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{{Short description|Territorial conflict in South Asia}} | {{Short description|Territorial conflict in South Asia}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=August | {{EngvarB|date=August 2019}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | ||
[[File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|thumb|300px|India claims the entire erstwhile [[British Raj|British Indian]] [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] based on an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|instrument of accession]] signed in 1947. Pakistan claims most of the region based on its [[Muslims|Muslim]]-majority population, whereas China claims the largely uninhabited regions of [[Aksai Chin]] and the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksgam Valley]].]] | [[File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|thumb|300px|India claims the entire erstwhile [[British Raj|British Indian]] [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] based on an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|instrument of accession]] signed in 1947. Pakistan claims most of the region based on its [[Muslims|Muslim]]-majority population, whereas China claims the largely uninhabited regions of [[Aksai Chin]] and the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksgam Valley]].]] | ||
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}} | {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}} | ||
The '''Kashmir conflict''' is a territorial conflict over the [[Kashmir|Kashmir region]], primarily between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], | The '''Kashmir conflict''' is a territorial conflict over the [[Kashmir|Kashmir region]], primarily between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], and also between China and India in the northeastern portion of the region.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yahuda|first=Michael|date=2 June 2002|title=China and the Kashmir crisis|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2020788.stm|access-date=22 March 2019|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chang|first=I-wei Jennifer|date=9 February 2017|title=China's Kashmir Policies and Crisis Management in South Asia|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2017/02/chinas-kashmir-policies-and-crisis-management-south-asia|access-date=22 March 2019|publisher=United States Institute of Peace}}</ref> The conflict started after the [[partition of India]] in 1947 as both India and Pakistan claimed the entirety of the former princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is a dispute over the region that escalated into three wars between India and Pakistan and several other armed skirmishes. India controls approximately 55% of the land area of the region that includes [[Jammu Division|Jammu]], the [[Kashmir Valley]], most of [[Ladakh]], the [[Siachen Glacier]],<ref name="leess"/><ref name="Kargil from Surprise to Victory">{{Cite book|last=Malik|first=V. P.|title=Kargil from Surprise to Victory|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|year=2010|isbn=9789350293133|edition=paperback|page=54|author-link=Ved Prakash Malik}}</ref> and 70% of its population; Pakistan controls approximately 30% of the land area that includes [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]; and China controls the remaining 15% of the land area that includes the [[Aksai Chin]] region, the mostly uninhabited [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]], and part of the [[Demchok sector]].<ref name="leess">{{cite book|last1=Slater|first1=Christopher L.|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofworl00chri|title=Essentials of World Regional Geography|last2=Hobbs|first2=Joseph J.|publisher=Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning|year=2003|isbn=9780534168100|edition=4|pages=312|lccn=2002106314|quote=India now holds about 55% of the old state of Kashmir, Pakistan 30%, and China 15%.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|China's secondary role mentioned in various sources.<ref name=Time/><ref name=britannica-intro>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 July 2016|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://www.efsas.org/topics/jammu-and-kashmir.html|access-date=4 May 2020|publisher=[[European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/analysis-why-kashmir-matters/ |title=Analysis: Why Kashmir Matters |date=19 September 2016 |last=Snow |first=Shawn |publisher=[[The Diplomat]] |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=Joseph J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&pg=PA314|title=World Regional Geography|date=March 2008|publisher=CengageBrain|isbn=978-0495389507|page=314}}</ref><ref name="War Top of the World">{{Cite book|last=Margolis|first=Eric|title=War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781135955595|edition=paperback|page=56|author-link=Eric Margolis (journalist)}}</ref>}} | ||
After the partition of India and [[1947 Poonch rebellion|a rebellion in the western districts of the state]], Pakistani tribal militias invaded Kashmir, leading the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir to join India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copland |first=Ian |date=2003 |title=Review of War and Diplomacy in Kashmir: 1947-48. By [[Chandrashekhar Dasgupta|C. Dasgupta]]. |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=144–145 |issn=0030-851X |jstor=40024025 |quote=As is well known, this Hindu-ruled Muslim majority state could conceivably have joined either India or Pakistan, but procrastinated about making a choice until a tribal invasion - the term is not contentious - forced the ruler's hand.}}</ref> The resulting [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|Indo-Pakistani War]] ended with a [[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute|UN-mediated]] ceasefire along a line that was eventually named the [[Line of Control]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyon |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA80 |title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia |date=2008 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |isbn=9781576077122 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Kashmir | History, People, & Conflict |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430073828/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> | After the partition of India and [[1947 Poonch rebellion|a rebellion in the western districts of the state]], Pakistani tribal militias invaded Kashmir, leading the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir to join India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copland |first=Ian |date=2003 |title=Review of War and Diplomacy in Kashmir: 1947-48. By [[Chandrashekhar Dasgupta|C. Dasgupta]]. |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=144–145 |issn=0030-851X |jstor=40024025 |quote=As is well known, this Hindu-ruled Muslim majority state could conceivably have joined either India or Pakistan, but procrastinated about making a choice until a tribal invasion - the term is not contentious - forced the ruler's hand.}}</ref> The resulting [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|Indo-Pakistani War]] ended with a [[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute|UN-mediated]] ceasefire along a line that was eventually named the [[Line of Control]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyon |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA80 |title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia |date=2008 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |isbn=9781576077122 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Kashmir | History, People, & Conflict |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430073828/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> In 1962, China invaded and fought a [[Sino-Indian war|war with India]] along the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|disputed]] Indo-Chinese border, including in Indian administered-[[Ladakh]], marking their entry to the Kashmir conflict.<ref>{{cite | last = Bose | first = Sumantra | title = Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-674-01173-2 | page = 76 | quote = The intervening years [between 1958 and 1962] were notable for China’s entry into the international politics of the Kashmir conflict. China’s relations with India deteriorated precipitously after the Chinese annexation of Tibet in 1959, and rising tensions flared into a military conflict in late 1962 at a number of disputed border flashpoints stretching in an east-west arc along the Himalayan ranges, including a desolate area called Aksai Chin on Ladakh’s frontier with Tibet and China’s Xinjiang province.}}</ref> In 1965, Pakistan attempted to infiltrate Indian-administered Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency there, resulting in [[Second Kashmir War|another war]] fought by the two countries over the region. After further fighting during the war of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], the [[Simla Agreement]] formally established the Line of Control between the territories under Indian and Pakistani control.<ref name="MEA_site">{{cite web |title=Simla Agreement |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement |access-date=27 September 2013 |work=Bilateral/Multilateral Documents |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Fortna">{{cite book |last=Fortna |first=Virginia |title=Peace time: cease-fire agreements and the durability of peace |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-691-11512-2}}</ref> In 1999, an armed conflict between the two countries broke out again in [[Kargil War|Kargil]] with no effect on the ''status quo''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Myra |title=Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-858-3 |pages=27, 53, 64, 66, 67 |quote=p. 27: It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it.{{pb}}p. 53: The story of the Kargil War—Pakistan's biggest defeat by India since 1971 —is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War.{{pb}}p. 64: Afterwards, Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically. In reality, the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem.{{pb}}p. 66: For all its bravado, Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land.{{pb}} p. 66-67:Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily. |author-link=Myra MacDonald}}</ref> | ||
Since 1989, Kashmiri protest movements were created to voice Kashmir's disputes and grievances with the Indian government in the Indian-controlled [[Kashmir Valley]],<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |author=Wax |first=Emily |date=28 August 2008 |title=Peaceful Protests in Kashmir Alter Equation for India |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/27/AR2008082703195.html |access-date=23 November | Since 1989, Kashmiri protest movements were created to voice Kashmir's disputes and grievances with the Indian government in the Indian-controlled [[Kashmir Valley]],<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |author=Wax |first=Emily |date=28 August 2008 |title=Peaceful Protests in Kashmir Alter Equation for India |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/27/AR2008082703195.html |access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="online.wsj.com">{{cite news |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |date=15 December 2008 |title=A New Tack in Kashmir |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122930169820005503 |url-status=live |access-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220613065338/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/SB122930169820005503 |archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> with some Kashmiri separatists [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|in armed conflict]] with the Indian government based on the demand for self-determination.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/><ref name="online.wsj.com"/><ref name="Mathur2016">{{cite book |author=Mathur |first=Shubh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnL-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=The Human Toll of the Kashmir Conflict: Grief and Courage in a South Asian Borderland |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-1-137-54622-7 |pages=21– |quote=writers like Baba (2014), Bose (2005), Schofield (2010) and Robinson (2013) see it as an indigenous Kashmiri response to the decades of political repression and the denial of the Kashmiri right to self-determination.}}</ref><ref name="journals.sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Sajid |last2=Hossain |first2=Zoheb |last3=Mathur |first3=Shubh |year=2014 |title=Reconciliation and truth in Kashmir: a case study |journal=Race & Class |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=51–65 |doi=10.1177/0306396814542917 |s2cid=147586397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kashmir |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0433?_hi=3&_pos=48 |author-link=Tahir Amin |quote=The origins of the current insurgency in Kashmir relate to latent frustration among the population. Despite Indian promises to the Kashmiri people and the UN that a plebiscite would be held, the Indian government never allowed the Kashmiris to exercise their right of self-determination. |last2=Schofield |first2=Victoria |last1=Amin |first1=Tahir}}</ref> Targeted violence by the insurgents also resulted in the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|large-scale migration of Kashmiri Hindus]] out of the Kashmir Valley in the early 1990s.<ref>{{harvnb|Evans|2002|loc=p. 19: "Most Kashmiri Pandits living in the Kashmir Valley left in 1990 as militant violence engulfed the state. Some 95% of the 160,000-170,000 community left in what is often described as a case of ethnic cleansing."}}</ref> The 2010s were marked by further unrest erupting within the Kashmir Valley. The [[2010 Kashmir unrest]] began after an alleged fake encounter between local youth and security forces.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saliq |first=Sheikh |date=16 September 2011 |title=2010 Kashmir Unrest – A recollection of what happened |url=http://www.thevoxkashmir.com/2011/09/16/2010-kashmir-unrest-a-recollection-of-what-happened/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123622/http://www.thevoxkashmir.com/2011/09/16/2010-kashmir-unrest-a-recollection-of-what-happened/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |work=The Vox Kashmir}}</ref> Thousands of youths pelted security forces with rocks, burned government offices, and attacked railway stations and official vehicles in steadily intensifying violence.<ref>{{cite web |author=Burke |first=Jason |author-link=Jason Burke |date=4 August 2010 |title=Kashmir unrest continues as more protesters die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/04/kashmir-deaths-protests-demonstrators |access-date=10 April 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The Indian government blamed separatists and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a Pakistan-based militant group, for stoking the 2010 protests.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2010 |title=U.N. concerned over Kashmir unrest |work=Reuters |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2010/08/03/u-n-concerned-over-kashmir-unrest/ |url-status=dead |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806115931/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2010/08/03/u-n-concerned-over-kashmir-unrest/ |archive-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> The [[2016 Kashmir unrest]] erupted after the killing of a [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] militant, [[Burhan Wani]], by Indian security forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2016 |title=Kashmir's most wanted terrorist Burhan Wani killed in Anantnag encounter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/burhan-wani-hizbul-mujahideen-top-commander-killed-328166-2016-07-08 |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Further unrest in the region erupted after the [[2019 Pulwama attack]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2019 |title=Pakistan warns India against attacking |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47290107}}</ref> | ||
According to scholars, Indian forces have committed many [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights abuses]] and acts of terror against the Kashmiri civilian population, including [[extrajudicial killing]], [[Rape in the Kashmir conflict|rape]], torture, and [[enforced disappearances]].<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/>{{sfnp|Kazi, Rape, Impunity and Justice in Kashmir|2014|pp=14–46}}<ref name="Kazi">{{Cite book |last=Kazi |first=Seema |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=0&_pos=1 |title=Gender and Militarization in Kashmir |work=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |quote=Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done.}}</ref> According to [[Amnesty International]], no member of the Indian military deployed in Jammu and Kashmir has been tried for human rights violations in a civilian court {{as of|2015|June|lc=y}}, although military courts-martial have been held.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2015 |title=India: "Denied": Failures in accountability for human rights violations by security force personnel in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/1874/2015/en/ |access-date=4 July 2015 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Amnesty International has also accused the Indian government of refusing to prosecute perpetrators of abuses in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Essa |first1=Azad |date=10 September 2015 |title=India 'covering up abuses' in Kashmir: report |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/india-covering-abuses-kashmir-report-150910003213898.html |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> [[Brad Adams]], the Asia director at Human Rights Watch said in 2006 "Although 'Azad' means 'free', the residents of | According to scholars, Indian forces have committed many [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights abuses]] and acts of terror against the Kashmiri civilian population, including [[extrajudicial killing]], [[Rape in the Kashmir conflict|rape]], torture, and [[enforced disappearances]].<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/>{{sfnp|Kazi, Rape, Impunity and Justice in Kashmir|2014|pp=14–46}}<ref name="Kazi">{{Cite book |last=Kazi |first=Seema |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=0&_pos=1 |title=Gender and Militarization in Kashmir |work=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |quote=Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done.}}</ref> According to [[Amnesty International]], no member of the Indian military deployed in Jammu and Kashmir has been tried for human rights violations in a civilian court {{as of|2015|June|lc=y}}, although military courts-martial have been held.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2015 |title=India: "Denied": Failures in accountability for human rights violations by security force personnel in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/1874/2015/en/ |access-date=4 July 2015 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Amnesty International has also accused the Indian government of refusing to prosecute perpetrators of abuses in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Essa |first1=Azad |date=10 September 2015 |title=India 'covering up abuses' in Kashmir: report |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/india-covering-abuses-kashmir-report-150910003213898.html |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Moreover, there have been instances of [[human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir]], including but not limited to political repressions and forced disappearances.<ref name="ALRC">{{cite news |author=Asian Legal Resource Centre |date=27 August 2010 |title=Pakistan: Thousands Of Persons Remain Missing |newspaper=Scoop |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1008/S00470/pakistan-thousands-of-persons-remain-missing.htm |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152707/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1008/S00470/pakistan-thousands-of-persons-remain-missing.htm |archive-date=4 October 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Brad Adams]], the Asia director at Human Rights Watch said in 2006 "Although 'Azad' means 'free', the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but free. The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms".<ref name="Adams">{{cite web |last=Adams |first=Brad |date=21 September 2006 |title=Pakistan: 'Free Kashmir' Far From Free |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/09/20/pakistan-free-kashmir-far-free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314000110/http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/09/20/pakistan-free-kashmir-far-free |archive-date=2013-03-14 |access-date=2012-08-08 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> The [[OHCHR reports on Kashmir]] released two reports on "the situation of human rights in Indian-Administered Kashmir and Pakistan-Administered Kashmir". | ||
==India–Pakistan conflict== | ==India–Pakistan conflict== | ||
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{{See also|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}} | {{See also|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}} | ||
The Afghan [[Durrani Empire]] ruled Kashmir from 1752<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&q=durrani+capture+kashmir&pg=PA43 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris| isbn=9781849043427| last1=Snedden| first1=Christopher| year= | The Afghan [[Durrani Empire]] ruled Kashmir from 1752<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&q=durrani+capture+kashmir&pg=PA43 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris| isbn=9781849043427| last1=Snedden| first1=Christopher| year=2015}}</ref> until [[Battle of Shopian|its 1819 conquest]] by the [[Sikh Empire]] under [[Ranjit Singh]]. The Raja of Jammu [[Gulab Singh]], who was a vassal of the Sikh Empire and an influential noble in the Sikh court, sent expeditions to various border kingdoms and ended up encircling Kashmir by 1840. Following the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845{{ndash}}1846), Kashmir was ceded under the [[Treaty of Lahore]] to the [[East India Company]], which transferred it to Gulab Singh through the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]], in return for the payment of indemnity owed by the Sikh empire. Gulab Singh took the title of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. | ||
From 1846 till the 1947 [[partition of India]], Kashmir was ruled by maharajas of Gulab Singh's [[Dogra dynasty]], as a [[princely state]] under [[British Paramountcy]]. The British Raj managed the defence, external affairs, and communications for the princely state and stationed a British Resident in [[Srinagar]] to oversee the internal administration. According to the 1941 census, the state's population was 77 percent Muslim, 20 percent Hindu and 3 percent others (Sikhs and Buddhists).{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir Roots of Conflict|2003|pp=27–28}} Despite its Muslim majority, the princely rule was an overwhelmingly a Hindu-dominated state.{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects| | From 1846 till the 1947 [[partition of India]], Kashmir was ruled by maharajas of Gulab Singh's [[Dogra dynasty]], as a [[princely state]] under [[British Paramountcy]]. The British Raj managed the defence, external affairs, and communications for the princely state and stationed a British Resident in [[Srinagar]] to oversee the internal administration. According to the 1941 census, the state's population was 77 percent Muslim, 20 percent Hindu and 3 percent others (Sikhs and Buddhists).{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir Roots of Conflict|2003|pp=27–28}} Despite its Muslim majority, the princely rule was an overwhelmingly a Hindu-dominated state.{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}} The Muslim majority suffered under the high taxes of the administration and had few opportunities for growth and advancement.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title=The Islamic World: Past and Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|editor=John L. Esposito|chapter=Kashmir|quote=Muslims, however, suffered under Hindu rule.|author-link=John Esposito|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e181?_hi=3&_pos=46}}</ref> | ||
===Partition and invasion=== | ===Partition and invasion=== | ||
British rule in the Indian subcontinent ended in 1947 with the creation of new states: the [[dominion]]s of [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Dominion of India|India]], as the successor states to [[British Raj|British India]]. The [[British Paramountcy]] over the 562 Indian [[princely state]]s ended. According to the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States".<ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Vapal Pangunni |title=Transfer of Power in India |publisher=Sangam Books Ltd |isbn=978-8125008842 |page=519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gk3WCgAAQBAJ&q=the+suzerainty+of+His+Majesty+over+the+Indian+States+lapses,+and+with+it,+all+treaties+and+agreements+in+force+at+the+date+of+the+passing+of+this+Act+between+His+Majesty+and+the+rulers+of+Indian+States&pg=PA519|date=8 December | British rule in the Indian subcontinent ended in 1947 with the creation of new states: the [[dominion]]s of [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Dominion of India|India]], as the successor states to [[British Raj|British India]]. The [[British Paramountcy]] over the 562 Indian [[princely state]]s ended. According to the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States".<ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Vapal Pangunni |title=Transfer of Power in India |publisher=Sangam Books Ltd |isbn=978-8125008842 |page=519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gk3WCgAAQBAJ&q=the+suzerainty+of+His+Majesty+over+the+Indian+States+lapses,+and+with+it,+all+treaties+and+agreements+in+force+at+the+date+of+the+passing+of+this+Act+between+His+Majesty+and+the+rulers+of+Indian+States&pg=PA519|date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=IIA1947>{{cite web |title=Indian Independence Act 1947 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/10-11/30 |website=UK Legislation |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> States were thereafter left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]]. He decided to stay independent because he expected that the State's Muslims would be unhappy with accession to India, and the Hindus and Sikhs would become vulnerable if he joined Pakistan.<ref name=Kak>{{citation |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=Pandit Ramchandra Kak: The Forgotten Premier of Kashmir |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzEAFgW8TYwC&pg=PA36 |publisher=Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir |pages=36–39 |date=April 2010 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak|2010}}}} | ||
</ref><ref name="Scott">{{cite journal|author=Ankit|first=Rakesh|date=May 2010|title=Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir|url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html|url-status=dead|journal=Epilogue|volume=4|pages=44–49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510084911/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html|archive-date=10 May 2017|access-date=20 April 2016|ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Henry Scott| | </ref><ref name="Scott">{{cite journal|author=Ankit|first=Rakesh|date=May 2010|title=Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir|url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html|url-status=dead|journal=Epilogue|volume=4|pages=44–49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510084911/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html|archive-date=10 May 2017|access-date=20 April 2016|ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010}}|number=5}}</ref> On 11 August, the Maharaja dismissed his prime minister [[Ram Chandra Kak]], who had advocated independence. Observers and scholars interpret this action as a tilt towards accession to India.<ref name=Scott/>{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=106}} Pakistanis decided to preempt this possibility by wresting Kashmir by force if necessary.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=31, 34–35, 105}} | ||
Pakistan made various efforts to persuade the Maharaja of Kashmir to join Pakistan. In July 1947, [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] is believed to have written to the Maharaja promising "every sort of favourable treatment," followed by the lobbying of the State's Prime Minister by leaders of Jinnah's [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] party. Faced with the Maharaja's indecision on accession, the Muslim League agents clandestinely worked in [[Poonch jagir|Poonch]] to encourage the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|local Muslims to an armed revolt]], exploiting an internal unrest regarding economic grievances. The authorities in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] waged a 'private war' by obstructing supplies of fuel and essential commodities to the State. Later in September, Muslim League officials in the [[Northwest Frontier Province]], including the Chief Minister [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]], assisted and possibly organized a large-scale invasion of Kashmir by [[Pathan]] tribesmen.<ref>{{citation |first=Ian |last=Copland |title=The Princely States, the Muslim League, and the Partition of India in 1947 |journal=The International History Review |volume=13 |pages=38–69 |number=1 |date=Feb 1991 |jstor=40106322 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1991.9640572}}</ref>{{rp|61}}{{sfn|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely India|2005|p=143}} Several sources indicate that the plans were finalised on 12 September by the Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], based on proposals prepared by Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] and Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]]. One plan called for organising an armed insurgency in the western districts of the state and the other for organising a [[Pushtoon]] tribal invasion. Both were set in motion.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|pp=120–121}} | Pakistan made various efforts to persuade the Maharaja of Kashmir to join Pakistan. In July 1947, [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] is believed to have written to the Maharaja promising "every sort of favourable treatment," followed by the lobbying of the State's Prime Minister by leaders of Jinnah's [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] party. Faced with the Maharaja's indecision on accession, the Muslim League agents clandestinely worked in [[Poonch jagir|Poonch]] to encourage the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|local Muslims to an armed revolt]], exploiting an internal unrest regarding economic grievances. The authorities in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] waged a 'private war' by obstructing supplies of fuel and essential commodities to the State. Later in September, Muslim League officials in the [[Northwest Frontier Province]], including the Chief Minister [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]], assisted and possibly organized a large-scale invasion of Kashmir by [[Pathan]] tribesmen.<ref>{{citation |first=Ian |last=Copland |title=The Princely States, the Muslim League, and the Partition of India in 1947 |journal=The International History Review |volume=13 |pages=38–69 |number=1 |date=Feb 1991 |jstor=40106322 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1991.9640572}}</ref>{{rp|61}}{{sfn|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely India|2005|p=143}} Several sources indicate that the plans were finalised on 12 September by the Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], based on proposals prepared by Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] and Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]]. One plan called for organising an armed insurgency in the western districts of the state and the other for organising a [[Pushtoon]] tribal invasion. Both were set in motion.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|pp=120–121}} | ||
The Jammu division of the state got caught up in the Partition violence. Large numbers of Hindus and Sikhs from [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Sialkot]] started arriving in March 1947, bringing "harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities." According to Ilyas Chattha, this provoked [[1947 Jammu massacres|counter-violence on Jammu Muslims]], which had "many parallels with that in Sialkot."{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=179–180}} The violence in the eastern districts of Jammu that started in September, developed into a widespread [[1947 Jammu massacres|'massacre' of Muslims]] around October, organised by the Hindu Dogra troops of the State and perpetrated by the local Hindus, including members of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], and the Hindus and Sikhs displaced from the neighbouring areas of West Pakistan. The Maharaja himself was implicated in some instances. A large number of Muslims were killed. Others fled to West Pakistan, some of whom made their way to the western districts of Poonch and Mirpur, which were [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|undergoing rebellion]]. Many of these Muslims believed that the Maharaja ordered the killings in Jammu which instigated the Muslims in West Pakistan to join the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|uprising in Poonch]] and help in the formation of the | The Jammu division of the state got caught up in the Partition violence. Large numbers of Hindus and Sikhs from [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Sialkot]] started arriving in March 1947 following [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres|massacres in Rawalpindi]], bringing "harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities." According to Ilyas Chattha, this provoked [[1947 Jammu massacres|counter-violence on Jammu Muslims]], which had "many parallels with that in Sialkot."{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=179–180}} The violence in the eastern districts of Jammu that started in September, developed into a widespread [[1947 Jammu massacres|'massacre' of Muslims]] around October, organised by the Hindu Dogra troops of the State and perpetrated by the local Hindus, including members of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], and the Hindus and Sikhs displaced from the neighbouring areas of West Pakistan. The Maharaja himself was implicated in some instances. A large number of Muslims were killed. Others fled to West Pakistan, some of whom made their way to the western districts of Poonch and Mirpur, which were [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|undergoing rebellion]]. Many of these Muslims believed that the Maharaja ordered the killings in Jammu which instigated the Muslims in West Pakistan to join the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|uprising in Poonch]] and help in the formation of the Azad Kashmir government.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir The Unwritten History|2013|pp=48–57}} | ||
The rebel forces in the western districts of Jammu were organised under the leadership of [[Sardar Ibrahim]], a [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]] leader. They took control of most of the western parts of the State by 22 October. On 24 October, they formed a provisional [[ | The rebel forces in the western districts of Jammu were organised under the leadership of [[Sardar Ibrahim]], a [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]] leader. They took control of most of the western parts of the State by 22 October. On 24 October, they formed a provisional [[Azad Kashmir]] (free Kashmir) government based in [[Palandri]].{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir The Unwritten History|2013|p=45}} | ||
===Accession=== | ===Accession=== | ||
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The Indian troops, which were airlifted in the early hours of 27 October, secured the Srinagar airport. The city of Srinagar was being patrolled by the National Conference volunteers with Hindus and Sikhs moving about freely among Muslims, an "incredible sight" to visiting journalists. The National Conference also worked with the Indian Army to secure the city.{{sfn|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008|p=xx}} | The Indian troops, which were airlifted in the early hours of 27 October, secured the Srinagar airport. The city of Srinagar was being patrolled by the National Conference volunteers with Hindus and Sikhs moving about freely among Muslims, an "incredible sight" to visiting journalists. The National Conference also worked with the Indian Army to secure the city.{{sfn|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008|p=xx}} | ||
In the north of the state lay the [[Gilgit Agency]], which had been leased by British India but returned to the Maharaja shortly before Independence. Gilgit's population did not favour the State's accession to India. Sensing their discontent, Major William Brown, the Maharaja's commander of the [[Gilgit Scouts]], mutinied on 1 November 1947, overthrowing the Governor Ghansara Singh. The bloodless ''coup d'état'' was planned by Brown to the last detail under the code name "''Datta Khel''{{-"}}. Local leaders in Gilgit formed a provisional government (''Aburi Hakoomat''), naming Raja Shah Rais Khan as the president and Mirza Hassan Khan as the commander-in-chief. But, Major Brown had already telegraphed [[Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan]] asking Pakistan to take over. According to historian Yaqoob Khan Bangash, the provisional government lacked sway over the population which had intense pro-Pakistan sentiments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan Bangash |first1=Yaqoob |year=2010 |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |issue=1| page=132 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |s2cid=159652497}}</ref> Pakistan's Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, arrived on 16 November and took over the administration of Gilgit.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=63–64}}<ref>{{citation |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |pages=117–143 |number=1 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |quote=Alam replied [to the locals], as recorded by Brown: 'you are a crowd of fools led astray by a madman. I shall not tolerate this nonsense for one instance... And when the Indian Army starts invading you there will be no use screaming to Pakistan for help, because you won't get it.'... The provisional government faded away after this encounter with Alam Khan, clearly reflecting the flimsy and opportunistic nature of its basis and support. |year=2010|s2cid=159652497}}</ref> According to various scholars, the people of Gilgit as well as those of Chilas, Koh Ghizr, Ishkoman, Yasin, Punial, Hunza and Nagar joined Pakistan by choice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan Bangash |first1=Yaqoob |year=2010 |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |issue=1| page=137 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |s2cid=159652497}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1024253/gilgit-baltistan-part-of-pakistan-by-choice/ |title=Gilgit-Baltistan—part of Pakistan by choice |last=Bangash |first=Yaqoob Khan |date=9 January 2016 |work=The Express Tribune |quote=Nearly 70 years ago, the people of the Gilgit Wazarat revolted and joined Pakistan of their own free will, as did those belonging to the territories of Chilas, Koh Ghizr, Ishkoman, Yasin and Punial; the princely states of Hunza and Nagar also acceded to Pakistan. Hence, the time has come to acknowledge and respect their choice of being full-fledged citizens of Pakistan.|access-date=5 January | In the north of the state lay the [[Gilgit Agency]], which had been leased by British India but returned to the Maharaja shortly before Independence. Gilgit's population did not favour the State's accession to India. Sensing their discontent, Major William Brown, the Maharaja's commander of the [[Gilgit Scouts]], mutinied on 1 November 1947, overthrowing the Governor Ghansara Singh. The bloodless ''coup d'état'' was planned by Brown to the last detail under the code name "''Datta Khel''{{-"}}. Local leaders in Gilgit formed a provisional government (''Aburi Hakoomat''), naming Raja Shah Rais Khan as the president and Mirza Hassan Khan as the commander-in-chief. But, Major Brown had already telegraphed [[Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan]] asking Pakistan to take over. According to historian Yaqoob Khan Bangash, the provisional government lacked sway over the population which had intense pro-Pakistan sentiments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan Bangash |first1=Yaqoob |year=2010 |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |issue=1| page=132 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |s2cid=159652497}}</ref> Pakistan's Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, arrived on 16 November and took over the administration of Gilgit.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=63–64}}<ref>{{citation |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |pages=117–143 |number=1 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |quote=Alam replied [to the locals], as recorded by Brown: 'you are a crowd of fools led astray by a madman. I shall not tolerate this nonsense for one instance... And when the Indian Army starts invading you there will be no use screaming to Pakistan for help, because you won't get it.'... The provisional government faded away after this encounter with Alam Khan, clearly reflecting the flimsy and opportunistic nature of its basis and support. |year=2010|s2cid=159652497}}</ref> According to various scholars, the people of Gilgit as well as those of Chilas, Koh Ghizr, Ishkoman, Yasin, Punial, Hunza and Nagar joined Pakistan by choice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan Bangash |first1=Yaqoob |year=2010 |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |issue=1| page=137 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |s2cid=159652497}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1024253/gilgit-baltistan-part-of-pakistan-by-choice/ |title=Gilgit-Baltistan—part of Pakistan by choice |last=Bangash |first=Yaqoob Khan |date=9 January 2016 |work=The Express Tribune |quote=Nearly 70 years ago, the people of the Gilgit Wazarat revolted and joined Pakistan of their own free will, as did those belonging to the territories of Chilas, Koh Ghizr, Ishkoman, Yasin and Punial; the princely states of Hunza and Nagar also acceded to Pakistan. Hence, the time has come to acknowledge and respect their choice of being full-fledged citizens of Pakistan.|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Zutshi2004">{{cite book|author=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Ptp4Iod8EC&pg=PA309|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-1-85065-700-2|pages=309–|author-link=Chitralekha Zutshi}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Sokefeld |first=Martin |title=From Colonialism to Postcolonial Colonialism: Changing Modes of Domination in the Northern Areas of Pakistan |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=64 |pages=939–973 |number=4 |date=November 2005 |doi=10.1017/S0021911805002287|s2cid=161647755 |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/115111/1/S0021911805002287.pdf}}</ref> | ||
===Indo-Pakistani War of 1947=== | ===Indo-Pakistani War of 1947=== | ||
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{{Main|UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute}} | {{Main|UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute}} | ||
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Josef_Korbel.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Josef Korbel]], the representative of [[Czechoslovakia]] on the UN Commission]] --> | <!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Josef_Korbel.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Josef Korbel]], the representative of [[Czechoslovakia]] on the UN Commission]] --> | ||
India sought resolution of the issue at the [[UN Security Council]], despite [[Sheikh Abdullah]]'s opposition to it.<ref group=note name="Sayyid Mir Qasim"/> Following the set-up of the [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]] (UNCIP), the UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] on 21 April 1948. The measure called for an immediate cease-fire and called on the Government of Pakistan 'to secure the withdrawal from the state of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and Pakistani nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the state for the purpose of fighting.' It also asked Government of India to reduce its forces to minimum strength, after which the circumstances for holding a [[plebiscite]] should be put into effect 'on the question of Accession of the state to India or Pakistan.' However, it was not until 1 January 1949 that the ceasefire could be put into effect, signed by General [[Douglas Gracey]] on behalf of Pakistan and General [[Roy Bucher]] on behalf of India.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=68–69}} However, both India and Pakistan failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences over interpretation of the procedure for and the extent of demilitarisation. One sticking point was whether the | India sought resolution of the issue at the [[UN Security Council]], despite [[Sheikh Abdullah]]'s opposition to it.<ref group=note name="Sayyid Mir Qasim"/> Following the set-up of the [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]] (UNCIP), the UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] on 21 April 1948. The measure called for an immediate cease-fire and called on the Government of Pakistan 'to secure the withdrawal from the state of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and Pakistani nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the state for the purpose of fighting.' It also asked Government of India to reduce its forces to minimum strength, after which the circumstances for holding a [[plebiscite]] should be put into effect 'on the question of Accession of the state to India or Pakistan.' However, it was not until 1 January 1949 that the ceasefire could be put into effect, signed by General [[Douglas Gracey]] on behalf of Pakistan and General [[Roy Bucher]] on behalf of India.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=68–69}} However, both India and Pakistan failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences over interpretation of the procedure for and the extent of demilitarisation. One sticking point was whether the Azad Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or at the plebiscite stage.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 January 1949|title=Plebiscite Conundrum|url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/plebiscite.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202183820/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/plebiscite.shtml|archive-date=2 February 2020|access-date=11 November 2012|publisher=Kashmirlibrary.org}}</ref> | ||
The UNCIP made three visits to the subcontinent between 1948 and 1949, trying to find a solution agreeable to both India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=70}} It reported to the Security Council in August 1948 that "the presence of troops of Pakistan" inside Kashmir represented a "material change" in the situation. A two-part process was proposed for the withdrawal of forces. In the first part, Pakistan was to withdraw its forces as well as other Pakistani nationals from the state. In the second part, "when the Commission shall have notified the Government of India" that Pakistani withdrawal has been completed, India was to withdraw the bulk of its forces. After both the withdrawals were completed, a plebiscite would be held.{{sfn|Varshney, Three Compromised Nationalisms|1992|p=211}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir|1953|p=92}}: 'India was "to ''begin'' to withdraw the bulk of their forces" only ''after'' "the Commission shall have notified (it) that the tribesmen and Pakistan nationals...have withdrawn...and further, that the Pakistan forces are being withdrawn." Moreover, the withdrawal of Indian forces was to be conducted "in stages to be agreed upon with the Commission," not with Pakistan.'}} The resolution was accepted by India but effectively rejected by Pakistan.<ref group=note name=Korbel502> | The UNCIP made three visits to the subcontinent between 1948 and 1949, trying to find a solution agreeable to both India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=70}} It reported to the Security Council in August 1948 that "the presence of troops of Pakistan" inside Kashmir represented a "material change" in the situation. A two-part process was proposed for the withdrawal of forces. In the first part, Pakistan was to withdraw its forces as well as other Pakistani nationals from the state. In the second part, "when the Commission shall have notified the Government of India" that Pakistani withdrawal has been completed, India was to withdraw the bulk of its forces. After both the withdrawals were completed, a plebiscite would be held.{{sfn|Varshney, Three Compromised Nationalisms|1992|p=211}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir|1953|p=92}}: 'India was "to ''begin'' to withdraw the bulk of their forces" only ''after'' "the Commission shall have notified (it) that the tribesmen and Pakistan nationals...have withdrawn...and further, that the Pakistan forces are being withdrawn." Moreover, the withdrawal of Indian forces was to be conducted "in stages to be agreed upon with the Commission," not with Pakistan.'}} The resolution was accepted by India but effectively rejected by Pakistan.<ref group=note name=Korbel502> | ||
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The Indian government considered itself to be under legal possession of Jammu and Kashmir by virtue of the accession of the state. The assistance given by Pakistan to the rebel forces and the Pakhtoon tribes was held to be a hostile act and the further involvement of the Pakistan army was taken to be an invasion of Indian territory. From the Indian perspective, the plebiscite was meant to confirm the accession, which was in all respects already complete, and Pakistan could not aspire to an equal footing with India in the contest.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=70–71}} | The Indian government considered itself to be under legal possession of Jammu and Kashmir by virtue of the accession of the state. The assistance given by Pakistan to the rebel forces and the Pakhtoon tribes was held to be a hostile act and the further involvement of the Pakistan army was taken to be an invasion of Indian territory. From the Indian perspective, the plebiscite was meant to confirm the accession, which was in all respects already complete, and Pakistan could not aspire to an equal footing with India in the contest.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=70–71}} | ||
The Pakistan government held that the state of Jammu and Kashmir had executed a [[Standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with Pakistan which precluded it from entering into agreements with other countries. It also held that the Maharaja had no authority left to execute accession because his people had revolted and he had to flee the capital. It believed that the | The Pakistan government held that the state of Jammu and Kashmir had executed a [[Standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with Pakistan which precluded it from entering into agreements with other countries. It also held that the Maharaja had no authority left to execute accession because his people had revolted and he had to flee the capital. It believed that the Azad Kashmir movement, as well as the tribal incursions, were indigenous and spontaneous, and Pakistan's assistance to them was not open to criticism.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=71–72}} | ||
In short, India required an asymmetric treatment of the two countries in the withdrawal arrangements, regarding Pakistan as an 'aggressor', whereas Pakistan insisted on parity. The UN mediators tended towards parity, which was not to India's satisfaction.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=82–85}} In the end, no withdrawal was ever carried out, India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterwards.{{sfn|Varshney, Three Compromised Nationalisms|1992|p=212}} No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarisation.<ref group=note name=Korbel506> | In short, India required an asymmetric treatment of the two countries in the withdrawal arrangements, regarding Pakistan as an 'aggressor', whereas Pakistan insisted on parity. The UN mediators tended towards parity, which was not to India's satisfaction.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=82–85}} In the end, no withdrawal was ever carried out, India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterwards.{{sfn|Varshney, Three Compromised Nationalisms|1992|p=212}} No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarisation.<ref group=note name=Korbel506> | ||
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The UNCIP appointed its successor, Sir [[Owen Dixon]], to implement demilitarisation prior to a statewide plebiscite on the basis of General McNaughton's scheme, and to recommend solutions to the two governments.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=156–|ps=: "At the next meeting the Security Council appointed Sir Owen Dixon as the U.N. representative for India and Pakistan on 12 April 1950. He was to implement the McNaughton proposals for the demilitarization of the State."}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Josef Korbel|title=Danger in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7523-8|pages=168–|quote=It called upon India and Pakistan 'to prepare and execute within a period of five months from the date of this resolution a programme of demilitarization on the basis of principles 2 of General McNaughton's proposal.; It further decided to replace the United Nations Commission by a representative entrusted with arbitrary powers 'to interpret the agreements reached by the parties for demilitarization,' in case they should agree in this most important matter. It also requested this representative to make any suggestions which would in his opinion expedite and offer an enduring solution to the Kashmir dispute.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|date=30 May 2010|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-078-7|pages=101–|quote=On 27 May 1950 the Australian jurist, Sir Owen Dixon, arrived in the sub-continent, as the one man successor to UNCIP...Patel wrote to Nehru that Dixon was working to bring about an agreement on the question of demilitarisation.}}</ref> Dixon's efforts for a statewide plebiscite came to naught due to India's constant rejection of the various alternative demilitarisation proposals, for which Dixon rebuked India harshly.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=160–|ps=: "He summed up his impressions in very strong language, sharply taking India to task for its negative attitude towards the various alternative demilitarization proposals."}} | The UNCIP appointed its successor, Sir [[Owen Dixon]], to implement demilitarisation prior to a statewide plebiscite on the basis of General McNaughton's scheme, and to recommend solutions to the two governments.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=156–|ps=: "At the next meeting the Security Council appointed Sir Owen Dixon as the U.N. representative for India and Pakistan on 12 April 1950. He was to implement the McNaughton proposals for the demilitarization of the State."}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Josef Korbel|title=Danger in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7523-8|pages=168–|quote=It called upon India and Pakistan 'to prepare and execute within a period of five months from the date of this resolution a programme of demilitarization on the basis of principles 2 of General McNaughton's proposal.; It further decided to replace the United Nations Commission by a representative entrusted with arbitrary powers 'to interpret the agreements reached by the parties for demilitarization,' in case they should agree in this most important matter. It also requested this representative to make any suggestions which would in his opinion expedite and offer an enduring solution to the Kashmir dispute.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|date=30 May 2010|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-078-7|pages=101–|quote=On 27 May 1950 the Australian jurist, Sir Owen Dixon, arrived in the sub-continent, as the one man successor to UNCIP...Patel wrote to Nehru that Dixon was working to bring about an agreement on the question of demilitarisation.}}</ref> Dixon's efforts for a statewide plebiscite came to naught due to India's constant rejection of the various alternative demilitarisation proposals, for which Dixon rebuked India harshly.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=160–|ps=: "He summed up his impressions in very strong language, sharply taking India to task for its negative attitude towards the various alternative demilitarization proposals."}} | ||
Dixon then offered an alternative proposal, widely known as the Dixon plan. Dixon did not view the state of Jammu and Kashmir as one homogeneous unit and therefore proposed that a plebiscite be limited to the Valley. Dixon agreed that people in Jammu and Ladakh were clearly in favour of India; equally clearly, those in | Dixon then offered an alternative proposal, widely known as the Dixon plan. Dixon did not view the state of Jammu and Kashmir as one homogeneous unit and therefore proposed that a plebiscite be limited to the Valley. Dixon agreed that people in Jammu and Ladakh were clearly in favour of India; equally clearly, those in Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas wanted to be part of Pakistan. This left the Kashmir Valley and 'perhaps some adjacent country' around Muzaffarabad in uncertain political terrain.<ref name="Snedden plebiscite">{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |year=2005 |title=Would a plebiscite have resolved the Kashmir dispute? |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=28 |number=1 |pages=64–86 |doi=10.1080/00856400500056145|s2cid=145020726 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Would a plebiscite have resolved the Kashmir dispute?|2005}}}}</ref> Pakistan did not accept this plan because it believed that India's commitment to a plebiscite for the whole state should not be abandoned.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=161–|ps=: "In any case, Pakistan turned down the proposal on the ground that India's commitment for a plebiscite in the whole of Jammu and Kashmir should not be departed from."}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Josef Korbel|title=Danger in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7523-8|pages=173–|quote=India, Pakistan insisted, was committed to a plebiscite in the State of Jammu and Kashmir as a whole.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hilal|first1=A.Z.|title=Kashmir dispute and UN mediation efforts: An historical perspective|journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies|date=1997|volume=8|issue=2|page=75|quote=This time it was Pakistan who refused to accept his proposal, arguing that Pakistan considered it a breach of India's agreement that: 'The destination of the state....as a whole should be decided by a single plebiscite taken over the entire state'.}}</ref> | ||
Dixon also had concerns that the Kashmiris, not being high-spirited people, may vote under fear or improper influences.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00856400500056145|title=Would a plebiscite have resolved the Kashmir dispute?|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=28|pages=64–86|year=2005|last1=Snedden|first1=Christopher|s2cid=145020726}}</ref> Following Pakistan's objections, he proposed that Sheikh Abdullah administration should be held in "commission" (in abeyance) while the plebiscite was held. This was not acceptable to India which rejected the Dixon plan. Another grounds for India's rejection of the limited plebiscite was that it wanted Indian troops to remain in Kashmir for "security purposes", but would not allow Pakistani troops the same. However, Dixon's plan had encapsulated a withdrawal by both sides. Dixon had believed a neutral administration would be essential for a fair plebiscite.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=161–162|ps=: "Troops of both countries were to be excluded from the limited plebiscite area...On 16 August 1950 the Indian Prime Minister rejected the plan for limited plebiscite on the following grounds:...4)The security of the State necessitated the presence of Indian troops and the exclusion of the Pakistani troops from the plebiscite area. India would not depart from that principle. Sir Owen Dixon disagreed with the Indian position. He aired his views that a neutral administration was necessary for a fair plebiscite, that the exclusion of Indian troops...were essential prerequisites of the same."}} | Dixon also had concerns that the Kashmiris, not being high-spirited people, may vote under fear or improper influences.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00856400500056145|title=Would a plebiscite have resolved the Kashmir dispute?|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=28|pages=64–86|year=2005|last1=Snedden|first1=Christopher|s2cid=145020726}}</ref> Following Pakistan's objections, he proposed that Sheikh Abdullah administration should be held in "commission" (in abeyance) while the plebiscite was held. This was not acceptable to India which rejected the Dixon plan. Another grounds for India's rejection of the limited plebiscite was that it wanted Indian troops to remain in Kashmir for "security purposes", but would not allow Pakistani troops the same. However, Dixon's plan had encapsulated a withdrawal by both sides. Dixon had believed a neutral administration would be essential for a fair plebiscite.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=161–162|ps=: "Troops of both countries were to be excluded from the limited plebiscite area...On 16 August 1950 the Indian Prime Minister rejected the plan for limited plebiscite on the following grounds:...4)The security of the State necessitated the presence of Indian troops and the exclusion of the Pakistani troops from the plebiscite area. India would not depart from that principle. Sir Owen Dixon disagreed with the Indian position. He aired his views that a neutral administration was necessary for a fair plebiscite, that the exclusion of Indian troops...were essential prerequisites of the same."}} | ||
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| access-date=30 August 2013 | | access-date=30 August 2013 | ||
| url=http://chinaindiaborderdispute.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/virendravermapaperborderdispute.pdf | | url=http://chinaindiaborderdispute.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/virendravermapaperborderdispute.pdf | ||
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=R. J. |title=India: A Year of Stability and Change |journal=Asian Survey |date=1963 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=97 |doi=10.2307/3023681 |jstor=3023681}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=M. W. |last2=Rose |first2=L. E. |title=Ladakh and the Sino-Indian Border Crisis |journal=Asian Survey |date=1962 |volume=2 |issue=8 |page=31 |doi=10.2307/3023601 |jstor=3023601}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Pillalamarri |first1=Akhilesh |title=What India Gets Wrong About China |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/what-india-gets-wrong-about-china/ |access-date=11 November 2018 |magazine=The Diplomat |date=7 June | }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=R. J. |title=India: A Year of Stability and Change |journal=Asian Survey |date=1963 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=97 |doi=10.2307/3023681 |jstor=3023681}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=M. W. |last2=Rose |first2=L. E. |title=Ladakh and the Sino-Indian Border Crisis |journal=Asian Survey |date=1962 |volume=2 |issue=8 |page=31 |doi=10.2307/3023601 |jstor=3023601}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Pillalamarri |first1=Akhilesh |title=What India Gets Wrong About China |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/what-india-gets-wrong-about-china/ |access-date=11 November 2018 |magazine=The Diplomat |date=7 June 2014}}</ref> remained under Chinese control since then. Another smaller area, the [[Trans-Karakoram]], was demarcated as the [[Line of Control]] (LOC) between China and Pakistan, although some of the territory on the Chinese side is claimed by India to be part of Kashmir. The line that separates India from China in this region is known as the "[[Line of Actual Control]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Easen|first=Nick|date=24 May 2002|title=Aksai Chin: China's disputed slice of Kashmir|publisher=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/24/aksai.chin/|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
===Operation Gibraltar and 1965 Indo-Pakistani war=== | ===Operation Gibraltar and 1965 Indo-Pakistani war=== | ||
{{Main|Operation Gibraltar|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Tashkent Declaration}} | {{Main|Operation Gibraltar|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Tashkent Declaration}} | ||
Following its failure to seize Kashmir in 1947, Pakistan supported numerous 'covert cells' in Kashmir using operatives based in its New Delhi embassy. After its military pact with the United States in the 1950s, it intensively studied guerrilla warfare through engagement with the US military. In 1965, it decided that the conditions were ripe for a successful guerilla war in Kashmir. Code named '[[Operation Gibraltar]]', companies were dispatched into Indian-administered Kashmir, the majority of whose members were ''razakars'' (volunteers) and ''mujahideen'' recruited from Pakistan-administered Kashmir and trained by the Army. These irregular forces were supported by officers and men from the paramilitary [[Northern Light Infantry]] and [[ | Following its failure to seize Kashmir in 1947, Pakistan supported numerous 'covert cells' in Kashmir using operatives based in its New Delhi embassy. After its military pact with the United States in the 1950s, it intensively studied guerrilla warfare through engagement with the US military. In 1965, it decided that the conditions were ripe for a successful guerilla war in Kashmir. Code named '[[Operation Gibraltar]]', companies were dispatched into Indian-administered Kashmir, the majority of whose members were ''razakars'' (volunteers) and ''mujahideen'' recruited from Pakistan-administered Kashmir and trained by the Army. These irregular forces were supported by officers and men from the paramilitary [[Northern Light Infantry]] and [[Azad Kashmir Regiment|Azad Kashmir Rifles]] as well as commandos from the [[Special Services Group]]. About 30,000 infiltrators are estimated to have been dispatched in August 1965 as part of the 'Operation Gibraltar'.{{sfn|Fair, Militant Challenge in Pakistan|2011|pp=109–111}} | ||
The plan was for the infiltrators to mingle with the local populace and incite them to rebellion. Meanwhile, guerilla warfare would commence, destroying bridges, tunnels and highways, as well as Indian Army installations and airfields, creating conditions for an 'armed insurrection' in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |last=Faruqui |first=Ahmad |title=Remembering 6th of September 1965 |work=Pakistan Link |url=http://www.pakistanlink.com/Opinion/2004/Sept04/17/05.html |access-date=8 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165129/http://www.pakistanlink.com/Opinion/2004/Sept04/17/05.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 September | The plan was for the infiltrators to mingle with the local populace and incite them to rebellion. Meanwhile, guerilla warfare would commence, destroying bridges, tunnels and highways, as well as Indian Army installations and airfields, creating conditions for an 'armed insurrection' in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |last=Faruqui |first=Ahmad |title=Remembering 6th of September 1965 |work=Pakistan Link |url=http://www.pakistanlink.com/Opinion/2004/Sept04/17/05.html |access-date=8 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165129/http://www.pakistanlink.com/Opinion/2004/Sept04/17/05.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> If the attempt failed, Pakistan hoped to have raised international attention to the Kashmir issue.{{sfn|Paul, Asymmetric Conflicts|1994|p=107}} Using the newly acquired sophisticated weapons through the American arms aid, Pakistan believed that it could achieve tactical victories in a quick limited war.{{sfn|Paul, Asymmetric Conflicts|1994|pp=115–116}} | ||
However, the 'Operation Gibraltar' ended in failure as the Kashmiris did not revolt. Instead, they turned in infiltrators to the Indian authorities in substantial numbers, and the Indian Army ended up fighting the Pakistani Army regulars. Pakistan claimed that the captured men were Kashmiri 'freedom fighters', a claim contradicted by the international media.<ref name="Mankekar1967">{{cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D. R. |title=Twentytwo fateful days: Pakistan cut to size |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQcLAQAAIAAJ |access-date=8 November 2011 |year=1967 |publisher=Manaktalas |pages=62–63, 67}}</ref><ref group=note name="Varshney 216">{{harvnb|Varshney, Three Compromised Nationalisms|1992|p=216}}: Independent observers could get no evidence of it. ''The New York Times'' found that "most of the prisoners captured thus far do not speak the Kashmiri dialect. They speak... Punjabi and other dialects."... The ''Washington Post'' remarked: "The Moslem Pakistanis, led by President Ayub, had expected the infiltrators to be able to produce a general uprising and this is Ayub's first disappointment."... Once again, it seemed clear that whatever the state of their relationship with India, Kashmiris did not wish to embrace Pakistan.</ref> | However, the 'Operation Gibraltar' ended in failure as the Kashmiris did not revolt. Instead, they turned in infiltrators to the Indian authorities in substantial numbers, and the Indian Army ended up fighting the Pakistani Army regulars. Pakistan claimed that the captured men were Kashmiri 'freedom fighters', a claim contradicted by the international media.<ref name="Mankekar1967">{{cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D. R. |title=Twentytwo fateful days: Pakistan cut to size |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQcLAQAAIAAJ |access-date=8 November 2011 |year=1967 |publisher=Manaktalas |pages=62–63, 67}}</ref><ref group=note name="Varshney 216">{{harvnb|Varshney, Three Compromised Nationalisms|1992|p=216}}: Independent observers could get no evidence of it. ''The New York Times'' found that "most of the prisoners captured thus far do not speak the Kashmiri dialect. They speak... Punjabi and other dialects."... The ''Washington Post'' remarked: "The Moslem Pakistanis, led by President Ayub, had expected the infiltrators to be able to produce a general uprising and this is Ayub's first disappointment."... Once again, it seemed clear that whatever the state of their relationship with India, Kashmiris did not wish to embrace Pakistan.</ref> | ||
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The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] led to a loss for Pakistan and a military surrender in [[East Pakistan]]. [[Bangladesh]] was created as a separate state with India's support and India emerged as a clear regional power in South Asia.{{sfn|Ganguly, Crisis in Kashmir|1999|p=60}} | The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] led to a loss for Pakistan and a military surrender in [[East Pakistan]]. [[Bangladesh]] was created as a separate state with India's support and India emerged as a clear regional power in South Asia.{{sfn|Ganguly, Crisis in Kashmir|1999|p=60}} | ||
A bilateral summit was held at [[Simla]] as a follow-up to the war, where India pushed for peace in South Asia.{{sfn|Dixit, India-Pakistan in War and Peace|2003|pp=228–229}}{{sfn|Ganguly, Crisis in Kashmir|1999|pp=60–63}} At stake were 5,139 | A bilateral summit was held at [[Simla]] as a follow-up to the war, where India pushed for peace in South Asia.{{sfn|Dixit, India-Pakistan in War and Peace|2003|pp=228–229}}{{sfn|Ganguly, Crisis in Kashmir|1999|pp=60–63}} At stake were {{convert|5,139|sqmi|km2}} of Pakistan's territory captured by India during the conflict, and over 90,000 prisoners of war held in Bangladesh. India was ready to return them in exchange for a "durable solution" to the Kashmir issue. Diplomat [[J. N. Dixit]] states that the negotiations at Simla were painful and tortuous, and almost broke down. The deadlock was broken in a personal meeting between the Prime Ministers [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Indira Gandhi]], where Bhutto acknowledged that the Kashmir issue should be finally resolved and removed as a hurdle in India-Pakistan relations; that the cease-fire line, to be renamed the [[Line of Control]], could be gradually converted into a ''de jure'' border between India and Pakistan; and that he would take steps to integrate the Pakistani-controlled portions of Jammu and Kashmir into the federal territories of Pakistan.{{sfn|Dixit, India-Pakistan in War and Peace|2003|pp=228–229}} However, he requested that the formal declaration of the Agreement should not include a final settlement of the Kashmir dispute as it would endanger his fledgling civilian government and bring in military and other hardline elements into power in Pakistan.<ref>{{harvtxt|Dixit, India-Pakistan in War and Peace|2003|pp=228–229}}; {{harvtxt|Haqqani, Pakistan Between Mosque and Military|2010|pp=98–99}}; {{harvtxt|Subramaniam, India's Wars|2016|loc=Chapter 27}}; {{harvtxt|Ganguly, Crisis in Kashmir|1999|pp=60–63}}</ref> | ||
Accordingly, the [[Simla Agreement]] was formulated and signed by the two countries, whereby the countries resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations and to maintain the sanctity of the Line of Control. Multilateral negotiations were not ruled out, but they were conditional upon both sides agreeing to them.<ref name="Cohen 2002">{{citation |last=Cohen |first=Stephen Philip |title=India, Pakistan and Kashmir |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=25 |pages=32–60 |number=4 |year=2002 |doi=10.1080/01402390412331302865 |s2cid=154265853}}</ref>{{rp|49–50}} To India, this meant an end to the UN or other multilateral negotiations. However Pakistan reinterpreted the wording in the light of a reference to the "UN charter" in the agreement, and maintained that it could still approach the UN. The United States, United Kingdom and most Western governments agree with India's interpretation.<ref>See: | Accordingly, the [[Simla Agreement]] was formulated and signed by the two countries, whereby the countries resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations and to maintain the sanctity of the Line of Control. Multilateral negotiations were not ruled out, but they were conditional upon both sides agreeing to them.<ref name="Cohen 2002">{{citation |last=Cohen |first=Stephen Philip |title=India, Pakistan and Kashmir |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=25 |pages=32–60 |number=4 |year=2002 |doi=10.1080/01402390412331302865 |s2cid=154265853}}</ref>{{rp|49–50}} To India, this meant an end to the UN or other multilateral negotiations. However Pakistan reinterpreted the wording in the light of a reference to the "UN charter" in the agreement, and maintained that it could still approach the UN. The United States, United Kingdom and most Western governments agree with India's interpretation.<ref>See: | ||
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In 1952, [[Sheikh Abdullah]] drifted from his previous position of endorsing accession to India to insisting on the self-determination of Kashmiris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn23 |title=Kashmir References |website=www.kashmirlibrary.org}}</ref> | In 1952, [[Sheikh Abdullah]] drifted from his previous position of endorsing accession to India to insisting on the self-determination of Kashmiris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn23 |title=Kashmir References |website=www.kashmirlibrary.org}}</ref> | ||
The Praja Parishad undertook a civil disobedience campaign for a third time in November 1952, which again led to repression by the state government. The Parishad accused Abdullah of communalism (sectarianism), favouring the Muslim interests in the state and sacrificing the interests of the others. The Jana Sangh joined hands with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and [[Ram Rajya Parishad]] to launch a parallel agitation in Delhi. In May 1953, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee|Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], a prominent Indian leader of the time and the founder of Hindu nationalist party [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (later evolved as [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]), made a bid to enter Jammu and Kashmir after denying to take a permit, citing his rights as an Indian citizen to visit any part of the country. Abdullah prohibited his entry and promptly arrested him when he attempted. An estimated 10,000 activists were imprisoned in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, including Members of Parliament. Unfortunately, Mukherjee died in detention on 23 June 1953, leading to an uproar in whole India and precipitating a crisis that went out of control.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dknWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=South Asian Politics and Religion; By Donald Eugene Smith. |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7908-3 |pages=86, 87|date=8 December | The Praja Parishad undertook a civil disobedience campaign for a third time in November 1952, which again led to repression by the state government. The Parishad accused Abdullah of communalism (sectarianism), favouring the Muslim interests in the state and sacrificing the interests of the others. The Jana Sangh joined hands with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and [[Ram Rajya Parishad]] to launch a parallel agitation in Delhi. In May 1953, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee|Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], a prominent Indian leader of the time and the founder of Hindu nationalist party [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (later evolved as [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]), made a bid to enter Jammu and Kashmir after denying to take a permit, citing his rights as an Indian citizen to visit any part of the country. Abdullah prohibited his entry and promptly arrested him when he attempted. An estimated 10,000 activists were imprisoned in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, including Members of Parliament. Unfortunately, Mukherjee died in detention on 23 June 1953, leading to an uproar in whole India and precipitating a crisis that went out of control.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dknWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=South Asian Politics and Religion; By Donald Eugene Smith. |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7908-3 |pages=86, 87|date=8 December 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=197–203}} | ||
Observers state that Abdullah became upset, as he felt, his "absolute power" was being compromised in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/riots-changed-jak-politics-768/ |title=Riots changed J&K politics |last=[[Ved Bhasin]] |date=3 October 2009|website=[[Kashmir Life]]|quote=[[Ved Bhasin]] has remarked: "Obviously, Abdullah was more concerned in absolute power. His struggle was for greater autonomy, maximum powers, which he tried to concentrate in his own hands. He was interested in absolute power, and if India gave him absolute power, he was willing for it. It is not that for people he was interested. Initially he supported accession with India."}}</ref> | Observers state that Abdullah became upset, as he felt, his "absolute power" was being compromised in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/riots-changed-jak-politics-768/ |title=Riots changed J&K politics |last=[[Ved Bhasin]] |date=3 October 2009|website=[[Kashmir Life]]|quote=[[Ved Bhasin]] has remarked: "Obviously, Abdullah was more concerned in absolute power. His struggle was for greater autonomy, maximum powers, which he tried to concentrate in his own hands. He was interested in absolute power, and if India gave him absolute power, he was willing for it. It is not that for people he was interested. Initially he supported accession with India."}}</ref> | ||
Meanwhile, Nehru's pledge of a referendum to people of Kashmir did not come into action. Sheikh Abdullah advocated complete independence and had allegedly joined hands with US to conspire against India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiafoundation.in/p-c-dogra/international-conspiracies-behind-the-jk-imbroglio.html|title=International Conspiracies Behind the J&K Imbroglio|quote=In 1953, Mr Adlai Stevenson the then Governor of Illinois (USA) met Sheikh Abdullah in Sri Nagar. Commenting on this meeting, Manchester Guardian disclosed in August 1953, that he (Mr Stevenson) "seems to have listened to suggestions that the best status for Kashmir could be independence from both India and Pakistan" and that Sheikh Abdullah had been encouraged by Adlai Stevenson. "Sheikh was suspected of planning a session of the constituent Assembly which instead of ratifying the accession to India, would declare the vale of Kashmir, independent." According to New York Times July, 1953 "Kashmir valley would gain independence, possibly guaranteed by both countries and the rest of the state would be partitioned between them roughly along the present cease-fire line. It was said that John Foster Dulles, U.S Secretary of State supported a solution of this nature"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212547/http://www.indiafoundation.in/p-c-dogra/international-conspiracies-behind-the-jk-imbroglio.html|archive-date=23 February | Meanwhile, Nehru's pledge of a referendum to people of Kashmir did not come into action. Sheikh Abdullah advocated complete independence and had allegedly joined hands with US to conspire against India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiafoundation.in/p-c-dogra/international-conspiracies-behind-the-jk-imbroglio.html|title=International Conspiracies Behind the J&K Imbroglio|quote=In 1953, Mr Adlai Stevenson the then Governor of Illinois (USA) met Sheikh Abdullah in Sri Nagar. Commenting on this meeting, Manchester Guardian disclosed in August 1953, that he (Mr Stevenson) "seems to have listened to suggestions that the best status for Kashmir could be independence from both India and Pakistan" and that Sheikh Abdullah had been encouraged by Adlai Stevenson. "Sheikh was suspected of planning a session of the constituent Assembly which instead of ratifying the accession to India, would declare the vale of Kashmir, independent." According to New York Times July, 1953 "Kashmir valley would gain independence, possibly guaranteed by both countries and the rest of the state would be partitioned between them roughly along the present cease-fire line. It was said that John Foster Dulles, U.S Secretary of State supported a solution of this nature"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212547/http://www.indiafoundation.in/p-c-dogra/international-conspiracies-behind-the-jk-imbroglio.html|archive-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> | ||
On 8 August 1953, Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed as Prime Minister by the ''[[Sadr-i-Riyasat]]'' [[Karan Singh]] on the charge that he had lost the confidence of his [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]. He was denied the opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house. He was also jailed in 1953 while Sheikh's dissident deputy, [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] was appointed as the new [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Prime Minister of the state]].{{sfnp|Abdullah, Atish-e-Chinar|1985|p=593–607}} | On 8 August 1953, Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed as Prime Minister by the ''[[Sadr-i-Riyasat]]'' [[Karan Singh]] on the charge that he had lost the confidence of his [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]. He was denied the opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house. He was also jailed in 1953 while Sheikh's dissident deputy, [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] was appointed as the new [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Prime Minister of the state]].{{sfnp|Abdullah, Atish-e-Chinar|1985|p=593–607}} | ||
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{{Blockquote|text=From all the information I have, 95 per cent of Kashmir Muslims do not wish to be or remain Indian citizens. I doubt therefore the wisdom of trying to keep people by force where they do not wish to stay. This cannot but have serious long-term political consequences, though immediately it may suit policy and please public opinion.|sign=[[Jayaprakash Narayan]]'s letter to Nehru, May 1, 1956.<ref>Bimal Prasad (ed.), ''Selected Works of Jayaprakash Narayan''; Vol. 7; Manohar; page 115, quoted in [[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1921/stories/20021025002508200.htm "The Dixon Plan"], Frontline, 12 October 2002.</ref>|source=}} | {{Blockquote|text=From all the information I have, 95 per cent of Kashmir Muslims do not wish to be or remain Indian citizens. I doubt therefore the wisdom of trying to keep people by force where they do not wish to stay. This cannot but have serious long-term political consequences, though immediately it may suit policy and please public opinion.|sign=[[Jayaprakash Narayan]]'s letter to Nehru, May 1, 1956.<ref>Bimal Prasad (ed.), ''Selected Works of Jayaprakash Narayan''; Vol. 7; Manohar; page 115, quoted in [[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1921/stories/20021025002508200.htm "The Dixon Plan"], Frontline, 12 October 2002.</ref>|source=}} | ||
Bakshi Mohammad implemented all the measures of the '1952 Delhi Agreement'.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=209–212}} In May 1954, as a subsequent to the Delhi agreement,<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|last=Ali|first=Muddasir|date=5 November 2015|title=JK ready to defend Article 35-A in Supreme Court|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/jk-ready-to-defend-article-35-a-in-supreme-court/200761.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323054251/http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/jk-ready-to-defend-article-35-a-in-supreme-court/200761.html|archive-date=23 March | Bakshi Mohammad implemented all the measures of the '1952 Delhi Agreement'.{{sfn|Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=209–212}} In May 1954, as a subsequent to the Delhi agreement,<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|last=Ali|first=Muddasir|date=5 November 2015|title=JK ready to defend Article 35-A in Supreme Court|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/jk-ready-to-defend-article-35-a-in-supreme-court/200761.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323054251/http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/jk-ready-to-defend-article-35-a-in-supreme-court/200761.html|archive-date=23 March 2017}}</ref> [[The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954]], is issued by the President of India under Article 370, with the concurrence of the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir. In that order, the [[Article 35A of Constitution of India|Article 35A]] is added to the Constitution of India to empower the Jammu and Kashmir state's legislature to define "permanent residents" of the state and provide special rights and privileges to those permanent residents.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Bhadoriya|first=Rakesh Singh|date=4 December 2016|title=Origin of Jammu and Kashmir: Analysis of Article 370 in Present Scenario|language=en-US|work=LexHindustan|url=http://lexhindustan.com/%E2%80%8Borigin-of-jammu-nd-kashmir-analysis-of-article-370-in-present-scenario/|url-status=dead|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012042000/http://lexhindustan.com/%E2%80%8Borigin-of-jammu-nd-kashmir-analysis-of-article-370-in-present-scenario/|archive-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> | ||
On 15 February 1954, under the leadership of Bakshi Mohammad, the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] ratified the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|state's accession to India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan By Dilip Hiro |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=9781568585031|pages=151 |quote=Led by him (Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad), 64 of 74-strong Constituent Assembly members ratified the state's accession to India on February 15, 1954. "We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it", declared Bakshi Muhammad.|date=24 February | On 15 February 1954, under the leadership of Bakshi Mohammad, the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] ratified the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|state's accession to India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan By Dilip Hiro |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=9781568585031|pages=151 |quote=Led by him (Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad), 64 of 74-strong Constituent Assembly members ratified the state's accession to India on February 15, 1954. "We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it", declared Bakshi Muhammad.|date=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021700320900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310181154/https://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021700320900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-03-10 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Kashmir's accession |date=2004-02-17 |quote=The report of the Drafting Committee "ratifying the accession" of the Jammu and Kashmir State to India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in Jammu on February 15 before it was adjourned sine die. Earlier, Premier Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, speaking on the report, declared amidst cheers: "We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it."}}</ref> On 17 November 1956, the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] was adopted by the Assembly and it came into full effect on 26 January 1957.<ref name=":6"/> On 24 January 1957, the UN passed a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 122|resolution]] stating that the decisions of the Constituent Assembly would not constitute a final disposition of the State, which needs to be carried out by a free and impartial plebiscite.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmir, UN Security Council Resolution 122|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kasun122.htm|access-date=5 December 2014|via=[[Mount Holyoke College]]}}</ref> | ||
Meanwhile in Pakistan administered [[ | Meanwhile in Pakistan administered [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], the [[1955 Poonch uprising]] begins in February 1955 against the governments dismissal of Sardar Ibrahim Khan. The rebellion would only be quashed in 1956.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-9350298978|location=India}}</ref> | ||
After the overthrow of Sheikh Abdullah, his lieutenant Mirza Afzal Beg formed the [[Plebiscite Front]] on 9 August 1955 to fight for the plebiscite demand and the unconditional release of Sheikh Abdullah. The activities of the Plebiscite Front eventually led to the institution of the infamous [[Kashmir Conspiracy Case]] in 1958 and two other cases. On 8 August 1958, Abdullah was arrested on the charges of these cases.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dar|first=Masrook A|date=5 August 2010|title=Negotiations on Kashmir: A concealed story|url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/05/negotiations-on-kashmir-a-concealed-story/?wpmp|website=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref> | After the overthrow of Sheikh Abdullah, his lieutenant Mirza Afzal Beg formed the [[Plebiscite Front]] on 9 August 1955 to fight for the plebiscite demand and the unconditional release of Sheikh Abdullah. The activities of the Plebiscite Front eventually led to the institution of the infamous [[Kashmir Conspiracy Case]] in 1958 and two other cases. On 8 August 1958, Abdullah was arrested on the charges of these cases.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dar|first=Masrook A|date=5 August 2010|title=Negotiations on Kashmir: A concealed story|url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/05/negotiations-on-kashmir-a-concealed-story/?wpmp|website=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref> | ||
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On 21 November 1964, the [[President's rule|Articles 356 and 357]] of the Indian Constitution were extended to the state, by virtue of which the Central Government can assume the government of the State and exercise its legislative powers. On 24 November 1964, the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly passed a constitutional amendment changing the elected post of ''Sadr-i-Riyasat'' to a centrally-nominated post of "Governor" and renaming "Prime Minister" to "Chief Minister", which is regarded as the "end of the road" for the Article 370, and the Constitutional autonomy guaranteed by it.<ref name=":6">[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm Article 370: Law and Politics], Frontline, 16 September 2000.</ref> On 3 January 1965, prior to [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967 Assembly elections]], the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference dissolved itself and merged into the [[Indian National Congress]], as a marked centralising strategy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780674028555|pages=81, 82|author-link=Sumantra Bose}}</ref> | On 21 November 1964, the [[President's rule|Articles 356 and 357]] of the Indian Constitution were extended to the state, by virtue of which the Central Government can assume the government of the State and exercise its legislative powers. On 24 November 1964, the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly passed a constitutional amendment changing the elected post of ''Sadr-i-Riyasat'' to a centrally-nominated post of "Governor" and renaming "Prime Minister" to "Chief Minister", which is regarded as the "end of the road" for the Article 370, and the Constitutional autonomy guaranteed by it.<ref name=":6">[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm Article 370: Law and Politics], Frontline, 16 September 2000.</ref> On 3 January 1965, prior to [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967 Assembly elections]], the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference dissolved itself and merged into the [[Indian National Congress]], as a marked centralising strategy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780674028555|pages=81, 82|author-link=Sumantra Bose}}</ref> | ||
After [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], Kashmiri nationalists [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]] and [[Maqbool Bhat]], along with [[Hashim Qureshi]], in 1966, formed another [[ | After [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], Kashmiri nationalists [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]] and [[Maqbool Bhat]], along with [[Hashim Qureshi]], in 1966, formed another [[Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front|Plebiscite Front]] in Azad Kashmir with an armed wing called the [[Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front#National Liberation Front|National Liberation Front]] (NLF), with the objective of freeing Kashmir from Indian occupation and then liberating the whole of Jammu and Kashmir. Later in 1976, Maqbool Bhat is arrested on his return to the Valley. Amanullah Khan moved to England and there NLF was renamed [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF). | ||
Shortly after 1965 war, Kashmiri Pandit activist and writer, [[Prem Nath Bazaz]] wrote that the overwhelming majority of Kashmir's Muslims were unfriendly to India and wanted to get rid of the political setup, but did not want to use violence for this purpose. He added : "It would take another quarter century of repression and generation turnover for the pacifist approach to yield decisively as armed struggle, qualifying Kashmiris as 'reluctant secessionists'."<ref name="Bose p.84-85"/> | Shortly after 1965 war, Kashmiri Pandit activist and writer, [[Prem Nath Bazaz]] wrote that the overwhelming majority of Kashmir's Muslims were unfriendly to India and wanted to get rid of the political setup, but did not want to use violence for this purpose. He added : "It would take another quarter century of repression and generation turnover for the pacifist approach to yield decisively as armed struggle, qualifying Kashmiris as 'reluctant secessionists'."<ref name="Bose p.84-85"/> | ||
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An alliance of Islamic parties organized into [[Muslim United Front]] (MUF) to contest the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 state elections]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1651?_hi=0&_pos=5705 |title=Muslim United Front |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Culturally, the growing emphasis on secularism led to a backlash with Islamic parties becoming more popular.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0433?_hi=3&_pos=48 |title=Kashmir |last1=Amin |first1=Tahir |last2=Schofield |first2=Victoria |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Culturally, a growing emphasis on secularism generated a backlash, contributing to the popularity of Islamic political parties, especially the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī (established in 1953) and the Islāmī Jamʿīyat-i T‥ulabā, its allied student body.}}</ref> MUF's election manifesto stressed the need to solve all outstanding issues according to the [[Simla agreement]], work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&pg=PA137 |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |last=Schofield |year=2003|isbn=9781860648984|pages=137}}</ref> | An alliance of Islamic parties organized into [[Muslim United Front]] (MUF) to contest the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 state elections]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1651?_hi=0&_pos=5705 |title=Muslim United Front |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Culturally, the growing emphasis on secularism led to a backlash with Islamic parties becoming more popular.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0433?_hi=3&_pos=48 |title=Kashmir |last1=Amin |first1=Tahir |last2=Schofield |first2=Victoria |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Culturally, a growing emphasis on secularism generated a backlash, contributing to the popularity of Islamic political parties, especially the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī (established in 1953) and the Islāmī Jamʿīyat-i T‥ulabā, its allied student body.}}</ref> MUF's election manifesto stressed the need to solve all outstanding issues according to the [[Simla agreement]], work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&pg=PA137 |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |last=Schofield |year=2003|isbn=9781860648984|pages=137}}</ref> | ||
There was highest recorded participation in this election. 80% of the people in the Valley voted. MUF received victory in only 4 of the contested 43 electoral constituencies despite its high vote share of 31 per cent (this means that its official vote in the Valley was larger than one-third). The elections were widespreadly believed to have been rigged by the ruling party [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]], allied with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="j&khistory">{{cite web|author=Arshad|first=Sameer|date=22 November 2014|title=History of electoral fraud has lessons for BJP in J&K|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gray-areas/history-of-electoral-fraud-has-lessons-for-bjp-in-jk/|access-date=23 November 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Prakash|first=Smita|date=17 November 2014|title=Elections in Kashmir|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/elections-in-kashmir/15771184|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810033105/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/elections-in-kashmir/15771184|archive-date=10 August 2020|website=Mid Day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jahangir|first=Majid|date=29 April 2014|title=PDP's Karra blames NC for 'tyrannical' policies, killing of youths|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140429/j&k.htm|website=|publisher=The Tribune India}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Donthi|first=Praveen|date=23 March 2016|title=How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped the 1987 Elections in Kashmir|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-shaped-1987-kashmir-elections|website=The Caravan}}</ref> In the absence of rigging, commentators believe that the MUF could have won fifteen to twenty seats, a contention admitted by the National Conference leader [[Farooq Abdullah]].<ref name=":3"/><ref name="Brass1994">{{cite book|author=Brass|first=Paul R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PA222|title=The Politics of India Since Independence|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45970-9|pages=222–|author-link=Paul Brass}}</ref> Scholar [[Sumantra Bose]], on the other hand. opines that the MUF would have won most of the constituencies in the Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YeGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP245 |title=Transforming India |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |isbn=9780674728202|date=16 September | There was highest recorded participation in this election. 80% of the people in the Valley voted. MUF received victory in only 4 of the contested 43 electoral constituencies despite its high vote share of 31 per cent (this means that its official vote in the Valley was larger than one-third). The elections were widespreadly believed to have been rigged by the ruling party [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]], allied with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="j&khistory">{{cite web|author=Arshad|first=Sameer|date=22 November 2014|title=History of electoral fraud has lessons for BJP in J&K|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gray-areas/history-of-electoral-fraud-has-lessons-for-bjp-in-jk/|access-date=23 November 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Prakash|first=Smita|date=17 November 2014|title=Elections in Kashmir|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/elections-in-kashmir/15771184|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810033105/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/elections-in-kashmir/15771184|archive-date=10 August 2020|website=Mid Day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jahangir|first=Majid|date=29 April 2014|title=PDP's Karra blames NC for 'tyrannical' policies, killing of youths|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140429/j&k.htm|website=|publisher=The Tribune India}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Donthi|first=Praveen|date=23 March 2016|title=How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped the 1987 Elections in Kashmir|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-shaped-1987-kashmir-elections|website=The Caravan}}</ref> In the absence of rigging, commentators believe that the MUF could have won fifteen to twenty seats, a contention admitted by the National Conference leader [[Farooq Abdullah]].<ref name=":3"/><ref name="Brass1994">{{cite book|author=Brass|first=Paul R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PA222|title=The Politics of India Since Independence|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45970-9|pages=222–|author-link=Paul Brass}}</ref> Scholar [[Sumantra Bose]], on the other hand. opines that the MUF would have won most of the constituencies in the Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YeGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP245 |title=Transforming India |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |isbn=9780674728202|date=16 September 2013}}</ref> | ||
[[BBC News]] reported that Khem Lata Wukhloo, who was a leader of the Congress party at the time, admitted the widespread rigging in Kashmir. He stated: I remember that there was a massive rigging in 1987 elections. The losing candidates were declared winners. It shook the ordinary people's faith in the elections and the democratic process.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hussain|first=Altaf|date=14 September 2002|title=Kashmir's flawed elections|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm}}</ref> | [[BBC News]] reported that Khem Lata Wukhloo, who was a leader of the Congress party at the time, admitted the widespread rigging in Kashmir. He stated: I remember that there was a massive rigging in 1987 elections. The losing candidates were declared winners. It shook the ordinary people's faith in the elections and the democratic process.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hussain|first=Altaf|date=14 September 2002|title=Kashmir's flawed elections|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm}}</ref> | ||
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{{blockquote|In the years since 1990, the Kashmiri Muslims and the Indian government have conspired to abolish the complexities of Kashmiri civilization. The world it inhabited has vanished: the state government and the political class, the rule of law, almost all the Hindu inhabitants of the valley, alcohol, cinemas, cricket matches, picnics by moonlight in the saffron fields, schools, universities, an independent press, tourists and banks. In this reduction of civilian reality, the sights of Kashmir are redefined: not the lakes and Mogul gardens, or the storied triumphs of Kashmiri agriculture, handicrafts and cookery, but two entities that confront each other without intermediary: the mosque and the army camp.| British journalist [[James Buchan]]<ref name="Buchan">''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'', Ramachandra Guha, Pan Macmillan, 2008, p. 654</ref>}} | {{blockquote|In the years since 1990, the Kashmiri Muslims and the Indian government have conspired to abolish the complexities of Kashmiri civilization. The world it inhabited has vanished: the state government and the political class, the rule of law, almost all the Hindu inhabitants of the valley, alcohol, cinemas, cricket matches, picnics by moonlight in the saffron fields, schools, universities, an independent press, tourists and banks. In this reduction of civilian reality, the sights of Kashmir are redefined: not the lakes and Mogul gardens, or the storied triumphs of Kashmiri agriculture, handicrafts and cookery, but two entities that confront each other without intermediary: the mosque and the army camp.| British journalist [[James Buchan]]<ref name="Buchan">''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'', Ramachandra Guha, Pan Macmillan, 2008, p. 654</ref>}} | ||
In 1989, a widespread popular and armed insurgency<ref>{{cite web|title=1989 Insurgency|url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212084102/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2020|access-date=6 January 2013|publisher=Kashmirlibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Noorani|first=A G|date=30 September - 13 October 2000|title=Contours of militancy|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1720/17200800.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602025403/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1720/17200800.htm|archive-date=2 June 2002|website=Frontline, The Hindu}}</ref> started in Kashmir. After the 1987 state legislative assembly election, some of the results were disputed. This resulted in the formation of militant wings and marked the beginning of the [[Mujahadeen]] insurgency, which continues to this day.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Rajeev Agarwal |date=October 27, 2021 |title=Don't Overhype India's Kashmir Security Problem |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/dont-overhype-indias-kashmir-security-problem/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201063937/https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/dont-overhype-indias-kashmir-security-problem/ |archive-date=February 1, 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite news|title=India Pakistan- Troubled Relations. Timeline of the conflict.|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|access-date=6 January | In 1989, a widespread popular and armed insurgency<ref>{{cite web|title=1989 Insurgency|url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212084102/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2020|access-date=6 January 2013|publisher=Kashmirlibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Noorani|first=A G|date=30 September - 13 October 2000|title=Contours of militancy|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1720/17200800.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602025403/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1720/17200800.htm|archive-date=2 June 2002|website=Frontline, The Hindu}}</ref> started in Kashmir. After the 1987 state legislative assembly election, some of the results were disputed. This resulted in the formation of militant wings and marked the beginning of the [[Mujahadeen]] insurgency, which continues to this day.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Rajeev Agarwal |date=October 27, 2021 |title=Don't Overhype India's Kashmir Security Problem |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/dont-overhype-indias-kashmir-security-problem/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201063937/https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/dont-overhype-indias-kashmir-security-problem/ |archive-date=February 1, 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite news|title=India Pakistan- Troubled Relations. Timeline of the conflict.|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> India contends that the insurgency was largely started by Afghan mujahadeen who entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref name=":8"/> [[Yasin Malik]], a leader of one faction of the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (Yasin Malik)|Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF), was one of the Kashmiris to organise militancy in Kashmir, along with [[Ashfaq Majeed Wani]], Javaid Ahmad Mir, and Abdul Hamid Sheikh. Since 1995, Malik has renounced the use of violence and calls for strictly peaceful methods to resolve the dispute. Malik developed differences with one of the senior leaders, Farooq Siddiqui (alias Farooq Papa), for shunning demands for an independent Kashmir and trying to cut a deal with the Indian Prime Minister. This resulted in a split in which [[Farooq Ahmed Dar|Bitta Karate]], Salim Nanhaji, and other senior comrades joined Farooq Papa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen|date=25 January 2006|title=PMO in secret talks with secessionists|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522034041/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm|archive-date=22 May 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2005/kashmir20051223c.html Malik Under Fire, Rebels Call For 'less Autocratic' JKLF], ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 23 December 2005</ref> Pakistan claims these insurgents are Jammu and Kashmir citizens, and are rising up against the Indian army as part of an independence movement. [[Amnesty International]] has accused security forces in Indian-controlled Kashmir of exploiting an [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] that enables them to "hold prisoners without trial". The group argues that the law, which allows security forces to detain individuals for up to two years without presenting charges violates prisoners' human rights.<ref>{{cite web |last=Huey |first=Caitlin |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |title=Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir |publisher=Usnews.com |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430022351/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=BBC/> In 2011, the state humans right commission said it had evidence that 2,156 bodies had been buried in 40 graves over the last 20 years.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title=Kashmir graves: Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253 |access-date=30 July 2012 |work=BBC News |date=25 August 2011}}</ref> The authorities deny such accusations. The security forces say the unidentified dead are militants who may have originally come from outside India. They also say that many of the missing people have crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.<ref name=BBC/> However, according to the state human rights commission, among the identified bodies 574 were those of "disappeared locals", and according to Amnesty International's annual human rights report (2012) it was sufficient for "belying the security forces' claim that they were militants".<ref name="AI">{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2012. Asia Pacific. Human Rights by region.|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/annual-report/2012/asia-pacific|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218011432/http://www.amnesty.org/en/annual-report/2012/asia-pacific|archive-date=18 February 2015|website=Amnesty International}}</ref> | ||
India claims these insurgents are [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] groups from Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Afghanistan, fighting to make Jammu and Kashmir a part of Pakistan.<ref name=BBC/><ref>Rahul Bedi (5 October 2001). [http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/janes011005_1_n.shtml Kashmir insurgency is being 'Talibanised']. ''[[Jane's Information Group]]'', 5 October 2001. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204123204/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/janes011005_1_n.shtml|date=4 December | India claims these insurgents are [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] groups from Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Afghanistan, fighting to make Jammu and Kashmir a part of Pakistan.<ref name=BBC/><ref>Rahul Bedi (5 October 2001). [http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/janes011005_1_n.shtml Kashmir insurgency is being 'Talibanised']. ''[[Jane's Information Group]]'', 5 October 2001. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204123204/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/janes011005_1_n.shtml|date=4 December 2008}}.</ref> Indian analysts<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=[[Brahma Chellaney]] |date=2019-09-29 |title=China, India, Pakistan: who's really pulling the strings in Jammu and Kashmir? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3030799/china-india-pakistan-whos-really-pulling-strings-jammu-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331182821/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3030799/china-india-pakistan-whos-really-pulling-strings-jammu-and |archive-date=2022-03-31 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> and the JKLF have accused Pakistan of training and backing terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-28 |title=Pakistani militants 'hijacking' Kashmir cause |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11425831 |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-08 |title=Kashmiri militant groups still recruiting in Pakistan |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11697782 |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> India states that the terrorists have killed many citizens in Kashmir and committed human rights violations whilst denying that their own armed forces are responsible for human rights abuses. On a visit to Pakistan in 2006, former Chief Minister of Kashmir [[Omar Abdullah]] remarked that foreign militants were engaged in reckless killings and mayhem in the name of religion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=B. Muralidhar|date=12 March 2006|title=Foreign militants creating mayhem in Kashmir: Omar Abdullah|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/12/stories/2006031205080900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523045556/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/12/stories/2006031205080900.htm|archive-date=23 May 2006}}</ref> Indian authorities said in 2008 and 2021 that militancy was on the decline.<ref name=":16"/><ref name="online.wsj.com"/> | ||
The Pakistani government denies it supports terrorists, only saying it has supported "freedom fighters" in the past.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kashmir and Balochistan: Will Pakistan own up to rights abuses? {{!}} UpFront (Full) |date=December 6, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJLYxkUN3zY |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> In October 2008, President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] of Pakistan called the Kashmir separatists "terrorists" in an interview with ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name="Dawn: Zardari">{{cite news|date=5 October 2008|title=Zardari expects world to come up with $100bn|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/323962/zardari-expects-world-to-come-up-with-100bn|access-date=13 September | The Pakistani government denies it supports terrorists, only saying it has supported "freedom fighters" in the past.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kashmir and Balochistan: Will Pakistan own up to rights abuses? {{!}} UpFront (Full) |date=December 6, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJLYxkUN3zY |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> In October 2008, President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] of Pakistan called the Kashmir separatists "terrorists" in an interview with ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name="Dawn: Zardari">{{cite news|date=5 October 2008|title=Zardari expects world to come up with $100bn|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/323962/zardari-expects-world-to-come-up-with-100bn|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> These comments sparked outrage amongst many Kashmiris, some of whom defied a curfew imposed by the Indian army to burn him in effigy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7654480.stm |title=Fury over Zardari Kashmir comment |work=BBC News |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
In 2008, pro-separatist leader [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] told the ''[[Washington Post]]'' that there has been a "purely indigenous, purely Kashmiri"<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> peaceful protest movement alongside the insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir since 1989. The movement was created for the same reason as the insurgency and began after the disputed election of 1987. According to the United Nations, the Kashmiris have grievances with the Indian government, specifically the Indian military, which has committed human rights violations.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/><ref name="online.wsj.com"/><ref name="unhchr.ch">{{cite web|date=27 August 2008|title=OHCHR calls for restraint in Indian-administered Kashmir|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?opendocument|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603155522/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?opendocument|archive-date=3 June 2012|access-date=3 August 2012|website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> | In 2008, pro-separatist leader [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] told the ''[[Washington Post]]'' that there has been a "purely indigenous, purely Kashmiri"<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> peaceful protest movement alongside the insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir since 1989. The movement was created for the same reason as the insurgency and began after the disputed election of 1987. According to the United Nations, the Kashmiris have grievances with the Indian government, specifically the Indian military, which has committed human rights violations.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/><ref name="online.wsj.com"/><ref name="unhchr.ch">{{cite web|date=27 August 2008|title=OHCHR calls for restraint in Indian-administered Kashmir|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?opendocument|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603155522/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?opendocument|archive-date=3 June 2012|access-date=3 August 2012|website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> | ||
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On 19 January 1990, Kashmiri Pandits fled from Kashmiri due to atrocities such as killing and gang rape.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2016 |title=The Persecution of Kashmir's Minority Hindus |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-persecution-of-kashmirs-minority-hindus/ |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Kanchan|date=19 January 2005|title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamist terror|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126101005/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|archive-date=26 January 2017|access-date=10 December 2015|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> | On 19 January 1990, Kashmiri Pandits fled from Kashmiri due to atrocities such as killing and gang rape.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2016 |title=The Persecution of Kashmir's Minority Hindus |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-persecution-of-kashmirs-minority-hindus/ |website=[[The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Kanchan|date=19 January 2005|title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamist terror|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126101005/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|archive-date=26 January 2017|access-date=10 December 2015|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> | ||
On 21 January 1990, two days after [[Jagmohan]] took over as [[Governor (India)|governor]] of Jammu and Kashmir, the [[Gawkadal massacre]] took place in Srinagar when the Indian paramilitary troops of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] opened fire on a group of Kashmiri protesters in what has been described by some authors as "the worst massacre in Kashmiri history" (along with the [[Bijbehara Massacre]] in 1993).<ref name=VS>Schofield, Victoria. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC | On 21 January 1990, two days after [[Jagmohan]] took over as [[Governor (India)|governor]] of Jammu and Kashmir, the [[Gawkadal massacre]] took place in Srinagar when the Indian paramilitary troops of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] opened fire on a group of Kashmiri protesters in what has been described by some authors as "the worst massacre in Kashmiri history" (along with the [[Bijbehara Massacre]] in 1993).<ref name=VS>Schofield, Victoria. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&dq=%22the+worst+massacre+in+kashmiri+history%22&pg=PA148 Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War]. London: I.B. Tauris, 2003, p.148.</ref> At least 50 people were killed,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ehsan|first=Mir|date=2005-05-01|title=Kashmir's first blood|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/kashmirs-first-blood/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> with some reports of the deaths reaching as high as 280.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dalrymple|first=William|author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)|date=1 May 2008|title=Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful|language=en|work=The New York Review|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/05/01/kashmir-the-scarred-and-the-beautiful/|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-11-20|issn=0028-7504}}</ref> In the aftermath of the massacre, more demonstrations followed, and in January 1990, Indian paramilitary forces are believed to have killed around 300 protesters.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mirza|first=Waheed|date=2007-08-16|title=Growing up in Kashmir's war zone|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6947968.stm|access-date=2021-11-20}}</ref> As a [[Human Rights Watch]] stated in a report from May 1991, "In the weeks that followed [the Gawakadal massacre] as security forces fired on crowds of marchers and as militants intensified their attacks against the police and those suspected of aiding them, Kashmir's civil war began in earnest."<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/09/11/everyone-lives-fear-0 Everyone Lives in Fear: Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir]. "[[Human Rights Watch]]." 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131209045324/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/09/11/everyone-lives-fear-0 Archived] on 9 December 2013.</ref> | ||
The mass exodus began on 1 March 1990, when hundreds of thousands of Kashmiri Pandits left the state; of the approximately 300,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Devinder |date=21 November 2014 |chapter=Reinventing Agency, Sacred Geography and Community Formation: The Case of Displaced Kashmiri Pandits in India |language=en |location=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |pages=397–414 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_20 |isbn=9789401793759|title=The Changing World Religion Map}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1995 |journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=176–191 |doi=10.1093/rsq/14.1-2.176 |issn=1020-4067|title=Protection Aspects of Unhcr Activities on Behalf of Internally Displaced Persons}}:The mass exodus began on 1 March 1990, when about 250,000 of the 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits fled the State</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yong |first=Amos |date=2011 |title=Constructing China's Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou - By Nanlai Cao |journal=Religious Studies Review |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=236 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-0922.2011.01544_1.x |issn=0319-485X}}</ref> to 600,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Casimir |first1=Michael J. |last2=Lancaster |first2=William |last3=Rao |first3=Aparna |date=1 June 1997 |title=Editorial |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.3167/082279497782384668 |issn=0822-7942}}:From 1947 on, Kashmir's roughly 700,000 Hindus felt increasingly uneasy and discriminated against, and youth ... from a variety of sources such as Islamist organizations, Islamic countries, Kashmiri Muslim fund raisers in the West, and migrant labor from | The mass exodus began on 1 March 1990, when hundreds of thousands of Kashmiri Pandits left the state; of the approximately 300,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Devinder |date=21 November 2014 |chapter=Reinventing Agency, Sacred Geography and Community Formation: The Case of Displaced Kashmiri Pandits in India |language=en |location=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |pages=397–414 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_20 |isbn=9789401793759|title=The Changing World Religion Map}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1995 |journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=176–191 |doi=10.1093/rsq/14.1-2.176 |issn=1020-4067|title=Protection Aspects of Unhcr Activities on Behalf of Internally Displaced Persons}}:The mass exodus began on 1 March 1990, when about 250,000 of the 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits fled the State</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yong |first=Amos |date=2011 |title=Constructing China's Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou - By Nanlai Cao |journal=Religious Studies Review |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=236 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-0922.2011.01544_1.x |issn=0319-485X}}</ref> to 600,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Casimir |first1=Michael J. |last2=Lancaster |first2=William |last3=Rao |first3=Aparna |date=1 June 1997 |title=Editorial |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.3167/082279497782384668 |issn=0822-7942}}:From 1947 on, Kashmir's roughly 700,000 Hindus felt increasingly uneasy and discriminated against, and youth ... from a variety of sources such as Islamist organizations, Islamic countries, Kashmiri Muslim fund raisers in the West, and migrant labor from Azad Kashmir in the …</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkaria |first=Mallika Kaur |date=2009|title=Powerful Pawns of the Kashmir Conflict: Kashmiri Pandit Migrants |journal=Asian and Pacific Migration Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=197–230 |doi=10.1177/011719680901800202 |s2cid=145137184 |issn=0117-1968}}:… of the Centre of Central Asian Studies, Kashmir University, and member of Panun Kashmir (a Pandit … the Valley in 1990, believes "it could be anything between 300,000 to 600,000 people"</ref> Hindus living in the Kashmir Valley in 1990, only 2,000–3,000 lived there in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=24 Hindus are Shot Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/24/world/24-hindus-are-shot-dead-in-kashmiri-village.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 March 2003}}</ref> | ||
===1999 conflict in Kargil=== | ===1999 conflict in Kargil=== | ||
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{{Main|Kargil War}} | {{Main|Kargil War}} | ||
In mid-1999, alleged insurgents and Pakistani soldiers from [[Northern Areas, Pakistan|Pakistani Kashmir]] infiltrated Jammu and Kashmir. During the winter season, Indian forces regularly move down to lower altitudes, as severe climatic conditions makes it almost impossible for them to guard the high peaks near the Line of Control. This practice is followed by both India and Pakistan Army. The terrain makes it difficult for both sides to maintain a strict border control over Line of Control. The insurgents took advantage of this and occupied vacant mountain peaks in the [[Kargil district|Kargil range]] overlooking the highway in Indian Kashmir that connects [[Srinagar]] and [[Leh]]. By blocking the highway, they could cut off the only link between the Kashmir Valley and [[Ladakh]]. This resulted in a large-scale conflict between the Indian and Pakistani armies. The final stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces, with India recapturing most of the territories<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Tariq|date=19 April 2001|title=Bitter Chill of Winter|newspaper=[[London Review of Books]]|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|access-date=20 May 2009|archive-date=1 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001175541/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nanda|first=Colonel Ravi|title=Kargil: A Wake Up Call|publisher=Vedams Books|year=1999|isbn=978-81-7095-074-5}} [https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm Online summary of the Book] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm|date=28 September | In mid-1999, alleged insurgents and Pakistani soldiers from [[Northern Areas, Pakistan|Pakistani Kashmir]] infiltrated Jammu and Kashmir. During the winter season, Indian forces regularly move down to lower altitudes, as severe climatic conditions makes it almost impossible for them to guard the high peaks near the Line of Control. This practice is followed by both India and Pakistan Army. The terrain makes it difficult for both sides to maintain a strict border control over Line of Control. The insurgents took advantage of this and occupied vacant mountain peaks in the [[Kargil district|Kargil range]] overlooking the highway in Indian Kashmir that connects [[Srinagar]] and [[Leh]]. By blocking the highway, they could cut off the only link between the Kashmir Valley and [[Ladakh]]. This resulted in a large-scale conflict between the Indian and Pakistani armies. The final stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces, with India recapturing most of the territories<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Tariq|date=19 April 2001|title=Bitter Chill of Winter|newspaper=[[London Review of Books]]|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|access-date=20 May 2009|archive-date=1 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001175541/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nanda|first=Colonel Ravi|title=Kargil: A Wake Up Call|publisher=Vedams Books|year=1999|isbn=978-81-7095-074-5}} [https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm Online summary of the Book] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm|date=28 September 2007}}</ref> held by Pakistani forces. | ||
Fears of the [[Kargil War]] turning into a [[nuclear warfare|nuclear war]] provoked the then-United States President [[Bill Clinton]] to pressure Pakistan to retreat. The Pakistan Army withdrew their remaining troops from the area, ending the conflict. India regained control of the Kargil peaks, which they now patrol and monitor all year long. | Fears of the [[Kargil War]] turning into a [[nuclear warfare|nuclear war]] provoked the then-United States President [[Bill Clinton]] to pressure Pakistan to retreat. The Pakistan Army withdrew their remaining troops from the area, ending the conflict. India regained control of the Kargil peaks, which they now patrol and monitor all year long. | ||
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===2000s Al-Qaeda involvement=== | ===2000s Al-Qaeda involvement=== | ||
{{Main|Al-Qaeda}} {{See also|Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden}} | {{Main|Al-Qaeda}} {{See also|Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden}} | ||
In a 'Letter to American People' written by [[Osama bin Laden]] in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America was because of its support for India on the Kashmir issue.<ref>{{cite | In a 'Letter to American People' written by [[Osama bin Laden]] in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America was because of its support for India on the Kashmir issue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver |author=Osama bin Laden |title=Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America' |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 November 2002 |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, US Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] suggested that [[Al-Qaeda]] was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2043800.stm |title=Analysis: Is al-Qaeda in Kashmir? |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 June 2002 |author=Zaffar Abbas |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="SMH">{{cite news|date=14 June 2002|title=Rumsfeld offers US technology to guard Kashmir border|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|agency=Agence France-Presse; The Telegraph, London|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/06/13/1023864326179.html|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> An investigation by a ''[[The Christian Science Monitor|Christian Science Monitor]]'' reporter in 2002 claimed to have unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] with tacit approval of Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] agency (ISI).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0702/p01s02-wosc.html |title=Al Qaeda thriving in Pakistani Kashmir |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=2 July 2002 |author=Philip Smucker |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> In 2002, a team comprising [[Special Air Service]] and [[Delta Force]] personnel was sent into [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1385795/SAS-joins-Kashmir-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1385795/SAS-joins-Kashmir-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=SAS joins Kashmir hunt for bin Laden |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=23 February 2002 |author=Michael Smith |access-date=29 August 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> US officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organise a campaign of terror in Kashmir to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Their strategy was to force Pakistan to move its troops to the border with India, thereby relieving pressure on Al-Qaeda elements hiding in northwestern Pakistan. US intelligence analysts say Al-Qaeda and [[Taliban]] operatives in Pakistan-administered Kashmir are helping terrorists trained in Afghanistan to infiltrate Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/05/29/taliban-kashmir.htm |title=Taliban, al-Qaeda linked to Kashmir |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=29 May 2002 |author=John Diamond |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> [[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]], the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies.<ref name=CFRKashmir>{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/kashmir-militant-extremists |title=Kashmir Militant Extremists |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=9 July 2009 |author=Jamal Afridi |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> In 2006 Al-Qaeda claim they have established a wing in Kashmir, which worried the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/13/world/asia/13iht-india.2194572.html |title=Al-Qaeda claim of Kashmir link worries India |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 July 2006 |author=Amelia Gentleman |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Indian Army Lieutenant General H.S. Panag, GOC-in-C Northern Command, told reporters that the army has ruled out the presence of Al-Qaeda in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. He said that there no evidence to verify media reports of an Al-Qaeda presence in the state. He ruled out Al-Qaeda ties with the militant groups in Kashmir including [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]. However, he stated that they had information about Al Qaeda's strong ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed operations in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/No-Al-Qaeda-presence-in-Kashmir-Army/article14779148.ece |title=No Al Qaeda presence in Kashmir: Army |work=The Hindu |date=18 June 2007 |access-date=29 August 2017 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, US Defense secretary [[Robert Gates]] stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilise the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/917182/al-qaeda-could-provoke-new-india-pakistan-war-gates |title=Al Qaeda could provoke new India-Pakistan war: Gates |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123140217/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/03-al-qaeda-could-provoke-new-india-pakistan-war-gates-ss-02 |archive-date=23 January 2010}}</ref> | ||
In June 2011, a US [[Drone attacks in Pakistan|Drone strike]] killed [[Ilyas Kashmiri (militant)|Ilyas Kashmiri]], chief of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]], a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/12-us+drones+killed+two+terrorist+leaders+in+pak--bi-10 US drones killed two terrorist leaders in Pak], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 17 September 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923225021/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/12-us+drones+killed+two+terrorist+leaders+in+pak--bi-10 |date=23 September | In June 2011, a US [[Drone attacks in Pakistan|Drone strike]] killed [[Ilyas Kashmiri (militant)|Ilyas Kashmiri]], chief of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]], a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/12-us+drones+killed+two+terrorist+leaders+in+pak--bi-10 US drones killed two terrorist leaders in Pak], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 17 September 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923225021/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/12-us+drones+killed+two+terrorist+leaders+in+pak--bi-10 |date=23 September 2009}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/01/25/us/AP-US-Chicago-Terrorism-Charges.html Chicago Man Pleads Not Guilty in Terror Cases], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 25 January 2010</ref> Kashmiri was described by [[Bruce Riedel]] as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member,<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/1215_terrorism_riedel.aspx Al Qaeda's American Mole] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924002003/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/1215_terrorism_riedel.aspx |date=24 September 2011}}, [[Brookings Institution]], 15 December 2009</ref> while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda.<ref>[http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/15-Oct-2009/ilyas-kashmiri-alive-lays-out-future-terror-strategy Ilyas Kashmiri alive, lays out future terror strategy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301104024/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/15-Oct-2009/ilyas-kashmiri-alive-lays-out-future-terror-strategy |date=1 March 2016}}, [[Daily Times (Pakistan)]], 15 October 2009</ref> [[Waziristan]] had by then become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants fighting [[NATO]] in support of Al-Qaeda.<ref name="The News:Ilyas">{{cite news |title=Ilyas Kashmiri had planned to attack COAS |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/197281 |access-date=25 November 2017 |publisher=The News |date=18 September 2009}}</ref> Ilyas Kashmiri was charged by the US in a plot against ''[[Jyllands-Posten]]'', the Danish newspaper at the center of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]].<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/04-ilyas-kashmiri-danish-plot-qs-04 US charges Ilyas Kashmiri in Danish newspaper plot], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 15 January 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119033057/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/04-ilyas-kashmiri-danish-plot-qs-04 |date=19 January 2010}}</ref> In April 2012, [[Farman Ali Shinwari]] a former member of Kashmiri separatist groups [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] and [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]], was appointed chief of al-Qaeda in Pakistan.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/farman-shinwari-new-al-qaeda-leader-kashmir-jihad-expert/20120718.htm |title=Farman Shinwari: New Al Qaeda leader, Kashmir jihad expert |date=18 July 2012 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> | ||
=== 2008−present === | === 2008−present === | ||
[[File:Kashmir Solidarity Day.JPG|thumbnail|[[Kashmir Solidarity Day]] on every 5 February is observed in Pakistan. This banner was hung in [[Islamabad]].]] | [[File:Kashmir Solidarity Day.JPG|thumbnail|[[Kashmir Solidarity Day]] on every 5 February is observed in Pakistan. This banner was hung in [[Islamabad]].]] | ||
In March 2008, two separate incidents were reported in Indian-administered Kashmir- a blast near the civil secretariat and high court, and a gun battle between security forces and militants which left five dead. The gunfight began when security forces raided a house on the outskirts of the capital city of [[Srinagar]] housing militants.<ref name=":12">{{cite news|author=Ahmad|first=Mukhtar|date=23 March 2008|title=Five dead after Kashmir gun battle|publisher=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/23/kashmir.battle/index.html|access-date=2 February | In March 2008, two separate incidents were reported in Indian-administered Kashmir- a blast near the civil secretariat and high court, and a gun battle between security forces and militants which left five dead. The gunfight began when security forces raided a house on the outskirts of the capital city of [[Srinagar]] housing militants.<ref name=":12">{{cite news|author=Ahmad|first=Mukhtar|date=23 March 2008|title=Five dead after Kashmir gun battle|publisher=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/23/kashmir.battle/index.html|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> The [[Indian Army]] has been carrying out cordon-and-search operations against militants in Indian-administered Kashmir since the violence broke out in 1989.<ref name=":12"/> | ||
Massive demonstrations followed a May 2008 decision of the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|state government of Jammu and Kashmir]] to [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|transfer {{convert|100|acre|km2}} of land]] to a trust which runs the Hindu [[Amarnath temple|Amarnath shrine]] in the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|author-link=Sumantra Bose|date=22 August 2008|title=Kashmir - missed chances for peace|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7576393.stm|access-date=2 February | Massive demonstrations followed a May 2008 decision of the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|state government of Jammu and Kashmir]] to [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|transfer {{convert|100|acre|km2}} of land]] to a trust which runs the Hindu [[Amarnath temple|Amarnath shrine]] in the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|author-link=Sumantra Bose|date=22 August 2008|title=Kashmir - missed chances for peace|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7576393.stm|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> This land was to be used to build a shelter to house Hindu pilgrims temporarily during their annual pilgrimage to the [[Amarnath temple]].<ref name=":13"/> Indian security forces including the army responded quickly to keep order. More than 40 unarmed protesters were killed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arney|first=George|date=14 October 2008|title=Non-violent protest in Kashmir|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2008/10/081016_kashmir_arney_dm.shtml|access-date=2 February 2010|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 September 2008|title=Top Kashmir separatists detained|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7600982.stm|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> The largest protests saw more than a half million people waving Pakistani flags and crying for freedom at a rally on 18 August, according to ''[[Time magazine]]''.<ref name=":13">{{cite magazine|last=Thottam|first=Jyoti|date=4 September 2008|title=Valley of Tears|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1838586,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916200408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html|archive-date=16 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|author-link=Arundhati Roy|date=2008-08-21|title=Arundhati Roy asks what would independence mean to the people of Kashmir?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/22/kashmir.india|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The Guardian}}</ref> The situation drew international reactions from separatist leaders and the United Nations.<ref name="Dawn:Mirwaiz">{{cite news |title=Mirwaiz warns of violent upsurge |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/320271/mirwaiz-warns-of-violent-upsurge |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=Dawn |date=8 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="unhchr.ch"/> Following the unrest in 2008, secessionist movements got a boost.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ghosh|first=Avijit|date=17 August 2008|title=In Kashmir, there's azadi in air|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|access-date=28 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=":13"/> Such demonstrations have been aloof of the fact that the India government very regularly undertakes activities to uplift the Muslim community and donates lands and other properties to the systemized [[Central Waqf Council|Waqf Boards]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2014|title=India to develop Waqf properties for Muslim welfare|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-to-develop-waqf-properties-for-muslim-welfare-1965481 |access-date=10 April 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 March 2014|title=Wakf Board to get 123 plots in capital's prime locations|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/wakf-board-to-get-123-plots-in-capitals-prime-locations/|access-date=10 April 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Despite the protests, [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|state elections in November–December 2008]] in Indian administered Kashmir saw a high voter turnout of more than 60% of the total registered electors.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Jameel|first=Yusuf|date=24 December 2008|title=Big Turnout, Amid Protests, in Kashmir Vote|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1868687,00.html|access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 November 2008|title=Kashmiris vote despite boycott call|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2008/11/20081117232949276497.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202100352/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2008/11/20081117232949276497.html|archive-date=2 December 2008|access-date=2 February 2010|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> | ||
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In 2009, protests started over the alleged [[2009 Shopian rape and murder case|rape and murder of two young women]] in [[Shopian]] in South Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Puri|first=Balraj|date=20 July 2010|title=Changing Character of Kashmir Movement By Balraj Puri|url=http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20Editorials/2010/July/20%20o/Changing%20Character%20of%20Kashmir%20Movement%20By%20Balraj%20Puri.htm|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.aljazeerah.info|publisher=Al-Jazeerah: Cross-Cultural Understanding}}</ref> The next summer again saw large-scale protests with the immediate trigger being a [[2010 Machil encounter|fake encounter staged by the military in Machil]], [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Javaid|date=5 July 2013|title=Chief Minister censures Army 'impunity'. Says Machil Fake Encounter Triggered 2010 Agitation.|work=Greater Kashmir|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jul/6/chief-minister-censures-army-impunity--70.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708223918/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jul/6/chief-minister-censures-army-impunity--70.asp|archive-date=8 July | In 2009, protests started over the alleged [[2009 Shopian rape and murder case|rape and murder of two young women]] in [[Shopian]] in South Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Puri|first=Balraj|date=20 July 2010|title=Changing Character of Kashmir Movement By Balraj Puri|url=http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20Editorials/2010/July/20%20o/Changing%20Character%20of%20Kashmir%20Movement%20By%20Balraj%20Puri.htm|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.aljazeerah.info|publisher=Al-Jazeerah: Cross-Cultural Understanding}}</ref> The next summer again saw large-scale protests with the immediate trigger being a [[2010 Machil encounter|fake encounter staged by the military in Machil]], [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Javaid|date=5 July 2013|title=Chief Minister censures Army 'impunity'. Says Machil Fake Encounter Triggered 2010 Agitation.|work=Greater Kashmir|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jul/6/chief-minister-censures-army-impunity--70.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708223918/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jul/6/chief-minister-censures-army-impunity--70.asp|archive-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> This [[2010 Kashmir unrest]] saw separatist sentiments, pro-independence slogans, protestors who defied curfews, attacked security forces with stones and burnt police vehicles and government buildings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Duff |first=Gordon |url=http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4863:hurriyat-g-launches-quit-kashmir-stir-with-hartal&catid=15:top-news&Itemid=2 |title=Hurriyat (G) Launches 'Quit Kashmir' Stir With Hartal |publisher=Kashmirobserver.net |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306063156/http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4863%3Ahurriyat-g-launches-quit-kashmir-stir-with-hartal&catid=15%3Atop-news&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="nyt20100911">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/asia/12kashmir.html |title=Buildings Are Set Ablaze During Protests in Kashmir |date=11 September 2010 |work=The New York Times |access-date=28 September 2010 |first1=Jim |last1=Yardley |first2=Hari |last2=Kumar}}</ref><ref name="nyt20100804">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/world/asia/05kashmir.html |title=Kashmiris Storm the Street, Defying Curfew |last=Pohlgren |first=Lydia |date=4 August 2010 |work=The New York Times |access-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> Security forces in Jammu and Kashmir fired live ammunition on the protesters, resulting in 112 deaths. The protests subsided after the Indian government announced a package of measures aimed at defusing the tensions in September 2010.<ref name="Reuters20100930">{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-51833120100929 |title=India to free protesters in Kashmir peace move |date=30 September 2010 |work=Reuters |access-date=29 September 2010}}</ref> | ||
Revelations made on 24 September 2013 by the former Indian army chief [[ | Revelations made on 24 September 2013 by the former Indian army chief [[V. K. Singh|General V. K. Singh]] claim that the state politicians of Jammu and Kashmir are funded by the army secret service to keep the general public calm and that this activity has been going on since Partition.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 September 2013|title=Paying ministers nothing new in J&K, former Army chief Gen VK Singh|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-24/india/42359670_1_gen-vk-singh-v-k-singh-former-army-chief|url-status=dead|access-date=9 October 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010042221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-24/india/42359670_1_gen-vk-singh-v-k-singh-former-army-chief|archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ali|first=Muddasir|date=24 September 2013|title=JK ministers on Army payroll: Gen Singh|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Sep/25/jk-ministers-on-army-payroll-gen-singh-20.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042242/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Sep/25/jk-ministers-on-army-payroll-gen-singh-20.asp|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=9 October 2013|publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2013|title=Army has paid all ministers in J&K for 'stabilising' the state,says V K Singh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/army-has-paid-all-ministers-in-jk-for-stabilising-the-state-says-v-k-singh/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> | ||
In October 2014, [[2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes|Indian and Pakistani troops traded LOC gunfire]] – the small-arms and mortar exchanges – which Indian officials called the worst violation of a 2003 ceasefire – left soldiers and civilians dead. Thousands of people fled their homes on both sides after the violence erupted on 5 October.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 October 2014 |title=India and Pakistan exchange fire in Kashmir border clashes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/08/india-pakistan-kashmir-border-clashes|access-date=11 October 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> | In October 2014, [[2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes|Indian and Pakistani troops traded LOC gunfire]] – the small-arms and mortar exchanges – which Indian officials called the worst violation of a 2003 ceasefire – left soldiers and civilians dead. Thousands of people fled their homes on both sides after the violence erupted on 5 October.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 October 2014 |title=India and Pakistan exchange fire in Kashmir border clashes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/08/india-pakistan-kashmir-border-clashes|access-date=11 October 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> | ||
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| || '''Total''' || {{center|'''87'''}} || {{center|'''65%'''}} | | || '''Total''' || {{center|'''87'''}} || {{center|'''65%'''}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5" |Sources:<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/elections/assembly2014/first-phase-of-jammu-kashmir-elections/article6632321.ece "turnout in J&K from November 17"], ''Rediff India'', 2008-10-19, accessed on 30 December 2008</ref><ref name="TO">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/2014-assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir-news/JK-assembly-polls-Voters-defy-separatists-election-boycott-call-71-28-turnout-in-first-phase/articleshow/45273423.cms J&K assembly polls: Voters defy separatists' election boycott call, 71.28% turnout in first phase], ''Rediff India'', 24 December 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/2014-assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir-news/71-voting-recorded-in-2nd-phase-of-Jammu-Kashmir-poll/articleshow/45349342.cms |title=71% voting recorded in 2nd phase of Jammu & Kashmir poll |date=2 December 2014 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/polls-in-the-shadow-of-terror-58-people-vote-in-jammu-and-kashmir-632205 |title=Polls in the Shadow of Terror: 58% People Vote in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=NDTV |access-date=9 December | | colspan="5" |Sources:<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/elections/assembly2014/first-phase-of-jammu-kashmir-elections/article6632321.ece "turnout in J&K from November 17"], ''Rediff India'', 2008-10-19, accessed on 30 December 2008</ref><ref name="TO">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/2014-assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir-news/JK-assembly-polls-Voters-defy-separatists-election-boycott-call-71-28-turnout-in-first-phase/articleshow/45273423.cms J&K assembly polls: Voters defy separatists' election boycott call, 71.28% turnout in first phase], ''Rediff India'', 24 December 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/2014-assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir-news/71-voting-recorded-in-2nd-phase-of-Jammu-Kashmir-poll/articleshow/45349342.cms |title=71% voting recorded in 2nd phase of Jammu & Kashmir poll |date=2 December 2014 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/polls-in-the-shadow-of-terror-58-people-vote-in-jammu-and-kashmir-632205 |title=Polls in the Shadow of Terror: 58% People Vote in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=NDTV |access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-live-voting-begins-for-third-phase-of-assembly-elections-in-jammu-and-kashmir-jharkhand-2042321 |title=Braving bullets 58% cast ballot in Jammu and Kashmir, 61% voting in Jharkhand in third phase of elections |publisher=dna India |access-date=9 December 2014|date=9 December 2014}}</ref> | ||
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On 8 July 2016, a militant leader [[Burhan Muzaffar Wani|Burhan Wani]] was cornered by the security forces and killed. Following his death, [[2016–2017 Kashmir unrest|protests and demonstrations]] led to an "amplified instability" in the Kashmir valley. Curfews were imposed in all 10 districts of Kashmir, over 100 civilians died and over 17,000 were injured in clashes with the police.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 July 2018|title=J&K: More civilians, security forces injured in 2016 than in 2010|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/jk-more-civilians-security-forces-injured-in-2016-than-in-2010/articleshow/59651760.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Umar|first=Baba|date=13 July 2016|title=Kashmir on Fire|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/kashmir-on-fire/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-21|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Fahad|date=14 July 2016|title=Burhan Wani's Killing Brings Kashmir to a Crossroads|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/burhan-wanis-killing-brings-kashmir-to-a-crossroads/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-21|website=|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref> More than 600 have pellet injuries to the face. To prevent volatile rumours, cellphone and internet services were blocked, and newspapers were also restricted in many parts of the region.<ref>{{cite web|last=Masoodi|first=Nazir|date=18 July 2016|title=PDP Legislator Injured After His Vehicle, Attacked By Crowd, Turns Over|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pdp-legislator-injured-after-vehicle-attacked-by-crowd-overturns-1432676|access-date=19 July 2016|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> | On 8 July 2016, a militant leader [[Burhan Muzaffar Wani|Burhan Wani]] was cornered by the security forces and killed. Following his death, [[2016–2017 Kashmir unrest|protests and demonstrations]] led to an "amplified instability" in the Kashmir valley. Curfews were imposed in all 10 districts of Kashmir, over 100 civilians died and over 17,000 were injured in clashes with the police.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 July 2018|title=J&K: More civilians, security forces injured in 2016 than in 2010|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/jk-more-civilians-security-forces-injured-in-2016-than-in-2010/articleshow/59651760.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Umar|first=Baba|date=13 July 2016|title=Kashmir on Fire|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/kashmir-on-fire/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-21|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Fahad|date=14 July 2016|title=Burhan Wani's Killing Brings Kashmir to a Crossroads|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/burhan-wanis-killing-brings-kashmir-to-a-crossroads/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-21|website=|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref> More than 600 have pellet injuries to the face. To prevent volatile rumours, cellphone and internet services were blocked, and newspapers were also restricted in many parts of the region.<ref>{{cite web|last=Masoodi|first=Nazir|date=18 July 2016|title=PDP Legislator Injured After His Vehicle, Attacked By Crowd, Turns Over|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pdp-legislator-injured-after-vehicle-attacked-by-crowd-overturns-1432676|access-date=19 July 2016|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> | ||
An attack by four militants on an Indian Army base on 18 September 2016, also known as the [[2016 Uri attack]], resulted in the death of 19 soldiers as well as the militants themselves.<ref>{{cite news |title=17 Indian soldiers killed in attack on Kashmir base |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/20-dead-attack-army-base-kashmir-160918055803596.html |access-date=24 October 2016 |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=18 September | An attack by four militants on an Indian Army base on 18 September 2016, also known as the [[2016 Uri attack]], resulted in the death of 19 soldiers as well as the militants themselves.<ref>{{cite news |title=17 Indian soldiers killed in attack on Kashmir base |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/20-dead-attack-army-base-kashmir-160918055803596.html |access-date=24 October 2016 |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=18 September 2016}}</ref> Response took various forms, including the postponement of the [[19th SAARC summit]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-09-30|title=SAARC summit "postponed indefinitely"|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/SAARC-summit-quotpostponed-indefinitelyquot/article15419427.ece|access-date=2021-12-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> asking the Russian government to call off a joint military exercise with Pakistan,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |title=Russia presses on with first ever joint exercise with Pakistan |journal=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |date=5 October 2016 |volume=53 |issue=40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shinde|first=Shalaka|date=2016-10-12|title=India Asks Russia to Stop Military Cooperation With Pakistan|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/world/india-asks-russia-stop-military-cooperation-with-pakistan-ahead-of-brics-goa-vladimir-putin-narendra-modi-exercises|access-date=2021-12-21|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> and the 'Indian Motion Picture Producers Association' decision to suspend work with Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Razvi|first=Sabika|date=2016-09-30|title=We Must Completely Black out Indian Content: Pak Reacts to Ban|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood-pakistani-artistes-ban-fawad-khan-mahira-khan-salman-khan-india-imppa-uri-indian-army-surgical-op-strike|access-date=2021-12-21|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> On the Pakistani side, military alertness was raised and some [[Pakistan International Airlines]] flights suspended. The Pakistani government denied any role and raised the issue of human rights violations by Indian security forces.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|date=18 September 2016|title=Seventeen Indian soldiers and four militants killed in Kashmir attack|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/18/nine-indian-soldiers-and-four-militants-killed-in-kashmir-attack|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Police in Kashmir confronting violent protestors December 2018.jpg|left|thumb|Indian police in Kashmir valley confronting violent protesters in December 2018]] | [[File:Police in Kashmir confronting violent protestors December 2018.jpg|left|thumb|Indian police in Kashmir valley confronting violent protesters in December 2018]] | ||
In the deadliest incident since 2016, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JEM) carried and claimed responsibility for [[2019 Pulwama attack|a suicide bomb attack]] on a military convoy in Pulwama that killed over 40 Indian soldiers on 14 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/36-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms |title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama | India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In [[2019 Balakot airstrike|retaliation]] 12 Indian fighter jets dropped bombs on a "terrorist camp" in Pakistan-controlled territory at of Kashmir, allegedly killing around 350 members in terrorist camps. As India trespassed Pakistan's air space, the incidents escalated the tension between India and Pakistan starting the [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff|2019 India–Pakistan border standoff]] and skirmishes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html |title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack| newspaper=The New York Times| date=25 February 2019| last1=Abi-Habib| first1=Maria| last2=Ramzy| first2=Austin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shah|first1=Aamir|last2=Kumar|first2=Sanjay|date=27 February 2019|title=Imran Khan calls for talks after India and Pakistan shoot down jets|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1458231/world|website=[[Arab News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajesh Roy in New Delhi and Saeed Shah in Islamabad|first=|date=26 February 2019|title=India Bombs Pakistan in Response to Kashmir Terrorist Attack|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/pakistan-says-indian-jets-dropped-bombs-but-caused-no-damage-11551158468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lazarus|first1=Neville|last2=Hope|first2=Russell|date=26 February 2019|title=Pakistan threatens India with retaliation after airstrike on militants|url=https://news.sky.com/story/indian-fighter-jets-hit-terror-training-camp-in-pakistan-controlled-kashmir-11648462|website=[[Sky News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Michael Safi |author2=Mehreen Zahra-Malik |author3=Azhar Farooq in Srinagar|date=2019-02-27|title='Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb |access-date=2021-12-21|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> In March 2019, a peace offer was fixed, ending the hostilities, and with both countries agreeing to fight terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kasuri|first1=Khurshid|author-link=Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri|last2=Kumar|first2=Radha|author-link2=Radha Kumar|date=2021-03-24|title=There is hope for Pakistan-India peace process|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1614187|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Dawn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kunwar|first=Col Nilesh|date=2021-04-06|title=Pakistan's peace offer came with fine print. Optimistic Indians failed to read it|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pakistans-peace-offer-came-with-fine-print-optimistic-indians-failed-to-read-it/634660/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> | In the deadliest incident since 2016, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JEM) carried and claimed responsibility for [[2019 Pulwama attack|a suicide bomb attack]] on a military convoy in Pulwama that killed over 40 Indian soldiers on 14 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/36-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms |title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama | India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In [[2019 Balakot airstrike|retaliation]] 12 Indian fighter jets dropped bombs on a "terrorist camp" in Pakistan-controlled territory at of Kashmir, allegedly killing around 350 members in terrorist camps. As India trespassed Pakistan's air space, the incidents escalated the tension between India and Pakistan starting the [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff|2019 India–Pakistan border standoff]] and skirmishes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html |title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack| newspaper=The New York Times| date=25 February 2019| last1=Abi-Habib| first1=Maria| last2=Ramzy| first2=Austin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shah|first1=Aamir|last2=Kumar|first2=Sanjay|date=27 February 2019|title=Imran Khan calls for talks after India and Pakistan shoot down jets|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1458231/world|website=[[Arab News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajesh Roy in New Delhi and Saeed Shah in Islamabad|first=|date=26 February 2019|title=India Bombs Pakistan in Response to Kashmir Terrorist Attack|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/pakistan-says-indian-jets-dropped-bombs-but-caused-no-damage-11551158468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lazarus|first1=Neville|last2=Hope|first2=Russell|date=26 February 2019|title=Pakistan threatens India with retaliation after airstrike on militants|url=https://news.sky.com/story/indian-fighter-jets-hit-terror-training-camp-in-pakistan-controlled-kashmir-11648462|website=[[Sky News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Michael Safi |author2=Mehreen Zahra-Malik |author3=Azhar Farooq in Srinagar|date=2019-02-27|title='Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb |access-date=2021-12-21|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> In March 2019, a peace offer was fixed, ending the hostilities, and with both countries agreeing to fight terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kasuri|first1=Khurshid|author-link=Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri|last2=Kumar|first2=Radha|author-link2=Radha Kumar|date=2021-03-24|title=There is hope for Pakistan-India peace process|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1614187|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Dawn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kunwar|first=Col Nilesh|date=2021-04-06|title=Pakistan's peace offer came with fine print. Optimistic Indians failed to read it|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pakistans-peace-offer-came-with-fine-print-optimistic-indians-failed-to-read-it/634660/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> | ||
In August 2019, India [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]] through Parliament, [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|abolishing Article 370]] and rendering the state [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|Constitution]] infructuous. Further both houses of the Indian parliament passed a [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019)|bill]] to reorganise the state into two union territories.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Schultz |first2=Kai |last3=Raj |first3=Suhasini |last4=Kumar |first4=Hari |title=India Revokes Kashmir's Special Status, Raising Fears of Unrest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jammu.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=5 August | In August 2019, India [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]] through Parliament, [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|abolishing Article 370]] and rendering the state [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|Constitution]] infructuous. Further both houses of the Indian parliament passed a [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019)|bill]] to reorganise the state into two union territories.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Schultz |first2=Kai |last3=Raj |first3=Suhasini |last4=Kumar |first4=Hari |title=India Revokes Kashmir's Special Status, Raising Fears of Unrest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jammu.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 August 2019|title=India revokes disputed Kashmir's special status with rush decree|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-abolishes-kashmir-special-status-rush-decree-190805061331958.html|access-date=5 August 2019|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> This was followed by a strict preventive [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|pre-emptive state lockdown]], which lasted until 5 February 2021 (A preventative lockdown was put in place after the death of Syed Ali Shah Geelani for 2 to 5 days).<ref>{{Cite web|title=India restores 4G internet services in two districts of Kashmir|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/17/india-restores-4g-internet-services-in-two-districts-of-kashmir|access-date=2020-11-09|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hussain|first=Aijaz|date=August 21, 2019|title=At Least 2,300 People Have Been Detained During the Lockdown in Kashmir|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/|url-status=dead|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821182839/https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/|archive-date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":3522">Abhinav Pandya (October 2019). [https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/J-and-k-Review-of-Developments-Post-the-Abrogation-of-Article-370.pdf J&K: Review of Developments Post the Abrogation of Article 370]. ''Vivekananda International Foundation''. Retrieved on 20 October 2021.</ref> LOC border [[2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes|clashes]] in November 2020 and onwards resulted in 24 deaths of both military personnel and civilians.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bukhari|first1=Fayaz|last2=Naqash|first2=Abu Arqam|date=2020-11-13|title=Indian and Pakistani troops exchange fire, at least 15 dead|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-pakistan-idUKKBN27T22H|access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hashim|first=Asad|date=16 December 2020|title=Pakistan says two soldiers killed by Indian shelling in Kashmir|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/16/two-pakistani-soldiers-killed-by-indian-shelling-in-kashmir|access-date=2021-12-21|website=|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> | ||
==National stances== | ==National stances== | ||
| Line 424: | Line 424: | ||
|– | |– | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Azad Kashmir | ||
|~2.6 million | |~2.6 million | ||
|100% | |100% | ||
| Line 448: | Line 448: | ||
| colspan="7" | | | colspan="7" | | ||
* Statistics from the [[BBC]] report "In Depth"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/|title=BBC NEWS|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> | * Statistics from the [[BBC]] report "In Depth"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/|title=BBC NEWS|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> | ||
* 525,000 refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir migrated to Pakistan and | * 525,000 refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir migrated to Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in 1947–48.{{sfn|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=153}} | ||
* 226,000 refugees from Pakistan-administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir in 1947–48.{{sfn|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=153}} | * 226,000 refugees from Pakistan-administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir in 1947–48.{{sfn|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=153}} | ||
* A minimum of 506,000 people in the Indian Administered Kashmir valley are [[internally displaced]] due to militancy in [[Kashmir]], about half of whom are [[Kashmiri Pandit|Hindu pandits]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2194.html#in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418003947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2194.html#in |archive-date=18 April 2015 |title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA}}</ref> | * A minimum of 506,000 people in the Indian Administered Kashmir valley are [[internally displaced]] due to militancy in [[Kashmir]], about half of whom are [[Kashmiri Pandit|Hindu pandits]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2194.html#in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418003947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2194.html#in |archive-date=18 April 2015 |title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA}}</ref> | ||
| Line 457: | Line 457: | ||
===Indian view=== | ===Indian view=== | ||
[[File:Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961).jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja Hari Singh]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] in October 1947 under which he acceded the [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|State of Jammu and Kashmir]] to the Union of India.]] | [[File:Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961).jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja Hari Singh]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] in October 1947 under which he acceded the [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|State of Jammu and Kashmir]] to the Union of India.]] | ||
India has officially stated that it believes Kashmir to be an integral part of India, though the then Prime Minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh]], stated after the [[2010 Kashmir Unrest]] that his government was willing to grant autonomy to the region within the purview of Indian constitution if there was consensus among political parties on this issue.<ref>{{ | India has officially stated that it believes Kashmir to be an integral part of India, though the then Prime Minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh]], stated after the [[2010 Kashmir Unrest]] that his government was willing to grant autonomy to the region within the purview of Indian constitution if there was consensus among political parties on this issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/bjp-challenges-pm-on-kashmir-autonomy-issue/|title=BJP challenges PM on Kashmir autonomy issue|date=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-11/india/28297162_1_autonomy-jammu-and-kashmir-bjp-questions |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712071508/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-11/india/28297162_1_autonomy-jammu-and-kashmir-bjp-questions |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=BJP questions PM's Kashmir autonomy remark |date=11 August 2010}}</ref> The Indian viewpoint is succinctly summarised by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External affairs]], Government of India<ref name=meaindweb>{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/kashmirissue.htm |title=Ministry of External Affairs, India – Kashmir Issue |publisher=Meaindia.nic.in |access-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616161619/http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/kashmirissue.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref name=meaindpdf>{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/19jk01.pdf |title=Kashmir: The true story, Ministry of External Affairs, India |access-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106084737/http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/19jk01.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2007}}</ref> — | ||
* India holds that the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], signed by Maharaja Hari Singh (erstwhile ruler of the State) on 25 October 1947<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/freedom/0710jha2.htm |title=Excerpted from Kashmir 1947, Rival Versions of History, by Prem Shankar Jha, Oxford University Press, 1996 – An interview of Sam Manekshaw, the first field marshal in the Indian army, then chosen to accompany V P Menon on his historic mission to Kashmir. |access-date=19 May | * India holds that the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], signed by Maharaja Hari Singh (erstwhile ruler of the State) on 25 October 1947<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/freedom/0710jha2.htm |title=Excerpted from Kashmir 1947, Rival Versions of History, by Prem Shankar Jha, Oxford University Press, 1996 – An interview of Sam Manekshaw, the first field marshal in the Indian army, then chosen to accompany V P Menon on his historic mission to Kashmir. |access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Chief Justice JSAnand">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jun/01jk.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT Special: The Real Kashmir Story|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> and executed on 27 October 1947<ref name="Chief Justice JSAnand"/> between the ruler of Kashmir and the Governor General of India was a legal act and completely valid in terms of the Government of India Act (1935), Indian Independence Act (1947) as well as under international law and as such was total and irrevocable.<ref name=meaindpdf/> | ||
* The [[Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] had unanimously ratified the Maharaja's Instrument of Accession to India and adopted a constitution for the state that called for a perpetual merger of Jammu and Kashmir with the Union of India. India claims that the constituent assembly was a representative one, and that its views were those of the Kashmiri people at the time.<ref group=note name="Sayyid Mir Qasim"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/KashmirStory/chapter2.html |title=The Kashmir Story, M. L. Kotru |publisher=Kashmir Information Network |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726173149/http://www.kashmir-information.com/KashmirStory/chapter2.html |archive-date=26 July | * The [[Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] had unanimously ratified the Maharaja's Instrument of Accession to India and adopted a constitution for the state that called for a perpetual merger of Jammu and Kashmir with the Union of India. India claims that the constituent assembly was a representative one, and that its views were those of the Kashmiri people at the time.<ref group=note name="Sayyid Mir Qasim"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/KashmirStory/chapter2.html |title=The Kashmir Story, M. L. Kotru |publisher=Kashmir Information Network |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726173149/http://www.kashmir-information.com/KashmirStory/chapter2.html |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> | ||
* [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172]] tacitly accepts India's stand regarding all outstanding issues between India and Pakistan and urges the need to resolve the dispute through mutual dialogue without the need for a plebiscite in the framework of UN Charter.<ref>Territorial Disputes and Conflict Management: The Art of Avoiding War By Rongxing Guo page 68</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.undemocracy.com/S-RES-1172(1998).pdf |title=Full Text of Resolution 1172 |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327133349/http://www.undemocracy.com/S-RES-1172%281998%29.pdf |archive-date=27 March | * [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172]] tacitly accepts India's stand regarding all outstanding issues between India and Pakistan and urges the need to resolve the dispute through mutual dialogue without the need for a plebiscite in the framework of UN Charter.<ref>Territorial Disputes and Conflict Management: The Art of Avoiding War By Rongxing Guo page 68</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.undemocracy.com/S-RES-1172(1998).pdf |title=Full Text of Resolution 1172 |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327133349/http://www.undemocracy.com/S-RES-1172%281998%29.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref> | ||
* [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47]] cannot be implemented since Pakistan failed to withdraw its forces from Kashmir, which was the first step in implementing the resolution.<ref name="telegraph2001">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=A brief history of Kashmir conflict |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 September 2001 |access-date=2 February 2010 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> India is also of the view that Resolution 47 is obsolete, since the geography and demographics of the region have permanently altered since it adoption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/kashmir/kashmir_mea/UN.html |title=Indian Embassy, Washington, D.C. – A Comprehensive note on Jammu & Kashmir |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117125422/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/UN.html |archive-date=17 November | * [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47]] cannot be implemented since Pakistan failed to withdraw its forces from Kashmir, which was the first step in implementing the resolution.<ref name="telegraph2001">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=A brief history of Kashmir conflict |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 September 2001 |access-date=2 February 2010 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> India is also of the view that Resolution 47 is obsolete, since the geography and demographics of the region have permanently altered since it adoption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/kashmir/kashmir_mea/UN.html |title=Indian Embassy, Washington, D.C. – A Comprehensive note on Jammu & Kashmir |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117125422/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/UN.html |archive-date=17 November 2009}}</ref> The resolution was passed by [[United Nations Security Council]] under [[Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter]] and as such is non-binding with no mandatory enforceability, as opposed to resolutions passed under Chapter VII.<ref name="pakun.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.pakun.org/statements/Security_Council/2003/05132003-01.php |title=Foreign Minister of Pakistan, on the role of the Security Council in the Pacific Settlement of Disputes |publisher=Pakun.org |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="dawn.com">{{cite news |last1=Ahmad |first1=Shamshad |title=Kashmir policy: an overview |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1066295/dawn-opinion-05-august-2004 |access-date=13 September 2015 |publisher=Dawn |date=5 August 2004}}</ref> | ||
* India does not accept the [[Two Nation Theory|two-nation theory]] that forms the basis of Pakistan's claims and considers that Kashmir, despite being a Muslim-majority region, is in many ways an "integral part" of [[secularism in India|secular India]].<ref name="Hardgrave, Robert. -India: The Dilemmas of Diversity"/> | * India does not accept the [[Two Nation Theory|two-nation theory]] that forms the basis of Pakistan's claims and considers that Kashmir, despite being a Muslim-majority region, is in many ways an "integral part" of [[secularism in India|secular India]].<ref name="Hardgrave, Robert. -India: The Dilemmas of Diversity"/> | ||
* The state of Jammu and Kashmir was provided with significant autonomy under [[Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=M.J. Akbar Monday |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501021007-356124,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901081614/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501021007-356124,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2009 |title=Exerting Moral Force |magazine=Time |date=30 September 2002 |access-date=2 February | * The state of Jammu and Kashmir was provided with significant autonomy under [[Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=M.J. Akbar Monday |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501021007-356124,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901081614/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501021007-356124,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2009 |title=Exerting Moral Force |magazine=Time |date=30 September 2002 |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
* All differences between India and Pakistan, including Kashmir, need to be settled through bilateral negotiations as agreed to by the two countries under the Simla Agreement signed on 2 July 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/sim-ag.htm |title=Ministry of External Affairs, India – Simla Agreement |publisher=Meaindia.nic.in |access-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620061456/http://www.meaindia.nic.in/jk/sim-ag.htm |archive-date=20 June | * All differences between India and Pakistan, including Kashmir, need to be settled through bilateral negotiations as agreed to by the two countries under the Simla Agreement signed on 2 July 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/sim-ag.htm |title=Ministry of External Affairs, India – Simla Agreement |publisher=Meaindia.nic.in |access-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620061456/http://www.meaindia.nic.in/jk/sim-ag.htm |archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> | ||
Additional Indian viewpoints regarding the broader debate over the Kashmir conflict include: | Additional Indian viewpoints regarding the broader debate over the Kashmir conflict include: | ||
* In a diverse country like India, disaffection and discontent are not uncommon. Indian democracy has the necessary resilience to accommodate genuine grievances within the framework of India's sovereignty, unity, and integrity. The Government of India has expressed its willingness to accommodate the legitimate political demands of the people of the state of Kashmir.<ref name=meaindweb/> | * In a diverse country like India, disaffection and discontent are not uncommon. Indian democracy has the necessary resilience to accommodate genuine grievances within the framework of India's sovereignty, unity, and integrity. The Government of India has expressed its willingness to accommodate the legitimate political demands of the people of the state of Kashmir.<ref name=meaindweb/> | ||
* Insurgency and terrorism in Kashmir is deliberately fuelled by Pakistan to create instability in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/04/17/pakistan.india.talks/index.html |title=Pakistan, India meet on Kashmir |publisher=CNN |date=18 April 2005 |access-date=2 February | * Insurgency and terrorism in Kashmir is deliberately fuelled by Pakistan to create instability in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/04/17/pakistan.india.talks/index.html |title=Pakistan, India meet on Kashmir |publisher=CNN |date=18 April 2005 |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> The Government of India has repeatedly accused Pakistan of waging a [[proxy war]] in Kashmir by providing weapons and financial assistance to [[Pakistan and state terrorism|terrorist groups]] in the region.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/414485.stm World: South Asia Vajpayee: Pakistan a 'terrorist' state], [[BBC]], 9 August 1999</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E5D61539F934A25754C0A9649C8B63 "India Renews Call for U.S. to Declare Pakistan a Terrorist State"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 17 July 2002</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000929055608/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/BB05Df01.html COMMENTARY: Qualifying as a terrorist state], ''[[Asia Times Online]]'', 5 February 2002</ref><ref name="Dawn: Congress">{{cite news |title=Congress wants Pakistan declared terror state |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/342450/congress-wants-pakistan-declared-terror-state |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=Dawn |date=8 February 2009}}</ref> | ||
* Pakistan is trying to raise anti-India sentiment among the people of Kashmir by spreading false propaganda against India.<ref name=propaganda>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/Policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Paki_propaganda.html |title=Pakistan'S Anti-India Propaganda |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117160434/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Paki_propaganda.html |archive-date=17 January | * Pakistan is trying to raise anti-India sentiment among the people of Kashmir by spreading false propaganda against India.<ref name=propaganda>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/Policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Paki_propaganda.html |title=Pakistan'S Anti-India Propaganda |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117160434/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Paki_propaganda.html |archive-date=17 January 2010}}</ref> According to the state government of Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistani radio and television channels deliberately spread "hate and venom" against India to alter Kashmiri opinion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=66049 |title=Pak media being anti-India: J&K CM |work=The Indian Express |date=13 April 2006 |access-date=2 February 2010 |archive-date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312100005/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=66049 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
* India has asked the United Nations not to leave unchallenged or unaddressed the claims of moral, political, and diplomatic support for terrorism, which were clearly in contravention of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373]]. This is a [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Chapter VII]] resolution that makes it mandatory for member states to not provide active or passive support to terrorist organisations.<ref>[http://www.un.int/india/ind892.pdf STATEMENT BY MR. V.K. NAMBIAR, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE, ON THREATS OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY CAUSED BY TERRORIST ACTS AT THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON MARCH 4, 2004], United Nations, 4 March 2004 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327133345/http://www.un.int/india/ind892.pdf |date=27 March | * India has asked the United Nations not to leave unchallenged or unaddressed the claims of moral, political, and diplomatic support for terrorism, which were clearly in contravention of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373]]. This is a [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Chapter VII]] resolution that makes it mandatory for member states to not provide active or passive support to terrorist organisations.<ref>[http://www.un.int/india/ind892.pdf STATEMENT BY MR. V.K. NAMBIAR, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE, ON THREATS OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY CAUSED BY TERRORIST ACTS AT THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON MARCH 4, 2004], United Nations, 4 March 2004 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327133345/http://www.un.int/india/ind892.pdf |date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20011111211644/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/index.cfm?docid=5108 UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001)], [[United States Department of State]]</ref> Specifically, it has pointed out that the Pakistani government continues to support various terrorist organisations, such as [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammad]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], in direct violation of this resolution.<ref>[http://secint04.un.org/india/ind575.pdf Statement by Mr. Kamalesh Sharma, Permanent Representative on Threats to International Peace and Security Caused by Terrorist Acts in the Security Council on January 18, 2002.] United Nations. 18 January 2002 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327133348/http://secint04.un.org/india/ind575.pdf|date=27 March 2009}}</ref> | ||
* India points out reports by human rights organisations condemning Pakistan for the lack of civic liberties in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name=propaganda/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404141200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106190736/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404141200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2006 |title=No freedom in PoK: Human Rights Watch |date=24 September 2006 |access-date=2 February 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> According to India, most regions of Pakistani Kashmir, especially Northern Areas, continue to suffer from lack of political recognition, economic development, and basic fundamental rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Northern_Areas.html |title=A Comprehensive Note on Jammu & Kashmir THE NORTHERN AREAS |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127151733/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Northern_Areas.html |archive-date=27 November | * India points out reports by human rights organisations condemning Pakistan for the lack of civic liberties in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name=propaganda/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404141200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106190736/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404141200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2006 |title=No freedom in PoK: Human Rights Watch |date=24 September 2006 |access-date=2 February 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> According to India, most regions of Pakistani Kashmir, especially Northern Areas, continue to suffer from lack of political recognition, economic development, and basic fundamental rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Northern_Areas.html |title=A Comprehensive Note on Jammu & Kashmir THE NORTHERN AREAS |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127151733/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Northern_Areas.html |archive-date=27 November 2009}}</ref> | ||
* [[Karan Singh]], the son of the last ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, has said that the Instrument of Accession signed by his father was the same as signed by other states. He opined that Kashmir was therefore a part of India, and that its special status granted by [[Article 370]] of the Indian Constitution stemmed from the fact that it had its own constitution.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Arun|date=23 October 2010|title=Karan echoes Omar, but 'J&K part of India'|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/karan-echoes-omar-but--j-k-part-of-india-/701340/|access-date=24 May 2012|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> | * [[Karan Singh]], the son of the last ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, has said that the Instrument of Accession signed by his father was the same as signed by other states. He opined that Kashmir was therefore a part of India, and that its special status granted by [[Article 370]] of the Indian Constitution stemmed from the fact that it had its own constitution.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Arun|date=23 October 2010|title=Karan echoes Omar, but 'J&K part of India'|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/karan-echoes-omar-but--j-k-part-of-india-/701340/|access-date=24 May 2012|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> | ||
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In 2008, the death toll from the last 20 years was estimated by Indian authorities to be over 47,000.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news|date=21 November 2008|title=India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000|work=Hindustan Times|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-revises-kashmir-death-toll-to-47-000/story-GMAVMI0aa9zTm0oFQkUfgK.html}}</ref> | In 2008, the death toll from the last 20 years was estimated by Indian authorities to be over 47,000.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news|date=21 November 2008|title=India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000|work=Hindustan Times|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-revises-kashmir-death-toll-to-47-000/story-GMAVMI0aa9zTm0oFQkUfgK.html}}</ref> | ||
In 2017 India's Union Home Minister, [[Rajnath Singh]], demanded that Pakistan desist from demanding a plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir, saying: "If at all a referendum is required, it is needed in Pakistan, where people should be asked whether they want to continue in Pakistan or are demanding the country's merger with India".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Sheo |title=Not J&K, Pakistan needs referendum: Rajnath Singh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/before-raising-kashmir-issue-hold-referendum-on-your-own-soil-rajnath-singh-tells-pakistan/articleshow/56988767.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 February | In 2017 India's Union Home Minister, [[Rajnath Singh]], demanded that Pakistan desist from demanding a plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir, saying: "If at all a referendum is required, it is needed in Pakistan, where people should be asked whether they want to continue in Pakistan or are demanding the country's merger with India".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Sheo |title=Not J&K, Pakistan needs referendum: Rajnath Singh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/before-raising-kashmir-issue-hold-referendum-on-your-own-soil-rajnath-singh-tells-pakistan/articleshow/56988767.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 February 2017}}</ref> | ||
===Pakistani view=== | ===Pakistani view=== | ||
[[File:Kashmir-Pakistan-government-map.jpg|thumb|Map of Kashmir as drawn by the Government of Pakistan]] | [[File:Kashmir-Pakistan-government-map.jpg|thumb|Map of Kashmir as drawn by the Government of Pakistan]] | ||
Pakistan maintains that Kashmir is the "jugular vein of Pakistan"<ref name="dawndec2006">{{Cite news|date=16 December 2006|title=Kashmir jugular vein of Pakistan: Durrani|language=en-PK|work=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/223610|access-date=9 April | Pakistan maintains that Kashmir is the "jugular vein of Pakistan"<ref name="dawndec2006">{{Cite news|date=16 December 2006|title=Kashmir jugular vein of Pakistan: Durrani|language=en-PK|work=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/223610|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> and a currently disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the people of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Adeel|date=20 July 2016|title=Who said what about Kashmir in the last one year|language=en-PK|work=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1270329|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=23 March 2016|title=Kashmir is 'jugular vein' of Pakistan: President|work=The Times of India|agency=PTI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Kashmir-is-jugular-vein-of-Pakistan-President/articleshow/51529957.cms|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> Pakistan's claims to the disputed region are based on the rejection of Indian claims to Kashmir, namely the Instrument of Accession. Pakistan insists that the Maharaja was not a popular leader, and was regarded as a tyrant by most Kashmiris. Pakistan maintains that the Maharaja used brute force to suppress the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=159&rnd=460 |title=Azad Kashmir Regiment |publisher=Pakistanarmy.gov.pk |date=15 August 1947 |access-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404144319/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=159&rnd=460 |archive-date=4 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
Pakistan claims that Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession was signed with India, and that therefore Indian troops were in Kashmir in violation of the [[Standstill Agreement]], which was designed to maintain the status quo in Kashmir (although India was not signatory to the Agreement, which was signed between Pakistan and the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir).<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|date=16 January 2002|title=Kashmir: The origins of the dispute|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1762146.stm|access-date=2 February | Pakistan claims that Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession was signed with India, and that therefore Indian troops were in Kashmir in violation of the [[Standstill Agreement]], which was designed to maintain the status quo in Kashmir (although India was not signatory to the Agreement, which was signed between Pakistan and the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir).<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|date=16 January 2002|title=Kashmir: The origins of the dispute|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1762146.stm|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Pages/Brief.htm |title=Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Mofa.gov.pk |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105162742/http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Pages/Brief.htm |archive-date=5 January 2010}}</ref> | ||
From 1990 to 1999, some organisations reported that the [[Indian Armed Forces]], its paramilitary groups, and counter-insurgent militias were responsible for the deaths of 4,501 Kashmiri civilians. During the same period, there were records of 4,242 women between the ages of 7–70 being raped.<ref>{{cite web|last=Suliman|first=Anver|date=24 March 2000|title=Cry and Anguish for Freedom in Kashmir|url=http://www.mediamonitors.net/suliman1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204071100/http://www.mediamonitors.net/suliman1.html|archive-date=4 February 2015|access-date=2 February 2010|publisher=Media Monitors Network}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hashmi|first=Syed Junaid|date=31 March 2007|title=Conflict Rape Victims: Abandoned And Forgotten By Syed Junaid Hashmi|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/kashmir-hashmi310307.htm|access-date=2 February 2010|publisher=[[Countercurrents.org]]}}</ref> Similar allegations were also made by some human rights organisations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/asia/india.html |title=Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: India: Human Rights Developments |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2 February | From 1990 to 1999, some organisations reported that the [[Indian Armed Forces]], its paramilitary groups, and counter-insurgent militias were responsible for the deaths of 4,501 Kashmiri civilians. During the same period, there were records of 4,242 women between the ages of 7–70 being raped.<ref>{{cite web|last=Suliman|first=Anver|date=24 March 2000|title=Cry and Anguish for Freedom in Kashmir|url=http://www.mediamonitors.net/suliman1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204071100/http://www.mediamonitors.net/suliman1.html|archive-date=4 February 2015|access-date=2 February 2010|publisher=Media Monitors Network}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hashmi|first=Syed Junaid|date=31 March 2007|title=Conflict Rape Victims: Abandoned And Forgotten By Syed Junaid Hashmi|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/kashmir-hashmi310307.htm|access-date=2 February 2010|publisher=[[Countercurrents.org]]}}</ref> Similar allegations were also made by some human rights organisations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/asia/india.html |title=Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: India: Human Rights Developments |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
In short, Pakistan holds that:<!-- This is the view of Pakistan --> | In short, Pakistan holds that:<!-- This is the view of Pakistan --> | ||
* The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India. Pakistan suggests that this means that Kashmir either wants to be with Pakistan or independent.<ref>[http://www.ajk.gov.pk/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2471&Itemid=2 Kashmiris want accession to Pakistan: Attique] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508185151/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2471&Itemid=2 |date=8 May | * The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India. Pakistan suggests that this means that Kashmir either wants to be with Pakistan or independent.<ref>[http://www.ajk.gov.pk/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2471&Itemid=2 Kashmiris want accession to Pakistan: Attique] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508185151/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2471&Itemid=2 |date=8 May 2016}}</ref> | ||
* According to the [[two-nation theory]], one of the principles that is cited for the partition that created India and Pakistan, Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority. | * According to the [[two-nation theory]], one of the principles that is cited for the partition that created India and Pakistan, Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority. | ||
* India has shown disregard for the resolutions of the UN Security Council and the United Nations Commission in India and Pakistan by failing to hold a plebiscite to determine the future allegiance of the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1766582.stm |title=South Asia | Kashmir's forgotten plebiscite |work=BBC News |date=17 January 2002 |access-date=2 February 2010 |first=Victoria |last=Schofield}}</ref> | * India has shown disregard for the resolutions of the UN Security Council and the United Nations Commission in India and Pakistan by failing to hold a plebiscite to determine the future allegiance of the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1766582.stm |title=South Asia | Kashmir's forgotten plebiscite |work=BBC News |date=17 January 2002 |access-date=2 February 2010 |first=Victoria |last=Schofield}}</ref> | ||
* The reason for India's disregard of the resolutions of the UN Security Council was given by India's Defense Minister, Kirshnan Menon, who said: "Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive.<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref name="Kashmir Old Headache">Endrst, Jeff (8 September 1965). "Kashmir Old Headache For U.N". ''The Pittsburgh Press''. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</ref> | * The reason for India's disregard of the resolutions of the UN Security Council was given by India's Defense Minister, Kirshnan Menon, who said: "Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive.<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref name="Kashmir Old Headache">Endrst, Jeff (8 September 1965). "Kashmir Old Headache For U.N". ''The Pittsburgh Press''. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</ref> | ||
* Pakistan was of the view that the Maharaja of Kashmir had no right to call in the Indian Army, because it held that the Maharaja of Kashmir was not a hereditary ruler and was merely a British appointee, after the British defeated Ranjit Singh who ruled the area before the British conquest.<ref | * Pakistan was of the view that the Maharaja of Kashmir had no right to call in the Indian Army, because it held that the Maharaja of Kashmir was not a hereditary ruler and was merely a British appointee, after the British defeated Ranjit Singh who ruled the area before the British conquest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Colin |title=General view at Srinagar. |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000000394u00076000.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.bl.uk}}</ref> | ||
* Pakistan has noted the widespread use of [[extrajudicial killing]]s in Indian-administered Kashmir carried out by Indian security forces while claiming they were caught up in encounters with militants. These encounters are commonplace in Indian-administered Kashmir. The encounters go largely uninvestigated by the authorities, and the perpetrators are spared criminal prosecution.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm |title=South Asia | Kashmir's extra-judicial killings |work=BBC News |date=8 March 2007 |access-date=2 February | * Pakistan has noted the widespread use of [[extrajudicial killing]]s in Indian-administered Kashmir carried out by Indian security forces while claiming they were caught up in encounters with militants. These encounters are commonplace in Indian-administered Kashmir. The encounters go largely uninvestigated by the authorities, and the perpetrators are spared criminal prosecution.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm |title=South Asia | Kashmir's extra-judicial killings |work=BBC News |date=8 March 2007 |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/01/29/india-prosecute-police-killings-jammu-and-kashmir |title=India: Prosecute Police for Killings in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=31 January 2007 |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
* Pakistan disputes claims by India with reference to the Simla Agreement that UN resolutions on Kashmir have lost their relevance. It argues that legally and politically, UN Resolutions cannot be superseded without the UN Security Council adopting a resolution to that effect. It also maintains the Simla Agreement emphasised exploring a peaceful bilateral outcome, without excluding the role of UN and other negotiations. This is based on its interpretation of Article 1(i) stating "the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations shall govern the relations between the two countries".<ref>{{cite book |title=Regional and Ethnic Conflicts: Perspectives from the Front Lines |first1=Judy |last1=Carter |first2=George |last2=Irani |first3=Vamik D |last3=Volkan |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317344667 |page=49|date=2 July | * Pakistan disputes claims by India with reference to the Simla Agreement that UN resolutions on Kashmir have lost their relevance. It argues that legally and politically, UN Resolutions cannot be superseded without the UN Security Council adopting a resolution to that effect. It also maintains the Simla Agreement emphasised exploring a peaceful bilateral outcome, without excluding the role of UN and other negotiations. This is based on its interpretation of Article 1(i) stating "the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations shall govern the relations between the two countries".<ref>{{cite book |title=Regional and Ethnic Conflicts: Perspectives from the Front Lines |first1=Judy |last1=Carter |first2=George |last2=Irani |first3=Vamik D |last3=Volkan |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317344667 |page=49|date=2 July 2015}}</ref> | ||
Human rights organisations have strongly condemned Indian troops for widespread rape and murder of innocent civilians while accusing these civilians of being militants.<ref>{{cite web |author=Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch. |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/09/india-hold-abusers-kashmir-accountable |title=India: Hold Abusers in Kashmir Accountable |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=6 January | Human rights organisations have strongly condemned Indian troops for widespread rape and murder of innocent civilians while accusing these civilians of being militants.<ref>{{cite web |author=Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch. |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/09/india-hold-abusers-kashmir-accountable |title=India: Hold Abusers in Kashmir Accountable |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm |work=BBC News |date=8 March 2007 |access-date=27 March 2010 |title=Kashmir's extra-judicial killings}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=6 February 2007|title=Indian Army and Police Tied to Kashmir Killings|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/world/asia/06kashmir.html|access-date=27 March 2010}}</ref> | ||
* The Chenab formula was a compromise proposed in the 1960s, in which the Kashmir valley and other Muslim-dominated areas north of the [[Chenab river]] would go to Pakistan, and Jammu and other Hindu-dominated regions would go to India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/7.stm |title=The Future of Kasmir? Scenario seven: The Chenab formula |work=BBC News |access-date=2 February | * The Chenab formula was a compromise proposed in the 1960s, in which the Kashmir valley and other Muslim-dominated areas north of the [[Chenab river]] would go to Pakistan, and Jammu and other Hindu-dominated regions would go to India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/7.stm |title=The Future of Kasmir? Scenario seven: The Chenab formula |work=BBC News |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
A poll by an Indian newspaper shows 48% of Pakistanis want Islamabad "to take full control" of Kashmir, while 47% of Pakistanis support Kashmiri independence.<ref name="reuters.com"/> | A poll by an Indian newspaper shows 48% of Pakistanis want Islamabad "to take full control" of Kashmir, while 47% of Pakistanis support Kashmiri independence.<ref name="reuters.com"/> | ||
Former Pakistani President General [[Pervez Musharraf]] on 16 October 2014 said that Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir,<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776475/pakistan-needs-to-incite-those-fighting-in-kashmir-musharraf/ |title=Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf |date=16 October 2014 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=10 April | Former Pakistani President General [[Pervez Musharraf]] on 16 October 2014 said that Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir,<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/776475/pakistan-needs-to-incite-those-fighting-in-kashmir-musharraf/ |title=Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf |date=16 October 2014 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-needs-to-incite-those-fighting-in-Kashmir-Musharraf/articleshow/44836162.cms |title=Pakistan needs to 'incite' those 'fighting' in Kashmir: Musharraf |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref> "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army…People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite them," Musharraf told a TV channel.<ref name="tribune.com.pk"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> | ||
In 2015 Pakistan's outgoing National Security Advisor [[Sartaj Aziz]] said that Pakistan wished to have third party mediation on Kashmir, but it was unlikely to happen unless by international pressure.<ref name="Pak wishes to have 3rd party mediation on Kashmir: Aziz"/> "Under [[Simla Agreement|Shimla Accord]] it was decided that India and Pakistan would resolve their disputes bilaterally," Aziz said. "Such bilateral talks have not yielded any results for the last 40 years. So then what is the solution?"<ref name="Pak wishes to have 3rd party mediation on Kashmir: Aziz">{{cite news |date=25 October 2015 |title=Pak wishes to have 3rd party mediation on Kashmir: Aziz |url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=46188 |newspaper=Kashmir Times |access-date=25 October | In 2015 Pakistan's outgoing National Security Advisor [[Sartaj Aziz]] said that Pakistan wished to have third party mediation on Kashmir, but it was unlikely to happen unless by international pressure.<ref name="Pak wishes to have 3rd party mediation on Kashmir: Aziz"/> "Under [[Simla Agreement|Shimla Accord]] it was decided that India and Pakistan would resolve their disputes bilaterally," Aziz said. "Such bilateral talks have not yielded any results for the last 40 years. So then what is the solution?"<ref name="Pak wishes to have 3rd party mediation on Kashmir: Aziz">{{cite news |date=25 October 2015 |title=Pak wishes to have 3rd party mediation on Kashmir: Aziz |url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=46188 |newspaper=Kashmir Times |access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> | ||
===Chinese view=== | ===Chinese view=== | ||
| Line 515: | Line 515: | ||
China has generally supported Pakistan against India on Kashmir.<ref name=":17"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2022 |title=China says opposed to 'unilateral actions' to resolve Kashmir issue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/china-says-opposed-to-unilateral-actions-to-resolve-kashmir-issue/articleshow/89389274.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> China has also stated that [[Aksai Chin]] is an integral part of China and does not recognise its inclusion in the Kashmir region. It also disputes the region's boundary with [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] at various locations. | China has generally supported Pakistan against India on Kashmir.<ref name=":17"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2022 |title=China says opposed to 'unilateral actions' to resolve Kashmir issue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/china-says-opposed-to-unilateral-actions-to-resolve-kashmir-issue/articleshow/89389274.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> China has also stated that [[Aksai Chin]] is an integral part of China and does not recognise its inclusion in the Kashmir region. It also disputes the region's boundary with [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] at various locations. | ||
* China did not accept the boundaries of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, north of Aksai Chin and the [[Karakoram]] as proposed by the British.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547 |title=Kashmir (region, Indian subcontinent) :: The Kashmir problem |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 February | * China did not accept the boundaries of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, north of Aksai Chin and the [[Karakoram]] as proposed by the British.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547 |title=Kashmir (region, Indian subcontinent) :: The Kashmir problem |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
* China settled its border disputes with Pakistan under the 1963 [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] on the [[Trans Karakoram Tract|Trans-Karakoram Tract]] with the provision that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Anik |date=2020-06-16 |title=India Has Handed China a Way to Interfere in Kashmir |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/16/china-kashmir-himalayas-pakistan-conflict/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220612044504/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/16/china-kashmir-himalayas-pakistan-conflict/ |archive-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[Foreign Policy]] |language=en-US |access-date=17 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Time>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081222085356/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2008 |title=Signing with the Red Chinese |magazine=Time (magazine)|date=15 March 1963 |access-date=28 October | * China settled its border disputes with Pakistan under the 1963 [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] on the [[Trans Karakoram Tract|Trans-Karakoram Tract]] with the provision that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Anik |date=2020-06-16 |title=India Has Handed China a Way to Interfere in Kashmir |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/16/china-kashmir-himalayas-pakistan-conflict/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220612044504/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/16/china-kashmir-himalayas-pakistan-conflict/ |archive-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[Foreign Policy]] |language=en-US |access-date=17 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Time>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081222085356/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2008 |title=Signing with the Red Chinese |magazine=Time (magazine)|date=15 March 1963 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref> | ||
=== Kashmiri views === | === Kashmiri views === | ||
* Scholar Andrew Whitehead states that Kashmiris view Kashmir as having been ruled by their own in 1586. Since then, they believe, it has been ruled in succession by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]], [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] and, lately, the Indian government. Whitehead states that this is only partly true: the Mughals lavished much affection and resources on Kashmir, the Dogras made Srinagar their capital next only to their native Jammu city, and through much of the post-independence India, Kashmiri Muslims headed the state government. According to Whitehead, Kashmiris bear an 'acute sense of grievance' that they were not in control of their own fate for centuries.<ref>{{citation |last=Whitehead |first=Andrew |title=Kashmir's Conflicting Identities (Book Reviews) |journal=History Workshop Journal |pages=335–340 |volume=58 |date=Autumn 2004 |doi=10.1093/hwj/58.1.335 |jstor=25472773|s2cid=154896059}}</ref> | * Scholar Andrew Whitehead states that Kashmiris view Kashmir as having been ruled by their own in 1586. Since then, they believe, it has been ruled in succession by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]], [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] and, lately, the Indian government. Whitehead states that this is only partly true: the Mughals lavished much affection and resources on Kashmir, the Dogras made Srinagar their capital next only to their native Jammu city, and through much of the post-independence India, Kashmiri Muslims headed the state government. According to Whitehead, Kashmiris bear an 'acute sense of grievance' that they were not in control of their own fate for centuries.<ref>{{citation |last=Whitehead |first=Andrew |title=Kashmir's Conflicting Identities (Book Reviews) |journal=History Workshop Journal |pages=335–340 |volume=58 |date=Autumn 2004 |doi=10.1093/hwj/58.1.335 |jstor=25472773|s2cid=154896059}}</ref> | ||
* [[A. G. Noorani]], a constitutional expert, says the people of Kashmir are 'very much' a party to the dispute.<ref>Noorani, A. G. "[http://www.kashmirlife.net/is-it-constitutional-to-ban-demand-for-plebiscite-in-kashmir-982/ Is It Constitutional to Ban Demand for Plebiscite in Kashmir?]" ''Economic and Political Weekly'', vol. 29, no. 13, 1994, pp. 719–720. | * [[A. G. Noorani]], a constitutional expert, says the people of Kashmir are 'very much' a party to the dispute.<ref>Noorani, A. G. "[http://www.kashmirlife.net/is-it-constitutional-to-ban-demand-for-plebiscite-in-kashmir-982/ Is It Constitutional to Ban Demand for Plebiscite in Kashmir?]" ''Economic and Political Weekly'', vol. 29, no. 13, 1994, pp. 719–720. </ref> | ||
* According to an opinion poll conducted by [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] in 2007, 87% of people in mainly Muslim Srinagar want independence, whereas 95% of the people in the mainly Hindu Jammu city think the state should be part of India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSDEL291796 |title=87 pct in Kashmir Valley want independence – poll |date=13 August 2007 |newspaper=Reuters |access-date=10 February 2017 |quote=Nearly 90 percent of people living in Indian Kashmir's summer capital want their troubled and divided state to become an independent country, according to a poll in an Indian newspaper on Monday.}}</ref> The Kashmir Valley is the only region of the former princely state where the majority of the population is unhappy with its current status. The Hindus of Jammu and Buddhists of Ladakh are content under Indian administration. Muslims of | * According to an opinion poll conducted by [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] in 2007, 87% of people in mainly Muslim Srinagar want independence, whereas 95% of the people in the mainly Hindu Jammu city think the state should be part of India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSDEL291796 |title=87 pct in Kashmir Valley want independence – poll |date=13 August 2007 |newspaper=Reuters |access-date=10 February 2017 |quote=Nearly 90 percent of people living in Indian Kashmir's summer capital want their troubled and divided state to become an independent country, according to a poll in an Indian newspaper on Monday.}}</ref> The Kashmir Valley is the only region of the former princely state where the majority of the population is unhappy with its current status. The Hindus of Jammu and Buddhists of Ladakh are content under Indian administration. Muslims of Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas are content under Pakistani administration. Kashmir Valley's Muslims want to change their national status to independence.{{sfn|Schaffer, The Limits of Influence|2009|p=3}} | ||
* Scholar A.G. Noorani testifies that Kashmiris want a plebiscite to achieve freedom.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/story/238135.html |title=Plebiscite in Kashmir: Stillborn or Killed?- Part 1 |last=Noorani |quote=Ask any Kashmiri what he wants and his answer will be "azadi". Ask how does he seek to secure that and he will reply "through a plebiscite".}}</ref> Zutshi states the people of Poonch and Gilgit may have had a chance to determine their future but the Kashmiri was lost in the process.{{sfn|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2004|p=309}} | * Scholar A.G. Noorani testifies that Kashmiris want a plebiscite to achieve freedom.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/story/238135.html |title=Plebiscite in Kashmir: Stillborn or Killed?- Part 1 |last=Noorani |quote=Ask any Kashmiri what he wants and his answer will be "azadi". Ask how does he seek to secure that and he will reply "through a plebiscite".}}</ref> Zutshi states the people of Poonch and Gilgit may have had a chance to determine their future but the Kashmiri was lost in the process.{{sfn|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2004|p=309}} | ||
* Since the 1947 accession of Kashmir to India was ''provisional'' and ''conditional'' on the wishes of the people,<ref name="tandfonline.com">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/09584939408719728|title=The Indian claim to Jammu & Kashmir: Conditional accession, plebiscites and the reference to the United Nations|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=3|pages=67–72|year=1994|last1=Lamb|first1=Alastair}}</ref> the Kashmiris' right to determine their future was recognised.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/-un-resolutions-on-kashmir-i-how-relevant-are-they/208066.html |title=UN Resolutions on Kashmir – I: How relevant are they? |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |date=29 January 2016 |newspaper=Greater Kashmir |access-date=10 February 2017 |author-link=A. G. Noorani |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155740/http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/-un-resolutions-on-kashmir-i-how-relevant-are-they/208066.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Noorani notes that state elections do not satisfy this requirement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/kashmir-s-accession-to-india-is-strictly-conditional/159939.html |title=Kashmir's Accession to India is strictly "conditional" |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |date=6 December 2013 |newspaper=Greater Kashmir |access-date=10 February 2017 |author-link=A. G. Noorani}}</ref> | * Since the 1947 accession of Kashmir to India was ''provisional'' and ''conditional'' on the wishes of the people,<ref name="tandfonline.com">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/09584939408719728|title=The Indian claim to Jammu & Kashmir: Conditional accession, plebiscites and the reference to the United Nations|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=3|pages=67–72|year=1994|last1=Lamb|first1=Alastair}}</ref> the Kashmiris' right to determine their future was recognised.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/-un-resolutions-on-kashmir-i-how-relevant-are-they/208066.html |title=UN Resolutions on Kashmir – I: How relevant are they? |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |date=29 January 2016 |newspaper=Greater Kashmir |access-date=10 February 2017 |author-link=A. G. Noorani |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155740/http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/-un-resolutions-on-kashmir-i-how-relevant-are-they/208066.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Noorani notes that state elections do not satisfy this requirement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/kashmir-s-accession-to-india-is-strictly-conditional/159939.html |title=Kashmir's Accession to India is strictly "conditional" |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |date=6 December 2013 |newspaper=Greater Kashmir |access-date=10 February 2017 |author-link=A. G. Noorani}}</ref> | ||
* Kashmiris assert that except for 1977 and 1983 elections, no state election has been fair.{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|p=289}} According to scholar [[Sumantra Bose]], India was determined to stop fair elections since that would have meant that elections would be won by those unfriendly to India.<ref name="Bose p.84-85">{{harvnb|Bose, Kashmir Roots of Conflict|2003|pp=84–85}}</ref> | * Kashmiris assert that except for 1977 and 1983 elections, no state election has been fair.{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|p=289}} According to scholar [[Sumantra Bose]], India was determined to stop fair elections since that would have meant that elections would be won by those unfriendly to India.<ref name="Bose p.84-85">{{harvnb|Bose, Kashmir Roots of Conflict|2003|pp=84–85}}</ref> | ||
* The Kashmiri people have still not been able to exercise the right to self-determination and this was the conclusion of the International Commission of Jurists in 1994.<ref name="Hassan Abbas">{{Citation |url=http://tuftsjournal.tufts.edu/archive/2002/august/oped/index.shtml |title=U.S. is key to durable peace in South Asia |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |newspaper=Tufts Journal |date=2002 |access-date=10 February | * The Kashmiri people have still not been able to exercise the right to self-determination and this was the conclusion of the International Commission of Jurists in 1994.<ref name="Hassan Abbas">{{Citation |url=http://tuftsjournal.tufts.edu/archive/2002/august/oped/index.shtml |title=U.S. is key to durable peace in South Asia |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |newspaper=Tufts Journal |date=2002 |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> | ||
* Ayesha Parvez writes in ''[[The Hindu]]'' that high voter turnout in Kashmir cannot be interpreted as a sign of acceptance of Indian rule. Voters vote due to varying factors such as development, effective local governance and economy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/interpreting-the-kashmiri-vote/article6686791.ece |title=Interpreting the Kashmiri vote |last=Parvez |first=Ayesha |date=13 December 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=10 February | * Ayesha Parvez writes in ''[[The Hindu]]'' that high voter turnout in Kashmir cannot be interpreted as a sign of acceptance of Indian rule. Voters vote due to varying factors such as development, effective local governance and economy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/interpreting-the-kashmiri-vote/article6686791.ece |title=Interpreting the Kashmiri vote |last=Parvez |first=Ayesha |date=13 December 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> | ||
* The Hurriyat parties do not want to participate in elections under the framework of the Indian Constitution. Elections held by India are seen as a diversion from the main issue of self-determination.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=168}} | * The Hurriyat parties do not want to participate in elections under the framework of the Indian Constitution. Elections held by India are seen as a diversion from the main issue of self-determination.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=168}} | ||
* Kashmiri opponents to Indian rule maintain that India has stationed 600,000 Indian troops in what is the highest ratio of troops to civilian density in the world.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=168}} | * Kashmiri opponents to Indian rule maintain that India has stationed 600,000 Indian troops in what is the highest ratio of troops to civilian density in the world.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=168}} | ||
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* Kashmiri scholars say that India's reneging on promise of plebiscite, violations of constitutional provisions of Kashmir's autonomy and subversion of the democratic process led to the rebellion of 1989–1990.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=3&_pos=8 |title=Kashmir, Gender and Militarization in |last=Kazi |first=Seema |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=The absence of a popular mandate underwriting the accession, India's reneging of its promise to hold a plebiscite allowing the people of Kashmir to determine their own political future, its violation of constitutional provisions protecting Jammu and Kashmir's autonomy, and repeated subversion of the democratic process in Kashmir by successive central governments in New Delhi produced simmering resentment and eventually mass rebellion in 1989–1990.}}</ref> | * Kashmiri scholars say that India's reneging on promise of plebiscite, violations of constitutional provisions of Kashmir's autonomy and subversion of the democratic process led to the rebellion of 1989–1990.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=3&_pos=8 |title=Kashmir, Gender and Militarization in |last=Kazi |first=Seema |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=The absence of a popular mandate underwriting the accession, India's reneging of its promise to hold a plebiscite allowing the people of Kashmir to determine their own political future, its violation of constitutional provisions protecting Jammu and Kashmir's autonomy, and repeated subversion of the democratic process in Kashmir by successive central governments in New Delhi produced simmering resentment and eventually mass rebellion in 1989–1990.}}</ref> | ||
* According to historian Mridu Rai, the majority of Kashmiri Muslims believe they are scarcely better off under Indian rule than the 101 years of Dogra rule.{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|p=288}} | * According to historian Mridu Rai, the majority of Kashmiri Muslims believe they are scarcely better off under Indian rule than the 101 years of Dogra rule.{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|p=288}} | ||
* [[Markandey Katju]], an ethnic Kashmiri and former Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]], maintains that the secession of Kashmir would cause its economy to suffer, due to the fact that Kashmir's handicraft industry is dependent on buyers in other parts of India; Katju holds that the ultimate solution to the Kashmir conflict is the [[Indian reunification|reunification of what is now Pakistan with India]] under a secular government.<ref name="Katju2020">{{cite web |author1=[[Markandey Katju]] |title=OPINION: Why 'azadi' for Kashmiris will greatly harm them |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/06/06/opinion-why-azadi-for-kashmiris-greatly-harm-them.html |publisher=[[The Week]] |access-date=11 June 2020 |language=en |date=6 June | * [[Markandey Katju]], an ethnic Kashmiri and former Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]], maintains that the secession of Kashmir would cause its economy to suffer, due to the fact that Kashmir's handicraft industry is dependent on buyers in other parts of India; Katju holds that the ultimate solution to the Kashmir conflict is the [[Indian reunification|reunification of what is now Pakistan with India]] under a secular government.<ref name="Katju2020">{{cite web |author1=[[Markandey Katju]] |title=OPINION: Why 'azadi' for Kashmiris will greatly harm them |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/06/06/opinion-why-azadi-for-kashmiris-greatly-harm-them.html |publisher=[[The Week]] |access-date=11 June 2020 |language=en |date=6 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India-Pakistan reunification only solution to Kashmir, says Katju |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-pakistan-reunification-only-solution-to-kashmir-says-katju/article20537507.ece1 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 June 2020 |language=en |date=8 December 2012}}</ref> | ||
* According to lawyer and human rights activist [[K. Balagopal]], Kashmiris have a distinct sense of identity and this identity is certainly not irreligious, as Islam is very much a part of the identity that Kashmiris feel strongly for. He opined that if only non-religious identities deserve support, then no national self-determination movement can be supported, because there is no national identity – at least in the Third World – devoid of the religious dimension. Balagopal says that if India and Pakistan cannot guarantee existence and peaceful development of independent Kashmir then Kashmiris may well choose Pakistan because of religious affinity and social and economic links. But if both can guarantee existence and peaceful development then most Kashmiris would prefer independent Kashmir.<ref name=":4">Balagopal, K. "Kashmir: Self-Determination, Communalism and Democratic Rights." ''Economic and Political Weekly'', vol. 31, no. 44, 1996, pp. 2916–2917. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404738</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/news/proferssor-balgopal-statement-kashmir-issue-986922/ |title=Proferssor Balgopal statement on kashmir issue |date=16 July | * According to lawyer and human rights activist [[K. Balagopal]], Kashmiris have a distinct sense of identity and this identity is certainly not irreligious, as Islam is very much a part of the identity that Kashmiris feel strongly for. He opined that if only non-religious identities deserve support, then no national self-determination movement can be supported, because there is no national identity – at least in the Third World – devoid of the religious dimension. Balagopal says that if India and Pakistan cannot guarantee existence and peaceful development of independent Kashmir then Kashmiris may well choose Pakistan because of religious affinity and social and economic links. But if both can guarantee existence and peaceful development then most Kashmiris would prefer independent Kashmir.<ref name=":4">Balagopal, K. "Kashmir: Self-Determination, Communalism and Democratic Rights." ''Economic and Political Weekly'', vol. 31, no. 44, 1996, pp. 2916–2917. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404738</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/news/proferssor-balgopal-statement-kashmir-issue-986922/ |title=Proferssor Balgopal statement on kashmir issue |date=16 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
===Water dispute=== | ===Water dispute=== | ||
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==== Chenab formula ==== | ==== Chenab formula ==== | ||
In 2005, General Musharraf, as well as other Pakistani leaders, sought to resolve the Kashmir issue through the Chenab formula road map. Borrowing a term used by Owen Dixon, Musharraf's Chenab Formula assigns Ladakh to India, Gilgit-Baltistan (G-B) to Pakistan, proposes a plebiscite in the Kashmir Valley and splits Jammu into two-halves.<ref>[http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/10345110617.pdf The Indus Equation Report], Strategic Foresight Group</ref> On 5 December 2006, Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] told an Indian TV channel that Pakistan would give up its claim on Kashmir if India accepted some of his peace proposals, including a phased withdrawal of troops, self-governance for locals, no changes in the borders of Kashmir, and a joint supervision mechanism involving India, Pakistan, and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 December 2006|title=South Asia | Musharraf pushes Kashmir proposal|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6208660.stm|access-date=2 February | In 2005, General Musharraf, as well as other Pakistani leaders, sought to resolve the Kashmir issue through the Chenab formula road map. Borrowing a term used by Owen Dixon, Musharraf's Chenab Formula assigns Ladakh to India, Gilgit-Baltistan (G-B) to Pakistan, proposes a plebiscite in the Kashmir Valley and splits Jammu into two-halves.<ref>[http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/10345110617.pdf The Indus Equation Report], Strategic Foresight Group</ref> On 5 December 2006, Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] told an Indian TV channel that Pakistan would give up its claim on Kashmir if India accepted some of his peace proposals, including a phased withdrawal of troops, self-governance for locals, no changes in the borders of Kashmir, and a joint supervision mechanism involving India, Pakistan, and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 December 2006|title=South Asia | Musharraf pushes Kashmir proposal|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6208660.stm|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> Musharraf stated that he was ready to give up the United Nations' resolutions regarding Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|title=Musharraf's Bold Initiative on Kashmir|url=http://www.arabnews.com/?page=7§ion=0&article=90157&d=18&m=12&y=2006|access-date=2 February 2010|publisher=Arabnews.com}}</ref> | ||
Later, the government of Pakistan said that this was Musharraf's personal opinion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parashar|first=Sachin|date=3 September 2011|title=Manmohan Singh, Musharraf came close to striking Kashmir deal: WikiLeaks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manmohan-singh-musharraf-came-close-to-striking-kashmir-deal-wikileaks/articleshow/9841701.cms|access-date=2022-01-02|website=The Times of India}}</ref> However Satinder Lambah, India's special envoy to Pakistan, says that while talks reduced due the Mumbai attacks, the formula was not disowned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baweja|first=Harinder|date=2015-10-15|title=Almost had Kashmir deal with Pakistan: Ex-PM's envoy Lambah|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/almost-had-kashmir-deal-with-pakistan-ex-pm-s-envoy-lambah/story-7L6fUH2J9ngCEmTCZngoLJ.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> | Later, the government of Pakistan said that this was Musharraf's personal opinion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parashar|first=Sachin|date=3 September 2011|title=Manmohan Singh, Musharraf came close to striking Kashmir deal: WikiLeaks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manmohan-singh-musharraf-came-close-to-striking-kashmir-deal-wikileaks/articleshow/9841701.cms|access-date=2022-01-02|website=The Times of India}}</ref> However Satinder Lambah, India's special envoy to Pakistan, says that while talks reduced due the Mumbai attacks, the formula was not disowned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baweja|first=Harinder|date=2015-10-15|title=Almost had Kashmir deal with Pakistan: Ex-PM's envoy Lambah|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/almost-had-kashmir-deal-with-pakistan-ex-pm-s-envoy-lambah/story-7L6fUH2J9ngCEmTCZngoLJ.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== Contemporary views on UN resolutions === | === Contemporary views on UN resolutions === | ||
Many neutral parties to the dispute have noted that the UN resolution on Kashmir is no longer relevant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raza|first=Maroof|author-link=Maroof Raza|date=12 August 2002|title=Kickstart Kashmir|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/leader-articlebrkickstart-kashmir/articleshow/18797747.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628041230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-12/edit-page/27299850_1_kashmir-issue-shimla-accord-jammu-and-kashmir|archive-date=28 June 2013|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The European Union holds the view that the plebiscite is not in Kashmiris' interest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2006 |title=Plebiscite not in Kashmiris' interest: EU report|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/plebiscite-not-in-kashmiris-interest-eu-report/433149|access-date=2021-12-22| | Many neutral parties to the dispute have noted that the UN resolution on Kashmir is no longer relevant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raza|first=Maroof|author-link=Maroof Raza|date=12 August 2002|title=Kickstart Kashmir|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/leader-articlebrkickstart-kashmir/articleshow/18797747.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628041230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-12/edit-page/27299850_1_kashmir-issue-shimla-accord-jammu-and-kashmir|archive-date=28 June 2013|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The European Union holds the view that the plebiscite is not in Kashmiris' interest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2006 |title=Plebiscite not in Kashmiris' interest: EU report |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/plebiscite-not-in-kashmiris-interest-eu-report/433149 |url-status=deviated |access-date=2021-12-22 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211222100447/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/plebiscite-not-in-kashmiris-interest-eu-report/433149 |archive-date=2021-12-22}}</ref> The report notes that the UN conditions for such a plebiscite have not been, and can no longer be, met by Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Committee on Foreign Affairs |author2=[[Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne|Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]]|date=25 April 2007|others=[[Sixth European Parliament]]|title=Report on Kashmir: present situation and future prospects|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-6-2007-0158_EN.pdf |access-date=2021-12-22|website=European Parliament}}</ref> The [[Hurriyat Conference]] observed in 2003 that a "plebiscite [is] no longer an option".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhagat|first=Rasheeda|date=1 July 2003|title='Plebiscite no longer an option; Kashmir row must be resolved within two years' — — Hurriyat Conference Chairman, Mr Abdul Gani Bhat|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-news/article28925033.ece|access-date=2021-12-22|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> | ||
A 2002 [[Ipsos MORI|Market and Opinion Research International (MORI)]] survey, on the basis of 850 interviews, found that within Indian-administered Kashmir, 61% of respondents said they felt they would be better off as Indian citizens, with 33% saying that they did not know, and the remaining 6% favouring Pakistani citizenship. However, this support for India was mainly in the Ladakh and Jammu regions, not the Kashmir Valley, where only 9% of the respondents said that they would be better off with India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2002|title=MORI Survey in Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/papers/mori_survey_JK.htm|access-date=2021-12-22|publisher=South Asian Terrorism Portal. Institute for Conflict Management, New Delhi.}}</ref> {{POV statement|date=December 2021|reason=Weird description. 61% of what?}} | A 2002 [[Ipsos MORI|Market and Opinion Research International (MORI)]] survey, on the basis of 850 interviews, found that within Indian-administered Kashmir, 61% of respondents said they felt they would be better off as Indian citizens, with 33% saying that they did not know, and the remaining 6% favouring Pakistani citizenship. However, this support for India was mainly in the Ladakh and Jammu regions, not the Kashmir Valley, where only 9% of the respondents said that they would be better off with India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2002|title=MORI Survey in Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/papers/mori_survey_JK.htm|access-date=2021-12-22|publisher=South Asian Terrorism Portal. Institute for Conflict Management, New Delhi.}}</ref> {{POV statement|date=December 2021|reason=Weird description. 61% of what?}} | ||
According to a 2007 poll conducted by the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] in New Delhi involving around 400 people, 87% of respondents in the Kashmir Valley prefer independence over union with India or Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 August 2007|title=87 pct in Kashmir Valley Want Independence|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL291796|access-date=2 February | According to a 2007 poll conducted by the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] in New Delhi involving around 400 people, 87% of respondents in the Kashmir Valley prefer independence over union with India or Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 August 2007|title=87 pct in Kashmir Valley Want Independence|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL291796|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> A survey by [[Chatham House]], on the basis of 3,774 face-to face interviews in Indian administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Pakistan administered [[Azad Kashmir]],<ref group=note>[[Gilgit Baltistan]] was not included in the survey</ref> found that support for independence stood at 43% and 44% respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradnock|first=Robert W.|date=May 2010|title=Kashmir: Paths to Peace: '''6''': Options for the political future|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628211752/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf|archive-date=28 June 2013|access-date=6 January 2013|publisher=[[Chatham House]]|page=15|isbn=9781862032330}}</ref> | ||
==Pakistan's relation with militants== | ==Pakistan's relation with militants== | ||
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In 2010, with the support of its intelligence agencies, Pakistan again 'boosted' Kashmir militants, and recruitment of [[mujahideen]] in the Pakistani state of Punjab has increased.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hasan|first=Syed Shoaib|date=3 March 2010|title=Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants'|publisher=BCC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm|access-date=2021-12-22}}</ref> | In 2010, with the support of its intelligence agencies, Pakistan again 'boosted' Kashmir militants, and recruitment of [[mujahideen]] in the Pakistani state of Punjab has increased.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hasan|first=Syed Shoaib|date=3 March 2010|title=Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants'|publisher=BCC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm|access-date=2021-12-22}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="bbc05142010">{{cite news|date=14 May 2010|title=Kashmir militants 'regrouping' in Pakistan|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8683367.stm|access-date=14 May | <ref name="bbc05142010">{{cite news|date=14 May 2010|title=Kashmir militants 'regrouping' in Pakistan|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8683367.stm|access-date=14 May 2010}}</ref> In 2011, the [[FBI]] revealed that Pakistan's spy agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] paid millions of dollars into a United States–based non-governmental organisation to influence politicians and opinion-makers on the Kashmir issue and arrested [[Syed Ghulam Nabi Fai]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen|author-link=Praveen Swami|date=20 July 2011|title=ISI paid millions to influence U.S. on Kashmir|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2277294.ece?homepage=true|access-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> | ||
Some political analysts say that the Pakistan state policy shift and mellowing of its aggressive stance may have to do with its total failure in the [[Kargil War]] and the subsequent [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] attacks. These events put pressure on Pakistan to alter its position on terrorism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lavoy|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Lavoy|date=April 2006|title=Pakistan's Kashmir Policy after the Bush Visit to South Asia|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2006/Apr/lavoyApr06.asp|journal=Strategic Insights|volume=V|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060809185013/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2006/Apr/lavoyApr06.asp|archive-date=9 August 2006|via=[[Center on Contemporary Conflict]]}}</ref> | Some political analysts say that the Pakistan state policy shift and mellowing of its aggressive stance may have to do with its total failure in the [[Kargil War]] and the subsequent [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] attacks. These events put pressure on Pakistan to alter its position on terrorism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lavoy|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Lavoy|date=April 2006|title=Pakistan's Kashmir Policy after the Bush Visit to South Asia|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2006/Apr/lavoyApr06.asp|journal=Strategic Insights|volume=V|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060809185013/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2006/Apr/lavoyApr06.asp|archive-date=9 August 2006|via=[[Center on Contemporary Conflict]]}}</ref> | ||
[[List of Presidents of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]] and the ex-chief of the Pakistan military [[Pervez Musharraf]], stated in an interview in London, that the Pakistani government indeed helped to form underground militant groups and "turned a blind eye" towards their existence because they wanted India to discuss Kashmir.<ref name="Speigel">{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-pervez-musharraf-pakistan-is-always-seen-as-the-rogue-a-721110.html |title=SPIEGEL Interview with Pervez Musharraf: 'Pakistan is Always Seen as the Rogue' – SPIEGEL ONLINE |work=Der Spiegel |access-date=11 November 2012|date=4 October | [[List of Presidents of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]] and the ex-chief of the Pakistan military [[Pervez Musharraf]], stated in an interview in London, that the Pakistani government indeed helped to form underground militant groups and "turned a blind eye" towards their existence because they wanted India to discuss Kashmir.<ref name="Speigel">{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-pervez-musharraf-pakistan-is-always-seen-as-the-rogue-a-721110.html |title=SPIEGEL Interview with Pervez Musharraf: 'Pakistan is Always Seen as the Rogue' – SPIEGEL ONLINE |work=Der Spiegel |access-date=11 November 2012|date=4 October 2010}}</ref> | ||
According to former [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime-minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]], one of the main reasons behind the conflict was Pakistan's "terror-induced coercion". He further stated at a Joint Press Conference with United States President [[Barack Obama]] in New Delhi that India is not afraid of resolving all the issues with Pakistan including that of Kashmir "''but it is our request that you cannot simultaneously be talking and at the same time the terror machine is as active as ever before. Once Pakistan moves away from this terror-induced coercion, we will be very happy to engage productively with Pakistan to resolve all outstanding issues.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/08/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-singh-joint-press-conference- |title=Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Singh in Joint Press Conference in New Delhi, India | The White House |date=8 November 2010 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=6 January | According to former [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime-minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]], one of the main reasons behind the conflict was Pakistan's "terror-induced coercion". He further stated at a Joint Press Conference with United States President [[Barack Obama]] in New Delhi that India is not afraid of resolving all the issues with Pakistan including that of Kashmir "''but it is our request that you cannot simultaneously be talking and at the same time the terror machine is as active as ever before. Once Pakistan moves away from this terror-induced coercion, we will be very happy to engage productively with Pakistan to resolve all outstanding issues.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/08/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-singh-joint-press-conference- |title=Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Singh in Joint Press Conference in New Delhi, India | The White House |date=8 November 2010 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> | ||
In 2009, the [[President of Pakistan]] [[Asif Zardari]] asserted at a conference in Islamabad that Pakistan had indeed created Islamic militant groups as a strategic tool for use in its geostrategic agenda and "to attack Indian forces in Jammu and Kashmir".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=8 July 2009 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Former President of Pakistan and the ex-chief of the Pakistan military Pervez Musharraf also stated in an interview that Pakistani government helped to form underground militant groups to fight against Indian troops in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and "turned a blind eye" towards their existence because they wanted India to discuss Kashmir.<ref name="Speigel"/> The British Government have formally accepted that there is a clear connection between Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) and three major militant outfits operating in [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Lashkar-e-Tayiba]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11war4.htm |title=Links between ISI, militant groups: Straw |date=11 June 2002 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 January | In 2009, the [[President of Pakistan]] [[Asif Zardari]] asserted at a conference in Islamabad that Pakistan had indeed created Islamic militant groups as a strategic tool for use in its geostrategic agenda and "to attack Indian forces in Jammu and Kashmir".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=8 July 2009 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Former President of Pakistan and the ex-chief of the Pakistan military Pervez Musharraf also stated in an interview that Pakistani government helped to form underground militant groups to fight against Indian troops in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and "turned a blind eye" towards their existence because they wanted India to discuss Kashmir.<ref name="Speigel"/> The British Government have formally accepted that there is a clear connection between Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) and three major militant outfits operating in [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Lashkar-e-Tayiba]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11war4.htm |title=Links between ISI, militant groups: Straw |date=11 June 2002 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm |title=Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants' |last=Shoaib |first=Syed |date=3 March 2010 |work=BBC News |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> The militants are provided with "weapons, training, advice and planning assistance" in Punjab and Kashmir by the ISI which is "''coordinating the shipment of arms from the Pakistani side of Kashmir to the Indian side, where Muslim insurgents are waging a protracted war''".<ref>[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940517&slug=1910966 Pakistan Reportedly Aiding Kashmir Rebels – Despite Assurances To U.S., Military Fueling India Conflict]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref> | ||
Throughout the 1990s, the ISI maintained its relationship with extremist networks and militants that it had established during the Afghan war to utilise in its campaign against Indian forces in Kashmir. | Throughout the 1990s, the ISI maintained its relationship with extremist networks and militants that it had established during the Afghan war to utilise in its campaign against Indian forces in Kashmir.{{cn|date=February 2023}} [[Joint Intelligence/North]] (JIN) has been accused of conducting operations in Jammu and Kashmir and also [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Camp">{{cite book |title=Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan from Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, 2001–2002 |last=Camp |first=Dick |publisher=Zenith |year=2011 |isbn=978-0760341117 |page=38}}</ref> The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) provide communications support to groups in Kashmir.<ref name="Camp"/> According to [[Daniel Benjamin]] and [[Steven Simon]], both former members of the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], the ISI acted as a "kind of terrorist conveyor belt" radicalising young men in the [[Madrassa]]s of Pakistan and delivering them to training camps affiliated with or run by Al-Qaeda and from there moving them into [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] to launch attacks.<ref name="Caldwell">{{cite book |title=Seeking Security in an Insecure World |url=https://archive.org/details/seekingsecurityi00cald |url-access=limited |last=Caldwell |first=Dan |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1442208032 |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/seekingsecurityi00cald/page/n115 103]–104 |author2=Robert Williams}}</ref> | ||
Reportedly, about [[Pakistani rupee|Rs.]] 24 million are paid out per month by the ISI to fund its activities in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="FAS">Pike, John (25 July 2002). "[https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611053322/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/|date=11 June | Reportedly, about [[Pakistani rupee|Rs.]] 24 million are paid out per month by the ISI to fund its activities in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="FAS">Pike, John (25 July 2002). "[https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611053322/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/|date=11 June 2014}}". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</ref> [[Pro-Pakistani]] groups were reportedly favoured over other militant groups.<ref name="FAS"/> Creation of six militant groups in Kashmir, which included [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT), was aided by the ISI.<ref name="Salon">[[Juan Cole]] (15 February 2009). [http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge?], ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'', 12 December 2008 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215102510/http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html|date=15 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last1=Oppel|first1=Richard A. Jr.|last2=Masood|first2=Salman|date=2009-01-01|title=Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html|access-date=2021-12-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to [[US intelligence|American Intelligence]] officials, ISI is still providing protection and help to LeT.<ref name=":14"/> The [[Pakistan Army]] and ISI also LeT volunteers to surreptitiously penetrate from [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan Administrated Kashmir]] to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="tellis2010">{{Cite news |url=http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/tel031110.pdf |title=Bad Company – Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Islamist Militancy in Pakistan |date=11 March 2010 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |author=Ashley J. Tellis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516081400/http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/tel031110.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> | ||
In the past, Indian authorities have alleged several times that Pakistan has been involved in training and arming underground militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.<ref name="Musharraf">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11474618 |title=BBC News – Musharraf admits Kashmir militants trained in Pakistan |date=5 October 2010 |publisher=BBC |access-date=11 November | In the past, Indian authorities have alleged several times that Pakistan has been involved in training and arming underground militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.<ref name="Musharraf">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11474618 |title=BBC News – Musharraf admits Kashmir militants trained in Pakistan |date=5 October 2010 |publisher=BBC |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
==Human rights abuses== | ==Human rights abuses== | ||
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[[File:Keeping Watch.jpg|thumb|A soldier guards the roadside checkpoint outside Srinagar International Airport in January 2009.]] | [[File:Keeping Watch.jpg|thumb|A soldier guards the roadside checkpoint outside Srinagar International Airport in January 2009.]] | ||
Human rights abuses have been committed by Indian forces in Kashmir. Militants have also committed crimes.<ref name="Kazi"/>{{POV statement|date=February | Human rights abuses have been committed by Indian forces in Kashmir. Militants have also committed crimes.<ref name="Kazi"/>{{POV statement|date=February 2019}} Crimes by state forces are done inside Kashmir Valley which is the location of the present conflict.{{sfnp|Kazi, Rape, Impunity and Justice in Kashmir|2014|pp=14}} | ||
The 2010 Chatham House opinion poll of the people of Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir found that overall concern, in the entire state, over human rights abuses was 43%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=W. Bradnock |first=Robert |date=May 2010 |title=Kashmir:Paths to Peace |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf |journal=Chatham House |page=7 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090101/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the surveyed districts of the Muslim majority Kashmir Valley, where the desire for Independence is strongest,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=W.Bradnock |first=Robert |date=May 2010 |title=Kashmir:Paths to Peace |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf |journal=Chatham House |page=17 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090101/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> there was a high rate of concern over human rights abuses. (88% in Baramulla, 87% in Srinagar, 73% in Anantnag and 55% in Badgam).<ref name=":1"/> However, in the Hindu and Buddhist majority areas of the state, where pro-India sentiment is extremely strong,<ref name=":2"/> concern over human rights abuses was low (only 3% in Jammu expressed concerns over human rights abuses).<ref name=":1"/> | The 2010 Chatham House opinion poll of the people of Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir found that overall concern, in the entire state, over human rights abuses was 43%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=W. Bradnock |first=Robert |date=May 2010 |title=Kashmir:Paths to Peace |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf |journal=Chatham House |page=7 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090101/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the surveyed districts of the Muslim majority Kashmir Valley, where the desire for Independence is strongest,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=W.Bradnock |first=Robert |date=May 2010 |title=Kashmir:Paths to Peace |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf |journal=Chatham House |page=17 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090101/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/0510pp_kashmir.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> there was a high rate of concern over human rights abuses. (88% in Baramulla, 87% in Srinagar, 73% in Anantnag and 55% in Badgam).<ref name=":1"/> However, in the Hindu and Buddhist majority areas of the state, where pro-India sentiment is extremely strong,<ref name=":2"/> concern over human rights abuses was low (only 3% in Jammu expressed concerns over human rights abuses).<ref name=":1"/> | ||
Several international agencies and the UN have reported human rights violations in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]]. In a 2008 press release the OHCHR spokesmen stated "The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is concerned about the recent violent protests in Indian-administered Kashmir that have reportedly led to civilian casualties as well as restrictions to the right to freedom of assembly and expression."<ref name="unhchr.ch"/> A 1996 [[Human Rights Watch]] report accuses the Indian military and Indian-government backed paramilitaries of "committ[ing] serious and widespread human rights violations in Kashmir."<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1996/India-07.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210826/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1996/India-07.htm|date=1 November | Several international agencies and the UN have reported human rights violations in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]]. In a 2008 press release the OHCHR spokesmen stated "The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is concerned about the recent violent protests in Indian-administered Kashmir that have reportedly led to civilian casualties as well as restrictions to the right to freedom of assembly and expression."<ref name="unhchr.ch"/> A 1996 [[Human Rights Watch]] report accuses the Indian military and Indian-government backed paramilitaries of "committ[ing] serious and widespread human rights violations in Kashmir."<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1996/India-07.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210826/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1996/India-07.htm|date=1 November 2008}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society labels the happenings in Kashmir as war crimes and genocide and have issued a statement that those responsible should be tried in court of law.<ref name="Kashmir Observer"/><ref name="Vltchek">{{Cite news |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/vltchek080215.htm |title=Genocide In Kashmir: India's Shame |last=Vltchek}}</ref> Some of the massacres by security forces include [[Gawakadal massacre]], [[Zakoora and Tengpora massacre]] and [[Handwara massacre]]. Another such alleged massacre occurred on 6 January 1993 in the town of [[Sopore]]. [[TIME (magazine)|''TIME'' magazine]] described the incident as such: "In retaliation for the killing of one soldier, paramilitary forces rampaged through Sopore's market, setting buildings ablaze and shooting bystanders. The Indian government pronounced the event 'unfortunate' and claimed that an ammunition dump had been hit by gunfire, setting off fires that killed most of the victims."<ref name="Blood Tide Rising">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977469,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210092812/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977469,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2008 |title=Blood Tide Rising |date=18 January 1993 |magazine=Time |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> A state government inquiry into 22 October 1993 Bijbehara killings, in which the Indian military fired on a procession and killed 40 people and injured 150, found out that the firing by the forces was 'unprovoked' and the claim of the military that it was in retaliation was 'concocted and baseless'. However, the accused are still to be punished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kashmirtimes.com/newsdet.aspx?q=6675 |title=Bijbehara massacre: Guilty yet to be punished even after 19 years |work=Kashmir Times |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> In its report of September 2006, [[Human Rights Watch]] stated: {{blockquote|Indian security forces claim they are fighting to protect Kashmiris from militants and Islamic extremists, while militants claim they are fighting for Kashmiri independence and to defend Muslim Kashmiris from an abusive Indian army. In reality, both sides have committed widespread and numerous human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law (or the laws of war).<ref name="HRW"/>}}Many human rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch (HRW) have condemned human rights abuses in Kashmir by Indians such as "extra-judicial executions", "disappearances", and torture.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/abuses.htm |title=Behind the Kashmir Conflict – Abuses in the Kashmir Valley |date=20 April 1998 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> Bans on religious gatherings are also reportedly enforced.<ref>{{Citation |title=Indian forces clash with Kashmir Muslims marking holy month |date=August 31, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ssG8OISAYg |publisher=[[AFP News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> The "Armed Forces Special Powers Act" grants the military, wide powers of arrest, the right to shoot to kill, and to occupy or destroy property in counterinsurgency operations. Indian officials claim that troops need such powers because the army is only deployed when national security is at serious risk from armed combatants. Such circumstances, they say, call for extraordinary measures. Human rights organisations have also asked the Indian government to repeal<ref name="autogenerated2007">{{cite web |url=https://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/11/20/india17381.htm |title=India: Repeal the Armed Forces Special Powers Act |date=20 November 2007 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> the Public Safety Act, since "a detainee may be held in administrative detention for a maximum of two years without a court order."<ref name="autogenerated1999">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/judiciary.htm |title=Behind the Kashmir Conflict: Undermining the Judiciary (Human Rights Watch Report: July 1999) |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> A 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that [[Indian Administered Kashmir]] was only 'partly free'.<ref name="Amnesty.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/thousands-lost-kashmir-mass-graves |title=Thousands lost in Kashmir mass graves |date=18 April 2008 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> A recent report by Amnesty International stated that up to 20,000 people have been detained under a law called [[AFSPA]] in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref name="autogenerated1999"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref name="amnesty1997">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/024/1997/en/ |title=India: High Time to Put an End to Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir |date=15 May 1997 |access-date=8 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12802359 |title=Amnesty International criticises 'tough' Kashmir law |date=21 March 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> | ||
Some human rights organisations have alleged that Indian Security forces have killed hundreds of Kashmiris through the indiscriminate use of force and torture, firing on demonstrations, custodial killings, encounters and detentions.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA948.PDF|title=Continuing Repression in Kashmir – Abuses Rise as International Pressure on India Eases|date=August 1994|access-date=3 August | Some human rights organisations have alleged that Indian Security forces have killed hundreds of Kashmiris through the indiscriminate use of force and torture, firing on demonstrations, custodial killings, encounters and detentions.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA948.PDF|title=Continuing Repression in Kashmir – Abuses Rise as International Pressure on India Eases|date=August 1994|access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="amnestylibrary">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/033/1995/en/ |title=Document – India: Torture continues in Jammu and Kashmir |date=November 1995 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AMNESTY,,IND,,3ae6a9f20,0.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416005436/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AMNESTY,,IND,,3ae6a9f20,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2013 |title=Refworld | Amnesty International Report 1996 – India |publisher=UNHCR |date=1 January 1996 |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/18/kashmir-tinderbox |title=The Kashmir tinderbox |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=20 August 2008 |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> The government of India denied that torture was widespread<ref name="amnestylibrary"/> and stated that some custodial crimes may have taken place but that "these are few and far between".<ref name="amnestylibrary"/> According to cables leaked by the WikiLeaks website, US diplomats in 2005 were informed by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) about the use of torture and sexual humiliation against hundreds of Kashmiri detainees by the security forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/16/wikileaks-cables-indian-torture-kashmir |title=WikiLeaks cables: India accused of systematic use of torture in Kashmir | World news |date=16 December 2010 |work=The Guardian |location=London |author=Jason Burke in Delhi |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> The cable said Indian security forces relied on torture for confessions and that the human right abuses are believed to be condoned by the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8208084/WikiLeaks-India-systematically-torturing-civilians-in-Kashmir.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8208084/WikiLeaks-India-systematically-torturing-civilians-in-Kashmir.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=WikiLeaks: India 'systematically torturing civilians in Kashmir' |last=Allen |first=Nick |date=17 December 2010 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |access-date=3 August 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> SHRC also accused Indian army of forced labour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Oct/16/army-challenges-shrc-jurisdiction-81.asp |title=Army Challenges SHRC Jurisdiction |date=16 October 2012 |publisher=Greaterkashmir.com |author=GreaterKashmir.com (Greater Service) |access-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045712/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Oct/16/army-challenges-shrc-jurisdiction-81.asp |archive-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> | ||
There have been claims of disappearances by the police or the army in Kashmir by several human rights organisations.<ref name="India">{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm |title=India |date=6 March 2007 |publisher=State.gov |access-date=2 February | There have been claims of disappearances by the police or the army in Kashmir by several human rights organisations.<ref name="India">{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm |title=India |date=6 March 2007 |publisher=State.gov |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> Human rights groups in Kashmir have documented more than three hundred cases of "disappearances" since 1990 but lawyers believe the number to be far higher because many relatives of disappeared people fear reprisal if they contact a lawyer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/abus-dis.htm |title=Behind the Kashmir Conflict – Abuses in the Kashmir Valley (Human Rights Watch Report, July 1999) |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch. |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/02/09/india-hold-abusers-kashmir-accountable |title=India: Hold Abusers in Kashmir Accountable |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm |title=India |publisher=State.gov |date=6 March 2007 |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> In 2016 Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society said there are more than 8000 forced disappearances.<ref name="Kashmir Observer">{{Cite news|title=Like Karadzic, Prosecute All Accused of HR Violations in Kashmir: JKCCS|work=Kashmir Observer|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2016/local-news/karadzic-prosecute-all-accused-hr-violations-kashmir-jkccs-4777|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016071013/https://kashmirobserver.net/2016/local-news/karadzic-prosecute-all-accused-hr-violations-kashmir-jkccs-4777|archive-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) has found 2,730 bodies buried into unmarked graves, scattered in three districts — Bandipora, Baramulla, and Kupwara — of North Kashmir, believed to contain the remains of victims of unlawful killings and enforced disappearances by Indian security forces.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Mass-graves-found-in-North-Kashmir-containing-2900-unmarked-bodies/article16851202.ece |title=Mass graves found in North Kashmir containing 2,900 unmarked bodies |last=Bukhari |first=Shujaat |work=The Hindu|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/11808/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830095509/http://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/11808/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 August 2008 |title=India must investigate unidentified graves – Amnesty International Australia |publisher=Amnesty.org.au |date=8 April 2008 |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/thousands-lost-kashmir-mass-graves |title=Thousands lost in Kashmir mass graves |publisher=Amnesty International |date=18 April 2008 |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Cathy Scott-Clark |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/09/mass-graves-of-kashmir |title=The mass graves of Kashmir | World news |work=The Guardian |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=3 August 2012 |location=London}}</ref> SHRC stated that about 574 of these bodies have already been identified as those of disappeared locals.<ref>{{cite web |author=Asia and the Pacific |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/annual-report/2012/asia-pacific#header-3 |title=Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the Jammu and Kashmir State government stripped its State Information Commission (SIC) department of most powers after the commission asked the government to disclose information about the unmarked graves. This state action was reportedly denounced by the former National Chief Information Commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|author=Maqbool|first=Umer|date=10 September 2012|title=Wajahat expresses displeasure|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Sep/10/wajahat-expresses-displeasure-48.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004014651/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Sep/10/wajahat-expresses-displeasure-48.asp|archive-date=4 October 2012|access-date=11 November 2012|publisher=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] has called on India to "unequivocally condemn enforced disappearances" and to ensure that impartial investigations are conducted into mass graves in its Kashmir region. The Indian state police confirms as many as 331 deaths while in custody and 111 enforced disappearances since 1989.<ref name="Amnesty.org"/><ref name="autogenerated1999"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref name="amnesty1997"/> A report from the Indian Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) claimed that the seven people killed in 2000 by the Indian military, were innocent civilians.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=19 March 2012|title=Pathribal encounter 'cold blooded murder', CBI tells SC|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pathribal-encounter-cold-blooded-murder-cbi-tells-sc/925659/|access-date=20 March 2012|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=20 March 2012|title=Pathribal encounter is cold-blooded murder, CBI tells court|work=The Hindu|agency=Press Trust of India|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3013556.ece|url-status=dead|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321075058/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3013556.ece|archive-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> The Indian Army has decided to try the accused in the General Court Martial.<ref name="ZN">{{cite news|date=30 June 2012|title=Pathribal case: Army decides to try 5 accused officers in GCM|newspaper=Zee News|agency=PTI|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/pathribal-case-army-decides-to-try-5-accused-officers-in-gcm_784599.html|access-date=2 August 2012}}</ref> It was also reported that the killings that were allegedly committed in "cold-blood" by the Army, were actually in retaliation for the murder of 36 civilians [Sikhs] by militants at Chattisingpora in 2000.<ref name="ZN"/> The official stance of the Indian Army was that, according to its own investigation, 97% of the reports about human rights abuses have been found to be "fake or motivated".<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|last=Kashani|first=Sarwar|date=20 November 2011|title=Why Kashmiris want the hated AFSPA to go|newspaper=Daily News & Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_why-kashmiris-want-the-hated-afspa-to-go_1615040|access-date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125042948/http://www.dnaindia.com:80/india/report_why-kashmiris-want-the-hated-afspa-to-go_1615040|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> However, there have been at least one case where civilians have been killed in 'fake encounters' by Indian army personnel for cash rewards.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jaleel|first=Muzamil|date=29 May 2010|title=Fake encounter at LoC: 3 arrested, probe ordered|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fake-encounter-at-loc-3-arrested-probe-ordered/626105/|access-date=11 November 2012|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> According to a report by [[Human Rights Watch]]: | ||
{{blockquote|Indian security forces have assaulted civilians during search operations, tortured and summarily executed detainees in custody and murdered civilians in reprisal attacks. Rape most often occurs during crackdowns, cordon-and-search operations during which men are held for identification in parks or schoolyards while security forces search their homes. In these situations, the security forces frequently engage in collective punishment against the civilian population, most frequently by beating or otherwise assaulting residents, and burning their homes. Rape is used as a means of targetting women whom the security forces accuse of being militant sympathizers; in raping them, the security forces are attempting to punish and humiliate the entire community.<ref>Rape in Kashmir – [https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF A Crime of War by Asia Watch, Human Rights Watch and Physicians for Human Rights]</ref>}} | {{blockquote|Indian security forces have assaulted civilians during search operations, tortured and summarily executed detainees in custody and murdered civilians in reprisal attacks. Rape most often occurs during crackdowns, cordon-and-search operations during which men are held for identification in parks or schoolyards while security forces search their homes. In these situations, the security forces frequently engage in collective punishment against the civilian population, most frequently by beating or otherwise assaulting residents, and burning their homes. Rape is used as a means of targetting women whom the security forces accuse of being militant sympathizers; in raping them, the security forces are attempting to punish and humiliate the entire community.<ref>Rape in Kashmir – [https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF A Crime of War by Asia Watch, Human Rights Watch and Physicians for Human Rights]</ref>}} | ||
The allegation of mass rape incidents as well as forced disappearances are reflected in a Kashmiri short documentary film by an Independent Kashmiri film-maker, the ''[[Ocean of Tears]]'' produced by a non-governmental non-profit organisation called ''the Public Service Broadcasting Trust of India'' and approved by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]. The film depicts mass rape incidents in [[Kunan Poshpora]] and [[Shopian]] as facts and alleges that Indian Security Forces were responsible.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhat|first=Bilal|date=31 December 2012|title=A documentary movie on Kashmir lands in controversy|url=http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/676520296/bilal-bhat-special-correspondent-movie-srinagar-jammu-kashmir-na.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230203053/http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/676520296/bilal-bhat-special-correspondent-movie-srinagar-jammu-kashmir-na.html|archive-date=30 December 2012|access-date=19 December 2012|publisher=english.samaylive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite video |people=Billal A. Jan (Director) |title=Ocean of Tears (Excerpt) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foe-6ePl75I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509133444/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foe-6ePl75I&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2013-05-09|medium=Youtube |publisher=PSBTIndia |location=Jammu and Kashmir |year= | The allegation of mass rape incidents as well as forced disappearances are reflected in a Kashmiri short documentary film by an Independent Kashmiri film-maker, the ''[[Ocean of Tears]]'' produced by a non-governmental non-profit organisation called ''the Public Service Broadcasting Trust of India'' and approved by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]. The film depicts mass rape incidents in [[Kunan Poshpora]] and [[Shopian]] as facts and alleges that Indian Security Forces were responsible.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhat|first=Bilal|date=31 December 2012|title=A documentary movie on Kashmir lands in controversy|url=http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/676520296/bilal-bhat-special-correspondent-movie-srinagar-jammu-kashmir-na.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230203053/http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/676520296/bilal-bhat-special-correspondent-movie-srinagar-jammu-kashmir-na.html|archive-date=30 December 2012|access-date=19 December 2012|publisher=english.samaylive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite video |people=Billal A. Jan (Director) |title=Ocean of Tears (Excerpt) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foe-6ePl75I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509133444/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foe-6ePl75I&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2013-05-09|medium=Youtube |publisher=PSBTIndia |location=Jammu and Kashmir |year=2012}}</ref> | ||
[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] conducted a research survey in 2005 that found 11.6% of the interviewees who took part had been victims of sexual abuse since 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artsenzondergrenzen.nl/pdf/KASHMIRFINALVERSION221106.pdf |title=Médecins Sans Frontières – Kashmir: Violence and Health |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108061947/http://www.artsenzondergrenzen.nl/pdf/KASHMIRFINALVERSION221106.pdf |archive-date=8 November | [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] conducted a research survey in 2005 that found 11.6% of the interviewees who took part had been victims of sexual abuse since 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artsenzondergrenzen.nl/pdf/KASHMIRFINALVERSION221106.pdf |title=Médecins Sans Frontières – Kashmir: Violence and Health |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108061947/http://www.artsenzondergrenzen.nl/pdf/KASHMIRFINALVERSION221106.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.countercurrents.org/anjum101007.htm Wailing Woes], Combat Law, 10 October 2007</ref> This empirical study found that witnesses to rape in Kashmir was comparatively far higher than the other conflict zones such as Sierra Leone and Sri Lanka. 63% of people had heard of rape and 13% of the people had witnessed a rape. Dr Seema Kazi holds the security forces more responsible for raping than militants due to rape by the former being larger in scale and frequency. In areas of militant activity the security forces use rape to destroy morale of Kashmiri resistance.{{sfnp|Kazi, Rape, Impunity and Justice in Kashmir|2014|pp=22–23}} Dr Seema Kazi says these rapes cannot be ignored as rare occurrences nor should be ignored the documented acknowledgement of individual soldiers that they were ordered to rape.{{sfnp|Kazi, Rape, Impunity and Justice in Kashmir|2014|pp=29}} Kazi explains rape in Kashmir as a cultural weapon of war: | ||
<blockquote>In the particular context of Kashmir where an ethnic Muslim minority population is subject to the repressive dominance of a predominantly Hindu State, the sexual appropriation of Kashmiri women by State security forces exploits the cultural logic of rape whereby the sexual dishonour of individual women is coterminous with the subjection and subordination of Kashmiri men and the community at large.{{sfnp|Kazi, Rape, Impunity and Justice in Kashmir|2014|pp=27}}</blockquote> | <blockquote>In the particular context of Kashmir where an ethnic Muslim minority population is subject to the repressive dominance of a predominantly Hindu State, the sexual appropriation of Kashmiri women by State security forces exploits the cultural logic of rape whereby the sexual dishonour of individual women is coterminous with the subjection and subordination of Kashmiri men and the community at large.{{sfnp|Kazi, Rape, Impunity and Justice in Kashmir|2014|pp=27}}</blockquote> | ||
| Line 610: | Line 610: | ||
Some surveys have found that in the Kashmir region itself (where the bulk of separatist and Indian military activity is concentrated), popular perception holds that the Indian Armed Forces are more to blame for human rights violations than the separatist groups. Amnesty International criticized the Indian Military regarding an incident on 22 April 1996, when several armed forces personnel forcibly entered the house of a 32-year-old woman in the village of Wawoosa in the Rangreth district of Jammu and Kashmir. They reportedly molested her 12-year-old daughter and raped her other three daughters, aged 14, 16, and 18. When another woman attempted to prevent the soldiers from attacking her two daughters, she was beaten. Soldiers reportedly told her 17-year-old daughter to remove her clothes so that they could check whether she was hiding a gun. They molested her before leaving the house.<ref name="amnesty1997"/> | Some surveys have found that in the Kashmir region itself (where the bulk of separatist and Indian military activity is concentrated), popular perception holds that the Indian Armed Forces are more to blame for human rights violations than the separatist groups. Amnesty International criticized the Indian Military regarding an incident on 22 April 1996, when several armed forces personnel forcibly entered the house of a 32-year-old woman in the village of Wawoosa in the Rangreth district of Jammu and Kashmir. They reportedly molested her 12-year-old daughter and raped her other three daughters, aged 14, 16, and 18. When another woman attempted to prevent the soldiers from attacking her two daughters, she was beaten. Soldiers reportedly told her 17-year-old daughter to remove her clothes so that they could check whether she was hiding a gun. They molested her before leaving the house.<ref name="amnesty1997"/> | ||
According to an [[op-ed]] published in a BBC journal, the emphasis of the movement after 1989, ″soon shifted from nationalism to [[Islam]].″ It also claimed that the minority community of [[Kashmiri Pandits]], who have lived in Kashmir for centuries, were forced to leave their homeland.<ref name="BBCuk">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml Paradise lost]. BBC News.</ref> Reports by the Indian government state 219 Kashmiri pandits were killed and around {{formatnum:140000}} migrated due to millitancy while over 3000 remained in the valley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2010 |title=Front Page : "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989" |date=24 March 2010 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 August | According to an [[op-ed]] published in a BBC journal, the emphasis of the movement after 1989, ″soon shifted from nationalism to [[Islam]].″ It also claimed that the minority community of [[Kashmiri Pandits]], who have lived in Kashmir for centuries, were forced to leave their homeland.<ref name="BBCuk">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml Paradise lost]. BBC News.</ref> Reports by the Indian government state 219 Kashmiri pandits were killed and around {{formatnum:140000}} migrated due to millitancy while over 3000 remained in the valley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2010 |title=Front Page : "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989" |date=24 March 2010 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=731448 |title=219 Pandits Killed in J&K Since 1989 |publisher=news.outlookindia.com |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430003129/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=731448 |archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> The local organisation of Pandits in [[Kashmir]], Kashmir Pandit Sangharsh Samiti claimed that 399 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by insurgents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/07/201176134818984961.html |title=Kashmiri Pandits: Why we never fled Kashmir – Kashmir: The forgotten conflict |publisher=Al Jazeera |author=Azad Essa |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Jun/20/399-pandits-killed-since-1990-kpss-37.asp |title=399 Pandits killed since 1990 KPSS Lastupdate:- Mon, 20 Jun 2011 18:30:00 GMT |date=20 June 2011 |publisher=Greaterkashmir.com |author=GreaterKashmir.com (Greater Service) |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318101930/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Jun/20/399-pandits-killed-since-1990-kpss-37.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Al Jazeera states that 650 Pandits were murdered by militants.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/07/201176134818984961.html |title=Kashmiri Pandits: Why we never fled Kashmir |last=Essa |first=Azad |website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> Human Rights Watch also blamed [[Pakistan]] for supporting militants in Kashmir, in same 2006 report it says, "There is considerable evidence that over many years Pakistan has provided Kashmiri militants with training, weapons, funding and sanctuary. Pakistan remains accountable for abuses committed by militants that it has armed and trained."<ref name="HRW">{{cite web|author=Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch|date=13 September 2006|title=India: Impunity Fuels Conflict in Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/09/11/india-impunity-fuels-conflict-jammu-and-kashmir|access-date=3 August 2012|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/07/01/behind-kashmir-conflict |title=Behind Kashmir Conflict |date=1 July 1999 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/09/11/everyone-lives-fear |title=Everyone Lives in Fear |date=12 September 2006 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> | ||
{{blockquote|Our people were killed. I saw a girl tortured with cigarette butts. Another man had his eyes pulled out and his body hung on a tree. The armed separatists used a chainsaw to cut our bodies into pieces. It wasn't just the killing but the way they tortured and killed.|A crying old Kashmiri Hindu in refugee camps of Jammu to a BBC news reporter<ref name=BBCuk/>}} | {{blockquote|Our people were killed. I saw a girl tortured with cigarette butts. Another man had his eyes pulled out and his body hung on a tree. The armed separatists used a chainsaw to cut our bodies into pieces. It wasn't just the killing but the way they tortured and killed.|A crying old Kashmiri Hindu in refugee camps of Jammu to a BBC news reporter<ref name=BBCuk/>}} | ||
The violence was condemned and labelled as [[ethnic cleansing]] in a 2006 resolution passed by the [[United States Congress]].<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.CON.RES.344: Expressing the sense of Congress that the Government of the Republic of India and the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir should take immediate steps to remedy the situation of the Kashmiri Pandits and should act to ensure the physical, political, and economic security of this embattled community. HR Resolution 344] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113121916/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.CON.RES.344: |date=13 January | The violence was condemned and labelled as [[ethnic cleansing]] in a 2006 resolution passed by the [[United States Congress]].<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.CON.RES.344: Expressing the sense of Congress that the Government of the Republic of India and the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir should take immediate steps to remedy the situation of the Kashmiri Pandits and should act to ensure the physical, political, and economic security of this embattled community. HR Resolution 344] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113121916/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.CON.RES.344: |date=13 January 2016}}, [[United States House of Representatives]], 15 February 2006</ref> It stated that the Islamic terrorists infiltrated the region in 1989 and began an ethnic cleansing campaign to convert Kashmir into a Muslim state. According to the same resolution, since then nearly 400,000 Pandits were either murdered or forced to leave their ancestral homes.<ref name=USHR>{{cite web |title=Pallone Introduces Resolution Condemning Human Rights Violations Against Kashmiri Pandits |url=http://www.house.gov/list/press/nj06_pallone/pr_feb15_kashmir.html |publisher=U.S. House of Representatives |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801122919/http://www.house.gov/list/press/nj06_pallone/pr_feb15_kashmir.html |archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> | ||
According to a Hindu American Foundation report, the rights and religious freedom of [[Kashmiri Pandit|Kashmiri Hindus]] have been severely curtailed since 1989, when there was an [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|organised and systematic campaign]] by [[Islamist terrorism|Islamist militants]] to cleanse Hindus from Kashmir. Less than 4,000 Kashmiri Hindus remain in the valley, reportedly living with daily threats of violence and terrorism.<ref name=HAF/> Sanjay Tickoo, who heads the KPSS, an organisation which looks after Pandits who remain in the Valley, says the situation is complex. On one hand the community did face intimidation and violence but on the other hand he says there was no genocide or mass murder as suggested by Pandits who are based outside of Kashmir.<ref name=":7"/> | According to a Hindu American Foundation report, the rights and religious freedom of [[Kashmiri Pandit|Kashmiri Hindus]] have been severely curtailed since 1989, when there was an [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|organised and systematic campaign]] by [[Islamist terrorism|Islamist militants]] to cleanse Hindus from Kashmir. Less than 4,000 Kashmiri Hindus remain in the valley, reportedly living with daily threats of violence and terrorism.<ref name=HAF/> Sanjay Tickoo, who heads the KPSS, an organisation which looks after Pandits who remain in the Valley, says the situation is complex. On one hand the community did face intimidation and violence but on the other hand he says there was no genocide or mass murder as suggested by Pandits who are based outside of Kashmir.<ref name=":7"/> | ||
The displaced Pandits, many of whom continue to live in temporary [[refugee camp]]s in Jammu and Delhi, are still unable to safely return to their homeland.<ref name=HAF>{{cite news |title=Human Rights Issues by Country – Currently viewing issues for India |url=http://www.hafsite.org/human-rights-issues?country=India |access-date=3 August 2012 |newspaper=Hindu American Foundation}}</ref> The lead in this act of ethnic cleansing was initially taken by the Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front and the Hizbul Mujahideen. According to Indian media, all this happened at the instigation of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) by a group of Kashmiri terrorist elements who were trained, armed and motivated by the ISI. Reportedly, organisations trained and armed by the ISI continued this ethnic cleansing until practically all the Kashmiri Pandits were driven out after having been subjected to numerous indignities and brutalities such as rape, torture, forcible seizure of property etc.<ref name=RN>{{cite news |title=23 years on, Kashmiri Pandits remain refugees in their own nation |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/kashmiri-pandits-remain-refugees-in-their-own-nation/20120119.htm |access-date=3 August 2012 |newspaper=Rediff News |date=19 January | The displaced Pandits, many of whom continue to live in temporary [[refugee camp]]s in Jammu and Delhi, are still unable to safely return to their homeland.<ref name=HAF>{{cite news |title=Human Rights Issues by Country – Currently viewing issues for India |url=http://www.hafsite.org/human-rights-issues?country=India |access-date=3 August 2012 |newspaper=Hindu American Foundation}}</ref> The lead in this act of ethnic cleansing was initially taken by the Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front and the Hizbul Mujahideen. According to Indian media, all this happened at the instigation of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) by a group of Kashmiri terrorist elements who were trained, armed and motivated by the ISI. Reportedly, organisations trained and armed by the ISI continued this ethnic cleansing until practically all the Kashmiri Pandits were driven out after having been subjected to numerous indignities and brutalities such as rape, torture, forcible seizure of property etc.<ref name=RN>{{cite news |title=23 years on, Kashmiri Pandits remain refugees in their own nation |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/kashmiri-pandits-remain-refugees-in-their-own-nation/20120119.htm |access-date=3 August 2012 |newspaper=Rediff News |date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | ||
The separatists in Kashmir deny these allegations. The Indian government is also trying to reinstate the displaced Pandits in Kashmir. Tahir, the district commander of a separatist Islamic group in Kashmir, stated: "We want the Kashmiri Pandits to come back. They are our brothers. We will try to protect them." But the majority of the Pandits, who have been living in pitiable conditions in Jammu, believe that, until insurgency ceases to exist, return is not possible.<ref name="BBCuk"/> Mustafa Kamal, brother of [[Union Minister]] [[Farooq Abdullah]], blamed [[Indian Security Forces|security forces]], former Jammu and Kashmir governor Jagmohan and PDP leader Mufti Sayeed for forcing the migration of Kashmiri Pandits from the Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/forces-jagmohan-mufti-sayeed-drove-pandits-out-farooqs-brother/735497|title=Forces, Jagmohan, Mufti Sayeed drove Pandits out: Farooq's brother - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Jagmohan denies these allegations.<ref name="BBCuk"/> Pro-India politician Abdul Rashid says Pandits forced the migration on themselves so Muslims can be killed. He says the plan was to leave Muslims alone and bulldoze them freely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kashmirreader.com/2016/01/21/pandits-imposed-migration-on-themselves-so-muslims-can-be-killed-rashid/ |title=Pandits imposed migration on themselves so Muslims can be killed: Rashid |last=Bazaz |first=Junaid Nabi |date=21 January 2016 |website=Kashmir Reader|access-date=9 March | The separatists in Kashmir deny these allegations. The Indian government is also trying to reinstate the displaced Pandits in Kashmir. Tahir, the district commander of a separatist Islamic group in Kashmir, stated: "We want the Kashmiri Pandits to come back. They are our brothers. We will try to protect them." But the majority of the Pandits, who have been living in pitiable conditions in Jammu, believe that, until insurgency ceases to exist, return is not possible.<ref name="BBCuk"/> Mustafa Kamal, brother of [[Union Minister]] [[Farooq Abdullah]], blamed [[Indian Security Forces|security forces]], former Jammu and Kashmir governor Jagmohan and PDP leader Mufti Sayeed for forcing the migration of Kashmiri Pandits from the Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/forces-jagmohan-mufti-sayeed-drove-pandits-out-farooqs-brother/735497|title=Forces, Jagmohan, Mufti Sayeed drove Pandits out: Farooq's brother - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Jagmohan denies these allegations.<ref name="BBCuk"/> Pro-India politician Abdul Rashid says Pandits forced the migration on themselves so Muslims can be killed. He says the plan was to leave Muslims alone and bulldoze them freely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kashmirreader.com/2016/01/21/pandits-imposed-migration-on-themselves-so-muslims-can-be-killed-rashid/ |title=Pandits imposed migration on themselves so Muslims can be killed: Rashid |last=Bazaz |first=Junaid Nabi |date=21 January 2016 |website=Kashmir Reader|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> | ||
The CIA has reported that at least 506,000 people from Indian Administered Kashmir are internally displaced, about half of who are [[Kashmiri Pandits|Hindu Pandits]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=3 August | The CIA has reported that at least 506,000 people from Indian Administered Kashmir are internally displaced, about half of who are [[Kashmiri Pandits|Hindu Pandits]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoanow.org/kaleo/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926215555/http://www.kaleo.org/2.13229/kashmir-the-predicament-1.1790247|url-status=dead|title=Ka Leo|first=Ka Leo O.|last=Hawaii|archive-date=26 September 2011|website=Ka Leo O Hawaii}}</ref> The [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] (UNCR) reports that there are roughly 1.5 million refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir, the bulk of who arrived in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and in Pakistan after the situation on the Indian side worsened in 1989 [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]].<ref name=UNHR>{{cite web |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html |title=Refworld | Freedom in the World 2008 – Kashmir [Pakistan] |publisher=UNHCR |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
===Pakistan administered Kashmir=== | ===Pakistan administered Kashmir=== | ||
==== | ====Azad Kashmir==== | ||
{{main|Human rights abuses in | {{main|Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir}} | ||
The 2010 Chatham House opinion poll of | The 2010 Chatham House opinion poll of Azad Kashmir's people found that overall concerns about human rights abuses in 'Azad Kashmir' was 19%.<ref name=":1"/> The district where concern over human rights abuses was greatest was Bhimber where 32% of people expressed concern over human rights abuses.<ref name=":1"/> The lowest was in the district of Sudanhoti where concern over human rights abuses was a mere 5%.<ref name=":1"/> | ||
Claims of religious discrimination and restrictions on religious freedom in | Claims of religious discrimination and restrictions on religious freedom in Azad Kashmir have been made against Pakistan.<ref name="UNHCRpak">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html Freedom in the World 2008 – Kashmir (Pakistan)], [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], 2 July 2008</ref> The country is also accused of systemic suppression of free speech and demonstrations against the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hashim |first=Asad |date=4 March 2019 |title=In Pakistan-administered Kashmir, a shrinking pro-freedom space |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/4/in-pakistan-administered-kashmir-a-shrinking-pro-freedom-space |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UNHCRpak"/> UNHCR reported that a number of Islamist militant groups, including al-Qaeda, operate from bases in Pakistani-administered Kashmir with the tacit permission of ISI<ref name="UNHR"/><ref name="UNHCRpak"/> There have also been several allegations of human rights abuse.<ref name="UNHR"/> | ||
In 2006, Human Rights Watch accused ISI and the military of systemic torture with the purpose of "punishing" errant politicians, political activists and journalists in | In 2006, Human Rights Watch accused ISI and the military of systemic torture with the purpose of "punishing" errant politicians, political activists and journalists in Azad Kashmir.<ref name=HRW2>{{cite book |title=Human Rights Watch: "With Friends Like These..." |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=51 |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0906webwcover_0.pdf}}</ref> According to [[Brad Adams]], the Asia director at Human Rights Watch, the problems of human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir were not "rampant" but they needed to be addressed, and that the severity of [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights issues in Indian-administered Kashmir]] were "much, much, much greater".<ref name="TN">{{cite news |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/645684-hrw-alleges-abuses-in-ajk-tariq-azim-rejects-report |title=HRW alleges abuses in AJK Tariq Azim rejects report |date=22 September 2006 |access-date=7 May 2017 |work=The News}}</ref> A report titled "Kashmir: Present Situation and Future Prospects", submitted to the [[European Parliament]] by [[Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne|Emma Nicholson]], was critical of the lack of human rights, justice, democracy, and Kashmiri representation in the Pakistan National Assembly.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/eu-report-rattles-pakistan/233329 EU Report Rattles Pakistan], [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]], 8 December 2006</ref> According to the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], Pakistan's ISI operates in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and is accused of involvement in extensive surveillance, arbitrary arrests, torture, and murder.<ref name=UNHCRpak/> The 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] was 'not free'.<ref name=UNHCRpak/> According to Shaukat Ali, chairman of the International Kashmir Alliance, "On one hand Pakistan claims to be the champion of the right of self-determination of the Kashmiri people, but she has denied the same rights under its controlled parts of Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan".<ref Name=GIC>[http://www.german-info.com/press_shownews.php?pid=115 European Parliamentarians express concern for Gilgit-Baltistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711090519/http://www.german-info.com/press_shownews.php?pid=115 |date=11 July 2011}}, German Information Center, New Delhi, 12 April 2008</ref> | ||
After the 2011 elections, | After the 2011 elections, Azad Kashmir Prime Minister Sardar Attique Ahmad Khan stated that there were mistakes in the voters list which have raised questions about the credibility of the elections.<ref name="ER">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Rajeev|date=24 June 2011|title=Sham Elections in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir – Analysis|newspaper=Eurasia review|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/24062011-sham-elections-in-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-analysis/|access-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> | ||
In December 1993, the [[blasphemy law]]s of Pakistan were extended to Pakistan Administered Kashmir. The area is ruled directly through a chief executive Lt. Gen. Mohammed Shafiq, appointed by Islamabad with a 26-member Northern Areas Council.<ref name="KS">{{cite news|last=Kotru|first=M. L.|title=Chapter 5: Pakistan-Occupied-Kashmir, Tashkent & The Shimla Agreement|newspaper=Kashmir story|url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/kashmirstory/chapter5.html|url-status=dead|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017045805/http://www.kashmir-information.com/kashmirstory/chapter5.html|archive-date=17 October | In December 1993, the [[blasphemy law]]s of Pakistan were extended to Pakistan Administered Kashmir. The area is ruled directly through a chief executive Lt. Gen. Mohammed Shafiq, appointed by Islamabad with a 26-member Northern Areas Council.<ref name="KS">{{cite news|last=Kotru|first=M. L.|title=Chapter 5: Pakistan-Occupied-Kashmir, Tashkent & The Shimla Agreement|newspaper=Kashmir story|url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/kashmirstory/chapter5.html|url-status=dead|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017045805/http://www.kashmir-information.com/kashmirstory/chapter5.html|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref> | ||
UNCR reports that the status of women in Pakistani-administered Kashmir is similar to that of women in Pakistan. They are not granted equal rights under the law, and their educational opportunities and choice of marriage partner remain "circumscribed". Domestic violence, forced marriage, and other forms of abuse continue to be issues of concern. In May 2007, the United Nations and other aid agencies temporarily suspended their work after suspected Islamists mounted an arson attack on the home of two aid workers after the organisations had received warnings against hiring women. However, honour killings and rape occur less frequently than in other areas of Pakistan.<ref name=UNHR/> | UNCR reports that the status of women in Pakistani-administered Kashmir is similar to that of women in Pakistan. They are not granted equal rights under the law, and their educational opportunities and choice of marriage partner remain "circumscribed". Domestic violence, forced marriage, and other forms of abuse continue to be issues of concern. In May 2007, the United Nations and other aid agencies temporarily suspended their work after suspected Islamists mounted an arson attack on the home of two aid workers after the organisations had received warnings against hiring women. However, honour killings and rape occur less frequently than in other areas of Pakistan.<ref name=UNHR/> | ||
Scholar Sumantra Bose comments that the uprising remained restricted to the Indian side and did not spill over into Pakistani-administered Kashmir despite a lack of democratic freedoms on the Pakistani side. Bose offers a number of possible explanations for this. | Scholar Sumantra Bose comments that the uprising remained restricted to the Indian side and did not spill over into Pakistani-administered Kashmir despite a lack of democratic freedoms on the Pakistani side. Bose offers a number of possible explanations for this. Azad Kashmir's strong pro-Pakistan allegiances and a relatively smaller population are suggested as reasons. But Bose believes that a stronger explanation was that Pakistan had itself been a military-bureaucratic state for most of its history without stable democratic institutions. According to Bose, the Kashmiri Muslims had higher expectations from India which turned out to be a "moderately successful" democracy and it was in this context that Kashmiri Muslim rage spilled over after the rigging of the elections in 1987.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|date=June 2009|isbn=9780674028555|pages=99–100}}</ref> The residents of Azad Kashmir are also mostly Punjabi, differing in ethnicity from Kashmiris in the Indian administered section of the state.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 |title=The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict |date=2 August 2004 |publisher=Routledge |pages=153 |last1=Coakley |first1=John|isbn=9781135764425}}</ref> | ||
====Gilgit-Baltistan==== | ====Gilgit-Baltistan==== | ||
The main demand of the people of Gilgit-Baltistan is constitutional status for the region as a fifth province of Pakistan.<ref name=indian_express>{{cite web |author=Nadeem |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gilgitbaltistan-a-question-of-autonomy/519428/1 |title=Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy |date=21 September 2009 |access-date=6 January | The main demand of the people of Gilgit-Baltistan is constitutional status for the region as a fifth province of Pakistan.<ref name=indian_express>{{cite web |author=Nadeem |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gilgitbaltistan-a-question-of-autonomy/519428/1 |title=Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy |date=21 September 2009 |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=gilgit_polls/> However, Pakistan claims that Gilgit-Baltistan cannot be given constitutional status due to Pakistan's commitment to the 1948 UN resolution.<ref name=gilgit_polls>{{cite news |last=Shigri |first=Manzar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112 |title=Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls |work=Reuters |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=dawn_gilgit>{{cite web |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/30198 |title=DAWN: Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601035500/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/30198 |archive-date=1 June 2012|date=9 September 2009}}</ref> In 2007, the [[International Crisis Group]] stated that "Almost six decades after Pakistan's independence, the constitutional status of the Federally Administered Northern Areas (Gilgit and Baltistan), once part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and now under Pakistani control, remains undetermined, with political autonomy a distant dream. The region's inhabitants are embittered by Islamabad's unwillingness to devolve powers in real terms to its elected representatives, and a nationalist movement, which seeks independence, is gaining ground. The rise of sectarian extremism is an alarming consequence of this denial of basic political rights".<ref name=DAWN20090726>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/in-paper-magazine/encounter/political-unrest-in-gilgitbaltistan-679 Political unrest in Gilgit-Baltistan], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 26 July 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731121827/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/in-paper-magazine/encounter/political-unrest-in-gilgitbaltistan-679 |date=31 July 2009}}</ref> A two-day conference on Gilgit-Baltistan was held on 8–9 April 2008 at the European Parliament in [[Brussels]] under the auspices of the International Kashmir Alliance.<ref name=thaindian10037588>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/european-mps-concerned-at-rights-violations-in-pakistani-kashmir_10037588.html European MPs concerned at rights violations in Pakistani Kashmir], ''Thaindian News'', 13 April 2008</ref> Several members of the [[European Parliament]] expressed concern over human rights violations in Gilgit-Baltistan and urged the government of Pakistan to establish democratic institutions and the rule of law in the area.<ref name=thaindian10037588/><ref name=indianexpress556767>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/link-aid-to-pak-with-effort-in-checking-terr/556767/ European Parliament concerned on Gilgit-Baltistan], ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 20 December 2009</ref> | ||
In 2009, the Pakistani government implemented an autonomy package for Gilgit-Baltistan, which entails rights similar to those of Pakistan's other provinces.<ref name=indian_express/> Gilgit-Baltistan thus gains province-like status without actually being conferred such status constitutionally.<ref name=indian_express/><ref name=dawn_gilgit/> Direct rule by Islamabad has been replaced by an elected legislative assembly under a chief minister.<ref name=indian_express/><ref name=dawn_gilgit/> The 2009 reform has not satisfied locals who demand citizenship rights and it has continued to leave Gilgit Baltistan's constitutional status within Pakistan undefined; although it has added to the self-identification of the territory. According to Antia Mato Bouzas, the PPP-led Pakistani government had attempted a compromise between its official position on Kashmir and the demands of a population where the majority may have pro-Pakistan sentiments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mato Bouzas |first1=Antia |year=2012 |title=Mixed Legacies in Contested Borderlands: Skardu and the Kashmir Dispute |journal=Geopolitics |volume=17 |issue=4| page=874 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2012.660577 |s2cid=73717097}}</ref> | In 2009, the Pakistani government implemented an autonomy package for Gilgit-Baltistan, which entails rights similar to those of Pakistan's other provinces.<ref name=indian_express/> Gilgit-Baltistan thus gains province-like status without actually being conferred such status constitutionally.<ref name=indian_express/><ref name=dawn_gilgit/> Direct rule by Islamabad has been replaced by an elected legislative assembly under a chief minister.<ref name=indian_express/><ref name=dawn_gilgit/> The 2009 reform has not satisfied locals who demand citizenship rights and it has continued to leave Gilgit Baltistan's constitutional status within Pakistan undefined; although it has added to the self-identification of the territory. According to Antia Mato Bouzas, the PPP-led Pakistani government had attempted a compromise between its official position on Kashmir and the demands of a population where the majority may have pro-Pakistan sentiments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mato Bouzas |first1=Antia |year=2012 |title=Mixed Legacies in Contested Borderlands: Skardu and the Kashmir Dispute |journal=Geopolitics |volume=17 |issue=4| page=874 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2012.660577 |s2cid=73717097}}</ref> | ||
There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan, India, and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name=DAWN20090830>[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/133073 Gilgit-Baltistan package termed an eyewash], [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]], 30 August 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601035537/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/133073 |date=1 June | There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan, India, and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name=DAWN20090830>[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/133073 Gilgit-Baltistan package termed an eyewash], [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]], 30 August 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601035537/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/133073 |date=1 June 2012}}</ref> The move has been dubbed a cover-up to hide the real mechanics of power, which allegedly are under the direct control of the Pakistani federal government.<ref name=dailytimes2112010>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C01%5C21%5Cstory_21-1-2010_pg3_3 Discontents in Gilgit-Baltistan], [[Daily Times (Pakistan)]], 21 April 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002113958/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C01%5C21%5Cstory_21-1-2010_pg3_3 |date=2 October 2013}}</ref> The package was opposed by Pakistani Kashmiri politicians who claimed that the integration of Gilgit-Baltistan into Pakistan would undermine their case for the independence of Kashmir from India.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news |last=Shigri |first=Manzar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-election-idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112 |title=Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls |work=Reuters |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> 300 activists from Kashmiri groups protested during the first Gilgit-Baltistan legislative assembly elections, with some carrying banners reading "Pakistan's expansionist designs in Gilgit-Baltistan are unacceptable"<ref name=gilgit_polls/> In December 2009, activists from nationalist Kashmiri groups staged a protest in [[Muzaffarabad]] to condemn the alleged rigging of elections and the killing of an 18-year-old student.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naqash|first=Tariq|date=2009-12-27|title=Killing of youth in GB by-polls condemned|url=https://www.dawn.com/2009/12/27/killing-of-youth-in-gb-by-polls-condemned/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Dawn}}</ref> | ||
==Map legality== | ==Map legality== | ||
As with other disputed territories, each government issues maps depicting their claims in Kashmir territory, regardless of actual control. Due to India's Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1961, it is illegal in India to exclude all or part of Kashmir from a map (or to publish any map that differs from those of the [[Survey of India]]).<ref>[http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Laws/The-Criminal-Law-Amendment-Act-1961.htm The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1961], Vakilno1.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115065227/http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Laws/The-Criminal-Law-Amendment-Act-1961.htm |date=15 November | As with other disputed territories, each government issues maps depicting their claims in Kashmir territory, regardless of actual control. Due to India's Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1961, it is illegal in India to exclude all or part of Kashmir from a map (or to publish any map that differs from those of the [[Survey of India]]).<ref>[http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Laws/The-Criminal-Law-Amendment-Act-1961.htm The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1961], Vakilno1.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115065227/http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Laws/The-Criminal-Law-Amendment-Act-1961.htm |date=15 November 2011}}</ref> | ||
== Statistics == | == Statistics == | ||
Since 1989 and by 2006, over 50,000 people are claimed by Human Rights Watch to have died during the conflict,<ref name="HRW"/> with at least 20,000 of them civilian.<ref>{{cite report| url= https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india0906web.pdf |title= Everyone Lives in Fear: Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=September 2006 |page=1}}</ref> In 2008, authorities said that 43,000 people have been killed in the violence.<ref name=":12"/> Data released in 2011 by [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir government]] stated that, in the last 21 years, 43,460 people have been killed in the Kashmir insurgency. Of these, 21,323 are militants, 13,226 civilians killed by militants, 3,642 civilians killed by security forces, and 5,369 policemen killed by militants.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nandal|first=Randeep Singh|date=20 June 2011|title=State data refutes claim of 1 lakh killed in Kashmir|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/State-data-refutes-claim-of-1-lakh-killed-in-Kashmir/articleshow/8918214.cms|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> | |||
According to the Government of India Home Ministry, 2008 was the year with the lowest civilian casualties in 20 years, with 89 deaths, compared to a high of 1,413 in 1996.<ref> | According to the Government of India Home Ministry, 2008 was the year with the lowest civilian casualties in 20 years, with 89 deaths, compared to a high of 1,413 in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=1&theme=&usrsess=1&id=237689|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227014734/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=1&theme=&usrsess=1&id=237689|url-status=dead|title=|| getexpi |||archivedate=27 December 2008|website=www.thestatesman.net}}</ref> In 2008, 85 security personnel died compared to 613 in 2001, while 102 militants were killed. The human rights situation improved, with only one custodial death, and no custodial disappearances. Many analysts say Pakistan's preoccupation with jihadis within its own borders explains the relative calm.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 March 2008|title=Level of violence in Kashmir dips|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/mar/28/briefing-level-of-violence-in-kashmir-dips/|access-date=2 February 2010|work=The Washington Times}}</ref> In March 2009, Abdullah stated that only 800 militants were active in the state and out of these only 30% were Kashmiris.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090303/j&k.htm#2 800 ultras active in state: Omar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306212147/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090303/j%26k.htm#2|date=6 March 2009}}, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 2 March 2009</ref> | ||
In 2016 [[Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society]] said there had been 70,000 plus killings, a majority committed by the Indian armed forces.<ref name="Kashmir Observer"/> The pro-Pakistan Hurriyat group has claimed a higher death toll of 80,000 including civilians, security forces and militants.<ref>{{citation |author=[[Sumantra Bose]] |title=Kashmir : roots of conflict, paths to peace |year=2003 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |page=4}}</ref> | |||
== Natural disaster diplomacy == | == Natural disaster diplomacy == | ||
The [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], which killed over 80,000 people, led to India and Pakistan finalising negotiations for the opening of a road for disaster relief through Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2005|title=Pakistan, India agree to open five LoC points|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/163590/pakistan-india-agree-to-open-five-loc-points|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012170855/https://www.dawn.com/news/163590/pakistan-india-agree-to-open-five-loc-points|archive-date=12 October 2021|access-date=22 December 2021|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]}}</ref> [[2014 India–Pakistan floods]] was also followed by statements of cooperation by leaders of both countries.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Agarwal|first=Vibhuti|date=2014-09-08|title=India, Pakistan Engage in Flood-Aid Diplomacy|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-26458|access-date=2021-12-22|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=8 September 2014|title=Kashmir's epic floods link India and Pakistan in disaster|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/09/08/kashmirs-epic-floods-link-india-and-pakistan-in-disaster/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228022816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/09/08/kashmirs-epic-floods-link-india-and-pakistan-in-disaster/|archive-date=28 February 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ravishankar|first=Siddharth|date=9 January 2015|title=Cooperation between India And Pakistan after Natural Disasters - Pakistan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/cooperation-between-india-and-pakistan-after-natural-disasters|access-date=2021-12-22|website=[[ReliefWeb]]|publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kelman|first1=Ilan|last2=Field|first2=Jessica|last3=Suri|first3=Kavita|last4=Bhat|first4=Ghulam M.|date=2018-10-01|title=Disaster diplomacy in Jammu and Kashmir | The [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], which killed over 80,000 people, led to India and Pakistan finalising negotiations for the opening of a road for disaster relief through Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2005|title=Pakistan, India agree to open five LoC points|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/163590/pakistan-india-agree-to-open-five-loc-points|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012170855/https://www.dawn.com/news/163590/pakistan-india-agree-to-open-five-loc-points|archive-date=12 October 2021|access-date=22 December 2021|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]}}</ref> [[2014 India–Pakistan floods]] was also followed by statements of cooperation by leaders of both countries.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Agarwal|first=Vibhuti|date=2014-09-08|title=India, Pakistan Engage in Flood-Aid Diplomacy|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-26458|access-date=2021-12-22|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=8 September 2014|title=Kashmir's epic floods link India and Pakistan in disaster|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/09/08/kashmirs-epic-floods-link-india-and-pakistan-in-disaster/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228022816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/09/08/kashmirs-epic-floods-link-india-and-pakistan-in-disaster/|archive-date=28 February 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ravishankar|first=Siddharth|date=9 January 2015|title=Cooperation between India And Pakistan after Natural Disasters - Pakistan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/cooperation-between-india-and-pakistan-after-natural-disasters|access-date=2021-12-22|website=[[ReliefWeb]]|publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kelman|first1=Ilan|last2=Field|first2=Jessica|last3=Suri|first3=Kavita|last4=Bhat|first4=Ghulam M.|date=2018-10-01|title=Disaster diplomacy in Jammu and Kashmir|journal=International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction|language=en|volume=31|pages=1132–1140|doi=10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.007|bibcode=2018IJDRR..31.1132K |s2cid=158363838|issn=2212-4209|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 682: | Line 682: | ||
** {{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Kashmir, 1945–66: From Empire to the Cold War |url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370019/ |date=2014 |publisher=University of Southampton|type=phd}} | ** {{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Kashmir, 1945–66: From Empire to the Cold War |url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370019/ |date=2014 |publisher=University of Southampton|type=phd}} | ||
* {{citation |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |year=2013 |title=Britain and Kashmir, 1948: "The Arena of the UN" |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |volume=24 |pages=273–290 |number=2 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2013.789771 |s2cid=154021048}} | * {{citation |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |year=2013 |title=Britain and Kashmir, 1948: "The Arena of the UN" |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |volume=24 |pages=273–290 |number=2 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2013.789771 |s2cid=154021048}} | ||
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir| | * {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}}}} | ||
* {{citation |first=Sanjoy |last=Bagchi |title=The First War with Pakistan |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |pages=2709–2712 |number=27 |date=6 July 2002 |jstor=4412323 |ref={{sfnref|Bagchi, First War with Pakistan| | * {{citation |first=Sanjoy |last=Bagchi |title=The First War with Pakistan |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |pages=2709–2712 |number=27 |date=6 July 2002 |jstor=4412323 |ref={{sfnref|Bagchi, First War with Pakistan|2002}}}} | ||
* {{cite book|first=Sumantra|last=Bose|author-link=Sumantra Bose|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01173-1|ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir Roots of Conflict| | * {{cite book|first=Sumantra|last=Bose|author-link=Sumantra Bose|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01173-1|ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir Roots of Conflict|2003}}|url=https://archive.org/details/00book939526581}} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Brecher|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uS4KAQAAIAAJ|title=The Struggle for Kashmir|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1953|author-link=Michael Brecher}} | * {{cite book|last=Brecher|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uS4KAQAAIAAJ|title=The Struggle for Kashmir|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1953|author-link=Michael Brecher}} | ||
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* {{citation|first=Gurharpal|last=Singh|title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of Punjab|year=2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-333-98177-1|ref={{sfnref|Singh, Ethnic Conflict in India|2000}}}} | * {{citation|first=Gurharpal|last=Singh|title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of Punjab|year=2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-333-98177-1|ref={{sfnref|Singh, Ethnic Conflict in India|2000}}}} | ||
* {{citation |first=Sumathi |last=Subbiah |title=Security Council Mediation and the Kashmir Dispute: Reflections on Its Failures and Possibilities for Renewal |journal=Boston College International and Comparative Law Review |volume=27 |number=1 |year=2004 |url=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol27/iss1/8 |pages=173–185}} | * {{citation |first=Sumathi |last=Subbiah |title=Security Council Mediation and the Kashmir Dispute: Reflections on Its Failures and Possibilities for Renewal |journal=Boston College International and Comparative Law Review |volume=27 |number=1 |year=2004 |url=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol27/iss1/8 |pages=173–185}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Subramaniam |first=Arjun |title=India's Wars: A Military History, 1947–1971 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-9351777496 |year=2016 |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/indias-wars/ |ref={{sfnref|Subramaniam, India's Wars| | * {{citation |last=Subramaniam |first=Arjun |title=India's Wars: A Military History, 1947–1971 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-9351777496 |year=2016 |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/indias-wars/ |ref={{sfnref|Subramaniam, India's Wars|2016}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947–2004 |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-13752-7 |ref={{sfnref|Praveen Swami; India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad| | * {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947–2004 |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-13752-7 |ref={{sfnref|Praveen Swami; India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007}}}} | ||
* {{citation|first1=Ian|last1=Talbot|first2=Gurharpal|last2=Singh|title=The Partition of India|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|ref={{sfnref|Talbot & Singh, The Partition of India| | * {{citation|first1=Ian|last1=Talbot|first2=Gurharpal|last2=Singh|title=The Partition of India|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|ref={{sfnref|Talbot & Singh, The Partition of India|2009}}}} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Varshney|first=Ashutosh|author-link=Ashutosh Varshney|chapter=Three Compromised Nationalisms: Why Kashmir has been a Problem|editor=Raju G. C. Thomas|title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia|year=1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 191–234]|chapter-url=https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/courses/rudolph/g238/files/Varshney-_1992-Why-Kashmir.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Varshney, Three Compromised Nationalisms|1992}}|url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003033806/https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/courses/rudolph/g238/files/Varshney-_1992-Why-Kashmir.pdf|archive-date=3 October | * {{cite book|last=Varshney|first=Ashutosh|author-link=Ashutosh Varshney|chapter=Three Compromised Nationalisms: Why Kashmir has been a Problem|editor=Raju G. C. Thomas|title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia|year=1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 191–234]|chapter-url=https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/courses/rudolph/g238/files/Varshney-_1992-Why-Kashmir.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Varshney, Three Compromised Nationalisms|1992}}|url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003033806/https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/courses/rudolph/g238/files/Varshney-_1992-Why-Kashmir.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging| | * {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2004}}|year=2004}} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{external links|section|date=August | {{external links|section|date=August 2019}} | ||
* {{citation |title=Christine Fair Explains the Pakistan Army's Way of War |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMgijhexkqE | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/JMgijhexkqE| archive-date=2021-10-30|publisher=School of Public Policy at Central European University |date=7 April | * {{citation |title=Christine Fair Explains the Pakistan Army's Way of War |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMgijhexkqE | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/JMgijhexkqE| archive-date=2021-10-30|publisher=School of Public Policy at Central European University |date=7 April 2015}}{{cbignore}} (video on [[YouTube]]) | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090421082744/http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-The-Future-of-Kashmir.html "The Future of Kashmir"], Matthew A. Rosenstein et al., ''ACDIS Swords and Ploughshares'' 16:1 (winter 2007–2008), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090421082744/http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-The-Future-of-Kashmir.html "The Future of Kashmir"], Matthew A. Rosenstein et al., ''ACDIS Swords and Ploughshares'' 16:1 (winter 2007–2008), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (archived 21 April 2009). | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123141630/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/index.asp "CCC Research: Asymmetric Conflict in South Asia—The Cause and Consequences of the 1999 Limited War in Kargil"] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123141630/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/index.asp "CCC Research: Asymmetric Conflict in South Asia—The Cause and Consequences of the 1999 Limited War in Kargil"] (archived 23 November 2005) | ||
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/south_asia/2002/kashmir_flashpoint/ BBC articles on Kashmir] | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/south_asia/2002/kashmir_flashpoint/ BBC articles on Kashmir] | ||
* [http://www.usip.org/publications/the-political-economy-the-kashmir-conflict-opportunities-economic-peacebuilding-and-us ''The Political Economy of the Kashmir Conflict''], [[US Institute of Peace]] Report, June 2004 | * [http://www.usip.org/publications/the-political-economy-the-kashmir-conflict-opportunities-economic-peacebuilding-and-us ''The Political Economy of the Kashmir Conflict''], [[US Institute of Peace]] Report, June 2004 | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030704193336/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/ishtiaqkashmir.html "The Kashmir dispute—cause or symptom?"] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030704193336/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/ishtiaqkashmir.html "The Kashmir dispute—cause or symptom?"] (archived 4 July 2003) | ||
* [http://www.koausa.org/Crown/history.html An outline of the history of Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124183713/http://koausa.org/Crown/history.html |date=24 November | * [http://www.koausa.org/Crown/history.html An outline of the history of Kashmir] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124183713/http://koausa.org/Crown/history.html |date=24 November 2020}}) | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201120007/http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v613/sri.htm News Coverage of Kashmir] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201120007/http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v613/sri.htm News Coverage of Kashmir] (archived 1 December 2005) | ||
* [http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/instrument_of_accession.html Accession Document] | * [http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/instrument_of_accession.html Accession Document] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090726133428/http://www.iiss.org/EasysiteWeb/getresource.axd?AssetID=809&type=full&servicetype=Attachment Timeline since April 2003] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090726133428/http://www.iiss.org/EasysiteWeb/getresource.axd?AssetID=809&type=full&servicetype=Attachment Timeline since April 2003] (archived 26 July 2009) | ||
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2007-0214&language=EN Kashmir resolution of the European Parliament, 24 May 2007] | * [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2007-0214&language=EN Kashmir resolution of the European Parliament, 24 May 2007] | ||
* [http://www.51voa.com/voa_standard_english/VOA_Standard_English_26465.html "Election in Kashmir Begins Amid Boycott Calls"] | * [http://www.51voa.com/voa_standard_english/VOA_Standard_English_26465.html "Election in Kashmir Begins Amid Boycott Calls"] | ||