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{{notability|August 2023}} | |||
{{Short description|Russian lunar lander}} | {{Short description|Russian lunar lander}} | ||
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}} | {{Use British English|date=February 2021}} | ||
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| operator = [[Russian Space Research Institute|SRI RAS (IKI RAN)]] | | operator = [[Russian Space Research Institute|SRI RAS (IKI RAN)]] | ||
| website = https://iki.cosmos.ru/missions/luna-25 | | website = https://iki.cosmos.ru/missions/luna-25 | ||
| mission_duration = 1 year (planned)<ref name="forbes-20190726">{{cite web|last=Carter|first=Jamie|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2019/07/26/what-is-luna-27-a-soviet-era-moon-digger-revived-to-hunt-for-water-at-the-moons-south-pole/|title=A Soviet-Era "Moon Digger" Program Is Being Revived To Hunt For Water At The Moon's South Pole|work=Forbes|date=26 July 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> | | mission_duration = 1 year (planned) Actual: <0 days (mission failure)<ref name="forbes-20190726">{{cite web|last=Carter|first=Jamie|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2019/07/26/what-is-luna-27-a-soviet-era-moon-digger-revived-to-hunt-for-water-at-the-moons-south-pole/|title=A Soviet-Era "Moon Digger" Program Is Being Revived To Hunt For Water At The Moon's South Pole|work=Forbes|date=26 July 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> | ||
| spacecraft_type = Robotic lander | | spacecraft_type = Robotic lander | ||
| spacecraft_bus = | | spacecraft_bus = | ||
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| payload_mass = {{cvt|30|kg}} | | payload_mass = {{cvt|30|kg}} | ||
| dimensions = | | dimensions = | ||
| launch_date = {{Start date| | | launch_date = {{Start date|11 August 2023, 23:10:57.189 UTC}}<ref name="Leonard 2023">{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Russia launches Luna 25 moon lander, its 1st lunar probe in 47 years |url=https://www.space.com/russia-luna-25-moon-mission-launch-success |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Luna 25 launch broadcast|language=ru |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgi2pIFrnW4&t=4465 |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref> | ||
| launch_rocket = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]] / [[Fregat]]<ref name="Meet 2014">{{cite conference|last=Mitrofanov|first=Igor|title="Luna-Glob" and "Luna-Resurs": science goals, payload and status |url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2014/EGU2014-6696.pdf|conference=EGU General Assembly 2014}}</ref> | | launch_rocket = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]] / [[Fregat]]<ref name="Meet 2014">{{cite conference|last=Mitrofanov|first=Igor|title="Luna-Glob" and "Luna-Resurs": science goals, payload and status |url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2014/EGU2014-6696.pdf|conference=EGU General Assembly 2014}}</ref> | ||
| launch_site = [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]]<ref name="roscosmos-20210820">{{cite web |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/32248/ |title=Запуск станции «Луна-25» запланирован на май 2022 года |trans-title=The launch of the Luna 25 spacecraft is scheduled for May 2022 |work=[[Roscosmos]] |date=10 August 2021 |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> | | launch_site = [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]]<ref name="roscosmos-20210820">{{cite web |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/32248/ |title=Запуск станции «Луна-25» запланирован на май 2022 года |trans-title=The launch of the Luna 25 spacecraft is scheduled for May 2022 |work=[[Roscosmos]] |date=10 August 2021 |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=ru}}</ref> | ||
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| type = lander | | type = lander | ||
| object = [[Moon]] | | object = [[Moon]] | ||
| arrival_date = 21 August 2023 (planned) | | arrival_date = 21 August 2023 (planned) Actual: Crashed on lunar surface on 19 August 2023 at 11:57 UTC due to technical glitch. | ||
| location = 69°32′42″ S 43°32′38.4″ E (north of the crater [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslawsky]])}} | | location = 69°32′42″ S 43°32′38.4″ E (north of the crater [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslawsky]]) (planned)}} | ||
| trans_band = <!-- Transponder frequency bands --> | | trans_band = <!-- Transponder frequency bands --> | ||
| trans_frequency = <!-- specific frequencies --> | | trans_frequency = <!-- specific frequencies --> | ||
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| next_mission = [[Luna 26]] | | next_mission = [[Luna 26]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Luna 25''' | '''Luna 25''' was a Russian lunar [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] mission by [[Roscosmos]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm|title=Chandrayaan-3 Vs Russia's Luna-25 Which one is likely to win the space race|date=14 August 2023 }}</ref> that was scheduled to land near the [[lunar south pole]] at the crater [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslawsky]]. Initially called '''Luna-Glob lander''', it was renamed Luna 25 to emphasize the continuity of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Luna programme]] from the 1970s, though it is still part of what was at one point conceptualized as the [[Luna-Glob]] lunar exploration program. It is the first lunar probe that the Russian space agency [[Roscosmos]] has sent to the Moon (notwithstanding the ones sent by the [[Soviet space program]]) and would have been the first probe to land on the lunar south pole.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Luna 25 could land on the moon days before Chandrayaan-3: How the two missions compare |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/russias-luna-25-chandrayaan-3-how-the-two-missions-compare-8890955/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
The Luna 25 mission lifted off on August 10, 2023, 23:10 UTC, atop a [[Soyuz-2#Soyuz-2.1b|Soyuz-2.1b]] rocket from the [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]] in Russia's far eastern [[Amur Region]].<ref>{{cite | The Luna 25 mission lifted off on August 10, 2023, 23:10 UTC, atop a [[Soyuz-2#Soyuz-2.1b|Soyuz-2.1b]] rocket from the [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]] in Russia's far eastern [[Amur Region]].<ref name="Leonard 2023" /> | ||
On 20 August 2023, it crashed on the Moon's surface during de-orbiting after technical glitches. Later on the same day, the Russian space agency Roscosmos declared that the Luna 25 crashed into the Moon surface and the lander no longer exists.<ref name=gunters>{{cite web|last=Krebs|first=Gunter|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna-glob.htm|title=Luna-Glob (Luna 25)|work=Gunter's Space Page|date=3 December 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/as-chandrayaan-3-and-luna-25-prepare-to-land-on-moon-two-questions-8898944/|title=As Chandrayaan-3 and Luna 25 prepare to land on Moon, two questions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ГК «Роскосмос»: Об автоматической станции «Луна-25» {{!}} Space Research Institute - IKI |url=https://iki.cosmos.ru/news/gk-roskosmos-ob-avtomaticheskoy-stancii-luna-25 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=iki.cosmos.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Preliminary data shows Luna-25 lunar probe collided with Moon’s surface – Roscosmos |url=https://tass.com/science/1662683 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=TASS}}</ref> | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
The previous Soviet lunar lander was [[Luna 24]] in | The previous Soviet lunar lander was [[Luna 24]] in 1976. Nascent plans for what became Luna 25 began in the late 1990s, with the evaluation of two spacecraft designs having taken place by 1998. Attempts to revive and complete the project continued throughout the 2000s and were punctuated by an aborted attempt at international cooperation via a merger with [[JAXA]]'s now-cancelled [[Lunar-A]] orbiter, and pressure from another attempted cooperative lunar mission with [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) (which [[Chandrayaan-2|continued without Russia's involvement]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_glob.html |title=Luna-Glob project|publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=19 June 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> | ||
Initial mission plans called for a lander and orbiter, with the latter also deploying impact penetrators. In its current form, Luna 25 is a lander only, with a primary mission of proving out the [[Moon landing|landing technology]]. The mission carries {{cvt|30|kg}} of scientific instruments, including a [[robotic arm]] for soil samples and possible [[drilling rig|drilling hardware]].<ref name=gunters/><ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_glob_lander.html|title=The Luna-Glob lander|work=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=9 October 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> | Initial mission plans called for a lander and orbiter, with the latter also deploying impact penetrators. In its current form, Luna 25 is a lander only, with a primary mission of proving out the [[Moon landing|landing technology]]. The mission carries {{cvt|30|kg}} of scientific instruments, including a [[robotic arm]] for soil samples and possible [[drilling rig|drilling hardware]].<ref name=gunters/><ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_glob_lander.html|title=The Luna-Glob lander|work=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=9 October 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> | ||
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The intended landing site is located at {{coords|69.545|S|43.544|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 primary landing site}} (north of the crater [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslavsky]]), with two reserve areas located at {{coords|68.773|S|21.210|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 alternate landing site}} (southwest of the Manzini crater) and {{coords|68.648|S|11.553|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 alternate landing site}} (south of [[Pentland (crater)|Pentland A]] crater).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ЛУНА-25 {{!}} Space Research Institute - IKI |url=https://iki.cosmos.ru/missions/luna-25 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=iki.cosmos.ru}}</ref> | The intended landing site is located at {{coords|69.545|S|43.544|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 primary landing site}} (north of the crater [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslavsky]]), with two reserve areas located at {{coords|68.773|S|21.210|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 alternate landing site}} (southwest of the Manzini crater) and {{coords|68.648|S|11.553|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 alternate landing site}} (south of [[Pentland (crater)|Pentland A]] crater).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ЛУНА-25 {{!}} Space Research Institute - IKI |url=https://iki.cosmos.ru/missions/luna-25 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=iki.cosmos.ru}}</ref> | ||
The estimated mission duration of the lander on the surface of the Moon | The estimated mission duration of the lander on the surface of the Moon was at least one Earth year.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
== Flight == | |||
{{external media | {{external media | ||
| title = External video | | title = External video | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The launch took place on 10 August 2023 on a [[Soyuz-2]] rocket with [[Fregat]] upper stage from [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]].<ref | The launch took place on 10 August 2023 on a [[Soyuz-2]] rocket with [[Fregat]] upper stage from [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]].<ref name="Leonard 2023" /><ref name="tass-20230605">{{cite web |url=https://tass.ru/kosmos/17932551 |title=Запуск первой в истории современной России миссии на Луну запланировали на 11 августа |trans-title=The launch of the first mission to the Moon in the history of modern Russia was scheduled for August 11 |language=ru |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=TASS}}</ref><ref name="ria-20220408">{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/20220408/kosmos-1782483820.html |title=Запуск миссии "Луна-25" с космодрома Восточный запланировали на 22 августа |trans-title=The launch of the Luna 25 mission from the Vostochny Cosmodrome was scheduled for August 22 |work=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="ria-20200317">{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20200317/1568701598.html|title=Россия запустит космический аппарат на Луну 1 октября 2021 года|trans-title=Russia will launch a spacecraft to the moon on October 1, 2021|agency=RIA Novosti|date=17 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|language=ru}}</ref> On August 16, the probe entered lunar orbit, with a scheduled landing date of 21 August.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Luna-25 spacecraft enters lunar orbit -space agency |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/russias-luna-25-spacecraft-enters-lunar-orbit-space-agency-2023-08-16/ |work=Reuters |date=16 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
On 19 August Roscosmos declared an "abnormal situation" on the lander after issuing an unsuccessful command for a small engine burn, moving the lander into a "pre-landing" orbit. On 20 August it was confirmed by Roscosmos that the probe crashed on the lunar surface after contact was lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Госкорпорация «Роскосмос» |url=https://t.me/roscosmos_gk/10535 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2023-08-19 |title=Is Luna 25 alive? Russia says an “emergency situation” has occurred |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/08/russia-seems-to-have-lost-contact-with-its-first-lunar-probe-in-half-a-century/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ГК «Роскосмос»: Об автоматической станции «Луна-25» {{!}} Space Research Institute - IKI |url=https://iki.cosmos.ru/news/gk-roskosmos-ob-avtomaticheskoy-stancii-luna-25 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=iki.cosmos.ru}}</ref> | |||
== Science payload == | == Science payload == | ||
[[File:001_Луна_25_(4).jpg|thumb|Proposed landing sites]] | [[File:001_Луна_25_(4).jpg|thumb|Proposed landing sites]] | ||
The lander | The lander featured a {{cvt|30|kg}} payload composed by 8 Russian science instruments:<ref>{{cite web|title=Luna 25 (Luna-Glob Lander) Payload|url=http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/luna25.htm |website=Iki.rssi.ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NASA - Spacecraft Luna 25 - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=LUNA-25 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref> | ||
* ADRON-LR, active neutron and gamma-ray analysis of regolith | * ADRON-LR, active neutron and gamma-ray analysis of regolith | ||
* ARIES-L, measurement of [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] in the exosphere | * ARIES-L, measurement of [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] in the exosphere | ||
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{Portal|Spaceflight}} | {{Portal|Spaceflight}} | ||
* [[Chandrayaan-3]] | * [[Chandrayaan-3]] | ||
* [[Chang'e 6]] | * [[Chang'e 6]] | ||
* [[Lunar | * [[Lunar water]] | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{Commonscatinline}} | |||
* {{cite web |title=Flight of Luna 25 to the Moon |url=https://spec.tass.ru/luna-25/zapusk-luny-25/polyot |website=spec.tass.ru |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=Russian}} | * {{cite web |title=Flight of Luna 25 to the Moon |url=https://spec.tass.ru/luna-25/zapusk-luny-25/polyot |website=spec.tass.ru |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=Russian}} | ||
* [http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Home/moone.htm Lunar and Planetary Department Moscow University] | * [http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Home/moone.htm Lunar and Planetary Department Moscow University] | ||
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[[Category:Space probes launched in 2023]] | [[Category:Space probes launched in 2023]] | ||
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets]] | [[Category:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets]] | ||
[[Category:2023 on the Moon]] | |||