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{{Short description|India's first solar observation mission}}
{{Short description|India's first solar observation mission}}
{{copy edit|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
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| image_size        = 300px
| image_size        = 300px
| mission_type      = [[Solar observation]]
| mission_type      = [[Solar observation]]
| operator          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| operator          = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID          =  
| COSPAR_ID          =  
| SATCAT            =  
| SATCAT            =  
| website            = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html}}
| website            = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html}}
| mission_duration  = 5.2 years (planned)<ref name="CurrSci_113_04">{{Cite journal |last1=Somasundaram |first1=Seetha |last2=Megala |first2=S. |date=25 August 2017 |title=Aditya-L1 mission |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0610.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Current Science |volume=113 |issue=4 |page=610 |bibcode=2017CSci..113..610S |doi=10.18520/cs/v113/i04/610-612 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825061326/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0610.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> <br/>{{time interval|September 2, 2023}} (in progress)
| mission_duration  = 5.2 years (planned)<ref name="CurrSci_113_04">{{Cite journal |last1=Somasundaram |first1=Seetha |last2=Megala |first2=S. |date=25 August 2017 |title=Aditya-L1 mission |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0610.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Current Science |volume=113 |issue=4 |page=610 |bibcode=2017CSci..113..610S |doi=10.18520/cs/v113/i04/610-612 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825061326/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0610.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> <br/>{{time interval|2 September 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed)
| spacecraft        =  
| spacecraft        = PSLV-XL/C-57
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_type    = [[PSLV]]
| spacecraft_bus    = [[I-1K]] {{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}
| spacecraft_bus    = [[I-1K]]<ref name="SFI_20160903">{{Cite website |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/indias-first-solar-mission-to-be-launched-in-2019-20/ |title=India’s first solar mission to be launched in 2019–20 |date=4 February 2016 |publisher=Space Flight Insider |first=Tomas |last=Nowakowski |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>
| manufacturer      = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]{{\}}[[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|IUCAA]]{{\}}[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics|IIA]]
| manufacturer      = [[ISRO]]{{\}}[[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|IUCAA]]{{\}}[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics|IIA]]
| launch_mass        = {{cvt|1475|kg}}<ref name="CII_20210915">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoIdCVfNbfY&t=7656s |title=International Space Conference and Exhibition – DAY 3 |date=15 September 2021 |type=video |publisher=Confederation of Indian Industry |time=2:07:36–2:08:38 |access-date=18 September 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| launch_mass        = {{cvt|1475|kg}}<ref name="CII_20210915">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoIdCVfNbfY&t=7656s |title=International Space Conference and Exhibition – DAY 3 |date=15 September 2021 |type=video |publisher=Confederation of Indian Industry |time=2:07:36–2:08:38 |access-date=18 September 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| payload_mass      = {{cvt|244|kg}}<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
| payload_mass      = {{cvt|244|kg}}<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
| dimensions        =  
| dimensions        =  
| power              = <!-- [[watt]]s -->
| power              = <!-- [[watt]]s -->
| launch_date        = {{start-date|2 September 2023}}, 11:50&nbsp;IST (06:20&nbsp;UTC) <ref name="it-20230824">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Moon mission done, ISRO aims for the Sun with Aditya-L1 launch on September 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-solar-mission-aditya-l1-to-be-launched-on-september-2-says-space-agency-8913266/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120712/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-solar-mission-aditya-l1-to-be-launched-on-september-2-says-space-agency-8913266/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="launch">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66643805 |title=Aditya-L1: India launches its first mission to Sun |date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |website=[[BBC News]] }}</ref>
| launch_date        = {{start-date|2 September 2023}}, 11:50&nbsp;IST (06:20&nbsp;UTC)<ref name="it-20230824">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Moon mission done, ISRO aims for the Sun with Aditya-L1 launch on September 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-solar-mission-aditya-l1-to-be-launched-on-september-2-says-space-agency-8913266/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120712/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-solar-mission-aditya-l1-to-be-launched-on-september-2-says-space-agency-8913266/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="launch">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66643805 |title=Aditya-L1: India launches its first mission to Sun |date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |website=[[BBC News]] }}</ref>
| launch_rocket      = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]](C57)<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
| launch_rocket      = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-XL|PSLV-XL]]
| launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
|launch rocket      = [[PSLV Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| launch_contractor  = [[ISRO]]
|launch_contractor  = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| orbit_reference    = [[Lagrange point#L1|Sun–Earth L<sub>1</sub>]]
| orbit_reference    = [[Lagrange point#L1|Sun–Earth L<sub>1</sub>]]
| orbit_regime      = [[Halo orbit]]
| orbit_regime      = [[Halo orbit]]
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| orbit_apoapsis    =  
| orbit_apoapsis    =  
| orbit_inclination  =  
| orbit_inclination  =  
| orbit_epoch        = January 2024 (planned)
| orbit_period      = 177.86 days<ref name="COPUOS_62">{{Cite web |last=Sreekumar |first=P. |date=19 June 2019 |title=Indian Space Science & Exploration : Global Perspective |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech32E.pdf |access-date=30 June 2019 |publisher=UNOOSA |page=8 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630051004/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech32E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| orbit_period      = 177.86 days<ref name="COPUOS_62">{{Cite web |last=Sreekumar |first=P. |date=19 June 2019 |title=Indian Space Science & Exploration : Global Perspective |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech32E.pdf |access-date=30 June 2019 |publisher=UNOOSA |page=8 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630051004/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech32E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| apsis              = gee
| apsis              = gee
Line 41: Line 42:
   | acronym6 = HEL1OS | name6 = High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer
   | acronym6 = HEL1OS | name6 = High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer
   | acronym7 = Magnetometer | name7 = Magnetometer
   | acronym7 = Magnetometer | name7 = Magnetometer
}}
}}
| insignia          = Aditya-L1 logo.png
| insignia_size      =
| insignia_caption  = Mission Insignia
}}
}}


'''Aditya-L1''' ({{lang-sa|आदित्य, lit: Sun,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=aditya&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719090830/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=aditya&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=14 November 2008 |publisher=Spoken Sanskrit}}</ref>}}{{audio|Aditya.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}) is a [[coronagraph]]y spacecraft to study the [[Sun#Atmosphere|solar atmosphere]], designed and developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and various other Indian research institutes.<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" /> It will be inserted at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 Lagrange point]] between the [[Earth]] and the [[Sun]] where it will study the solar atmosphere, [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms,]] and their impact on the environment around [[Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041833/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=ISRO}}</ref>
'''Aditya-L1''' (from [[Sanskrit]]: ''[[Surya|Aditya]]'', "Sun") is a [[coronagraph]]y spacecraft to study the [[Sun#Atmosphere|solar atmosphere]], designed and developed by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and various other Indian research institutes.<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" /> It will be inserted at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 Lagrange point]] between the [[Earth]] and the [[Sun]] where it will study the solar atmosphere, [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms,]] and their impact on the environment around the Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041833/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=ISRO}}</ref>


It is the first Indian mission dedicated to observing the Sun and was launched aboard a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]] launch vehicle<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" /> at 11:50 hrs. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on September 2, 2023.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=ISRO |author-link=ISRO |user=isro |number=1697506899242217921 |title=PSLV-C57/Aditya-L1 Mission: The 23-hour 40-minute countdown leading to the launch at 11:50 Hrs. IST on September 2, 2023, has commended today at 12:10 Hrs. The launch can be watched LIVE on ISRO Website https://isro.gov.in Facebook https://facebook.com/ISRO YouTube https://youtube.com/watch?v=_IcgGYZTXQw… DD National TV channel from 11:20 Hrs. IST }}</ref><ref name="it-20230824"/><ref name="launch" /> It was launched 10 days after the historic success of the moon mission, Chandrayaan 3. It successfully achieved an Orbit of approximately 235 x 19500 km just an hour later. It was seperated from the PS4 stage soon after at about 12:54 p.m. IST.
It is the first Indian mission dedicated to observing the Sun. [[Nigar Shaji]] is the project's director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2023 |title=Meet The Project Director Of Ambitious Mission Aditya-L1 {{!}} Nigar Shaji from Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/times-now/india/meet-the-project-director-of-ambitious-mission-aditya-l1-nigar-shaji-from-tamil-nadu-video-103302519 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISROs Aditya-L1 Solar Mission: Nigar Shaji Addresses After Successful Launch Of First Sun Mission |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/isros-aditya-l1-solar-mission-nigar-shaji-addresses-after-successful-launch-of-first-sun-mission-2656810.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nie_20230902_projectdirector">{{Cite web |title=Meet Nigar Shaji from TN's Tenkasi, Aditya-L1 mission project director |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/02/meet-nigar-shaji-from-tns-tenkasi-aditya-l1-mission-project-director-2610872.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902155211/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/02/meet-nigar-shaji-from-tns-tenkasi-aditya-l1-mission-project-director-2610872.html |archive-date=2 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ndtv_20230902_projectdirector">{{Cite web |title=Meet Nigar Shaji, The Project Director Of India's First Sun Mission: 5 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-points-about-nigar-shaji-project-director-of-india-s-maiden-solar-mission-4352495 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902180138/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-points-about-nigar-shaji-project-director-of-india-s-maiden-solar-mission-4352495 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was launched aboard the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] C57 at 11:50 [[India Standard Time|IST]] on 2nd September 2023,<ref name="twitter_20230901_isro_launchannounce">{{Cite tweet |author=ISRO |author-link=ISRO |user=isro |number=1697506899242217921 |title=PSLV-C57/Aditya-L1 Mission: The 23-hour 40-minute countdown leading to the launch at 11:50 Hrs. IST on September 2, 2023, has commended today at 12:10 Hrs. The launch can be watched LIVE on ISRO Website https://isro.gov.in Facebook https://facebook.com/ISRO YouTube https://youtube.com/watch?v=_IcgGYZTXQw… DD National TV channel from 11:20 Hrs. IST |date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="it-20230824"/><ref name="launch" /> ten days after the successful landing of ISRO's [[moon]] mission, [[Chandrayaan-3|Chandrayaan 3]]. It successfully achieved its intended orbit nearly an hour later, and separated from the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Fourth stage (PS4)|fourth stage]] at 12:57 IST.<ref name="it_20230902_liveblog">{{Cite web |title=Aditya L1 Mission: Aditya L1 Launch LIVE Updates: Aditya L1 spacecraft successfully separated from PSLV rocket, now en route to Sun-Earth L1 point. ISRO says mission accomplished |date=2 September 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/aditya-l1-live-news-updates-isro-first-solar-mission-launch-02-september-2023/liveblog/103297403.cms |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903115715/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/aditya-l1-live-news-updates-isro-first-solar-mission-launch-02-september-2023/liveblog/103297403.cms |archive-date=3 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Mission objectives ==
== Mission objectives ==


The major science objectives of the Aditya L1 mission are:
''Aditya-L1''{{'s}} main science objectives are:
* Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics
* Observations of the dynamics of the Sun's [[chromosphere]] and [[Stellar corona|corona]]
* Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionised plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares
** Studies of chromospheric and coronal heating, the physics of [[Solar spicule|partially ionised]] [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]], of [[coronal mass ejection]]s (CMEs) and their origins, of the coronal [[Stellar magnetic field|magnetic field]] and [[heat transfer]] mechanisms, and [[Solar flare|flare]] exchanges
* Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment, providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
* Observation of the physical particle environment around its position
* Physics of the solar corona and its heating mechanism
* Determination of the sequence of processes in multiple layers below the corona that lead to solar eruptions
* Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loop plasma: Temperature, velocity and density.
* Drivers for [[space weather]], and the origin, composition and dynamics of [[solar wind]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADITYA-L1 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803035925/https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Development, dynamics, and origin of CMEs
* Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base, and extended corona) that eventually leads to solar eruptive events.
* Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona .
* Drivers for space weather (origin, composition and dynamics of solar wind .NM<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADITYA-L1 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803035925/https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Aditya L1.jpg|thumb|Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration]]
[[File:Aditya L1.jpg|thumb|Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration]]
Aditya was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Research{{dubious|date=August 2023}}. It was initially envisaged as a small {{cvt|400|kg}}, [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]](800&nbsp;km) satellite with a [[coronagraph]] to study the [[solar corona]]. An experimental budget of [[Indian rupee|3 Crore INR]] was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017.<ref name="2016-17_budget">{{Cite press release |title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2016–2017 |publisher=Department of Space |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |access-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917064145/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aditya gets ready to gaze at the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |access-date=2017-08-25 |archive-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826033106/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gandhi |first=Divya |date=13 January 2008 |title=ISRO planning to launch satellite to study the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915091339/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it is now planned to be a comprehensive solar and space environment observatory to be placed at [[Lagrange point]] L1,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=15 November 2015 |title=The sun shines on India's Aditya |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/the-sun-shines-on-indias-aditya/article7878625.ece |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313004843/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/the-sun-shines-on-indias-aditya/article7878625.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> so the mission was renamed "Aditya-L1". {{As of|2019|7|df=}}, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹₹.78.53 [[crore]] excluding launch costs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.1972 |url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU1972.pdf |publisher=Lok Sabha |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704001514/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU1972.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Aditya was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAC Industry Portal |url=https://www.sac.gov.in/SAC_Industry_Portal/programme_hsp.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.sac.gov.in |publisher=Space Applications Center, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |editor-last=Teotia |editor-first=Riya |title=ISRO shares first images of Aditya-L1 satellite ahead of India's first-ever mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-share-first-images-of-aditya-l1-satellite-ahead-of-indias-first-ever-mission-to-study-the-sun-625203 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> It was initially envisaged as a small {{cvt|400|kg}} satellite in a  [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth Orbit]] (800&nbsp;km) with a [[coronagraph]] to study the [[solar corona]]. An experimental budget of {{INR|3 crore}} was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017.<ref name="2016-17_budget">{{Cite press release |title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2016–2017 |publisher=Department of Space |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |access-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917064145/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aditya gets ready to gaze at the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826033106/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gandhi |first=Divya |date=13 January 2008 |title=ISRO planning to launch satellite to study the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915091339/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it is now planned to be a comprehensive solar and space environment observatory to be placed at [[Lagrange point]] L1,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=15 November 2015 |title=The sun shines on India's Aditya |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/the-sun-shines-on-indias-aditya/article7878625.ece |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313004843/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/the-sun-shines-on-indias-aditya/article7878625.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> hence the mission was renamed "Aditya-L1". {{As of|2019|7|df=}}, the mission has an allocated cost of {{INR|378 crores}} excluding launch costs.<ref name="launch" />
 
[[File:Aditya-L1 spacecraft.jpg|thumb|left|Aditya L1 in deployed configuration]]
[[File:Aditya-L1 spacecraft.jpg|thumb|left|Aditya L1 in deployed configuration]]
==Name==
"Aditya" is named after [[Surya]] and the [[Adityas]], the revered Hindu deities representing the Sun. The "L1" designation denotes [[Lagrange point|Lagrange point 1]], signifying the precise location situated between the Sun and Earth where the spacecraft is set to embark.<ref name="launch"></ref>


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
[[File:Lagrange-better.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Lagrange point]]s in the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.]]
[[File:Lagrange-better.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Lagrange point]]s in the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.]]


The Aditya-L1 mission will take around 109 Earth days after launch<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Department Of Space, Annual Report 2019–2020 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007125322/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> to reach the [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 point]], which is about {{cvt|1500000|km}} from Earth. The spacecraft will remain in the halo orbit for its planned mission duration while maintained at a [[Orbital station-keeping|stationkeeping]] cost of 0.2 – 4&nbsp;m/s per year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muralidharan |first=Vivek |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1310/ |title=Orbit Maintenance Strategies for Sun-Earth/Moon Libration Point Missions: Parameter Selection for Target Point and Cauchy-Green Tensor Approaches |publisher=M.S. Thesis, Purdue University |year=2017 |location=West Lafayette, Indiana, United States |pages=183–194}}</ref> The {{cvt|1500|kg}} satellite carries seven science payloads with diverse objectives, including but not limited to, the [[Coronal heating problem|coronal heating]], [[solar wind]] acceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring of near-UV solar radiation (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to chromosphere and corona, in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind and [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms]] that have adverse effects on space and ground-based technologies.<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
The Aditya-L1 mission will take around 109 Earth days after launch<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Department Of Space, Annual Report 2019–2020 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007125322/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> to reach the [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 point]], which is about {{cvt|1500000|km}} from Earth. The spacecraft is planned to remain in the halo orbit for its mission duration while being maintained at a [[Orbital station-keeping|stationkeeping]] [[Delta-v|Δv]] of 0.2–4 m/s per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muralidharan |first=Vivek |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1310/ |title=Orbit Maintenance Strategies for Sun-Earth/Moon Libration Point Missions: Parameter Selection for Target Point and Cauchy-Green Tensor Approaches |journal=Open Access Theses |publisher=M.S. Thesis, Purdue University |year=2017 |location=West Lafayette, Indiana, United States |pages=183–194}}</ref> The {{cvt|1500|kg}} satellite carries seven science payloads with diverse objectives, including instruments to measure [[Coronal heating problem|coronal heating]], [[solar wind]] acceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring of [[Ultraviolet|near-UV]] [[Solar irradiance|solar radiation]] (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to the chromosphere and corona, in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind, and [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms]].<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />


Aditya-L1 will be able to provide observations of Sun's [[photosphere]], [[chromosphere]] and [[solar corona|corona]]. In addition, an instrument will study the [[solar energetic particles]]' flux reaching the L1 orbit, while a [[magnetometer]] payload will measure the variation in [[Sun#Magnetic field|magnetic field]] strength at the halo orbit around L1. These payloads have to be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field and hence could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit as proposed on the original Aditya mission concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya-L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210161048/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=isro.gov.in}}</ref>
Aditya-L1 will provide observations of the sun's [[photosphere]], [[chromosphere]] and [[solar corona|corona]]. In addition, an instrument will study the [[solar energetic particles]]' [[flux]] reaching the L1 orbit, while a [[magnetometer]] payload will measure the variation in [[Sun#Magnetic field|magnetic field]] strength at the halo orbit around L1. These payloads have to be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field and hence could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit as proposed in the original Aditya mission concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya-L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210161048/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=19 June 2019 |website=isro.gov.in}}</ref>


One of the major unsolved issues in the field of [[solar physics]] is that the upper atmosphere of the Sun is {{cvt|1000000|K|C F}} hot whereas the lower atmosphere is just {{cvt|6000|K|C F}}. In addition, it is not understood how exactly the Sun's radiation affects the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere on shorter as well as on longer time scale. The mission will obtain near simultaneous images of the different layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which reveal the ways in which the energy may be channeled and transferred from one layer to another. Thus the Aditya-L1 mission will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the Sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics and [[heliophysics]].
One of the major unsolved problems in the field of [[solar physics]] is that the upper atmosphere of the Sun has a temperature of {{cvt|1000000|K|C F}} whereas the lower atmosphere is just {{cvt|6000|K|C F}}. In addition, it is not understood exactly how the Sun's radiation affects the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere on a shorter as well as a longer time scale. The mission will obtain near-simultaneous images of the different layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which will reveal the ways in which energy is channeled and transferred from one layer to another. Thus, the Aditya-L1 mission will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the Sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics and [[heliophysics]].


== Payloads ==
== Payloads ==
The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at [[Lagrange point|L1]]. There are total seven [[payloads]] on-board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.
The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere, mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at [[Lagrange point|L1]]. There are seven [[payloads]] on-board, with four for remote sensing of the Sun and three for in-situ observation. The payloads have been developed by different laboratories in the country with close collaborations of various ISRO centres.<ref name="ISRO ADITYA-L1">{{Cite web |title=ISRO ADITYA-L1 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html}}</ref>
 
Payloads along with their major capability of scientific investigation.<ref name="ISRO ADITYA-L1">{{Cite web |title=ISRO ADITYA-L1 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!TYPE
!Type 
!Sl.No
!Sl.No
!Payload  
!Payload  
!Capability
!Capability
!Laboratories
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" |Remote Sensing [[Payloads]]
| rowspan="4" |Remote Sensing Payloads
|1                 
|1                 
|Visible Emission Line [[Coronagraph]]
|Visible Emission Line [[Coronagraph]] (VELC)
[[Coronagraph|(]]VELC)
|[[Stellar corona|Corona]]/Imaging and [[spectroscopy]]
|[[Stellar corona|Corona]]/Imaging & [[Spectroscopy]]
|[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], [[Bangalore]]
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
|Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
|[[Photosphere]] and [[Chromosphere]] Imaging- Narrow & Broadband
|[[Photosphere]] and [[chromosphere]] imaging- narrow and broadband
|[[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics]], [[Pune]]
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Solar Low Energy X-ray [[Spectrometer]] (SoLEXS)
|Solar Low Energy X-ray [[Spectrometer]] (SoLEXS)
|Soft X-ray [[spectrometer]]: Sun-as-a-star observation
|Soft X-ray [[spectrometer]]: Sun-as-a-star observation
| rowspan="2" |[[U R Rao Satellite Centre]], [[Bangalore]]
|-
|-
|4
|4
Line 104: Line 109:
|Hard X-ray [[spectrometer]]: Sun-as-a-star observation
|Hard X-ray [[spectrometer]]: Sun-as-a-star observation
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |In-situ [[Payloads]]
| rowspan="3" |In-situ Payloads
|5
|5
|Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment(ASPEX)
|Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)
|[[Solar wind]]/Particle Analyzer [[Protons]] & Heavier Ions with directions
|[[Solar wind]]/Particle analyzer [[protons]] and heavier ions with directions
|[[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|-
|-
|6
|6
|[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA)
|[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA)
|[[Solar wind]]/Particle Analyzer [[Electrons]] & Heavier Ions with directions
|[[Solar wind]]/Particle Analyzer [[Electrons]] and Heavier Ions with directions
|Space Physics Laboratory, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
|-
|7
|7
|Advanced Tri-axial [[High Resolution]] Digital [[Magnetometer]]s
|Advanced Tri-axial [[High Resolution]] Digital [[Magnetometer]]s
|[[In-situ]] [[Magnetic fields in the sun|magnetic field]] (Bx, By and Bz).
|[[In-situ]] magnetic field (Bx, By and Bz).
|[[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems|Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems]], [[Bangalore]]
|}
|}


=== Development of payloads installed in Aditya L1 ===
== Launch ==
The science payloads of Aditya-L1 have been developed by different Indian laboratories in the country. All the payloads are developed with the close collaboration of various centres of ISRO.
[[File:Flight Sequence.pdf|thumb|Flight Sequence of PSLV-C57]]
On September 2, 2023, at 11:50 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV-C57) accomplished a successful launch of the ''Aditya-L1'' from the [[Second Launch Pad]] of the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC) located in [[Sriharikota]].
 
The ''Aditya-L1'', following a flight duration of 63 minutes and 20 seconds, achieved a successful [[Orbit injection|injection]] into an [[elliptical orbit]] around the Earth at 12:54 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C57 / ADITYA-L1 Mission - Press Release |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/PSLVC57_AdityaL1_PressRelease.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
 
The ''Aditya-L1'' is scheduled to undergo a series of four Earth-bound [[Orbital maneuver|orbital manoeuvres]] prior to its injection to a transfer orbit towards the L1 [[Lagrange point]]. It is projected to reach its designated orbit at the L1 point approximately 127 days after its launch.<ref name="isro_20230902_adityal1">{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C57/ADITYA-L1 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/PSLVC57_AdityaL1_PressRelease.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903112819/https://www.isro.gov.in/PSLVC57_AdityaL1_PressRelease.html |archive-date=3 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
== Orbit raising burns ==
===First orbit raising burn===
On 3 September 2023 the ''Aditya-L1'' performed its first Earth-bound maneuver, raising its orbit to a {{Cvt|245|km}} into {{Cvt|22,459|km}} orbit.<ref>{{cite tweet|title=Aditya L1|user=isro|number=1698224462821544411|date=3 September 2023|access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>
===Second orbit raising burn===
On 5 September ''Aditya L1'' raised its orbit to a {{Cvt|282|km}} into {{Cvt|40,225|km}} orbit.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+Mission stages and maneuvers
!Sl.No
!Stage and Sequence
!Payload
!Date/Time
!Laboratories
!Time (IST)
!Periapsis
!Apoapsis
!Orbital Period
!{{Refh}}
|-
|Earth Orbit Insertion
|2 September 2023
|12:54 p.m
|{{Cvt|235|km}}
|{{Cvt|19500|km}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1697874341604835828|user=isro|title=The launch of Aditya-L1 by PSLV-C57 is accomplished successfully. The vehicle has placed the satellite precisely into its intended orbit. India’s first solar observatory has begun its journey to the destination of Sun-Earth L1 point.|date=2023-09-02|author=ISRO|df=dmy}}</ref>
|-
|-
|1
|Earth Bound Maneuver 1
|Visible Emission Line [[Coronagraph]]
|3 September 2023
[[Coronagraph|(]]VELC)
|11:40 a.m.
|[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], [[Bangalore]]
|{{Cvt|245|km}}
|{{Cvt|22,459|km}}
|
|<ref name="ebn2">{{Cite tweet|number=1698224462821544411|user=isro|title=The satellite is healthy and operating nominally. The first Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#1) is performed successfully from ISTRAC, Bengaluru. The new orbit attained is 245km x 22459 km. The next maneuvre (EBN#2) is scheduled for September 5, 2023, around 03:00 Hrs. IST|date=2023-09-03|author=ISRO|df=dmy}}</ref>
|-
|-
|2
|Earth Bound Maneuver 2
|Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
|5 September 2023
|[[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics]] , [[Pune]]
|3:00 a.m
|{{Cvt|282|km}}
|{{Cvt|40225|km}}
|
|<ref name="ebn3">{{Cite tweet |user=isro |number=1698810887614992515 |title=Aditya-L1 Mission: The second Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#2) is performed successfully from ISTRAC, Bengaluru. ISTRAC/ISRO's ground stations at Mauritius, Bengaluru and Port Blair tracked the satellite during this operation. The new orbit attained is 282 km x 40225 km. The next maneuvre (EBN#3) is scheduled for September 10, 2023, around 02:30 Hrs. IST |df=dmy |author=ISRO |author-link=ISRO}}</ref>
|-
|-
|3
|Earth Bound Maneuver 3
|Aditya [[Solar wind]] Particle Experiment(ASPEX)
|10 September 2023
|[[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|2:30 am
|
|
|
|<ref name="ebn3" />
|-
|-
|4
|Earth Bound Maneuver 4
|[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA)
|
|Space Physics Laboratory, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5
|Earth Bound Maneuver 5
|Solar Low Energy X-ray [[Spectrometer]] (SoLEXS)
|
High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray [[Spectrometer]](HEL1OS)
|
|[[U R Rao Satellite Centre]], [[Bangalore]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|6
|Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection
|Advanced Tri-axial [[High Resolution]] Digital [[Magnetometer]]s
|
|[[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems|Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems]], [[Bangalore]]
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
[[File:ADITYAL1 medium.webp|alt=Instruments in Aditya L1|thumb|Instruments in Aditya L1|border|232x232px]]
== Significance and potential discoveries ==
The Aditya-L1 mission holds the promise of significantly advancing our understanding of the Sun's behavior and its interactions with Earth and the space environment. The planned observations and data collection from this mission could lead to several groundbreaking discoveries and insights in the field of solar and heliophysics:
# Coronal Heating Mechanism:<ref>{{Citation |last=Andrievsky |first=S. M. |title=The Shock Wave Heating Mechanism of Pulsating Star Chromospheres |date=1991 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87455-0_60 |work=Mechanisms of Chromospheric and Coronal Heating |pages=356–358 |access-date=2023-08-31 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-87457-4 |last2=Garbunov |first2=G. A.}}</ref> One of the central puzzles in solar physics is the coronal heating problem - why the Sun's corona is much hotter than its surface. Aditya-L1's instruments, particularly the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) and the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), will enable detailed studies of the corona's dynamics and composition. By closely examining the behavior of the corona, scientists hope to unravel the mechanisms responsible for heating this outer layer of the Sun.
# Space Weather Prediction:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balch |first=Christopher C. |date=January 2008 |title=Updated verification of the Space Weather Prediction Center's solar energetic particle prediction model |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007sw000337 |journal=Space Weather |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=n/a–n/a |doi=10.1029/2007sw000337 |issn=1542-7390}}</ref> Understanding the Sun's behavior is crucial for predicting space weather events, which can have significant impacts on Earth's technology and infrastructure. The mission's data will provide insights into the processes that lead to solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar energetic particle (SEP) events. These insights can contribute to more accurate forecasting of space weather phenomena and their potential effects on communication systems, satellites, and power grids.
# Solar Wind and Magnetic Field Studies: Aditya-L1's instruments like the Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) and the Magnetometer will offer a comprehensive view of the solar wind's properties and the interplanetary magnetic field. This data will help refine models of the solar wind's behavior and its interaction with Earth's magnetosphere, shedding light on the dynamics of this critical space environment.
# Understanding Earth's Climate: The Sun's activity can influence Earth's climate over long timescales. Aditya-L1's observations of near-UV solar radiation and its impact on Earth's upper atmosphere can contribute to understanding how solar variability might affect Earth's climate patterns. This could provide valuable information for climate researchers seeking to differentiate between natural and anthropogenic factors driving climate change.
# Comprehensive Solar Atmosphere Imaging: The suite of instruments on Aditya-L1 will provide multi-wavelength observations of the Sun's atmosphere, from the photosphere to the corona. These simultaneous observations will allow scientists to trace the flow of energy and matter between different layers, offering insights into the complex processes that govern the Sun's behavior.
# Origin and Dynamics of CMEs: Coronal mass ejections are powerful and potentially disruptive solar events. Aditya-L1's observations of the initiation and evolution of CMEs will contribute to our understanding of their origins and behavior, potentially leading to improved models for predicting their occurrence and effects.


==Team==
* [[Nigar Shaji]] - Project director
* [[Sankarasubramanian. K|Sankarasubramanian K]] - Principal scientist of the mission<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational qualification of scientists behind ISRO's solar mission, Aditya L-1 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-educational-qualification-of-scientists-behind-aditya-l-1-mission-chandrayaan-3-s-somanath-iit-iisc-bengaluru-3058363 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
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{{Sun spacecraft|state=collapsed}}
{{Space observatories}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Future spaceflights}}
{{Orbital launches in 2023}}


[[Category:Satellites of India]]
[[Category:Satellites of India]]
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