India–Pakistan relations: Difference between revisions

Soon after gaining their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations, but the violent partition and reciprocal territorial claims quickly overshadowed their relationship. Since their independence, the two countries have fought [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|three major wars]], as well as one [[Kargil War|undeclared war]], and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs. The [[Kashmir conflict]] is the main centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]] and the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which resulted in the secession of [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]).

There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship, notably the [[Shimla Summit|Shimla summit]], the [[Agra summit]], and the [[Lahore Summit|Lahore summit]]. Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations have grown increasingly sour, particularly after the [[Siachen conflict]], intensification of the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir insurgency]] in 1989, [[Pokhran-II|Indian]] and [[Chagai-I|Pakistani]] nuclear tests in 1998, and the 1999 [[Kargil War]]. Certain [[confidence-building measures]], such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]] service, have been successful in de-escalating tensions. However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks. The [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] brought the two nations to the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|brink of a nuclear war]]. The [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]], which killed 68 civilians (most of whom were Pakistani), was also a crucial turning point in relations. Additionally, the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] carried out by Pakistani militants<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-pakistan-india8-2009jan08,0,6016768.story|title=Pakistan acknowledges surviving Mumbai gunman is a Pakistani|website=latimes}}</ref> resulted in a [[Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks#Indo-Pakistani relations|severe blow]] to the ongoing India–Pakistan peace talks.

After a brief thaw following the election of new governments in both nations, bilateral discussions again stalled after the [[2016 Pathankot attack]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sushma Swaraj rules out talks with Pakistan, John Kerry says no good or bad terrorist|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sushma-swaraj-pakistan-terrorism-john-kerry-india-visit-3004565/|access-date=30 August 2016|work=Indian Express|agency=ENS|date=30 August 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> In September 2016, a [[2016 Uri attack|terrorist attack on an Indian military base]] in Indian-administered Kashmir killed 19 [[Indian Army]] soldiers, the deadliest such attack in years. India's claim that the attack had been orchestrated by a Pakistan-supported [[Jihadist terrorism|jihadist]] group was denied by Pakistan, which claimed the attack had been a local reaction to [[2016 Kashmir unrest|unrest in the region]] due to excessive force by Indian security personnel. The attack sparked a [[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation|military confrontation]] across the [[Line of Control]] (LoC), with an escalation in ceasefire violations and further [[2016 attacks on India|militant attacks on Indian security forces]]. Since 2016, the ongoing confrontation, continued terrorist attacks, and an increase in nationalist rhetoric on both sides has resulted in the collapse of bilateral relations, with little expectation that they will recover.<ref>{{citation |author=Ankit Panda |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |title=Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India's Options? |work=The Diplomat |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Geeta Anand, Hari Kumar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/world/asia/kashmir-jammu-attack.html?_r=0 |title=Militants Attack Indian Army Base in Nagrota, Inflaming Tensions With Pakistan|work=The New York Times |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> Notably, following the [[2019 Pulwama attack]], the Indian government revoked Pakistan's [[most favoured nation]] trade status, which it had granted to Pakistan in 1996.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133 |title=Pulwama attack: India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan |work=BBC News |date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> India also increased the custom duty to 200% which affected the trade of Pakistani apparel and cement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=200% duty on Pakistan cement cheers industry|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/200-duty-on-pakistan-cement-cheers-industry-735938|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Aamir Shafaat|date=2019-02-19|title=India halts cement purchases from Pakistan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1464740|access-date=2021-05-09|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>

Since the election of new governments in both India and Pakistan in the early 2010s, some attempts have been made to improve relations, in particular the development of a consensus on the agreement of Non-Discriminatory Market Access on Reciprocal Basis (NDMARB) status for each other, which will liberalise trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/683073/non-discriminatory-market-access-pakistan-india-all-but-sign-trade-normalisation-deal/|title=Non-discriminatory market access: Pakistan, India all but sign trade normalisation deal|date=15 March 2014|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Both India and Pakistan are members of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] and its [[South Asian Free Trade Area]]. Pakistan used to host a pavilion at the annual India International Trade Fair which drew huge crowds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://twocircles.net/2012nov18/pakistani_apparel_trade_fair_draws_huge_crowds.html|title=Pakistani apparel at Trade Fair draws huge crowds|work=TwoCircles}}</ref> Deteriorating relations between the two nations resulted in a boycott of Pakistani traders at the trade fair.

In November 2015, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] agreed to the resumption of bilateral talks; the following month, Modi made a brief, unscheduled visit to Pakistan while en route to India, becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Pakistan since 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-minutes-that-changed-indiapakties/article8029441.ece?homepage=true|title=3 minutes that changed India-Pak ties|first=Suhasini |last=Haidar|website=The Hindu}}</ref> Despite those efforts, relations between the countries have remained frigid, following repeated acts of cross-border [[terrorism]]. According to a 2017 [[BBC World Service]] poll, only 5% of Indians view Pakistan's influence positively, with 85% expressing a negative view, while 11% of Pakistanis view India's influence positively, with 62% expressing a negative view.<ref name="BBC_Poll">{{cite web|title=2017 BBC World Service Global Poll|url=http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf|website=BBC World Service|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Mahatma Gandhi and Jinnah having a difference of opinion.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Jinnah]] and [[Gandhi]] engaged in a heated conversation. A well-known photograph recently attributed to [[Kulwant Roy]].]]

[[Population transfer|Massive population exchanges]] occurred between the two newly formed states in the months immediately following the partition. There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning. Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing in. However, an exception was made for Punjab, where the transfer of populations was organized because of the communal violence affecting the province, this did not apply to other provinces.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&pg=PA40|title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories|author=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-231-13847-5|pages=40–|quote=Second, it was feared that if an exchange of populations was agreed to in principle in Punjab, ' there was the likelihood of trouble breaking out in other parts of the subcontinent to force Muslims in the Indian Dominion to move to Pakistan. If that happened, we would find ourselves with inadequate land and other resources to support the influx.' Punjab could set a very dangerous precedent for the rest of the subcontinent. Given that Muslims in the rest of India, some 42 million, formed a population larger than the entire population of West Pakistan at the time, economic rationality eschewed such a forced migration. However, in divided Punjab, millions of people were already on the move, and the two governments had to respond to this mass movement. Thus, despite these important reservations, the establishment of the MEO led to an acceptance of a 'transfer of populations' in divided Punjab, too, 'to give a sense of security' to ravaged communities on both sides. A statement of the Indian government's position of such a transfer across divided Punjab was made in the legislature by Neogy on November 18, 1947. He stated that although the Indian government's policy was 'to discourage mass migration from one province to another.' Punjab was to be an exception. In the rest of the subcontinent migrations were not to be on a planned basis, but a matter of individual choice. This exceptional character of movements across divided Punjab needs to be emphasized, for the agreed and 'planned evacuations' by the two governments formed the context of those displacements.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAkarK3gLDgC&pg=PA149|title=The Making of the Modern Refugee|author=Peter Gatrell|date=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-967416-9|pages=149–|quote=Notwithstanding the accumulated evidence of inter-communal tension, the signatories to the agreement that divided the Raj did not expect the transfer of power and the partition of India to be accompanied by a mass movement of population. Partition was conceived as a means of preventing migration on a large scale because the borders would be adjusted instead. Minorities need not be troubled by the new configuration. As Pakistan's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, affirmed, 'the division of India into Pakistan and India Dominions was based on the principle that minorities will stay where they were and that the two states will afford all protection to them as citizens of the respective states'.}}</ref>  

The partition of British India split the former [[Punjab Province (British India)|British province of Punjab]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]]; the mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into the new states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much inter-communal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.<ref name="washedu">{{cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes|access-date=19 December 2006}}</ref> Total migration across Punjab during the partition is estimated at around 12 million people;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zamindar|first=Vazira Fazila‐Yacoobali|title=India–Pakistan Partition 1947 and forced migration|publisher=Wiley Online Library|year=2013|isbn=9781444334890|quote="Some 12 million people were displaced in the divided province of Punjab alone, and up to 20 million in the subcontinent as a whole."}}</ref> around 6.5 million Muslims moved from East Punjab to West Punjab, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Punjab to East Punjab.  

{{Main|Kashmir conflict}}

[[Kashmir]] was a Muslim-majority princely state, ruled by a Hindu king, [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]]. At the time of the [[partition of India]], Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to remain independent and did not want to join either the [[Dominion of India]] or the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. He wanted both India and Pakistan to recognise his princely state as an independent neutral country.<ref>{{cite book | author=Mehr Chand Mahajan | year=1963 | title=Looking Back | page=162| publisher=Asia Publishing House (Digitalised by Google at the University of Michigan)| location=Bombay | isbn= 9788124101940 | author-link=Mehr Chand Mahajan }}</ref>

 

 

 

 

While the invading Pakistanis spread across the State and looted [[Baramulla]] town just 50&nbsp;km from the state capital, Srinagar, for several days starting 25 October 1947, the Maharaja signed [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] to the Dominion of India on 26 October 1947. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah had already reached Delhi a day earlier on 25 October to persuade Nehru to send troops. He made no secret of the danger the State faced and asked Nehru to lose no time in accepting the accession and ensuring the speedy dispatch of Indian troops to the State. ([[Sheikh Abdullah]] corroborates this account in his Aatish-e-Chinaar (at pages 416 and 417) and records (at page 417) that [[V.P. Menon]] returned to Delhi on 26 October with signed Instrument of accession.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/archive-news/|title=Hindustan Times - Archive News|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The Instrument was accepted by the [[Governor-General of India]] the next day, 27 October 1947. With this signing by the Maharaja and acceptance by the Governor-General, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of Dominion of India as per the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] passed by the British parliament.

By this time the raiders were close to the capital, [[Srinagar]] Indian troops were airlifted from Delhi, landed at Srinagar airport in Kashmir on 27 October 1947 and secured the airport before proceeding to evict the invaders from Kashmir valley.

The Indian troops managed to evict the aggressors from parts of Kashmir but the onset of winter made much of the state impassable. After weeks of intense fighting between Pakistan and India, Pakistani leaders and the Indian Prime Minister Nehru declared a ceasefire and sought [[U.N.]] arbitration with the promise of a [[plebiscite]].

In 1957, north-western Kashmir was fully integrated into Pakistan, becoming [[Azad Kashmir]] (Pakistan-administered Kashmir). In 1962, China occupied [[Aksai Chin]], the north-eastern region bordering [[Ladakh]]. In 1984, India launched [[Operation Meghdoot]] and captured more than 80% of the [[Siachen Glacier]].

Pakistan now maintains Kashmiris' right to self-determination through a [[plebiscite]] and the promised plebiscite should be allowed to decide the fate of the Kashmiri people. India on the other hand asserts that with the Maharaja's signing the instrument of accession, Kashmir has become an integral part of India.

Due to all such political differences, this territorial claim has been the subject of wars between the two countries in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], and a limited conflict in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|1999]]. The state remains divided between the two countries by the Line of Control (LoC), which demarcates the ceasefire line agreed upon in the 1947 conflict modified in 1972 as per [[Simla Agreement|Shimla Agreement]].

India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial [[Kargil War]] in 1999 and some border skirmishes. Major conflicts between India and Pakistan, [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|War of1947]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|War of 1965]], and a small-scale [[Kargil War]] in 1999, were triggered by conflict over the border of [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh: Civil-Military Relations|date=2020-12-17|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1926|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1926|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7|access-date=2021-04-23}}</ref> While both nations have held a shaky cease-fire agreement since 2003, they continue to trade fire across the disputed area. Both nations blame the other for breaking the cease-fire agreement, claiming that they are firing in retaliation for attacks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Pye|first1=Lucian W.|last2=Schofield|first2=Victoria|date=2000|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unfinished War|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20050024|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=79|issue=6|pages=190|doi=10.2307/20050024|jstor=20050024|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> On both sides of the disputed border, an increase in territorial skirmishes that started in late 2016 and escalated into 2018 killed hundreds of civilians and made thousand homeless.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right| Pakistan's Lt Gen [[:en:Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|Niazi]](sitting second from right) signing the [[:en:Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]], following the defeat of Pakistan in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].]]

Pakistan, since independence, was geo-politically divided into two major regions, [[West Pakistan]] and [[East Pakistan]]. East Pakistan was occupied mostly by [[Bengali people]]. After a Pakistani [[Operation Searchlight|military operation]] and a [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide on Bengalis]] in December 1971, following a political crisis in East Pakistan, the situation soon spiralled out of control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali populace. The conflict, a brief but bloody war, resulted in the independence of East Pakistan. In the war, the [[Indian Army]] invaded East Pakistan from three sides, while the [[Indian Navy]] used the aircraft carrier [[INS Vikrant (R11)]] to impose a naval blockade of East Pakistan. The war saw the first offensive operations undertaken by the Indian Navy against an enemy port, when Karachi harbour was attacked twice during [[Operation Trident (1971)]] and [[Operation Python]]. These attacks destroyed a significant portion of Pakistan's naval strength, whereas no Indian ship was lost. The Indian Navy did, however, lose a single ship, when [[INS Khukri (F149)]] was torpedoed by a Pakistani submarine. 13 days after the invasion of East Pakistan, 90,000 [[Pakistani Military|Pakistani military]] personnel surrendered to the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Mukti Bahini]]. After the surrender of Pakistani forces, East Pakistan became the independent nation of [[Bangladesh]].

The attack on the [[Indian Parliament]] was by far the most dramatic attack carried out allegedly by Pakistani terrorists. India blamed Pakistan for carrying out the attacks, an allegation which Pakistan strongly denied and one that brought both nations to the brink of a [[nuclear warfare|nuclear]] confrontation in 2001–02. However, international peace efforts ensured the cooling of tensions between the two nuclear-capable nations.

The [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] was an attack at the [[Parliament of India]] in New Delhi on 13 December 2001, during which fourteen people, including the five men who attacked the building, were killed. The perpetrators were [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (Let) and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) terrorists.<ref name="demarche">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl12.htm "Govt blames LeT for Parliament attack"]. Rediff.com (14 December 2001). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref><ref name="indianembassy.org">[http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm#STATEMENT%20MADE%20BY%20HOME%20MINISTER,%20L.%20K.%20ADVANI%20ON%20THE%20TERRORIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20PARLIAMENT%20HOUSE%20ON%20DECEMBER%2013,%202001 Embassy of India – Washington DC (official website) United States of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152203/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm#STATEMENT%20MADE%20BY%20HOME%20MINISTER,%20L.%20K.%20ADVANI%20ON%20THE%20TERRORIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20PARLIAMENT%20HOUSE%20ON%20DECEMBER%2013,%202001 |date=11 June 2010 }}. Indianembassy.org. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref> The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six [[Delhi Police]] personnel, two Parliament Security Service personnel and a gardener, in total 14<ref name=remember>{{cite news|last1=PTI|title=Parliament attack victims remembered |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/parliament-attack-victims-remembered/article2711970.ece|access-date=23 October 2014|work=The Hindu|date=13 December 2011}}</ref> and to increased tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], resulting in the [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff]].<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127094835/http://www.globalbearings.net/2011/10/image-from-gates-of-pakistan-naval.html |title=From Kashmir to the FATA: The ISI Loses Control|website=Global Bearings|date=27 January 2012 }}</ref>

The [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]] was a military standoff between India and Pakistan that resulted in the massing of troops on either side of the [[Indo-Pakistani border|border]] and along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) in the region of [[Kashmir]]. This was the first major military standoff between India and Pakistan since the [[Kargil War]] in 1999. The military buildup was initiated by India responding to a [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] and the [[2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly attack]].<ref name="Rajesh M. Basrur">{{cite book|title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76721-7|page=326|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC&pg=PA326|author=Rajesh M. Basrur|edition=1st|editor=Peter R. Lavoy|access-date=8 August 2013|chapter=The lessons of Kargil as learned by India|date=14 December 2009}}</ref> India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan-based terror groups, the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]], both of whom India has said are backed by Pakistan's [[Inter Services Intelligence|ISI]]<ref name=letjemisi>[http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=917228 "Who will strike first"], [[The Economist]], 20 December 2001.</ref> a charge that Pakistan denied.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmir Militant Extremists|url=http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135|publisher=Council Foreign Relations|author=Jamal Afridi|date=9 July 2009|quote=Pakistan denies any ongoing collaboration between the ISI and militants, stressing a change of course after 11 September 2001.|access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302144145/http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135|archive-date=2 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Perlez |first=Jane |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30pstan.html |title=Pakistan Denies Any Role in Mumbai Attacks |location=Mumbai (India);Pakistan |work=NYTimes.com |date=29 November 2008 |access-date=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/dec2001/ind-d20.shtml |title=Attack on Indian parliament heightens danger of Indo-Pakistan war |publisher=Wsws.org |date=20 December 2001 |access-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> Tensions de-escalated following international [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian<ref name=toiwithdraw>[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25384627 "India to withdraw troops from Pak border"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031130174834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25384627 |date=30 November 2003 }}, [[Times of India]], 16 October 2002.</ref> and Pakistani troops<ref name=bbcwithdraw>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/2335599.stm "Pakistan to withdraw front-line troops"], [[BBC]], 17 October 2002.</ref> from the international border.

The [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]] was a terrorist attack targeted on the [[Samjhauta Express]] train on 18 February. The Samjhauta Express is an international train that runs from New Delhi, India to Lahore, Pakistan, and is one of two trains to cross the India-Pakistan border. At least 68 people were killed, mostly Pakistani civilians but also some Indian security personnel and civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan-train-idUSDEL34195220070219|title=Indian police release sketches of bomb suspects|author=Reuters Editorial|date=21 February 2007|website=Reuters}}</ref>

The Indian intelligence agency [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] is claimed to be working in cover to malign Pakistan and train & support insurgents for [[Balochistan conflict]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?231032 |title=RAW Is Training 600 Balochis In Afghanistan |publisher=outlookindia.com |access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pak-times.com/2008/09/05/raw-creating-trouble-for-nato-in-afghanistan/ |title=Pakistan Times! " RAW Creating Trouble for NATO in Afghanistan |publisher=Pak-times.com |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430194436/http://www.pak-times.com/2008/09/05/raw-creating-trouble-for-nato-in-afghanistan/ |archive-date=30 April 2012  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/308841/afghan-commander-orchestrated-nov-26-attack-report/ |title=RAW collusion suspected: Probe faults Afghan serviceman for NATO air raid, says report – The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/08raw-helping-militants-in-afghanistan-says-musharraf.htm |title=RAW helping militants in Afghanistan: Musharraf |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref>

{{See also|India and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear race}}

After the defeat in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], Pakistan launched its own nuclear bomb program in 1972, and accelerated its efforts in 1974, after India exploded its first nuclear bomb in [[Pokhran|Pokhran test]] range, codename ''[[Smiling Buddha]]''.<ref name="India's First Bomb: 1967-1974"/><ref name="Pakistan atomic bomb project: The Beginning">{{cite web|last=Pakistan atomic bomb project: The Beginning|title=Pakistan atomic bomb project: The Beginning|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakOrigin.html|publisher=Pakistan atomic bomb project: The Beginning|access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> This large-scale nuclear bomb program was directly in response to India's nuclear program.<ref name="The Eighties: Developing Capabilities">{{cite news|title=The Eighties: Developing Capabilities|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakDevelop.html|access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> In 1983, Pakistan achieved a major milestone in its efforts after it covertly performed a series of [[Subcritical testing|non-fission tests]], codename [[Kirana-I]]. No official announcements of such [[Subcritical testing|cold tests]] were made by [[Pakistan Government|Pakistan government]].<ref name="The Eighties: Developing Capabilities"/> Over the next several years, Pakistan expanded and modernised nuclear power projects around the country to supply its electricity sector and to provide back-up support and benefit to its national economy. In 1988, a mutual understanding was reached between the two countries in which each pledged not to attack nuclear facilities. Agreements on cultural exchanges and civil aviation were also initiated, also in 1988.<ref name="The Eighties: Developing Capabilities"/> Finally, in 1998, India exploded its second nuclear test (see: ''[[Pokhran-II]]'') which invited Pakistan to follow the latter's step and performed its own [[atomic test]]s (see:''[[Chagai-I]]'' and ''[[Chagai-II]]'').

=== Consequences of using mass destruction weapons ===

Pakistan and India are estimated to have nuclear arsenals of between 100 and 300 warheads each.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=P.K.|date=2015|title=The India-Pakistan Nuclear Dyad and Regional Nuclear Dynamics|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asp.2015.0019|journal=Asia Policy|volume=19|issue=1|pages=37–44|doi=10.1353/asp.2015.0019|s2cid=153779296|issn=1559-2960}}</ref> The use of [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear warheads]] by [[Nuclear weapons by country|nuclear-armed countries]] could result in a regional, if not a global catastrophe. However, India and Pakistan are of particular concern when it comes to nuclear weapons because of their long history of military conflicts including recent attacks, lack of success in settling territorial disputes, heavily populated urban areas, and continuing rapid expansion of their respective nuclear stockpiles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Toon|first1=Owen B.|last2=Bardeen|first2=Charles G.|last3=Robock|first3=Alan|last4=Xia|first4=Lili|last5=Kristensen|first5=Hans|last6=McKinzie|first6=Matthew|last7=Peterson|first7=R. J.|last8=Harrison|first8=Cheryl S.|last9=Lovenduski|first9=Nicole S.|last10=Turco|first10=Richard P.|date=October 2019|title=Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe|url= |journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=eaay5478|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay5478|issn=2375-2548|pmc=6774726|pmid=31616796}}</ref> By 2025, Pakistan and India could have 400 to 500 nuclear warheads, with yields ranging from approximately 50 kilotons to a few hundred kilotons.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Batcher|first=Robert T.|date=December 2004|title=The Consequences of an Indo-Pakistani Nuclear War1|url=https://academic.oup.com/isr/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00453.x|journal=International Studies Review|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=135–162|doi=10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00453.x|issn=1521-9488}}</ref> If India uses 100 nuclear warheads and Pakistan utilizes 150 nuclear weapons, approximately 100 to 150 million civilians could be killed, and nuclear-fueled fires could emit about 20 to 40 [[Teragram (unit)|Teragram]] (Tg) of [[black carbon]] into the atmosphere, depending on the yield of the nuclear weapons.<ref name=":3" /> Within weeks, the smoke will climb into the [[Atmosphere of Earth|upper atmosphere]]. The sunlight on the surface of the earth would decrease by approximately 20 to 30 percent, lowering the global temperature by approximately 3 to 5 degrees Celsius and annual rainfall would decrease by approximately 20 to 35 percent, with greater geographical disruptions.<ref name=":4" /> Net primary production will drops by approximately 20 to 40 percent on land and in the seas, posing a threat of widespread [[famine]] and high regional collateral deaths.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Özdoğan|first1=Mutlu|last2=Robock|first2=Alan|last3=Kucharik|first3=Christopher J.|date=January 2013|title=Impacts of a nuclear war in South Asia on soybean and maize production in the Midwest United States|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-012-0518-1|journal=Climatic Change|language=en|volume=116|issue=2|pages=373–387|doi=10.1007/s10584-012-0518-1|s2cid=2837628|issn=0165-0009}}</ref> Recovering from this catastrophe will take more than ten years. Even a small-scale nuclear conflict has catastrophic global consequences.

=== How to prevent Indo-Pakistani nuclear war ===

Following the Indian defense minister's statement that India may rescind its current promise to only use [[Weapon of mass destruction|strategic weapons]] in response to a nuclear strike, the tensions between India and Pakistan are extremely high.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shamim|first=Syed Jazib|date=2018|title=Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia Towards World War III|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3111513|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3111513|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> The United States has designated South Asia as a hotbed of terrorism and religious radicalism, and hence has a responsibility in maintaining regional security, avoiding strategic warheads expansion, and averting a nuclear conflict between Pakistan and India. To avoid a nuclear war between Pakistan and India, both countries must communicate openly and discuss the Kashmir problem without threatening each other.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Zafar|date=2019-01-01|title=Balancing and stabilizing South Asia: challenges and opportunities for sustainable peace and stability|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-08-2018-0093|journal=International Journal of Conflict Management|volume=30|issue=5|pages=589–614|doi=10.1108/IJCMA-08-2018-0093|issn=1044-4068}}</ref> Outside of times of conflict, parliamentary hearings should be maintained, and both parties should do better to justify the socioeconomic advantages of reconciliation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Mutahir|date=July 1998|title=Confidence‐building measures between Pakistan and India: An argument for change|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09584939808719835|journal=Contemporary South Asia|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=137–145|doi=10.1080/09584939808719835|issn=0958-4935}}</ref> India would have to see the value of a larger foreign position in facilitating the peace process and progress in improving people's lives in Kashmir. Pakistan will have to keep its promises to stop assisting militants in Kashmir and to stop terrorizing the ceasefire line.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Ishtiaq|last2=Ebert|first2=Hannes|date=2015-01-02|title=Breaking the Equilibrium? New Leaders and Old Structures in the India-Pakistan Rivalry|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00927678.2015.999518|journal=Asian Affairs: An American Review|language=en|volume=42|issue=1|pages=46–75|doi=10.1080/00927678.2015.999518|s2cid=153809052|issn=0092-7678}}</ref>

Due to high tensions between India and Pakistan, countries such as China, Russia, and the United States might need to take severe actions to prevent the nuclear war. If the nuclear war between India and Pakistan is inevitable, the United States should use its [[Interceptor aircraft|interceptors]] and [[bomber]]s to destroy the incoming [[missile]]s crossing the [[India–Pakistan border|India-Pakistan border]] in either direction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Wagner|first2=R Harrison|date=September 2004|title=India and Pakistan: Bargaining in the Shadow of Nuclear War|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1362369042000282994|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=479–507|doi=10.1080/1362369042000282994|s2cid=155000054|issn=0140-2390}}</ref> Nuclear warfare between India and Pakistan cannot be allowed to play itself out because of its consequences that go beyond the two countries. With the United States itself being a nuclear superpower, it has more of an influence when it comes to moments of intervention and beyond. The nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan should be stopped because it has far-reaching regional and global consequences.

==Talks and other confidence building measures==

After Dr. Manmohan Singh become prime minister of India in May 2004, the [[Government of Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab provincial Government]] declared it would develop [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], his place of birth, as a model village in his honour and name a school after him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/23/stories/2007062355601600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626100250/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/23/stories/2007062355601600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Schoolmate wants to meet PM|date=23 June 2007}}</ref> There is also a village in India named [[Pakistan, India|Pakistan]], despite occasional pressure over the years to change its name the villagers have resisted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/this-pakistan-has-no-muslims-37974-2009-01-24|title=This 'Pakistan' has no Muslims|website=India Today}}</ref>[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh flagging off the Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus in Srinagar on April 7, 2005.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small>The [[Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus|Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus]] service has helped ease tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Shown here is [[India]]'s [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] flagging off the [[Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus|Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus]] in [[Srinagar]] on April 7, 2005</small>.]] Violent activities in the region declined in 2004. There are two main reasons for this: warming of relations between [[New Delhi]] and [[Islamabad]] which consequently lead to a [[ceasefire]] between the two countries in 2003 and the fencing of the Line of Control being carried out by the [[Indian Army]]. Moreover, coming under intense international pressure, Islamabad was compelled to take action against the militants' training camps on its territory. In 2004, the two countries also agreed upon decreasing the number of troops present in the region.

In December 2010, several Pakistani newspapers published stories about India's leadership and relationship with militants in Pakistan that the papers claimed were found in the [[United States diplomatic cables leak]].  A British newspaper, ''[[The Guardian]]'', which had the Wikileaks cables in its possession reviewed the cables and concluded that the Pakistani claims were "not accurate" and that "WikiLeaks [was] being exploited for propaganda purposes."<ref>Declan Walsh, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/09/pakistani-newspaper-fake-leaks-india Pakistani media publish fake WikiLeaks cables attacking India] ''[[The Guardian]]'' 9 December 2010</ref>

In August 2019, following the approval of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill]] in the [[Indian Parliament]], which [[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status|revoked]] the special status of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 2019|title=India strips disputed Kashmir of special status|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49231619|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UN expresses concern over India's move to revoke special status of Kashmir|url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/06-08-2019/un-expresses-concern-over-indias-move-to-revoke-special-status-of-kashmir|access-date=8 August 2019|website=radio.gov.pk|language=en}}</ref> further tension was brought between the two countries, with Pakistan downgrading their diplomatic ties, closing its airspace, and suspending bilateral trade with India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan sends back Indian High Commissioner Ajay Bisaria, suspends bilateral trade|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/pakistan-downscales-diplomatic-relationship-suspends-bilateral-trade-with-india/465213|access-date=8 August 2019|website=timesnownews.com|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 25 February 2021, India and Pakistan issued a joint statement indicating that both sides agreed to stop firing at each other at the disputed Line of Control border in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-agree-to-stop-firing-at-kashmir-border/a-56683894 |title=India, Pakistan agree to stop firing at Kashmir border |website=DW |date=25 February 2021 }}</ref>

India offered generous aid to Pakistan in response to the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] on 8 October. Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners consulted with one another regarding cooperation in relief work. India sent 25 tonnes of relief material to Pakistan including food, blankets and medicine. Large Indian companies such as [[Infosys]] offered aid up to $226,000. On 12 October, an [[Ilyushin Il-76|Ilyushin-76]] cargo plane ferried across seven truckloads (about 82 [[ton]]s) of army medicines, 15,000 blankets and 50 tents and returned to New Delhi. A senior air force official also stated that they had been asked by the Indian government to be ready to fly out another similar consignment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dawn.com/2005/10/13/top9.htm|title=Indian troops cross LoC to back up relief efforts|date=13 October 2005}}</ref> On 14 October, India dispatched the second consignment of relief material to Pakistan, by train through the [[Wagah Border]]. The consignment included 5,000 blankets, 370 tents, 5 tons of plastic sheets and 12 tons of medicine. A third consignment of medicine and relief material was also sent shortly afterwards by train.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1518632,0008.htm |title=Hindustan Times - Archive News |access-date=15 October 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104044231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1518632%2C0008.htm |archive-date=4 November 2005  }}</ref> India also pledged $25 million as aid to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4381982.stm|title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - India offers Pakistan $25m in aid|date=27 October 2005}}</ref> India opened the first of three points at Chakan Da Bagh, in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], on the Line of Control between India and Pakistan for the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] relief work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White flags at the LoC|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/nov/07nlook.htm|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> Such generous gestures signalled a new era of confidence, friendliness and cooperation between both India and Pakistan.

India has accused some of the most wanted Indian fugitives, such as [[Dawood Ibrahim]], of having a presence in Pakistan. On 11 May 2011, India released a list of 50 "Most Wanted Fugitives" hiding in Pakistan. This was to tactically pressure Pakistan after the [[Death of Osama bin Laden|killing]] of [[Osama bin Laden]] in his [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|compound in Abbottabad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-11/india/29532084_1_hafiz-saeed-fugitives-paramjit-singh-panjwar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705155413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-11/india/29532084_1_hafiz-saeed-fugitives-paramjit-singh-panjwar |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2012 |title=India releases list of 50 'most wanted fugitives' in Pak |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>

After two errors in the list received publicity, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] removed it from their website pending a review.<ref>{{cite news | title =India: 'Most wanted' errors embarrass government | work =BBC News | publisher =BBC | date =20 May 2011 | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465908 | access-date =20 May 2011 }}</ref> After this incident the Pakistani interior ministry rejected the list of 50 Most Wanted men forwarded by India to Islamabad, saying it should first probe if those named in the list were even living in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan rejects India's list of 50 most wanted |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-rejects-Indias-list-of-50-most-wanted/articleshow/8560151.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603073334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-rejects-Indias-list-of-50-most-wanted/articleshow/8560151.cms |archive-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref>

India and Pakistan, particularly Northern India and Eastern Pakistan, to some degree have similar cultures, cuisines and languages due to common [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] heritage which span through the two countries and throughout much of the northern subcontinent which also underpin the historical ties between the two. [[Pakistani singers]], musicians, [[List of stand-up comedians#Pakistan|comedians]] and entertainers have enjoyed widespread popularity in India, with many achieving overnight fame in the Indian film industry [[Bollywood]]. Likewise, [[Indian music]] and [[Cinema of India|film]] are very popular in Pakistan. Being located in the northernmost region of the [[South Asia]], Pakistan's culture is somewhat similar to that of [[North India]], especially the northwest.

The [[Punjab region]] was split into [[Punjab, Pakistan]] and [[Punjab, India]] following the independence and partition of the two countries in 1947. The [[Punjabi people]] are today the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and also an important ethnic group of northern India. The founder of [[Sikhism]] was born in the modern-day Pakistani Punjab province, in the city of [[Nankana Sahib]]. Each year, millions of Indian Sikh pilgrims cross over to visit holy Sikh sites in [[Nankana Sahib]]. The [[Sindhi people]] are the native ethnic group of the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]]. Many Hindu Sindhis migrated to India in 1947, making the country home to a sizeable Sindhi community. In addition, the millions of Muslims who migrated from India to the newly created Pakistan during independence came to be known as the [[Muhajir people]]; they are settled predominantly in Karachi and still maintain family links in India.

{{Main|Indo-Pakistani border}}

[[File:International border at Wagah - evening flag lowering ceremony.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right| The evening flag lowering ceremony at the India-Pakistan [[International Border]] near [[Wagah]].]]

The Indo-Pakistani border is the official international boundary that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. The [[Wagah]] border is the only road crossing between India and Pakistan and lies on the famous [[Grand Trunk Road]], connecting [[Lahore]], Pakistan with [[Amritsar]], India. Each evening, the [[Wagah border ceremony]] takes place at the Wagah border in which the flags are lowered and guards on both sides make a pompous military display and exchange handshakes.

[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] is the [[linga franca]] of North India and Pakistan, as well as the official language of both countries, under the standard registers [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], respectively. Standard Urdu is [[mutually intelligible]] with standard Hindi. Hindustani is also widely understood and used as a lingua franca amongst South Asians including [[Sri Lankans]], [[Nepalis]] and [[Bangladeshis]], and is the language of [[Bollywood]], which is enjoyed throughout much of the subcontinent.

{{See also|India versus Pakistan cricket rivalry}}

Cricket and hockey matches between the two (as well as other sports to a lesser degree such as those of the SAARC games) have often been political in nature. During the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] General [[Zia-ul Haq]] travelled to India for a bout of "cricket diplomacy" to keep India from supporting the Soviets by opening another front. [[Pervez Musharaff]] also tried to do the same more than a decade later but to no avail.

Trade across direct routes has been curtailed formally,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nisha Taneja (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations)|author2=Shaheen Rafi Khan |author3=Moeed Yusuf |author4=Shahbaz Bokhari |author5=Shoaib Aziz  |title=''Chapter 4: India–Pakistan Trade: The View from the Indian Side'' (p. 72-77) ''Chapter 5: Quantifying Informal Trade Between Pakistan and India'' (p. 87-104) |editor=Zareen Fatima Naqvi and Philip Schuler |website=The Challenges and Potential of Pakistan-India Trade |publisher=(The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, June 2007) |access-date=29 August 2012 |url=https://nub.academia.edu/NishaAkter/Papers/910718/The_Challenges_and_Potential_of_Pakistan-India_Trade }}</ref> so the bulk of India-Pakistan trade is routed through Dubai.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |last2=Ghani |first1=Sadiq |first2=Ejaz |title=''South Asia's Growth and Regional Integration: An Overview'' |page=33 |website=World Bank |access-date=29 August 2012 |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/Publications/448813-1171648504958/SAR_integration_overview.pdf }}</ref>

===Terrorism and state disputes===

* [[2014–15 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]

* [[2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]

* [[Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts]]

{{reflist}}

* {{citation |doi=10.1108/IJCMA-08-2018-0093|title=Balancing and stabilizing South Asia: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable peace and stability|year=2019|last1=Khan|first1=Zafar|journal=International Journal of Conflict Management|volume=30|issue=5|pages=589–614}}.

* {{citation |doi=10.1007/s10584-012-0518-1|title=Impacts of a nuclear war in South Asia on soybean and maize production in the Midwest United States|year=2013|last1=Özdoğan|first1=Mutlu|last2=Robock|first2=Alan|last3=Kucharik|first3=Christopher J.|journal=Climatic Change|volume=116|issue=2|pages=373–387|s2cid=2837628}}.

* {{citation |doi=10.2307/20050024|jstor=20050024|last1=Pye|first1=Lucian W.|title=Reviewed work: Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unfinished War, Victoria Schofield|journal=Foreign Affairs|year=2000|volume=79|issue=6|pages=190–191}}.

* {{citation |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay5478|title=Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe|year=2019|last1=Toon|first1=Owen B.|last2=Bardeen|first2=Charles G.|last3=Robock|first3=Alan|last4=Xia|first4=Lili|last5=Kristensen|first5=Hans|last6=McKinzie|first6=Matthew|last7=Peterson|first7=R. J.|last8=Harrison|first8=Cheryl S.|last9=Lovenduski|first9=Nicole S.|last10=Turco|first10=Richard P.|journal=Science Advances|volume=5|issue=10|pages=eaay5478|pmid=31616796|pmc=6774726}}.

 

* [http://ibnlive.in.com/airtel/guest01_rahu.html Building a bridge of friendship]