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Article 370 of the Constitution of India: Difference between revisions
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{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | {{use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | ||
{{Indian Constitution TOC}} | {{Indian Constitution TOC}} | ||
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|260px|Map of the [[British | [[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|260px|Map of the [[British Raj]]. The [[princely state]]s are in yellow.]] | ||
[[File:Kashmir region 2004.jpg|thumb|260px|The territory of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is now jointly administered by [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|Pakistan]], [[Indian-administered Kashmir|India]] and [[Aksai Chin|China]], shown here in shades of [[Shades of green#Tea green|green]], [[Shades of yellow#Mellow yellow|yellow]] and [[Shades of brown#Khaki|brown]] respectively]] | [[File:Kashmir region 2004.jpg|thumb|260px|The territory of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is now jointly administered by [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|Pakistan]], [[Indian-administered Kashmir|India]] and [[Aksai Chin|China]], shown here in shades of [[Shades of green#Tea green|green]], [[Shades of yellow#Mellow yellow|yellow]] and [[Shades of brown#Khaki|brown]] respectively]] | ||
'''Article 370 of the Indian constitution'''{{efn|The Article 370 was originally numbered as Article 306A in the original draft of the constitution.{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, p. 4}}<ref> | '''Article 370 of the Indian constitution'''{{efn|The Article 370 was originally numbered as Article 306A in the original draft of the constitution.{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Introduction, p. 4}}<ref> | ||
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</ref> | </ref> | ||
for a later Article 370 is incorrect. It is the same article later renumbered.}} | for a later Article 370 is incorrect. It is the same article later renumbered.}} | ||
gave special status to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a region located in the northern part of [[Indian subcontinent]] and part of the larger region of [[Kashmir]] which has been the subject of a dispute between [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since 1947.<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir">{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=7 August 2019|last2=Kirk|first2=William}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|pages=1191–|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was administered by India as a state from 1952 to 31 October 2019, and Article | gave special status to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a region located in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and part of the larger region of [[Kashmir]] which has been the subject of a dispute between [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since 1947.<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir">{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=7 August 2019|last2=Kirk|first2=William}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|pages=1191–|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was administered by India as a state from 17 November 1952 to 31 October 2019, and Article 370 conferred on it the power to have a separate constitution, a state flag, and autonomy of internal administration.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49231619 Article 370: India strips disputed Kashmir of special status], BBC News, 5 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808005453/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
Article 370 was drafted in [[Part XXI of the Constitution of India|Part XXI]] of the Indian constitution titled "Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions".<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/article-370-issue-omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-jawaharlal-nehru/1/364053.html|title=Article 370: 10 facts that you need to know : Highlights, News – India Today|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> It stated that the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] would be empowered to recommend the extent to which the Indian constitution would apply to the state. The state assembly could also abrogate the Article 370 altogether, in which case all of Indian Constitution would have applied to the state. | Article 370 was drafted in [[Part XXI of the Constitution of India|Part XXI]] of the Indian constitution titled "Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions".<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/article-370-issue-omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-jawaharlal-nehru/1/364053.html|title=Article 370: 10 facts that you need to know : Highlights, News – India Today|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> It stated that the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] would be empowered to recommend the extent to which the Indian constitution would apply to the state. The state assembly could also abrogate the Article 370 altogether, in which case all of Indian Constitution would have applied to the state. | ||
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On 5 August 2019, the Government of India issued a Presidential Order superseding the 1954 order, and making all the provisions of the Indian constitution applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. The order was based on the resolution passed in both houses of India's parliament with two-thirds majority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505,|title=Parliament approves Resolution to repeal Article 370; paves way to truly integrate J&K with Indian Union|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Venkataramanan" /><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist], The Economic Times, 5 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf|title=The Gazette of India|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> A further order on 6 August made all the clauses of Article 370 except clause 1 to be inoperative.<ref name="inoperative" /> | On 5 August 2019, the Government of India issued a Presidential Order superseding the 1954 order, and making all the provisions of the Indian constitution applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. The order was based on the resolution passed in both houses of India's parliament with two-thirds majority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505,|title=Parliament approves Resolution to repeal Article 370; paves way to truly integrate J&K with Indian Union|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Venkataramanan" /><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist], The Economic Times, 5 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf|title=The Gazette of India|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> A further order on 6 August made all the clauses of Article 370 except clause 1 to be inoperative.<ref name="inoperative" /> | ||
In addition, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] was passed by the parliament, enacting the division of the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two [[union territory|union territories]] to be called Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-crisis-live-updates-1564981600854.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir Live News: Article 370 to be revoked, J&K to be reorganised|date= 5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jammu-and-kashmir-news-live-updates-narendra-modi-speech-in-lok-sabha-on-article-370-35a-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-ladakh-mufti-omar-abdullah-arrested-119080600104_1.html|title=Kashmir debate LIVE: LS passes Bill reorganising Jammu and Kashmir|date= 6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jammu-kashmir-ladakh-article-370-live-news-updates/liveblog/70547109.cms|title=Article 370 Live News: Lok Sabha passes bill to bifurcate J&k, a step closer to becoming a law|date= 6 August 2019}}</ref> The reorganisation took place on 31 October 2019. | In addition, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] was passed by the parliament, enacting the division of the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two [[union territory|union territories]] to be called Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Union Territory of [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-crisis-live-updates-1564981600854.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir Live News: Article 370 to be revoked, J&K to be reorganised|date= 5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jammu-and-kashmir-news-live-updates-narendra-modi-speech-in-lok-sabha-on-article-370-35a-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-ladakh-mufti-omar-abdullah-arrested-119080600104_1.html|title=Kashmir debate LIVE: LS passes Bill reorganising Jammu and Kashmir|date= 6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jammu-kashmir-ladakh-article-370-live-news-updates/liveblog/70547109.cms|title=Article 370 Live News: Lok Sabha passes bill to bifurcate J&k, a step closer to becoming a law|date= 6 August 2019}}</ref> The reorganisation took place on 31 October 2019. | ||
A total of 23 petitions were presented to the Supreme Court of India, challenging the central government's decision to abrogate Article 370 of the Constitution, which has constituted a five judge bench for the same.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 28, 2019|title=SC to examine legal challenge to abrogation of Article 370; refers matter to 5-judge Constitution bench |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-to-examine-legal-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-refers-matter-to-5-judge-constitution-bench/articleshow/70870634.cms|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-02|title=Article 370 matter stays with 5-judge bench, SC accepts govt's stand|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-need-for-larger-bench-rules-supreme-court-on-plea-on-scrapping-article-370/story-OgFNM16BpwyvcQh5QswT7I.html|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Article 370: Supreme Court refuses to refer pleas challenging J&K decision to larger bench|url=https://scroll.in/latest/954875/article-370-supreme-court-refuses-to-refer-pleas-challenging-j-k-decision-to-larger-bench|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> | A total of 23 petitions were presented to the Supreme Court of India, challenging the central government's decision to abrogate Article 370 of the Constitution, which has constituted a five judge bench for the same.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 28, 2019|title=SC to examine legal challenge to abrogation of Article 370; refers matter to 5-judge Constitution bench |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-to-examine-legal-challenge-to-abrogation-of-article-370-refers-matter-to-5-judge-constitution-bench/articleshow/70870634.cms|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-02|title=Article 370 matter stays with 5-judge bench, SC accepts govt's stand|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-need-for-larger-bench-rules-supreme-court-on-plea-on-scrapping-article-370/story-OgFNM16BpwyvcQh5QswT7I.html|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Article 370: Supreme Court refuses to refer pleas challenging J&K decision to larger bench|url=https://scroll.in/latest/954875/article-370-supreme-court-refuses-to-refer-pleas-challenging-j-k-decision-to-larger-bench|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* {{cite web |url= http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/PARTXXI.pdf |title= Full text of Article 370 |access-date= 30 May 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130708114220/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/PARTXXI.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2013 |url-status=dead }} {{small|(387 KB)}} | * {{cite web |url= http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/PARTXXI.pdf |title= Full text of Article 370 |access-date= 30 May 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130708114220/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/PARTXXI.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2013 |url-status=dead }} {{small|(387 KB)}} | ||
* {{cite web |url= http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J&K.pdf |title= Full text of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date= 21 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903234618/http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |archive-date= 3 September 2014 |url-status= dead }} | * {{cite web |url= http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J&K.pdf |title= Full text of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date= 21 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903234618/http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |archive-date= 3 September 2014 |url-status= dead }} | ||