |title=The scientist who painted: Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui |magazine=Technology Times |publisher=Mediaventures |location=Islamabad |date=14 March 2011 |volume=II |issue=11 |page=3 |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710192902/http://technologytimes.pk/documents/mag/PDF_Old/Vol02-Issue11.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br/>- {{Cite journal |title=Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India |journal=World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development |volume=3 |page=50 |year=2007 |last1=Muniapan |first1=Balakrishnan |last2=Shaikh |first2=Junaid M. |doi=10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130}}<br/>- {{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Irshad |date=2013-10-29 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2425893 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130506031535/http://www.academia.edu/2425893/Using_RP_Model_to_Solve_the_Current_Challenges_of_PAKISTAN |archive-date=6 May 2013 |title=Using RP Model to solve Current Challenges of Pakistan by PHd Scholar Irshad Ahmed Sumra |via=Academia.edu |access-date=20 April 2013 }}</ref> Pakistani neurosurgeon [[Ayub K. Ommaya|Ayub Ommaya]] invented the [[Ommaya reservoir]], a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leonidas C. Goudas |display-authors=etal |year=1999 |title=Decreases in Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutathione Levels after Intracerebroventricular Morphine for Cancer Pain |journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia |volume=89 |issue=5 |page=1209 |publisher=International Anesthesia Research Society |doi=10.1213/00000539-199911000-00023 |url=http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/89/5/1209|access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> Scientific research and development play a pivotal role in [[Pakistani universities]], government- sponsored national laboratories, [[science park]]s, and the [[Industry of Pakistan|industry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osama |first1=Athar |last2=Najam |first2=Adil |last3=Kassim-Lakha |first3=Shamsh |last4=Zulfiqar Gilani |first4=Syed |last5=King |first5=Christopher |title=Pakistan's reform experiment |journal=Nature |date=3 September 2009 |volume=461 |issue=7260 |pages=38–39 |doi=10.1038/461038a |pmid=19727184 |s2cid=205048760 |bibcode=2009Natur.461...38O}}</ref> [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]], regarded as the founder of the [[High-enriched uranium|HEU]]-based [[Zippe-type centrifuge|gas-centrifuge]] [[uranium enrichment]] program for Pakistan's integrated [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|atomic bomb project]].<ref>{{cite web |last=(IISS) |first=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Program |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2006 |url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025504/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> He founded and established the [[Kahuta Research Laboratories]] (KRL) in 1976, serving as both its senior scientist and the [[Director-General]] until his retirement in 2001, and he was an early and vital figure in other [[Integrated Missile Research and Development Program|science projects]]. Apart from participating in Pakistan's atomic bomb project, he made major contributions in [[Morphology (biology)|molecular morphology]], physical [[martensite]], and its integrated applications in [[Condensed matter physics|condensed]] and [[material physics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/world/asia/16chron-khan.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=24 July 2015 |title=Chronology: A.Q. Khan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 2006}}</ref> | |||
In 2010 Pakistan was ranked 43rd in the world in terms of published scientific papers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Junaidi |first1=Ikram |title=Pakistan ranks 43rd in scientific research publication |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/683203/pakistan-ranks-43rd-in-scientific-research-publication-2|access-date=18 February 2015 |work=Dawn |date=25 December 2011}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]], a strong scientific community, plays an influential and vital role in formulating recommendations regarding science policies for the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19 |title=Introduction to the Academy |publisher=Introduction of the Academy |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219233435/http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Pakistan was ranked 99th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, up from 107th in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? |website=www.wipo.int |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019 |website=www.wipo.int |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RTD – Item|website=ec.europa.eu|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|website=INSEAD Knowledge|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
The 1960s saw the emergence of an active space program led by [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|SUPARCO]] that produced advances in domestic [[rocket]]ry, [[Electronics Engineering|electronics]], and [[aeronomy]]. The [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|space program]] recorded a few notable feats and achievements. The successful launch of its [[Rehbar-I|first rocket]] into space made Pakistan the first South Asian country to have achieved such a task.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of SUPARCO |url=http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp |publisher=SUPARCO |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417192331/http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref> Successfully producing and launching the nation's [[Badr-I|first space satellite]] in 1990, Pakistan became the first Muslim country and second South Asian country to put a satellite into space.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chtAqyOp9OEC&pg=PA46|title=Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality? |last=Lele |first=Ajey |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-322-0733-7|page=46|quote=Headquartered in SUPARCO headquarters, Karachi, it has been responsible directly and indirectly for the fabrication, processing and launch of the Muslim Ummah's first experimental satellite, Badr-1. It was a historical event not only for the people of Pakistan but also for the entire Muslim Ummah as it was the first satellite built by any Islamic country based on indigenous resources and manpower.}}<br/>- {{cite web |title=The Launching of Badr-I |website=Aero Space Guide |url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202005559/http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{quote box | |||
|quote = Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the [[BRIC]] countries put together. | |||
|source = —[[Thomson Reuters]]'s Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1183999/notch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report/ |title=Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report |website=Tribune|access-date=September 19, 2016|date=2016-09-19 }}</ref> | |||
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}}As an aftermath of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war with India]], the clandestine [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|crash program]] developed [[nuclear weapon|atomic weapons]] partly motivated by fear and to prevent any [[Foreign interventionism|foreign intervention]], while ushering in the [[Atomic Age|atomic age]] in the [[Post Cold War era|post cold war era]].<ref name="United Book Press.">{{cite book |title=Pakistan : between mosque and military |date=2005 |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |publisher=United Book Press. |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |edition=1. print. |chapter=§Chapter 3 |quote=The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived—a psychological setback, complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}</ref> Competition with India and tensions eventually led to Pakistan's decision to [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|conduct underground]] [[Chagai-I|nuclear tests]] in 1998, thus becoming the [[Nuclear club|seventh country]] in the world to successfully develop [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html |title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons |publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=22 February 2007}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan is the first and only Muslim country that maintains an [[Pakistan Antarctic Programme|active research presence]] in Antarctica.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sayar |first=M.A. |date=April–June 1995 |title=Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness? |url=http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness |journal=The Fountain Magazine |access-date=9 February 2016 |quote=Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station. |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215200726/http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness}}<br/>- {{Cite journal |year=1991 |title=Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjsAAAAMAAJ|journal=Economic Review |volume=22|quote=To a question Dr. Farah said, Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=15 |quote=Pakistan's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there.}}<br/>- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=17 |quote=We have already taken the lead amongst the Muslim countries by launching our first expedition in 1990–1991 with an investment of large funds and national talent towards Antarctic research.}}<br/>- {{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=News Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0eAQAAIAAJ |journal=National Institute of Oceanography (Pakistan) |volume=7 |page=1 |quote=This makes Pakistan the first Muslim country to undertake Antarctic Expedition and to establish a research station in Antarctica.}}</ref> Since 1991 Pakistan has maintained two summer research stations and one weather observatory on the continent and plans to open another full-fledged permanent base in Antarctica.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niopk.gov.pk/Antarctic.aspx |title=Antarctic Research |quote=Pakistan is maintaining two summer research stations and one weather observatory in the vicinity of SOR Rondane Mountain Range. Pakistan is also planning to build a full fledged permanent base at Antarctica. |website=National Institute of Geography|access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217125703/http://www.niopk.gov.pk/Antarctic.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
Energy consumption by computers and usage has grown since the 1990s when [[Personal computer|PCs]] were introduced; Pakistan has about 82 million Internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in Internet penetration {{As of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref name="PTD"/> Key publications have been produced by Pakistan, and domestic software development has gained considerable international praise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani Computer Scientist wins global Supercomputer Design Award |url=http://www.techlahore.com/2010/05/10/pakistani-computer-scientist-wins-global-supercomputer-design-award/ |access-date=19 February 2015 |publisher=Lahore Tech |date=10 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219065435/http://www.techlahore.com/2010/05/10/pakistani-computer-scientist-wins-global-supercomputer-design-award/ |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
As of May 2020, Pakistan has about 82 million internet users, making it the [[List of countries by number of Internet users|9th-largest population]] of Internet users in the world.<ref name="PTD"/><ref name="auto2"/> Since the 2000s Pakistan has made a significant amount of progress in [[Supercomputing in Pakistan|supercomputing]], and various institutions offer research opportunities in [[parallel computing]]. The [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan government]] reportedly spends [[Pakistani rupee|₨]] 4.6 billion on [[Information technology in Pakistan|information technology]] projects, with emphasis on [[E-Government in Pakistan|e-government]], human resources, and infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/432124/govt-to-spend-rs4-6b-on-it-projects/ |title=Govt to spend Rs4.6b on IT projects |work=Express Tribune |date=6 September 2012|access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref> | |||
=== Education === | |||
{{main|Education in Pakistan|Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)|Rankings of universities in Pakistan}} | |||
The [[constitution of Pakistan]] requires the state to provide [[Free education|free]] primary and secondary education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html |title=Chapter 1: "Fundamental Rights" of Part II: "Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy" |website=pakistani.org}}<br />- {{cite web |title=Right to Education in Pakistan |publisher=World Council of Churches |url=http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html |access-date=25 July 2010 |date=21 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313083147/http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> | |||
[[File:NUST MainOffice.png|thumb|NUST in Islamabad is a top ranked Engineering University.]] | |||
At the time of the [[Creation of Pakistan|establishment]] of Pakistan as a state, the country had only one university, [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] in [[Lahore]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Very soon the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan government]] established public universities in each of the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]], including [[Sindh University]] (1949), [[University of Peshawar|Peshawar University]] (1950), [[University of Karachi|Karachi University]] (1953), and [[University of Balochistan|Balochistan University]] (1970). Pakistan has a large network of both [[public universities|public]] and [[private universities|private]] universities, which includes collaboration between the [[Universities in Pakistan|universities]] aimed at providing research and [[Higher education in Pakistan|higher education]] opportunities in the country, although there is concern about the low quality of teaching in many of the newer schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of universities rises while education standard falls |website=DailyTimes |date=10 September 2015 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/10-Sep-2015/number-of-universities-rises-while-education-standard-falls |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006074617/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/10-Sep-2015/number-of-universities-rises-while-education-standard-falls |archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> It is estimated that there are 3,193 [[vocational education|technical and vocational institutions]] in Pakistan,<ref name="edu2">{{cite report |chapter=Education |title=Economic Survey 2009–10 |page=147 & Table 11.1 (p. 160) |chapter-url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/10_Education.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Pakistan |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> and there are also ''[[Madrassas in Pakistan|madrassahs]]'' that provide free Islamic education and offer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani madrassahs |publisher=United States Institute of Peace |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/madrassah.html#_ftn8 |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214194645/http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/madrassah.html#_ftn8 |archive-date=14 February 2005}}</ref> Strong public pressure and popular criticism over [[Pakistan Taleban|extremists]]' usage of ''madrassahs'' for recruitment, the Pakistan government has made repeated efforts to [[Education reform|regulate and monitor]] the quality of education in the ''madrassahs''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Synovitz |title=Pakistan: Despite Reform Plan, Few Changes Seen At Most Radical Madrassahs |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1051650.html |publisher=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty |date=24 February 2004 |access-date=21 February 2009}}<br/>- {{cite web |title=Policy Brief: Another Approach to Madrassa Reforms in Pakistan |publisher=Jinnah Institute of Peace |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Mohammad |url=http://jinnah-institute.org/policy-brief-another-approach-to-madrassa-reforms-in-pakistan-3/ |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112052/http://jinnah-institute.org/policy-brief-another-approach-to-madrassa-reforms-in-pakistan-3/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Literacy rate in Pakistan 1951-2018.png|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Literacy rate in Pakistan 1951–2018]] | |||
[[Education in Pakistan]] is divided into six main levels: nursery (preparatory classes); primary (grades one through five); [[Middle school|middle]] (grades six through eight); [[High school (upper secondary)|matriculation]] (grades nine and ten, leading to the [[Secondary School Certificate|secondary certificate]]); [[Community college|intermediate]] (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a [[Higher Secondary (School) Certificate|higher secondary certificate]]); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate degrees.<ref name="edu2"/> There is a network of [[Schools in Pakistan|private schools]] that constitutes a parallel secondary education system based on a curriculum set and administered by the [[Cambridge International Examinations]] of the United Kingdom. Some students choose to take the [[Ordinary Level|O-level]] and [[GCE Advanced Level|A level]] exams conducted by the [[British Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-exams-gce.htm |title=GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan |publisher=[[British Council]]|access-date=13 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201090835/http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-exams-gce.htm |archive-date=1 February 2008}}</ref> According to the International Schools Consultancy, Pakistan has 439 international schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx |title=ISC News |publisher=International School Consultancy Group |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000123/http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Malala Yousafzai.jpg|thumb|[[Malala Yousafzai]] at the Women of the World Festival in 2014]] | |||
As a result of initiatives taken in 2007, the [[English medium education]] has been made compulsory in all schools across the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=McNicoll |first=Kristen |title=English medium education improvement in Pakistan supported |publisher=British Council Pakistan Bureau |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/press/english-medium-education-improvement-pakistan-supported |access-date=21 February 2015}}<br/>- {{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.pk/mediacell.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105215406/http://www.moe.gov.pk/mediacell.htm |archive-date=5 January 2007 |title=Ministry of Education-Government of Pakistan |publisher=Moe.gov.pk|access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> In 2012, [[Malala Yousafzai]], a campaigner for [[female education]], was shot by a [[Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan|Taliban]] gunman in retaliation for her activism.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://gma.yahoo.com/72-hours-saved-malala-doctors-reveal-first-time-101347540--abc-news-topstories.html |title=The 72 Hours That Saved Malala: Doctors Reveal for the First Time How Close She Came to Death |website=gma.yahoo.com|access-date=20 April 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023175300/https://gma.yahoo.com/72-hours-saved-malala-doctors-reveal-first-time-101347540--abc-news-topstories.html}}</ref> Yousafzai went on to become the youngest ever Nobel laureate for her global education-related advocacy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobel Laureates by age |website=NobelPrize.org |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-laureates-by-age |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Additional reforms enacted in 2013 required all educational institutions in Sindh to begin offering Chinese language courses, reflecting China's growing role as a superpower and its [[People's Republic of China–Pakistan relations|increasing influence]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14787216 |title=Schools in Pakistan's Sindh province to teach Chinese |work=BBC News |date=5 September 2011 |access-date=23 October 2011}}</ref> The literacy rate of the population is 62.3% as of 2018. The rate of male literacy is 72.5% while the rate of female literacy is 51.8%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2018–19 Chapter 10: Education |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/10-Education.pdf |work=Dawn |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; as one example, in tribal areas female literacy is 9.5%,<ref>{{cite report |title=Multiple Indication Cluster Survey (MICS): Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan |year=2009 |publisher=Gevernment of Pakistan |url=http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf |access-date=3 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816015355/http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> while [[Azad Jammu & Kashmir]] has a literacy rate of 74%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tahir |first=Pervez |title=Education spending in AJK |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1468026/education-spending-ajk/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune}}</ref> With the advent of computer literacy in 1995, the government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating [[illiteracy]] and providing a basic education to all children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education in Pakistan |publisher=UNICEF |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/pakistan_pakistan_statistics.html#67 |access-date=25 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409134615/http://www.unicef.org/pakistan/#67 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the [[Minister for Education (Pakistan)|Ministry of Education]] expected to attain 100% enrollment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of ~86% among people aged over 10.<ref>{{cite web |format=ZIP |url=http://www.moe.gov.pk/npaEFA.zip |access-date=13 February 2008 |archive-date=17 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517232352/http://www.moe.gov.pk/npaEFA.zip |title=National Plan of Action 2001–2015 |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> Pakistan is currently spending 2.3 percent of its GDP on education;<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2019–20 (Education) |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_20/10_Education.pdf |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> which according to the [[Institute of Social and Policy Sciences]] is one of the lowest in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1254909/pakistans-education-spending-lowest-in-south-asia |title=Pakistan's education spending lowest in South Asia |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Dawn}}</ref> | |||
== Demographics == | |||
{{main|Demographics of Pakistan|Demographic history of Pakistan}} | |||
{{further|Overseas Pakistani}} | |||
{{multiple image | |||
| caption_align = center | |||
| direction =vertical | |||
|image1=Population Density by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg | |||
|caption1=Population Density per square kilometre of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census | |||
|image2=Population by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg | |||
|caption2=Population of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census | |||
}} | |||
{{Excerpt|Demographics of Pakistan|files=0}} | |||
=== Ethnicity and languages === | |||
{{Main|Languages of Pakistan|Ethnic groups in Pakistan}} | |||
{{see also|Pakistanis}} | |||
[[File:Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg|thumb|<div style="text-align: center">Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]<ref name="2017CensusLanguage"/></div>]] | |||
Pakistan is a multicultural, multi-linguistic, and multiethnic society. Despite [[Urdu]] being Pakistan's [[lingua franca]], estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85,<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |title=Pakistan – Languages |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/languages |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902143126/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/pk/languages |archive-date=2017-09-02 |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=20th |editor-last1=Simons |editor-first1=Gary F. |editor-last2=Fennig |editor-first2=Charles D.}}</ref><ref name="GlottologPK">{{cite web |title=Languages of Pakistan |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=PK#4/33.01/73.28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512205543/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=PK#4/33.01/73.28 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=Glottolog 4.5 – Languages |publisher=Glottolog}}</ref> Urdu—the ''lingua franca'' and a symbol of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim identity]] and national unity—is the national language and understood by over 75% of Pakistanis. It is the main medium of communication in the country, but the primary language of only 7% of the population.<ref name="2017 Census">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|access-date=26 April 2020|title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections|work=Dawn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Language in South Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA138|author=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S.N. Sridhar |page=138 |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |date=27 March 2008}}- <br />{{cite web |url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/31-Dec-2015/urdu-in-contempt |title=Urdu In Contempt |date=31 December 2015 |website=The Nation|access-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> Urdu and English are the [[official language]]s of Pakistan. English is primarily used in official business and government, and in legal contracts;<ref name="ciafactbook" /> the local variety is known as [[Pakistani English]]. The enforcement of Urdu to the exclusion of other majority languages has been criticised; in particular, the expulsion of Pashto from the institutional domains and deprivation of state patronage has been shown to create conditions in which Pashtuns are placed at social, cultural, and economic disadvantage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Taimur Salam |date=2016-01-01 |title=Pakistanizing Pashtun: The Linguistic and Cultural Disruption and Re-invention of Pashtun |url=https://www.academia.edu/42225525 |department=Faculty of the College of Arts and Scienes |journal=Dissertation, American University, Washington DC |pages=i-218 |quote="In contemporary world, the muzzle stealthily operates through the prohibition of ones’ native (powerless) language from formal education for being too “simple” and “inferior” to express complex thoughts and ideas, and simultaneous deprivation of the language of power (even when desired) through contaminated or deformed linguistic input of the language of power (Mugane 2005:163). This language hierarchy in itself creates mismatches that render the relation between different domains that ought to be in harmony incongruent (Mugane 2005:165). We have seen this in case of Pakistan, where Pashto language is denied any place in formal education, this denial of their mother tongue is poorly compensated with Urdu and English languages which are taught by teachers who themselves have no tolerable proficiency in the languages they teach. This denial of Pashto in itself creates mismatches between the language of home (Pashto) and the language of instruction/education (Urdu and English), between the language of teacher(Pashto) and the language of instruction (Urdu and English), which all lead to an “instructional blackout” (Mugane 2005:166)...The educational institutions in the rural areas of Swat and the Tribal Areas (as else wherein Pakistan) are the sites where Urdu, the state sanctioned language, and Pashto, the powerless indigenous language, come into contact. This contact is highly asymmetrical as the dominantUrdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity. Pashto is the language of informal instruction and comprehension, but any attempt at meaning-making in Pashto in the official capacity either goes unnoticed, received as chaotic or even downright ridiculous and bizarre...This regulation of Pashtun's language practices by the state has been disruptive ofPashto language and culture in Swat and the Tribal Areas. Prior to the dissolution of the independent state of Swat and its subsequent incorporation into the Pakistani state administrative structure in 1969, Pashto was the official language in the Princely state of Swat(Ahmed 1976:125; Miangul 1962:116; Nichols 2012:264; Rahman 1997:143). However, with the incorporation into Pakistan, Pashto was suddenly demoted from its official status and was replaced by Urdu language...The exclusion of Pashto, and the imposition of Urdu has resulted among my research participants the perception that they are not proficient in any language...Despite the overwhelming evidence that Pashtun students do better in their learning when taught in their mother-tongue, the state continues to maintain its policy ofUrdu-medium education. Linguistic incarceration of indigenous languages in Pakistan has always been deeply implicated in the state-making practices and the regulation of its population. Educational institutions are one of the multiple sites where Pashto language is denied legitimacy." - Pages 66 to 100 |via=ProQuest Number: 10142987}}</ref> | |||
According to the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 national census of Pakistan]], the country's largest [[ethnolinguistic group]]s were the [[Punjabis]] (making up 38.8% of the total population), the [[Pashtuns]] (18.2%), [[Sindhis]] (14.6%), [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] (12.19%), [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]] (7.08%), and the [[Baloch people|Balochs]] (3.02%).<ref name="2017CensusLanguage"/><ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375}}</ref> The remaining population consist of a number of ethnic minorities such as the [[Brahui people|Brahuis]],<ref name=":14">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Brahui |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahui}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-english-language-report.pdf |title=Teaching and Learning in Pakistan: The Role of Language in Education |publisher=British Council |pages=13, 14, 15 |year=2010 |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304130317/http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-english-language-report.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> the [[Hindkowans]], the various peoples of Gilgit-Baltistan, the Kashmiris, the [[Siddi|Sheedis]] (who are of African descent),<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |date=13 March 2002 |title=Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1869876.stm |access-date=26 December 2016 |quote=One of the Pakistan's smallest ethnic communities is made up of people of African origin, known as Sidi. The African-Pakistanis live in Karachi and other parts of the Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in abject poverty, but they rarely complain of discrimination. Although this small Muslim community is not on the verge of extinction, their growing concern is how to maintain their distinct African identity in the midst of the dominating South Asian cultures.}}</ref> and the [[Hazara people|Hazaras]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ian S. Livingston |author2=Michael O'Hanlon |date=29 November 2011 |title=Pakistan Index |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327044026/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2010 |access-date=25 December 2011 |publisher=Brookings population 2010 |page=13}}</ref> There are also scattered speakers of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] in Karachi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=18 August 2015 |title=With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi |work=The News International |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/57104-with-a-handful-of-subberstwo-newspapers-barely-keeping-gujarati-alive-in-karachi |access-date=13 January 2017 |quote=In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population.}}</ref> | |||
There is also a large [[Pakistani diaspora]] worldwide, numbering over seven million,<ref>{{cite web |author=Nadia Mushtaq Abbasi |year=2010 |title=The Pakistani Diaspora in Europe and Its Impact on Democracy Building in Pakistan |url=http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abbasi_low_2-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821142808/http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abbasi_low_2-2.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2010 |access-date=18 December 2013 |publisher=[[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance]] |page=5}}</ref> which has been recorded as the sixth largest diaspora in the world.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=India has largest diaspora population in world: UN |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un/183731.html |access-date=3 March 2016 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> | |||
=== Immigration === | |||
{{Main|Immigration to Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Tarbela Dam Area.JPG|thumb|left|Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1188585 |title=Pakistan hosts second largest refugee population globally |last=Rafi |first=Yumna |date=17 June 2015 |newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> An Afghan refugee girl near [[Tarbela Dam]].]] | |||
Even after partition in 1947, Indian Muslims continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and these migrants settled mainly in Karachi and other towns of Sindh province.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |date=1 January 1998 |title=From torrent to trickle: Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan, 1947–97 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=339–352 |jstor=20837002}}</ref> The wars in neighboring Afghanistan during the 1980s and 1990s also forced millions of [[Afghan refugees]] into Pakistan. The [[Census in Pakistan|Pakistan census]] excludes the 1.41 million registered [[Afghans in Pakistan|refugees from Afghanistan]],<ref>[http://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Factsheet-March-2017.pdf Factsheet Pakistan March 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061336/http://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Factsheet-March-2017.pdf |date=17 May 2017 }} (UNHCR March 2017)</ref> who are found mainly in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal belt]], with small numbers residing in [[Karachi]] and [[Quetta]]. Pakistan is home to one of the world's largest [[refugee]] populations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ten countries host half of world's refugees: report |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/ten-countries-host-world-refugees-report-161004042014076.html|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=4 October 2016}}</ref> In addition to Afghans, around 2 million [[Bangladeshis in Pakistan|Bangladeshis]] and half a million other undocumented people live in Pakistan. They are claimed to be from other areas such as [[Myanmar]], Iran, Iraq, and Africa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan/ |title=Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan |date=16 January 2012 |newspaper=Express Tribune|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
Experts say that the migration of both Bengalis and Burmese ([[Rohingya people|Rohingya]]) to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued until 1998. Shaikh Muhammad Feroze, the chairman of the Pakistani Bengali Action Committee, claims that there are 200 settlements of Bengali-speaking people in Pakistan, of which 132 are in Karachi. They are also found in various other areas of Pakistan such as Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Tando Adam, and Lahore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/347968/fringe-pakistan-bengali-speaking-pakistanis-demand-right-to-vote/ |title=Fringe Pakistan: Bengali-speaking Pakistanis demand right to vote |date=10 March 2012 |work=Express Tribune|access-date=26 December 2016 |quote=Shaikh Muhammad Feroze, the chairman of the committee, said during a press conference on Friday that political parties and the government should acknowledge the sacrifices of their ancestors. 'We live in Sindh and feel proud to be called Sindhis rather than Bengalis. We appeal to Sindhi nationalists and Sindhis to help us in our struggle', he added. He said that Bengali-speaking people were not given educational rights as they did not possess national identity cards. 'Our children can't get an education after matriculation because colleges ask for the identity cards but the National Database Registration Authority has never accepted us as Pakistani citizens.' Shaikh said that over three million Bengalis and Biharis were grateful to the government for accepting them as Pakistani citizens. 'We postponed a hunger strike planned for March 25 after the government made decisions', he added. 'We can go on a hunger strike, if our rights are not given.' He claimed that there were 200 settlements of Bengali-speaking people across the country, including 132 in Karachi. They populate different parts of Pakistan, including Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Tando Adam and Lahore.}}</ref> Large-scale Rohingya migration to Karachi made that city one of the largest population centres of Rohingyas in the world after Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299 |title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=23 February 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> The Burmese community of Karachi is spread out over 60 of the city's slums such as the Burmi Colony in Korangi, Arakanabad, Machchar colony, Bilal colony, Ziaul Haq Colony, and Godhra Camp.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-rohingyas-of-karachi/ |title=The Rohingyas of Karachi |last=Khan |first=Naimat |date=12 June 2015}}</ref> | |||
Thousands of [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] Muslims have also migrated to the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan, fleeing religious and cultural persecution in Xinjiang, China.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How the Uighurs keep their culture alive in Pakistan |last=Jaffrey |first=Shumaila |date=12 August 2015 |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33775646 |quote=Insa is one of a few thousand Uighur Muslims who live in Gilgit. The community is a mix of generations. Some left Xinjiang and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals. All say they were forced to leave as they were the victims of cultural and religious oppression in China.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Since 1989 thousands of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Muslim refugees have sought refuge in Pakistan, complaining that many of the refugee women had been raped by Indian soldiers and that they were forced out of their homes by the soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Istvan |first=Zoltan |date=13 March 2003 |work=National Geographic |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html |title=Refugee Crisis Worsening In Western Kashmir |quote=The refugees claim that Indian soldiers forced them out of their homes ... For Kashmiri Muslims, Pakistan appeared safer than Indian-held Kashmir ... "She was also raped by the soldiers," Ahmad said. "Many of the other female refugees were also raped."|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
=== Urbanisation === | |||
{{Main|Urbanisation in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Kalma Underpass1.jpg|thumb|[[Kalma Underpass]], [[Lahore]]]] | |||
Since [[Independence of Pakistan|achieving independence]] as a result of the [[partition of India]], the [[Urbanisation in Pakistan|urbanisation]] has increased exponentially, with several different causes. The majority of the population in the south resides along the Indus River, with [[Karachi]] the most populous commercial city.<ref name="The Urban Frontier—Karachi">{{cite news |title=The Urban Frontier—Karachi |newspaper = NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748 |publisher=National Public Radio |date=2 June 2008|access-date=2 July 2008}}</ref> In the east, west, and north, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Islamabad]], [[Sargodha]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Sialkot]], [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]], [[Jhelum]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]], [[Mardan]], and [[Peshawar]]. During the period 1990–2008, city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, more than 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.<ref name="Jason Burke">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/17/pakistan |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Pakistan looks to life without the general |author=Jason Burke |date=17 August 2008|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> [[Immigration to Pakistan|Immigration]], from both within and outside the country, is regarded as one of the main factors contributing to urbanisation in Pakistan. One analysis of the [[1998 Pakistan Census|1998 national census]] highlighted the significance of the [[partition of India]] in the 1940s as it relates to urban change in Pakistan.<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last=Clark |first=David |title=The Elgar Companion to Development Studies |year=2006 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84376-475-5 |page=668}}</ref> | |||
During and after the independence period, [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Urdu speaking Muslims]] from India migrated in large numbers to Pakistan, especially to the port city of [[Karachi]], which is today the largest metropolis in Pakistan. [[Immigration to Pakistan|Migration from other countries]], mainly from those nearby, has further accelerated the process of urbanisation in Pakistani cities. Inevitably, the rapid urbanisation caused by these large population movements has also created new political and socio-economic challenges. In addition to immigration, economic trends such as the green revolution and political developments, among a host of other factors, are also important causes of urbanisation.<ref name="Clark" /> | |||
{{Largest cities | |||
| name = Largest cities of Pakistan | |||
| country = Pakistan | |||
| stat_ref = According to the 2017 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html|title = Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information}}</ref> | |||
| div_name = Province | |||
| div_link = | |||
| city_1 = Karachi | div_1 = Sindh | pop_1 = 14,916,456 | img_1 = Karachi from above.jpg | |||
| city_11 = Bahawalpur | div_11 = Punjab | pop_11 = 762,111 | |||
| city_2 = Lahore | div_2 = Punjab | pop_2 = 11,126,285 | img_2 = Badshahi Mosquee, Lahore.jpg | |||
| city_12 = Sargodha | div_12 = Punjab | pop_12 = 659,862 | |||
== | | city_3 = Faisalabad | div_3 = Punjab | pop_3 = 3,204,726 | img_3 = Jhal chowk Faisalabad.jpg | ||
| city_13 = Sialkot | div_13 = Punjab | pop_13 = 655,852 | |||
| city_4 = Rawalpindi | div_4 = Punjab | pop_4 = 2,098,231 | img_4 =Landing in Pakistan - View of Rawalpindi.jpg | |||
| city_14 = Sukkur | div_14 = Sindh | pop_14 = 499,900 | |||
| city_5 = Gujranwala | div_5 = Punjab | pop_5 = 2,027,001 | |||
| city_15 = Larkana | div_15 = Sindh | pop_15 = 490,508 | |||
| city_6 = Peshawar | div_6 = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | pop_6 = 1,970,042 | |||
| city_16 = Sheikhupura | div_16 = Punjab | pop_16 = 473,129 | |||
| city_7 = Multan | div_7 = Punjab | pop_7 = 1,871,843 | |||
| city_17 = Rahim Yar Khan | div_17 = Punjab | pop_17 = 420,419 | |||
= | | city_8 = Hyderabad, Sindh{{!}}Hyderabad | div_8 = Sindh | pop_8 = 1,734,309 | ||
| city_18 = Jhang | div_18 = Punjab | pop_18 = 414,131 | |||
{{ | |||
| city_9 = Islamabad | div_9 = Islamabad Capital Territory{{!}}Capital Territory | pop_9 = 1,009,832 | |||
| city_19 = Dera Ghazi Khan | div_19 = Punjab | pop_19 = 399,064 | |||
| city_10 = Quetta | div_10 = Balochistan | pop_10 = 1,001,205 | |||
| city_20 = Gujrat, Pakistan{{!}}Gujrat | div_20 = Punjab | pop_20 = 390,533 | |||
}} | |||
=== Religion === | === Religion === | ||
{{Main| | {{Main|Religion in Pakistan}} | ||
|title= | {{bar box | ||
|title=[[Religion in Pakistan|Religions in Pakistan]] (2017 Census)<ref name="2017 Census"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#pk |title=Religions in Pakistan |publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]] |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=13 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#pk |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011<br />- a b c "Religions: Islam 96.0%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah ) 3.6%". CIA. ''The World Factbook'' on Pakistan. 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.<br />- Rohan Bedi, "Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions?", International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, April 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/?page_id=1592 |title=Hindu Population (PK) |website=[[Pakistan Hindu Council]] |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003754/http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/?page_id=1592 |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendoorsusa.org/christian-persecution/world-watch-list/pakistan/|title=Christian Persecution in Pakistan |publisher=Open Doors USA}}</ref> | |||
|titlebar=#ddd | |titlebar=#ddd | ||
|left1= | |left1=Religions | ||
|right1=Percent | |right1=Percent | ||
|float=right | |float=right | ||
|bars= | |bars= | ||
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]]| | {{bar percent|[[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]]|green|96.47}} | ||
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]| | {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]]|orange|2.14}} | ||
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]|# | {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]|blue|1.27}} | ||
{{bar percent|[[Religion in Pakistan#Demographics of religion in Pakistan|others/non-religious]]|purple|0.11}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
[[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]] is the state religion of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Pakistan|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/|website=Story of Pakistan|date=June 2003|publisher=Nazaria-e-Pakistan, Part IV|access-date=6 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002225754/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/|archive-date=2 October 2013}}<br/>- {{cite web|title=Religions in Pakistan {{!}} PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|access-date=14 July 2021|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|archive-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123090234/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|url-status=dead}}<br />- {{cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan : Christians|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5ba0ae0e7.html|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Refworld}}<br />- {{cite web|date=26 May 2018|title=Headcount finalised sans third-party audit|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit?amp=1|access-date=14 July 2021|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]], which provides all its citizens the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html |title=The Constitution of Pakistan, Part II: Chapter 1: Fundamental Rights|publisher=Pakistani.org|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> | |||
The majority of Pakistanis are Muslims (96.47%) followed by [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hindus]] (2.14%) and [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christians]] (1.27%). There are also smaller minorities who adhere to [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikhism]], [[Buddhism in Pakistan|Buddhism]], [[Jainism in Pakistan|Jainism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]] ([[Parsi]]). The [[Kalash people]] maintain a unique identity and religion within Pakistan, practicing a form of animism and ancestor worship.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=19 April 2017}}</ref> | |||
Hinduism is mostly associated with [[Sindhis]], and Pakistan hosts major events such as the [[Hinglaj Mata mandir#Annual pilgrimage (Hinglaj Yatra or Theerth Yatra)|Hinglaj Yatra]] pilgrimage. Hindu temples may be found [[Hinduism in Sindh Province|throughout Sindh]], where the dharma features prominently. Many Hindus in Pakistan complain about the prospect of religious violence against them and being treated like second-class citizens, and many have emigrated to India or further abroad.<ref name="bbc200703022">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm |title=Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan |last=Sohail |first=Riaz |date=2 March 2007 |work=BBC News |quote=But many Hindu families who stayed in Pakistan after partition have already lost faith and migrated to India.|access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
In addition, some Pakistanis also do not profess any faith (such as [[atheism|atheists]] and [[agnosticism|agnostics]]) in Pakistan. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of the population. | |||
==== Islam ==== | |||
{{See also|Islam in Pakistan|Sufism in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Faisal Masjid.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Faisal Mosque]], built in 1986 by Turkish architect [[Vedat Dalokay]] on behalf of [[House of Saud|King]] [[Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz]] of Saudi Arabia]] | |||
Islam is the dominant religion.<ref>Muhammad Qasim Zaman, ''Islam in Pakistan: A History'' (Princeton UP, 2018) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53232 online review] | |||
</ref> About 96.47% of [[Pakistanis]] are Muslim, according to the 2017 Census.<ref name="2017 Census"/> Pakistan has the second-largest number of [[Muslim]]s in the world after Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5|title=Islam in India and Pakistan{{Snd}} A Religious History |last=Singh |first=Dr. Y P |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-85505-63-8 |quote=Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.}}<br />- see: [[Islam by country]]</ref> and home for (10.5%) of the world's Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=December 2012|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> The majority of them are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and mostly follow [[Sufism]] (estimated between 75 and 95%)<ref name="LoC2">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Pakistan |date=February 2005 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.4 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni follows [[Sufism]] and 5 percent Shia.|website=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan|access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |title=Religions: Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other |year=2010 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |department=Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5% |access-date=28 August 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |date=7 October 2009 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327201319/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2010 |editor-first=Tracy |editor-last=Miller |access-date=9 June 2010 }}<br />- {{cite book |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |date=October 2009 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Tracy |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140829/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2010 }}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref> while [[Shia Islam|Shias]] represent between 5–25%.<ref name="LoC2" /><ref name="ciafactbook" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=9 August 2012 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=26 December 2016 |quote=On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not. }}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |title=Field Listing : Religions |year=2010 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, the Shia population in Pakistan was estimated to be 42 million out of total population of 210 million.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ammar Ali|last=Qureshi|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1515823|title=Non-fiction: Pakistan's Shia dynamics |date=10 November 2019|website=Dawn}}</ref> Pakistan also has the largest Muslim city in the world ([[Karachi]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics|first=Nichola|last= Khan|year= 2016| isbn= 978-0-19-086978-6|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote= ... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ... }}</ref> | |||
The [[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Ahmadis]], a small minority representing 0.22–2% of Pakistan's population,<ref>The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See: | |||
* over 2 million: {{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html |title=Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008) |date=4 December 2008 |author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|access-date=28 June 2012}} | |||
* 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: ''International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan.'' Ausgabe 408/2, January 2005, S. 61 ([http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/pk408a-2.pdf PDF]) | |||
* 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: ''Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom.'' 2005, S. 130 | |||
* 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press. Westport 2002, p. 52 | |||
* {{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0 |title=Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> are officially considered non-Muslims by virtue of the [[Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|constitutional amendment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan |date=19 September 2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of State|US State Department]]|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> The [[Ahmadis]] are particularly persecuted, especially since 1974 when they were [[Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|banned]] from calling themselves Muslims. In 1984, Ahmadiyya places of worship were banned from being called "mosques".<ref>New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism: Online and Offline, p. 38, Rüdiger Lohlker{{Snd}} 2012</ref> {{As of|2012}}, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as [[non-denominational Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-09|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|access-date=2022-04-12|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> There are also several [[Quraniyoon]] communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasianmedia.net/profile/pakistan/pk_leadingpersonalities_literature.cfm#gap |title=South Asian Media Net |publisher=South Asian Free Media Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518210117/http://www.southasianmedia.net/profile/pakistan/pk_leadingpersonalities_literature.cfm#gap |archive-date=18 May 2011|access-date=31 October 2010}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7896943.stm |title=Can Sufi Islam counter the Taleban? |date=24 February 2009 |work=BBC|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> They are mainly concentratd in the [[Lalian Tehsil]], [[Chiniot District]], where approximately 13% of the population.<ref name="Districtwise"/> | |||
[[File:Qadiani Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35| | |||
<div style="text-align: center">Ahmadiyya proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div>]] | |||
[[Sufism]], a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large following among the Sunni Muslims in Pakistan, at both the academic and popular levels. Popular Sufi culture is centered around gatherings and celebrations at the shrines of saints and annual festivals that feature Sufi music and dance. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are [[Ali Hajweri]] in [[Lahore]] (c. 12th century)<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WO-5e-HSdOoC&pg=PA47 |title=Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-35592-6 |page=47 |chapter=An emerging European Islam: The case of the Minhaj ul Quran in the Netherlands |author=Amer Morgahi|access-date=30 July 2013 |editor=Martin van Bruinessen, Stefano Allievi}}</ref> and [[Shahbaz Qalander]] in [[Sehwan]], Sindh (c. 12th century).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1136858 |title=Sehwan: The undisputed throne of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar |author=Farooq Soomro |website=dawn.com|access-date=13 January 2016|date=10 October 2014 }}</ref> | |||
There are two levels of [[Sufism]] in Pakistan. The first is the 'populist' Sufism of the rural population. This level of Sufism involves belief in intercession through saints, veneration of their shrines, and forming bonds (Mureed) with a ''pir'' (saint). Many rural Pakistani Muslims associate with [[Pir (Sufism)|''pirs'']] and seek their intercession.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616 |title=Pakistan |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |quote=Sūfī Islam in Pakistan is represented at two levels. The first is the populist Sufism of the rural masses, associated with unorthodox religious rituals and practices, belief in the intercessory powers of saints, pilgrimage and veneration at their shrines, and a binding spiritual relationship between the shaykh or pir (master) and murīd (disciple). Many Muslims in rural areas of Pakistan, where orthodox Islam has yet to penetrate effectively, identify themselves with some pir, living or dead, and seek his intercession for the solution of their worldly problems and for salvation in the hereafter.}}</ref> The second level of Sufism in Pakistan is 'intellectual Sufism', which is growing among the urban and educated population. They are influenced by the writings of Sufis such as the medieval theologian [[al-Ghazali]], the Sufi reformer [[Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi|Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindi]], and [[Shah Wali Allah]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616 |title=Pakistan |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |quote=The other strain is that of scholastic or intellectual Sufism, a recent phenomenon based in urban areas and becoming increasingly popular in educated circles. Influenced by the writings of the medieval theologian al-Ghazālī (d. 1111), the Sūfī reformer Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī (d. 1624), and Shāh Walī Allāh (d. 1762), and by the spiritual experiences of the masters of the Suhrawardī and Naqshbandī orders, these modern Sūfīs are rearticulating Islamic metaphysics as an answer to Western materialism.}}</ref> Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticise Sufism's popular character, which in their view does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of [[Muhammad]] and his companions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html |title=Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan |newspaper=The New York Times |format=video |access-date=21 May 2012 |author=Produced by Charlotte Buchen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528051803/http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
==== Hinduism ==== | |||
{{See also|Hinduism in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Hindu Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35| | |||
<div style="text-align: center">Hindu proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div>]] | |||
[[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]] is the second-largest religion in Pakistan after Islam and is followed by 2.14% of the population according to the 2017 census.<ref name=2017Census>{{cite web |title=SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |access-date=20 May 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407233606/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf |title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226023307/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the 2010 Pew report, Pakistan had the fifth-largest Hindu population in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/ |title=10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations, 2010 and 2050 |date=2 April 2015 |website=Pew Research Center|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> In the 2017 census, the Hindu population was found to be 4,444,437.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit%3famp=1|title=Headcount finalised sans third-party audit|author=Riazul Haq and Shahbaz Rana|date=27 May 2018|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> Hindus are found in all provinces of Pakistan but are mostly concentrated in [[Sindh]], where they account for 8.73% of the population.<ref name=2017Census/> [[Umerkot District|Umerkot district]] (52.15%) is the only Hindu majority district in Pakistan. [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar district]] has the highest population of Hindus in terms of absolute terms. Four districts in Sindh – [[Umerkot District|Umerkot]], [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]], [[Mirpurkhas District|Mirpurkhas]] and [[Sanghar District|Sanghar]] hosts more than half of the Hindu population in Pakistan.<ref name="Districtwise">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results|title=District wise census|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804025540/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
=== | At the time of Pakistan's creation, the 'hostage theory' gained currency. According to this theory, the Hindu minority in Pakistan was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim minority in India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&pg=PA72 |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-231-13847-5 |page=72 |quote=The logic of the ''hostage theory'' tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5|page=19 |quote=Within the subcontinent, ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the 'majority provinces' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India. In this regard, it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that 'hostage' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority.}}</ref> However, [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], the [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|second]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], stated:{{blockquote|I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7u2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan |last=Qasmi |first=Ali Usman |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78308-425-8|page=149 |quote=Nazim-ud-Din favored an Islamic state not just out of political expediency but also because of his deep religious belief in its efficacy and practicality ... Nazim-ud-Din commented:'I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be'.}}</ref>}} Some Hindus in Pakistan feel that they are treated as second-class citizens and many have continued to migrate to India.<ref name="bbc200703022"/> Pakistani Hindus faced riots after the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid demolition]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DD113BF93BA35751C1A964958260&sec=&spon= |title=Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples |date=7 December 1992 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Muslims attacked more than 30 Hindu temples across Pakistan today, and the Government of this overwhelmingly Muslim nation closed offices and schools for a day to protest the destruction of a mosque in India.|access-date=15 April 2011}}</ref> and have experienced other attacks, [[Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan|forced conversions]], and abductions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan: 25 Hindu girls abducted every month; forcibly converted to Islam | Responsible for Equality And Liberty (R.E.A.L.)|url=http://www.realcourage.org/2010/03/pakistan-25-hindu-girls-abducted-every-month/|access-date=2022-04-12|website=www.realcourage.org}}</ref> | ||
[[ | |||
== | ==== Christianity and other religions ==== | ||
{{ | {{main|Christianity in Pakistan}} | ||
[[File:Christian Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35| | |||
<div style="text-align: center">Christian proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div>]] | |||
Christians formed the next largest religious minority after Hindus, with 1.27% of the population following it.<ref name="2017 Census"/> The highest concentration of Christians in Pakistan is in [[Lahore District]] (5%) in Punjab province and in [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] (over 4% Christian). There is a [[Roman Catholicism in Pakistan|Roman Catholic]] community in [[Karachi]] that was established by [[Goa]]n and [[Tamil people|Tamil]] migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed by the British during the colonial administration between World War I and World War II.<ref name="Districtwise"/> | |||
After Christianity, the largest religion is the [[Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan|Bahá'í Faith]], which had a following of 30,000 in 2008, followed by Sikhism, Buddhism, and [[Zoroastrianism]], each claiming roughly 20,000 adherents in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan—International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |access-date=28 August 2010 |quote=The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent.|year=2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> and a very small [[Jainism in Pakistan|community of Jains]]. | |||
== | One of percent of the population identified as atheist in 2005. However, the figure rose to 2.0% in 2012 according to [[WIN/GIA|Gallup]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Husain |first=Irfan |title=Faith in decline |url=http://dawn.com/2012/08/27/faith-in-decline/|access-date=16 December 2012 |newspaper=Dawn, Irfan |date=27 August 2012 |quote=Interestingly, and somewhat intriguingly, 2 per cent of the Pakistanis surveyed see themselves as atheists, up from 1pc in 2005. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204113125/http://dawn.com/2012/08/27/faith-in-decline/ |archive-date=4 December 2012}}</ref> | ||
== Culture and society == | |||
{{Main|Culture of Pakistan|British heritage of Pakistan|Public holidays in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Truck Art.jpg|thumb|A decorated truck running on the [[Karakoram Highway|Karakorum Highway]]]] | |||
[[File:W-P-AD20070217-16h21m13s-e.jpg|thumb|right|[[Truck art in Pakistan|Truck art]] is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture.]] | |||
* [[ | [[Pakistani society|Civil society]] in Pakistan is largely hierarchical, emphasising [[Etiquette in Pakistan|local cultural etiquette]] and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the [[extended family]],<ref name="nuclear">{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html |title=Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette |publisher=Kwint Essential|access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323000308/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html |archive-date=23 March 2009 }}</ref> although for socio-economic reasons there has been a growing trend towards [[Nuclear family|nuclear families]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anwar Alam |title=Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar |journal=Sarhad J. Agric. |year=2008 |volume=24 |url=http://www.aup.edu.pk/sj_pdf/FACTORS%20AND%20CONSEQUENCES%20OF%20NUCLEARIZATION.pdf|access-date=21 April 2012 |issue=3}}</ref> The traditional dress for both men and women is the ''[[Shalwar Kameez]]''; trousers, [[jeans]], and shirts are also popular among men.<ref name="taxila" /> In recent decades, the middle class has increased to around 35 million and the upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rise of Mehran man |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/19124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125011513/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/columnists/irfan-husain-the-rise-of-mehran-man-740 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan News |author=Irfan Husain |date=17 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> Pakistani festivals, including [[Eid ul-Fitr|''Eid-ul-Fitr'']], [[Eid al-Adha|''Eid-ul-Azha'']], [[Ramadan|''Ramazan'']], Christmas, Easter, [[Holi]], and [[Diwali]], are mostly religious in origin.<ref name="nuclear" /> Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the [[A.T. Kearney]]/FP [[Globalization Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/images/global/pdf/Globalization-Index_FP_Nov-Dec-06_S.pdf |publisher=A.T. Kearney |date=Nov–Dec 2006 |page=4|access-date=1 January 2012}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | ||
=== Clothing, arts, and fashion === | |||
{{Main|Pakistani clothing|Shalwar kameez|Sherwani|Jinnah cap|Peshawari chappal|Pakol|Sindhi topi|Sindhi topi = }} | |||
[[File:Kail Neelum Valley AJK.jpg|thumb|People in traditional clothing in the [[Pahari-Pothwari]] [[Neelum District]] in [[Azad Kashmir|AJK]]]] | |||
The [[Shalwar kameez|''Shalwar Kameez'']] is the [[national dress]] of Pakistan and is worn by both men and women in all [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]]: [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Sindh, Balochistan, and [[Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Azad Kashmir]]. Each province has its own style of ''Shalwar Kameez''. Pakistanis wear clothes in a range of exquisite colours and designs and in type of fabric (silk, [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]], cotton, etc.). Besides the national dress, domestically tailored [[Suit (clothing)|suits]] and neckties are often worn by men, and are customary in offices, schools, and social gatherings.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Koerner|author2=Ian Russell|title=Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7li2jpQgYvAC&pg=PA382|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7548-8|page=382}}</ref> | |||
The [[Pakistani fashion|fashion industry]] has flourished in the changing environment of the fashion world. Since Pakistan came into being, its fashion has evolved in different phases and developed a unique identity. Today, Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dress and has become a mark of Pakistani culture. Despite modern trends, regional and traditional forms of dress have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition. This regional fashion continues to evolve into both more modern and purer forms. The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in [[Lahore]] organizes [[PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week|PFDC Fashion Week]] and the Fashion Pakistan Council based in [[Karachi]] organizes [[Fashion Pakistan Week]]. Pakistan's first fashion week was held in November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michele Langevine Leiby |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-pakistan-fashion-weeks-thrive-beyond-the-style-capitals-of-the-world/2012/04/24/gIQAt3qcgT_story.html |title=In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=25 April 2012|access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> | |||
=== Media and entertainment === | |||
{{Main|Media of Pakistan|Cinema of Pakistan|Music of Pakistan|History of Pakistani pop music|Theatre of Pakistan|Pakistani dramas}} | |||
The private [[Newspapers in Pakistan|print media]], state-owned [[Pakistan Television Corporation]] (PTV), and [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] (PBC) for [[Radio Pakistan|radio]] were the dominant media outlets until the beginning of the 21st century. Pakistan now has a large network of domestic, privately owned 24-hour [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] and [[Television in Pakistan|television channels]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-media-pakistan-radicalisation-2009.pdf |title=Media in Pakistan |publisher=International Media Support |pages=14–16, 21 |access-date=10 August 2020 |date=July 2009}}</ref> A 2021 report by the [[Reporters Without Borders]] ranked Pakistan 157th among 180 nations on the [[Press Freedom Index]], it is reported multiple times that Pakistani reporters remains in pressure and threat if reported against army, government.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Pakistan slips further on World Press Freedom Index|url=https://theprint.in/world/pakistan-slips-further-on-world-press-freedom-index/942403/ |website=The Print|date=4 May 2022 }}</ref> The [[BBC]] terms the Pakistani media "among the most outspoken in South Asia".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12965785 |title=Pakistan profile{{Snd}} Media |work=BBC News |access-date=23 April 2016|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing corruption.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-media-pakistan-radicalisation-2009.pdf |title={{Not a typo|Between radicalisation and democratisation in an unfolding conflict: Media in Pakistan}}|publisher=International Media Support|date=July 2009|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> | |||
The [[Lollywood]], Punjabi and [[Pashto cinema|Pashto]] film industry is based in Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. While [[Bollywood]] films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they had remained an important part of popular culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Randhava |first=Naseem |title=Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan |url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/bollywood-films-may-banned-pakistan-094000464.html |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=31 October 2011}}<br />- {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4639216.stm |title=Pakistan to show Bollywood film |work=BBC News |date=23 January 2006 |access-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> In 2019, the screening of Bollywood movies was again faced with an indefinite ban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeb |first=Parkha |date=2023-02-22 |title=Pakistan is (finally) getting over its Bollywood mania |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1191547 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref> In contrast to the ailing Pakistani film industry, Urdu [[Pakistani dramas|televised dramas]] and theatrical performances continue to be popular, as many [[Television in Pakistan|entertainment media outlets]] air them regularly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ |title=The Evolving World of Pakistani Dramas Builds Stronger Relations With India |date=21 January 2015 |publisher=Brown Girl |last1=Shaikh |first1=Naila |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428110047/http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Pakistani dramas|Urdu dramas]] dominate the [[Television in Pakistan|television entertainment industry]], which has launched critically acclaimed [[miniseries]] and featured popular actors and actresses since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television |access-date=25 May 2015 |work=Daily Times|date=25 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television |archive-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> In the 1960s–1970s, [[Pakistani pop music|pop music]] and [[Disco Deewane|disco]] (1970s) dominated the country's music industry. In the 1980s–1990s, [[new wave of British heavy metal|British influenced]] [[Pakistani rock|rock music]] appeared and jolted the country's entertainment industry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nadeem F. Paracha |title=Times of the Vital Sign |url=http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/|access-date=3 April 2013 |newspaper=Dawn News|date=28 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402133212/http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/ |archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> In the 2000s, [[heavy metal music]] gained popular and critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reza Sayah |title=Underground musicians aim to change Pakistan's image |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/04/12/pakistan.music/|access-date=5 April 2013 |newspaper=CNN Pakistan |date=12 April 2012}}</ref> | |||
Pakistani music ranges from diverse forms of provincial folk music and traditional styles such as [[Qawwali]] and [[Ghazal]] Gayaki to modern musical forms that fuse traditional and western music.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 1997 |title=The stilled voice |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm |access-date=30 June 2011 |author1=Amit Baruah |author2=R. Padmanabhan |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927003536/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm}}</ref><!--<ref>{{cite web |author=Adam Nayyar |author-link=Adam Nayyar |title=Origin and History of the Qawwali |year=1988 |publisher=University of Toronto |page=1 |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/jkcourses/mus200/Nayyar_Qawwali.pdf |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query.php?url=http://www.utoronto.ca/jkcourses/mus200/Nayyar_Qawwali.pdf}}</ref>--> Pakistan has many famous folk singers. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there has been intolerance of it in some places.<ref>{{cite news |author=Owais Tohid |date=7 June 2005 |title=Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0607/p07s01-wosc.html |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> | |||
=== Diaspora === | |||
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{{Main|Overseas Pakistani}}According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora in the world.<ref name=":3"/> Statistics gathered by the Pakistani government show that there are around 7 million [[Pakistani people|Pakistanis]] residing abroad, with the vast majority living in the Middle East, Europe, and North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/142435 |title=Pride and the Pakistani Diaspora |publisher=Archives.dawn.com |date=14 February 2009 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015142319/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/142435 |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for remittances sent home.<ref name="overseaspakistanis1"/><ref name="worldbank1">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Top10.pdf |title=Migration and Remittances: Top Countries |publisher=Siteresources.worldbank.org |year=2010|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> The largest inflow of remittances, {{as of|2016|lc=y}}, is from Saudi Arabia, amounting to $5.9 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1142758/saudi-arabia-remains-largest-source-remittances/ |title=Saudi Arabia remains largest source of remittances for Pakistan |date=16 July 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> The term ''[[Overseas Pakistani]]'' is officially recognised by the [[Government of Pakistan]]. The [[Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis]] was established in 2008 to deal exclusively with all matters of overseas Pakistanis such as attending to their needs and problems, developing projects for their welfare, and working for resolution of their problems and issues. Overseas Pakistanis are the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan after exports. Over the last several years, home remittances have maintained a steadily rising trend, with a more than 100% increase from US$8.9 billion in 2009–10 to US$19.9 billion in 2015–16.<ref name="remit"/><ref name="worldbank1" /> | |||
The Overseas Pakistani Division (OPD) was created in September 2004 within the [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Ministry of Labour]] (MoL). It has since recognised the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the nation's economy. Together with Community Welfare Attaches (CWAs) and the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF), the OPD is making efforts to improve the welfare of Pakistanis who reside abroad. The division aims to provide better services through improved facilities at airports, and suitable schemes for housing, education, and health care. It also facilitates the reintegration into society of returning overseas Pakistanis. Notable members of the Pakistani diaspora include the [[London Mayor]] [[Sadiq Khan]], the UK cabinet member [[Sajid Javid]], the former [[UK Conservative Party]] chair [[Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi|Baroness Warsi]], the singers [[Zayn Malik]] and [[Nadia Ali (singer)|Nadia Ali]], [[MIT]] physics Professor [[Nergis Mavalvala]], the actors [[Riz Ahmed]] and [[Kumail Nanjiani]], the businessmen [[Shahid Khan]] and [[Sir Anwar Pervez]], Boston University professors [[Adil Najam]] and [[Hamid Nawab]], [[Texas A&M University|Texas A&M]] professor [[Muhammad Suhail Zubairy]], [[Yale]] professor [[Sara Suleri]], [[UC San Diego]] professor [[Farooq Azam]] and the historian [[Ayesha Jalal]]. | |||
=== Literature and philosophy === | |||
{{Main|Literature of Pakistan|Urdu poetry|Pakistani philosophy}} | |||
[[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|alt=Muhammad Iqbal|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistan's national poet who conceived the [[Conception of Pakistan|idea]] of Pakistan]] | |||
Pakistan has literature in [[Urdu literature|Urdu]], [[Sindhi literature|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi literature|Punjabi]], [[Pashto literature and poetry|Pashto]], [[Balochi Academy|Baluchi]], [[Persian literature|Persian]], [[Pakistani English literature|English]], and many other languages.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alamgir Hashmi |editor=Radhika Mohanram |others=Gita Rajan |title=English postcoloniality: literatures from around the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_uwA78YZDoC&pg=PA107|year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28854-8 |pages=107–112}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Academy of Letters]] is a large literary community that promotes literature and poetry in Pakistan and abroad.<ref>Official website in English [http://pal.gov.pk/home/ Pakistan Academy of Letters] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306135947/http://pal.gov.pk/home/ |date=6 March 2013}}</ref> The [[National Library of Pakistan|National Library]] publishes and promotes literature in the country. Before the 19th century, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of [[lyric poetry|lyric]] and [[Sufi poetry|religious poetry]] and mystical and [[Pakistani folklore|folkloric]] works. During the colonial period, native literary figures were influenced by western [[literary realism]] and took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gilani Kamran |title=Pakistani Literature{{Snd}} Evolution & trends |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2002/Pakistani-Literature3-the-Novel.htm |publisher=The South Asian Magazine |date=January 2002|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="granta">{{cite web |author=Huma Imtiaz |title=Granta: The global reach of Pakistani literature |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/53272/granta-the-global-reach-of-pakistani-literature/ |website=The Express Tribune |date=26 September 2010|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
The [[List of national poets|national poet]] of Pakistan, [[Muhammad Iqbal]], wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims all over the world to bring about a successful revolution.{{clarify|date=April 2017<!--What kind of revolution? Political, literary, cultural?-->}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Iqbal, Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=15 December 2004 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iqbal-muhammad |access-date=1 January 2012}}<br/>- {{cite web |first=Nadeem |last=Shafique |title=Global Apprecaition of Allama Iqbal |work=Journal of Research, Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies |pages=47–49 |publisher=Bahauddin Zakariya University |url=http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-1%202001/Nadeem%20Shafiq-3.pdf |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118104825/http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-1%202001/Nadeem%20Shafiq-3.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}<br />- {{cite web |author=Iqbal Academy |date=26 May 2006 |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html |title=Allama Iqbal{{Snd}} Biography |format=PHP |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=19 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075055/http://allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Well-known figures in contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include [[Josh Malihabadi]] [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]] and [[Saadat Hasan Manto]]. [[Sadequain]] and [[Gulgee]] are known for their calligraphy and paintings.<ref name="granta" /> The Sufi poets [[Shah Abdul Latif]], [[Bulleh Shah]], [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]], and [[Khawaja Farid]] enjoy considerable popularity in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Muhammad Zahid Rifat |title=Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117074308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |newspaper=The Nation|date=3 October 2011|access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref> [[Mirza Kalich Beg]] has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.<ref>{{cite book |title=L.H. Ajwani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dL5owdAV5TcC&pg=PA50 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|author=Chetan Karnani |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-260-1664-8 |page=50}}</ref> Historically, philosophical development in the country was dominated by Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, [[Muhammad Asad]], [[Abu Ala' Mawdudi|Maududi]], and [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar|Mohammad Ali Johar]].<ref>Javed, Kazi. Philosophical Domain of Pakistan (Pakistan Main Phalsapiana Rojhanat) (in Urdu). Karachi: Karachi University Press, 1999.</ref> | |||
Ideas from [[British philosophy|British]] and [[American philosophy]] greatly shaped [[Pakistani philosophy|philosophical development]] in Pakistan. Analysts such as [[M. M. Sharif]] and [[Syed Zafarul Hasan|Zafar Hassan]] established the first major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947.{{clarify|date=April 2017}}<!--Did this movement have a name?--><ref>{{cite web |display-authors=etal |author=Richard V. DeSemet |title=Philosophical Activities in Pakistan:1947–1961 |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm |website=Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105450/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> After the 1971 war, philosophers such as [[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim]], [[Sobho Gianchandani|Gianchandani]], and [[Malik Meraj Khalid|Malik Khalid]] incorporated [[Marxism]] into Pakistan's philosophical thinking. Influential work by [[Manzoor Ahmad]], [[Jon Elia]], [[Hasan Askari Rizvi]], and Abdul Khaliq brought mainstream [[Social philosophy|social]], [[Political thought|political]], and [[analytical philosophy]] to the fore in academia.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ahmad |editor-first1=Naeem |title=Philosophy in Pakistan |date=1998 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-56518-108-3}}</ref> Works by [[Noam Chomsky]] have influenced philosophical ideas in various fields of social and political philosophy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mallick |first=Ayyaz |title=Exclusive interview with Noam Chomsky on Pakistan elections |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/812481/exclusive-interview-with-noam-chomsky-on-pakistan-elections|access-date=21 February 2015 |agency=Dawn news election cells |publisher=Dawn news election cells |date=7 May 2013}}<br />- {{cite web |last=Hoodbhoy |first=Pervez |title=Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy |url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20011127.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=PTV archives |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=16 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916002032/http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20011127.htm}}</ref> | |||
=== Architecture === | |||
{{Main|Pakistani architecture|Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam Multan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|The [[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] is part of Pakistan's Sufi heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://historyofislam.com/contents/the-post-mongol-period/the-sufis-of-india-and-pakistan/ |title=The Sufis of India and Pakistan |date=22 December 2009 |newspaper=History of Islam|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref>]] | |||
Four periods are recognised in Pakistani architecture: [[History of Pakistan#Early history|pre-Islamic]], [[History of Pakistan#Muslim period|Islamic]], [[History of Pakistan#Colonial era|colonial]], and [[History of Pakistan#Independence|post-colonial]]. With the beginning of the [[Indus civilization]] around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE,<ref>{{cite web |author=Vidja Dehejia |title=South Asian Art and Culture |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sasa/hd_sasa.htm |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization |url=http://history-world.org/indus_valley.htm |website=History World International |access-date=6 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610205538/http://history-world.org/indus_valley.htm |archive-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjo Daro]], Harappa, and [[Kot Diji]] are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions.<ref name="mountains" /> The rise of [[Buddhism]] and the influence of [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Greek]] civilisation led to the development of a [[Greco-Buddhism|Greco-Buddhist]] style,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maity|first=Sachindra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8Iz5C5auqEC&pg=PA46|title=Cultural Heritage of Ancient India|date=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02809-8}}</ref> starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was the [[Gandara art|Gandhara style]]. An example of [[Buddhist architecture]] is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery [[Takht Bhai|Takht-i-Bahi]] in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai |publisher=International Council on Monuments and Sites |pages=1–2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/140.pdf |date=29 December 1979|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Minar e Pakistan night image (square).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|[[Minar-e-Pakistan]] is a national monument marking Pakistan's independence movement.]] | |||
The arrival of Islam in what is today Pakistan meant the sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless [[Islamic architecture]]. The most important [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]-style building still standing is the [[Rukn-e-Alam|tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam]] in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, as the occasional residence of Mughal rulers, contains many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the [[Badshahi Mosque]], the [[Lahore Fort|fortress of Lahore]] with the famous [[Alamgiri Gate]], the colourful, [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]-style [[Wazir Khan Mosque]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Valentine|first=Simon Ross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC&pg=PA63|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice|date=2008|publisher=Hurst & Company|isbn=978-1-85065-916-7}}</ref> the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] in Lahore, and the [[Shahjahan Mosque]] in [[Thatta]]. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures such as the [[Faisal Mosque]], the [[Minar-e-Pakistan]], and the [[Mazar-e-Quaid]]. Several examples of architectural infrastructure demonstrating the influence of [[Architecture of the United Kingdom|British design]] can be found in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kamil Khan Mumtaz |title=Architecture in Pakistan |year=1985 |publisher=Concept Media Pte Ltd |isbn=978-9971-84-141-6 |pages=32, 51, 160}}</ref> | |||
=== Food and drink === | |||
{{Main|Pakistani cuisine}} | |||
[[File:Port Grand Karachi.JPG|Located on the bank of [[Arabian Sea]] in [[Karachi]], [[Port Grand]] is one of the largest food streets of Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g295414-d2419975-Reviews-or320-Port_Grand-Karachi_Sindh_Province.html|title=Port Grand – 2021 Tours & Tickets | All You Need to Know Before You Go (with Photos) – Karachi, Pakistan|website=Tripadvisor}}</ref>|thumb]] | |||
====Traditional food==== | |||
Pakistani cuisine is similar to that of other regions of South Asia, with some of it being originated from the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=William |title=Pakistan|year=2002 |publisher=Lucent Books|isbn=978-1-59018-218-5|page=79|quote=Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries.}}</ref> Most of those dishes have their roots in [[British cuisine|British]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Central Asian cuisine|Central Asian]] and [[Middle Eastern cuisine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Jonathan H.X.|last2=Nadeau |first2=Kathleen M.|title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35066-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/973 973]|quote=Pakistani cuisine—a fusion of Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Persian, and Indian traditions—is known for being spicy and for its aromatic and flavorful richness.|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/973}}</ref> Unlike Middle Eastern cuisine, Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs, and seasoning. Garlic, [[ginger]], [[turmeric]], red [[Chili powder|chili]], and [[garam masala]] are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry, [[pita bread|''roti'']], a thin flatbread made from wheat, is a staple food, usually served with curry, meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet dishes.<ref name="yasmeen"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Kathleen W. Deady |title=Countries of the world :Pakistan |year=2001 |publisher=Capstone Press |isbn=978-0-7368-0815-6 |pages=13–15}}<br />- {{cite book |author=American Geriatrics Society. Ethnogeriatrics Committee |title=Doorway thoughts: cross-cultural health care for older adults |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-4355-0 |pages=119–120}}</ref> | |||
[[Lassi]] is a traditional drink in the [[Punjab region]]. [[Pakistani tea culture|Black tea with milk and sugar]] is popular throughout Pakistan and is consumed daily by most of the population.<ref name="taxila"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Tarla Dalal |title=Punjabi Khana |year=2007 |publisher=Sanjay & Co |isbn=978-81-89491-54-3 |page=8}}</ref> [[Sohan halwa]] is a popular sweet dish from the southern region of Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1074194/sohan-halwa-a-gift-of-saints-city |title=Sohan Halwa a gift of saints' city |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Dawn.com|access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> | |||
=== Sports === | |||
{{Main|Sport in Pakistan}} | |||
Most sports played in Pakistan originated and were substantially developed by athletes and sports fans from the United Kingdom who introduced them during the [[British Raj]]. [[Field hockey]] is the [[national sport]] of Pakistan; it has won three gold medals in the [[Olympic Games]] held in [[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], [[Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]], and [[Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1984]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Bill Mallon |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-7249-3 |edition=4th revised |author2=Jeroen Heijmans |page=291}}</ref> Pakistan has also won the [[Hockey World Cup]] a record four times, held in [[1971 Men's Hockey World Cup|1971]], [[1978 Men's Hockey World Cup|1978]], [[1982 Men's Hockey World Cup|1982]], and [[1994 Men's Hockey World Cup|1994]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mjae1kdYUC&pg=PA771|title=Basic Facts of General Knowledge |author=V.V.K.Subburaj |date=30 August 2004 |publisher=Sura College of Competition|isbn=978-81-7254-234-4 |page=771}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Gaddafi stadium lahore.jpg|thumb|[[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], is the 3rd largest cricket stadium in Pakistan, with a [[seating capacity]] of 27,000 spectators.]] | |||
[[Cricket]], however, is the most popular game across the country.<ref>{{cite news |author=Khan |first=Saad |date=15 March 2010 |title=The Death of Sports in Pakistan |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/saad-khan/the-death-of-sports-in-pa_b_498758.html |access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> The country has had an array of success in the sport over the years, and has the distinct achievement of having won each of the major [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] international cricket tournaments: [[ICC Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC World Twenty20]], and [[ICC Champions Trophy]];<ref>{{cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Deepu |date=19 June 2017 |title=CT17 final stats: Pakistan become fourth team to win all three ICC crowns |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95302/ct17-final-stats-pakistan-become-fourth-team-to-win-all-three-icc-crowns |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> as well as the [[ICC Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2016 |title=David Richardson presents ICC Test Championship mace to Misbah-ul-Haq |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/183562 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> The [[Pakistan national cricket team|cricket team]] (known as [[Shaheen falcon|''Shaheens'']]) won the [[Cricket World Cup]] held in [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]; it was runner-up once, in [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]. Pakistan was runner-up in the inaugural [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] (2007) in South Africa and won the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 World Twenty20]] in England. In March 2009, militants [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team|attacked]] the touring [[Sri Lankan cricket team]],<ref>{{cite news |date=4 March 2009 |title=Pakistan cricket future in doubt |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/cricket/7921384.stm |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> after which no international cricket was played in Pakistan until May 2015, when the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Pakistan in 2015|Zimbabwean team agreed to a tour]]. Pakistan also won the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]] by defeating arch-rivals [[India national cricket team|India]] in the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final|final]]. | |||
[[Pakistan Super League]] is one of the largest [[List of T20 cricket competitions|cricket leagues of the world]] with a brand value of about {{PKRConvert|32.26|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/431453-n-a|title=PSL's brand value stands at $230m or Rs 32.258 bn|date=13 February 2019|website=The News International}}</ref> | |||
[[Association football]] is the second-most played sports in Pakistan, and is organised and regulated by the [[Pakistan Football Federation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=23 December 2010 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part I |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593095/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> [[Football in Pakistan]] is as old as the country itself. Shortly after the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) was created, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became its first Patron-in-Chief.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/20140211/far-post-sialkot-pakistan-soccer-balls-factory/|last=Waraich |first=Omar|title=Where soccer gets made|work=The Far Post|publisher=Sports Illustrated|date=11 February 2014|access-date=11 January 2021|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212144348/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/20140211/far-post-sialkot-pakistan-soccer-balls-factory/|archive-date=12 February 2014}}</ref> The highest football division in Pakistan is the [[Pakistan Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Sports/12-Aug-2010/PFF-approves-two-more-teams-in-Premier-League |title=PFF approves two more teams in Premier League |access-date=14 July 2018 |date=August 12, 2010 |work=The Nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930010538/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Sports/12-Aug-2010/PFF-approves-two-more-teams-in-Premier-League |archive-date=30 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan is known as one of the best manufactures of the official [[FIFA World Cup]] ball.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-01-28 |title=Footballs made in Pakistan to be used in FIFA World Cup 2018 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1620487/7-footballs-made-pakistan-used-fifa-world-cup-2018 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=2010-12-23 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part III |url=https://www.dawn.com/2010/12/23/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-iii/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> | |||
Pakistan has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the [[1989 South Asian Games|1989]] and [[2004 South Asian Games]]; the [[1984 Men's World Open Squash Championship|1984]], [[1993 Men's World Open Squash Championship|1993]], [[1996 Men's World Open Squash Championship|1996]] and [[2003 Men's World Open Squash Championship|2003 World Squash Championships]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Men's World Opens |url=http://www.worldsquash.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Mens-World-Open.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322112800/http://www.worldsquash.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Mens-World-Open.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019 |work=Championship Records |publisher=[[World Squash Federation]] |pages=1–17}}</ref> the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Amrit |date=22 December 2014 |title=The World Cup leaves England |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/amrit-mathur-on-the-1987-world-cup-the-world-cup-leaves-england-812593 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 August 2022 |title=Schedule announced for England's first tour of Pakistan in 17 years |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2709253 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> and the [[1990 Men's Hockey World Cup|1990 Hockey World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hockey World Cup Lahore 1990 {{!}} FIH |url=https://fih.ch/events/world-cup/hockey-world-cup-lahore-1990-m/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[International Hockey Federation]]}}</ref> Pakistan is set to host the [[2023 South Asian Games]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaqoob |first=Mohammad |date=2021-01-15 |title=Pakistan to host 2023 SAF Games after prime minister's approval: POA |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1601528 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> the [[2023 Asia Cup]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Ali |first=Mir Shabbar |date=2022-08-18 |title=PCB unconcerned by PSL-IPL clash in 2025 as ICC announces new FTP cycle |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1705416 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> and the [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024-2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> | |||
There are also some [[Traditional games of Pakistan|traditional Pakistani games]] that are commonly played, with [[kabaddi]] being foremost among them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sport in Pakistan |url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/pakistan.htm |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Outline of Pakistan]] | |||
* [[Administrative divisions of Pakistan]] | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
== Notes == | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | ||
''' | |||
{{ | == Bibliography == | ||
{{See also|Bibliography of Pakistan}} | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
*{{Cite encyclopedia| editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year = 2022| title = [[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]]| edition = 25| place = Dallas, Texas| publisher = SIL International| chapter = Pakistan| chapter-url = https://ethnologue.com/country/PK| ref = {{harvid|Ethnologue|2022}} }} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Allchin |first1=F. Raymond |author-link1=Raymond Allchin |title=The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India-Pakistan |journal=Studies in the History of Art |date=1993 |volume=31 |pages=69–81 |jstor=42620473}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Allchin|first1=Bridget|last2=Allchin|first2=Raymond|author-link1=Bridget Allchin|author-link2=Raymond Allchin|title=The rise of civilization in India and Pakistan|date=1988|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521285506|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC}} | |||
* {{citation|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|date=1997|author=Akbar Ahmed|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-14966-2|url=https://archive.org/details/jinnahpakistanis00ahme}} | |||
* {{citation |title=The Idea of Pakistan |date=2006 |author=Stephen Philip Cohen|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-1503-0}} | |||
* {{citation |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |date=2012 |author=Anatol Lieven|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-145-0}} | |||
* {{citation |title=The Encyclopedia of Pakistan |date=2006 |author=Hafeez Malik|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-597735-6}} | |||
* {{citation |title=Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia) |date=2005 |author=Iftikhar Malik|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33126-8}} | |||
* {{citation |title=Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009 |date=2011 |author=Matthew McCartney|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-57747-2}} | |||
* {{citation |title=Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity |date=2010 |author=Masood Ashraf Raja|author-link=Masood Ashraf Raja|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547811-2}} | |||
* {{citation |title=India, Pakistan and the West |date=2007 |author=Percival Spear|author-link=Percival Spear|publisher=Read Books Publishers|isbn=978-1-4067-1215-5}} | |||
* {{citation |title=Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues |date=1 January 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA44 |author1=Robert Stimson |author2=Kingsley E. Haynes |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78100-796-9}} | |||
* {{citation |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ|author=Venkat Dhulipala |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
== External links == | |||
=== Government === | |||
* {{Official website|http://www.pakistan.gov.pk}} | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809164516/http://pakpublicpolicy.org/ Pakistan Public Policies & Researches] | |||
=== General information === | |||
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ Pakistan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212601/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/pakistan.htm Pakistan] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' | |||
* {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/Pakistan}} | |||
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12965779 Pakistan] from [[BBC News]] | |||
* {{Wikiatlas|Pakistan}} | |||
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PK Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan] from [[International Futures]] | |||
* {{OSM relation|307573}} | |||
{{Pakistan topics}} | |||
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