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Qalandar (caste): Difference between revisions
Included a reliable source for verification.
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|popplace = India • Pakistan | |popplace = India • Pakistan | ||
|langs = [[ | |langs = [[Urdu]] • [[Hindi]] | ||
|rels= [[Islam]] | |rels= [[Islam]] | ||
|related= [[Jogi (castes)|Jogi]] • [[Jogi Faqir]] • [[Sai (caste)|Sai]] | |related= [[Jogi (castes)|Jogi]] • [[Jogi Faqir]] • [[Sai (caste)|Sai]] | ||
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==History and origin== | ==History and origin== | ||
The Qalandar in India trace their origin back to the devotees of the [[Sufi]] saint [[Bu Ali Shah Qalandar]], who is buried in [[Panipat]], in what is now [[Haryana]]. These devotees left their homes in the cities of [[Karnal]] and [[Panipat]] for some unknown reason and settled in territory that now forms part of the modern state of Uttar Pradesh. Initially, these | The Qalandar in India trace their origin back to the devotees of the [[Sufi]] saint [[Bu Ali Shah Qalandar]], who is buried in [[Panipat]], in what is now [[Haryana]]. These devotees left their homes in the cities of [[Karnal]] and [[Panipat]] for some unknown reason and settled in territory that now forms part of the modern state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Initially, these devotees belonged to the Sufi order of the [[Qalandariyah]] Faqirs, who then took to the profession of bear fighting. The Qalandar consists of three sub-divisions, the Langre in eastern [[Rohilkhand]], the Rohilla in western [[Rohilkhand]] and the Machhle in [[Awadh]], all of whom are found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], and speak their own dialect, known as Qalandari.<ref name="A Hasan page 677">Qalandar in People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 677 to 682 Manohar Publications</ref> | ||
In [[Pakistan]], the Qalandar are found mainly in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Pakistani Punjab]]. According to their traditions, the Qalandar are descended of ancestors that arrived in from [[Balkh]] and [[Bukhara]] in [[Central Asia]] in the distant past. These settlers were all said to be devotees of the Sufi saint Bu Ali Qalandar of Panipat. Unlike the Uttar Pradesh Qalandar who moved east, the Qalandar of what became Pakistan began a slow migration westward, with small groups moving into Punjab by mid 15th Century. At the time of the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the Muslim Qalandar of east Punjab, which included Panipat and Karnal moved to [[Pakistan]], joining groups who were already settled there.<ref name="Joseph C 2004"/> | In [[Pakistan]], the Qalandar are found mainly in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Pakistani Punjab]]. According to their traditions, the Qalandar are descended of ancestors that arrived in from [[Balkh]] and [[Bukhara]] in [[Central Asia]] in the distant past. These settlers were all said to be devotees of the Sufi saint Bu Ali Qalandar of Panipat. Unlike the Uttar Pradesh Qalandar who moved east, the Qalandar of what became Pakistan began a slow migration westward, with small groups moving into Punjab by mid 15th Century. At the time of the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the Muslim Qalandar of [[east Punjab]], which included Panipat and Karnal moved to [[Pakistan]], joining groups who were already settled there.<ref name="Joseph C 2004"/> | ||
==Present circumstances== | ==Present circumstances== | ||
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The basic unit of the Qalandar society is the tent or ''puki''. Each puki represents a [[commensal]] group, comprising a female, her spouse and unmarried . A collection of puki forms a ''dera'' or camp. Most members of the dera are related to each other. Marriages take place with close kin, and the Qalandar practice both cross cousin and parallel cousin marriages.<ref>''Why Bulbuls bark: conflict, continuity, and identity among professional strangers / Joseph C. Berland pages 235to 255'' in Customary strangers : new perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia / edited by Joseph C. Berland and Aparna Rao. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2004.{{ISBN|0897897714}}</ref> | The basic unit of the Qalandar society is the tent or ''puki''. Each puki represents a [[commensal]] group, comprising a female, her spouse and unmarried . A collection of puki forms a ''dera'' or camp. Most members of the dera are related to each other. Marriages take place with close kin, and the Qalandar practice both cross cousin and parallel cousin marriages.<ref>''Why Bulbuls bark: conflict, continuity, and identity among professional strangers / Joseph C. Berland pages 235to 255'' in Customary strangers : new perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia / edited by Joseph C. Berland and Aparna Rao. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2004.{{ISBN|0897897714}}</ref> | ||
Unlike their Indian counterparts, the Pakistan Qalandar are still nomadic, with most still involved in their traditional occupations of entertainment routines involving trained bears, monkeys, dogs and goats. In addition, they are often skilled jugglers, acrobats, magicians, impersonators and beggars. The Qalandar travel from community to community, setting camp in fallow fields.<ref name="Joseph C 2004"/> In Pakistan the bears are trapped is by members of the Kohistani ethnic group, and then sold to the Qalandar in markets in Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Qalandar are an extremely marganilized group, suffering from discrimination and often victims of abuse by state officials such as the police or municipal staff.<ref name="Aparna Rao' pages 53"/> | Unlike their Indian counterparts, the Pakistan Qalandar are still nomadic, with most still involved in their traditional occupations of entertainment routines involving trained bears, monkeys, dogs and goats. In addition, they are often skilled jugglers, acrobats, magicians, impersonators and beggars. The Qalandar travel from community to community, setting camp in fallow fields.<ref name="Joseph C 2004"/> In Pakistan the bears are trapped is by members of the [[Kohistani people|Kohistani]] ethnic group, and then sold to the Qalandar in markets in [[Peshawar]] and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]. The Qalandar are an extremely marganilized group, suffering from discrimination and often victims of abuse by state officials such as the police or municipal staff.<ref name="Aparna Rao' pages 53"/> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||