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{{Short description|National memorial day on 14 August for the victims of the Partition of India}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} | |||
{{Infobox holiday | {{Infobox holiday | ||
|holiday_name = Partition Horrors Remembrance Day | |holiday_name = Partition Horrors Remembrance Day | ||
|type = | |type = national | ||
|image = | |image = {{photomontage | ||
|imagesize = | |photo1a = | ||
|caption = | |photo2a = Hindus and Sikh on train to India.jpg}} | ||
|official_name = | |imagesize = | ||
|nickname = | |caption = [[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]] migrating by train from [[Bannu]] to India | ||
|observedby = | |official_name ='''English:''' Partition Horrors Remembrance Day<br> | ||
'''Hindi:''' विभाजन विभीषिका स्मृति दिवस | |||
|nickname = | |||
|observedby = {{flag|India}} | |||
|litcolor = | |litcolor = | ||
|longtype = | |longtype = | ||
|significance = | |significance = In memory of the struggles and sacrifices of people during the [[Partition of India|partition]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/partition-horrors-remembrance-day-how-indians-will-recall-august-14-says-pm-modi-4083782.html|title='In Memory of Sacrifices & Struggles': PM Modi Marks August 14 as Partition Horrors Remembrance Day|date=14 August 2021|website=News18}}</ref> | ||
|begins = | |begins = | ||
|ends = | |ends = | ||
|date = 14 August | |date = 14 August | ||
|scheduling = same day each year | |||
|duration = 1 day | |duration = 1 day | ||
|frequency = Annual | |frequency = Annual | ||
|celebrations = | |celebrations = | ||
|observances = | |observances = | ||
|relatedto = | |relatedto = [[Partition of India]] | ||
}} | |startedby=[[Government of India]] | ||
|firsttime= {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2021|08|14}}}} | |||
'''Partition Horrors Remembrance Day''' is | '''Partition Horrors Remembrance Day''' is an annual national memorial day observed on 14 August in [[India]], commemorating the victims and sufferings of people during the 1947 [[partition of India]]. It was first observed in 2021, after announcement by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/partition-horrors-remembrance-day-narendra-modi-picks-august-14-to-recall-partition-trauma/article35907824.ece|title=Narendra Modi picks August 14 to recall Partition trauma|work=The Hindu|date=14 August 2021|accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref> | ||
{{ | The day remembers the sufferings of many Indians during the partition. Several families were displaced and many lost their lives in the partition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/august-14-to-be-observed-as-partition-horrors-remembrance-day-pm-modi/articleshow/85321640.cms|title=August 14 to be observed as Partition Horrors Remembrance Day: PM Modi | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It aims to remind Indians the need to remove social divisions, disharmony and to further strengthen the spirit of oneness, social harmony and human empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/14-august-will-be-observed-as-partition-horrors-remembrance-day-pm-narendra-modi-11628919077700.html|title=14 August will be observed as Partition Horrors Remembrance Day: PM Modi|date=14 August 2021|website=mint}}</ref> | ||
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| | The partition had left 10 to 20 million people displaced and left 2 hundred thousand to 2 million dead.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}{{efn|name=toll|"The death toll remains disputed with figures ranging from 200,000 to 2 million."{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}}}<br><ref name="Springer Science & Business Media">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-9400953093 |page=6}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Rupture in South Asia |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Dr Crispin Bates">{{cite web |title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |author=Dr Crispin Bates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |website=BBC |date=3 March 2011 |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Zamindar2013">{{cite book |chapter=India–Pakistan Partition 1947 and forced migration |author=Vazira Fazila‐Yacoobali Zamindar |title=The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm285 |date=4 February 2013 |doi=10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm285 |isbn=9781444334890 |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>{{efn|"Some 12 million people were displaced in the divided province of Punjab alone, and up to 20 million in the subcontinent as a whole."<ref name="Zamindar2013" />}} | ||
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== | ==Background== | ||
{{ | {{main article|Partition of India}} | ||
|title= | [[File:Lord Mountbatten meets Nehru, Jinnah and other Leaders to plan Partition of India.jpg|thumb|300px| | ||
| | [[Lord Mountbatten]] meets [[Nehru]], [[Jinnah]] and other Leaders to plan the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.]] | ||
| | The Partition was the division of [[British India]]{{efn|British India consisted of those regions of the [[British Raj]], or the [[British Indian Empire]], which were directly administered by Britain; other regions, of nominal sovereignty, that were indirectly ruled by Britain, were called [[princely state]]s.}} into two independent [[Dominion]]s: [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Partition (n), 7. b |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=3rd |year=2005 |quote=The division of British India into India and Pakistan, achieved in 1947.}}</ref> The two states have since gone through further reorganization: the Dominion of India is today the [[India|Republic of India]] (since 1950); while the Dominion of Pakistan was composed of what is known today as the [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] (since 1956) and the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] (since 1971). The [[Partition (politics)|partition]] involved the division of two provinces, [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], based on district-wide non-Muslim or [[Muslim]] majorities. The partition also saw the division of the [[British Indian Army]], the [[Royal Indian Navy]], the [[Indian Civil Service]], the [[Rail transport in India#History|railways]], and the central treasury. The partition was outlined in the ''[[Indian Independence Act 1947]]'' and resulted in the dissolution of the [[British Raj]], i.e. Crown rule in India. The two self-governing independent Dominions of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 15 August 1947. | ||
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The partition displaced between 10 and 20 million people along religious lines, creating overwhelming [[Refugee crisis|refugee crises]] in the newly constituted dominions.<ref name="Springer Science & Business Media"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="Dr Crispin Bates" /><ref name="Zamindar2013" /> There was large-scale violence, with estimates of the loss of life accompanying or preceding the partition disputed and varying between several hundred thousand and two million.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}{{efn|name=toll}} The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that affects [[Indo-Pakistani relations|their relationship]] to this day. | |||
==Observance of Remembrance Day== | |||
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On 14 August 2021, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] declared that the 14 of August annually will be remembered as ''Partition Horrors Remembrance Day'' to remind the nation of the sufferings and sacrifices of Indians during the partition in 1947. | |||
| | On 14 August 2021, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said, "Partitions pains can never be forgotten. Millions of our sisters and brothers were displaced and many lost their lives due to mindless hate and violence. In memory of the struggles and sacrifices of our people, 14th August will be observed as Partition Horrors Remembrance Day, May the Partition Horrors Remembrance Day keep reminding us of the need to remove the poison of social divisions, disharmony and further strengthen the spirit of oneness, social harmony and human empowerment."<ref>{{cite news |title='In Memory of Sacrifices & Struggles': PM Modi Marks August 14 as Partition Horrors Remembrance Day |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/partition-horrors-remembrance-day-how-indians-will-recall-august-14-says-pm-modi-4083782.html |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=News18 |date=14 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
In 2022, the [[Delhi Metro]] honoured Partition Horrors Remembrance Day by setting up an exhibit that included "panels on the wrecked buildings in Lahore and Amritsar".<ref>{{cite web |title=Newspaper clippings, maps and images from Partition: Exhibition now open at Rajiv Chowk and Kashmere Gate metro stations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-metro-exhibition-partition-horrors-remembrance-day-8083963/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN |date=11 August 2022}}</ref> | |||
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The [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], in 2022, implored all academic institutions to plan observances for Partition Horrors Remembrance Day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandra |first1=Jagriti |title=UGC writes to colleges, universities urging them to observe Partition Horrors Remembrance Day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ugc-writes-to-colleges-universities-urging-them-to-observe-partition-horrors-remembrance-day/article65751030.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=9 August 2022}}</ref> The [[University of Kashmir]] honoured Partition Horrors Remembrance Day by organising a photo exhibition aimed at highlighting "the agony, suffering and pain of millions of sufferers of the Partition".<ref>{{cite web |title=KU observes Partition Horrors Remembrance Day |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/ku-observes-partition-horrors-remembrance-day |website=[[Greater Kashmir]] |language=en-IN |date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KU observes Partition Horrors Remembrance Day, organises photo exhibition |url=https://www.risingkashmir.com/-KU-observes-Partition-Horrors-Remembrance-Day--organises-photo-exhibition-113372 |website=[[Rising Kashmir]] |language=en-IN |date=14 August 2022}}</ref> | |||
}} | ==See also== | ||
*[[Opposition to the partition of India]] | |||
*[[The 1947 Partition Archive]] | |||
*[[Partition Museum]] | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category:August observances]] | [[Category:August observances]] | ||
[[Category:Public holidays in India]] | |||