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Narendra Modi: Difference between revisions
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*{{citation|last=Kinnvall|first=Catarina|title=Populism, ontological insecurity and Hindutva: Modi and the masculinization of Indian politics|journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs|year=2019|volume=32|issue=3|pages=238–302, 295|doi=10.1080/09557571.2019.1588851|s2cid=164991567 }}</ref> A Special Investigation Team appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2012 found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against him.{{efn|In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no evidence against Modi.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|title=India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots case|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=10 April 2012|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174351/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|title=SIT finds no proof against Modi, says court|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 April 2012|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221082846/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Manas}}</ref>}} As chief minister, his administration's pro-[[Economic growth|growth]] policies were praised. Health, poverty and education indices in the state did not see significant improvements.{{efn|Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in Gujarat.<ref name="Buncombe" /><ref name="Jaffrelot2013" />}} In the [[2014 Indian general election]], Modi led the BJP to a [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] majority, the first for a party since [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]. His administration increased direct foreign investment; it reduced spending on healthcare, education, and social-welfare programmes. Modi began a [[Swachh Bharat Mission|high-profile sanitation campaign]], controversially initiated the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|2016 demonetisation of high-denomination banknotes]] and introduced the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]], and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. | *{{citation|last=Kinnvall|first=Catarina|title=Populism, ontological insecurity and Hindutva: Modi and the masculinization of Indian politics|journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs|year=2019|volume=32|issue=3|pages=238–302, 295|doi=10.1080/09557571.2019.1588851|s2cid=164991567 }}</ref> A Special Investigation Team appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2012 found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against him.{{efn|In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no evidence against Modi.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|title=India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots case|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=10 April 2012|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174351/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17664751|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|title=SIT finds no proof against Modi, says court|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 April 2012|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221082846/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Manas}}</ref>}} As chief minister, his administration's pro-[[Economic growth|growth]] policies were praised. Health, poverty and education indices in the state did not see significant improvements.{{efn|Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in Gujarat.<ref name="Buncombe" /><ref name="Jaffrelot2013" />}} In the [[2014 Indian general election]], Modi led the BJP to a [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] majority, the first for a party since [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]. His administration increased direct foreign investment; it reduced spending on healthcare, education, and social-welfare programmes. Modi began a [[Swachh Bharat Mission|high-profile sanitation campaign]], controversially initiated the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|2016 demonetisation of high-denomination banknotes]] and introduced the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]], and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. | ||
Modi's administration launched the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] against an alleged terrorist training camp in Pakistan: the airstrike failed,<ref name=lalwani-tallo-2019>{{citation|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|date=17 April 2019|title=Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal: There are broader implications for India — and the United States|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/}}</ref><ref name=ian-hall-1>{{citation|last=Hall|first=Ian|title = India's 2019 General Election: National Security and the Rise of the Watchmen|journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume= 108|year=2019|issue=5|pages=507–519, 510|doi=10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360 |s2cid=203266692 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360}}</ref> but had nationalist appeal.<ref name=jaffrelot-2021-helicopter>{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780691223094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7USEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Modi's party comfortably won the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] which followed.<ref name = "BS Book review"/> In its second term, his administration [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], an Indian-administred portion of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region,<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |accessdate=7 August 2019}} (subscription required)</ref><ref name="Osmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}}</ref> and introduced the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]], prompting [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|widespread protests]], and spurring the [[2020 Delhi riots]] in which Muslims were brutalized and killed by Hindu mobs,<ref name="guardian-3-6-20">{{citation|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|date=6 March 2020|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=wamsley-frayer-npr-2020-2-26-3>{{citation|last1=Wamsley|first1=Laurel|last2=Frayer|first2=Lauren|publisher=NPR|title=In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots|date=26 February 2020|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809628525/in-new-delhi-days-of-deadly-violence-and-riots|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March5">{{citation|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|title=Violence in India Threatens Its Global Ambitions|date=5 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/world/asia/india-violence-diplomacy.html|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> sometimes with the complicity of police forces controlled by the Modi administration.<ref>{{citation|title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots|date=16 March 2020|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Abi-Habib|first2=Maria|title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse|date=1 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> Three controversial [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|farm laws]], led to [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|sit-in]]s by farmers across the country, eventually causing their formal repeal. Modi oversaw India's response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], during which 4.7 million Indians died, according to the [[World Health Organization]]'s estimates.<ref name="WHO estimate">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61327778 |title=Covid: World's true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO |first1= Naomi |last1=Grimley |first2= Jack |last2=Cornish |first3= Nassos |last3=Stylianou |work=BBC News |date=5 May 2022}}</ref><ref name = "Biswas 2022">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-60981318 |title=Why India's real Covid toll may never be known |first=Soutik |last=Biswas |date=5 May 2022 |work=BBC }}</ref> | Modi's administration launched the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] against an alleged terrorist training camp in Pakistan: the airstrike failed,<ref name=lalwani-tallo-2019>{{citation|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|date=17 April 2019|title=Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal: There are broader implications for India — and the United States|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/}}</ref><ref name=ian-hall-1>{{citation|last=Hall|first=Ian|title = India's 2019 General Election: National Security and the Rise of the Watchmen|journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume= 108|year=2019|issue=5|pages=507–519, 510|doi=10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360 |s2cid=203266692 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2019.1658360}}</ref> but had nationalist appeal.<ref name=jaffrelot-2021-helicopter>{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780691223094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7USEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Modi's party comfortably won the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] which followed.<ref name = "BS Book review"/> In its second term, his administration [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], an Indian-administred portion of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region,<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |accessdate=7 August 2019}} (subscription required)</ref><ref name="Osmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}}</ref> and introduced the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]], prompting [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|widespread protests]], and spurring the [[2020 Delhi riots]] in which Muslims were brutalized and killed by Hindu mobs,<ref name="guardian-3-6-20">{{citation|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|date=6 March 2020|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=wamsley-frayer-npr-2020-2-26-3>{{citation|last1=Wamsley|first1=Laurel|last2=Frayer|first2=Lauren|publisher=NPR|title=In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots|date=26 February 2020|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809628525/in-new-delhi-days-of-deadly-violence-and-riots|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March5">{{citation|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|title=Violence in India Threatens Its Global Ambitions|date=5 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/world/asia/india-violence-diplomacy.html|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> sometimes with the complicity of police forces controlled by the Modi administration.<ref>{{citation|title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots|date=16 March 2020|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Abi-Habib|first2=Maria|title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse|date=1 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> Three controversial [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|farm laws]], led to [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|sit-in]]s by farmers across the country, eventually causing their formal repeal. Modi oversaw India's response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], during which 4.7 million Indians died, according to the [[World Health Organization]]'s estimates.<ref name="WHO estimate">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61327778 |title=Covid: World's true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO |first1= Naomi |last1=Grimley |first2= Jack |last2=Cornish |first3= Nassos |last3=Stylianou |work=BBC News |date=5 May 2022}}</ref><ref name = "Biswas 2022">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-60981318 |title=Why India's real Covid toll may never be known |first=Soutik |last=Biswas |date=5 May 2022 |work=BBC }}</ref> As prime minister, he has received [[Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership|consistently high approval ratings]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Volker |title=Minorities and Populism – Critical Perspectives from South Asia and Europe |last2=Vajpeyi |first2=Ananya |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |year=2020 |isbn=9783030340988 |pages=22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Global Leader Approval Ratings |url=https://morningconsult.com/global-leader-approval/ |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[Morning Consult]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=PM Narendra Modi continues to be most popular global leader with approval rating of 74%: Survey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-continues-to-be-most-popular-global-leader-with-approval-rating-of-74-survey/articleshow/93527036.cms |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date= 12 August 2022|language=en}}</ref> Modi has been described as engineering a political realignment towards [[right-wing politics]]. He remains a controversial figure domestically and internationally, over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and handling of the 2002 Gujarat riots, which have been cited as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.{{efn|Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi.<ref name="Buncombe">{{#invoke:cite news||title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Visweswaran |first=Kamala |title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation|date=April 2011|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC|oclc=682895189|editor=Visweswaran, Kamala|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Stepan">{{cite journal |last1=Stepan |first1=Alfred |s2cid=153861198 |title=India, Sri Lanka, and the Majoritarian Danger |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |volume=26 |pages=128–140 |language=en |doi=10.1353/jod.2015.0006 |date=7 January 2015|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3590a4efe3e1f4f0d5f37d4d1f8fa3fd1e353d97|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ganguly 2014" /><ref name="CBC">{{#invoke:cite news||title=Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy, says expert|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=16 April 2015|access-date=17 February 2017|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073116/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836|archive-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Robinson">{{#invoke:cite news||title=India's Voters Torn Over Politician |first=Simon |last=Robinson |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=11 December 2007 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023030008/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Burke">{{#invoke:cite news||title=Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry |first1=Jason |last1=Burke |author-link=Jason Burke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 March 2010 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909181320/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |archive-date=9 September 2013 }}</ref>|name=|group=}} | ||
== Early life and education == | == Early life and education == | ||
Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Hindu]] family of grocers in [[Vadnagar]], [[Mehsana district]], [[Bombay State]] (present-day [[Gujarat]]). He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi ({{Circa|1915–1989}}) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=13, 15, 29–30, 74}}{{Efn|name="foo"||group=}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Heeraben Modi: Indian PM Modi's mother dies aged 99 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-64073465 |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=30 December 2022}}</ref> His family belonged to the [[Modh]]-[[Ghanchi]]-[[Teli]] (oil-presser) community,<ref name=":0a">{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-belongs-to-modh-ghanchi-caste-which-was-added-to-obcs-categories-in-1994-says-gujarat-government-1986389|title=Narendra Modi belongs to Modh-Ghanchi caste, which was added to OBCs categories in 1994, says Gujarat government|date=9 May 2014|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|access-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204174201/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-belongs-to-modh-ghanchi-caste-which-was-added-to-obcs-categories-in-1994-says-gujarat-government-1986389|archive-date=4 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-brother-asks-teli-community-to-adopt-modi-prefix-4386125/|title=PM Modi's brother asks Teli community to adopt 'Modi' prefix|date=20 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309032700/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-brother-asks-teli-community-to-adopt-modi-prefix-4386125/|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOI Modh-Ghanchi-Teli"/> which the Indian government has categorised as an [[Other Backward Class]].<ref name="TOI Modh-Ghanchi-Teli">{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-is-a-Teli-Ghanchi-OBC-BJP/articleshow/34084111.cms|title='Modi is a Teli-Ghanchi OBC': BJP|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 April 2014|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206064221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-is-a-Teli-Ghanchi-OBC-BJP/articleshow/34084111.cms|archive-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|title=The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair|last=Ghai|first=Rajat|date=7 May 2014|work=[[Business Standard|Business Standard India]]|access-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619200229/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|archive-date=19 June 2017}}</ref> | Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Hindu]] family of grocers in [[Vadnagar]], [[Mehsana district]], [[Bombay State]] (present-day [[Gujarat]]). He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi ({{Circa|1915–1989}}) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).{{sfn|Marino|2014|pp=13, 15, 29–30, 74}}{{Efn|name="foo"||group=}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Heeraben Modi: Indian PM Modi's mother dies aged 99 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-64073465 |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=30 December 2022}}</ref> His family belonged to the [[Modh]]-[[Ghanchi]]-[[Teli]] (oil-presser) community,<ref name=":0a">{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-belongs-to-modh-ghanchi-caste-which-was-added-to-obcs-categories-in-1994-says-gujarat-government-1986389|title=Narendra Modi belongs to Modh-Ghanchi caste, which was added to OBCs categories in 1994, says Gujarat government|date=9 May 2014|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|access-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204174201/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-belongs-to-modh-ghanchi-caste-which-was-added-to-obcs-categories-in-1994-says-gujarat-government-1986389|archive-date=4 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-brother-asks-teli-community-to-adopt-modi-prefix-4386125/|title=PM Modi's brother asks Teli community to adopt 'Modi' prefix|date=20 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309032700/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-brother-asks-teli-community-to-adopt-modi-prefix-4386125/|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOI Modh-Ghanchi-Teli"/> which the Indian government has categorised as an [[Other Backward Class]].<ref name="TOI Modh-Ghanchi-Teli">{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-is-a-Teli-Ghanchi-OBC-BJP/articleshow/34084111.cms|title='Modi is a Teli-Ghanchi OBC': BJP|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 April 2014|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206064221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-is-a-Teli-Ghanchi-OBC-BJP/articleshow/34084111.cms|archive-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|title=The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair|last=Ghai|first=Rajat|date=7 May 2014|work=[[Business Standard|Business Standard India]]|access-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619200229/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|archive-date=19 June 2017}}</ref> | ||