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| caption = Chandra Shekhar Azad | | caption = Chandra Shekhar Azad | ||
| birth_name = Chandra Shekhar Sitaram | | birth_name = Chandra Shekhar Sitaram | ||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|07|23|df=yes}} | | birth_date = {{birth date|1906|07|23|df=yes}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Bhavra|Bhabhra]], [[Alirajpur State]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asoulwindow.com/revealing-the-truth-behind-the-real-birth-place-and-date-of-azad/|title = REVEALING THE TRUTH BEHIND THE REAL BIRTH PLACE AND DATE OF AZAD! – A Soul Window|date = 28 January 2017}}</ref> | | birth_place = [[Bhavra|Bhabhra]], [[Alirajpur State]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(now [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]])}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asoulwindow.com/revealing-the-truth-behind-the-real-birth-place-and-date-of-azad/|title = REVEALING THE TRUTH BEHIND THE REAL BIRTH PLACE AND DATE OF AZAD! – A Soul Window|date = 28 January 2017}}</ref> | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|1931|02|27|1906|07|23|df=yes}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|1931|02|27|1906|07|23|df=yes}} | ||
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] | | death_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(now [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])}} | ||
| death_cause = [[Suicide by gunshot]] | | death_cause = [[Suicide by gunshot]] | ||
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]] | | occupation = [[Revolutionary]] | ||
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]] | | movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]] | ||
| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] | | organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] | ||
| other_names = | | other_names = *Azad | ||
*Balraj | |||
*[[Thakur (title)|Thakur Saheb]]| | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Chandra Shekhar Tiwari ''' ({{pronunciation|Chadra shekar Azad.ogg}}<ref>{{Britannica|1913067|Chandrasekhar Azad}} | '''Chandra Shekhar Tiwari ''' ({{pronunciation|Chadra shekar Azad.ogg}};<ref>{{Britannica|1913067|Chandrasekhar Azad}}</ref> 23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931), popularly known as '''Chandra Shekhar Azad''', was an Indian [[Indian independence movement|revolutionary]] who reorganised the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA) under its new name of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) after the death of its founder, [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], and three other prominent party leaders, [[Roshan Singh]], [[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]] and [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]. He hailed from [[Badarka|Bardarka village]] in [[Unnao district]] of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] and his parents were Sitaram Tiwari and Jagrani Devi. He often used the pseudonym "Balraj" while signing pamphlets issued as the commander-in-chief of the HSRA.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahatma Gandhi tried his best to save Bhagat Singh |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/mahatma-gandhi-tried-his-best-to-save-bhagat-singhs-life |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> | ||
==Early life and career== | ==Early life and career== | ||
Chandra Shekhar Azad was born on 23 July 1906 in [[Bhavra|Bhabhra village]] as Chandra Shekhar Tiwari, in a [[Brahmin]] family, in the princely-state of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]. His forefathers were from [[Badarka|Badarka village]] of [[Unnao district]] of Uttar Pradesh. His mother, Jagrani Devi, was the third wife of Sitaram Tiwari, whose previous wives had died young. After the birth of their first son, Sukhdev, in Badarka, the family moved to [[Alirajpur State]].<ref name="CalcuttaEnglish1958">{{cite book | publisher = University of Calcutta. Dept. of English | title=The Calcutta review | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BAxAQAAMAAJ | access-date=11 September 2012 | year=1958 | page=44}}</ref><ref name="CatherineAsher1994">{{cite book | editor=Catherine B. Asher | title=India 2001: reference encyclopedia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ | access-date=11 September 2012 | date=June 1994 | publisher=South Asia Publications | isbn=978-0-945921-42-4 | page = 131 }}</ref> | Chandra Shekhar Azad was born on 23 July 1906 in [[Bhavra|Bhabhra village]] as Chandra Shekhar Tiwari, in a [[Brahmin]] family, in the princely-state of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]. His forefathers were from [[Badarka|Badarka village]] of [[Unnao district]] of Uttar Pradesh. His mother, Jagrani Devi, was the third wife of Sitaram Tiwari, whose previous wives had died young. After the birth of their first son, Sukhdev, in Badarka, the family moved to [[Alirajpur State]].<ref name="CalcuttaEnglish1958">{{cite book | publisher = University of Calcutta. Dept. of English | title=The Calcutta review | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BAxAQAAMAAJ | access-date=11 September 2012 | year=1958 | page=44}}</ref><ref name="CatherineAsher1994">{{cite book | editor=Catherine B. Asher | title=India 2001: reference encyclopedia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ | access-date=11 September 2012 | date=June 1994 | publisher=South Asia Publications | isbn=978-0-945921-42-4 | page = 131 }}</ref> | ||
His mother wanted her son to be a great [[Sanskrit]] scholar and persuaded his father to send him to Kashi Vidyapeeth | His mother wanted her son to be a great [[Sanskrit]] scholar and persuaded his father to send him to Kashi Vidyapeeth at [[Varanasi|Benares]] to study. In 1921, when the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] was at its height, Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student, joined. As a result, he was arrested on 20 December. On being presented before the Parsi district magistrate Justice M. P. Khareghat a week later, he gave his name as "Azad" (''The Free''), his father's name as "Swatantrata" (''Independence'') and his residence as "Jail". The angered magistrate punished him with 15 lashes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India) |first=Bhawan Singh |last=Rana |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |year=2005 |isbn=9788128808166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC |pages=22–24}}</ref> | ||
==Revolutionary life== | ==Revolutionary life== | ||
After the suspension of the [[non-cooperation movement]] in 1922 by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Azad became disappointed. He met a young revolutionary, [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], who introduced him to [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] who had formed the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA), a revolutionary organization. He then became an active member of the HRA and started to collect funds for HRA. Most of the fund collection was through robberies of government property. He was involved in the [[Kakori Train Robbery]] of 1925, the shooting of John P. Saunders at [[Lahore]] in 1928 to avenge the killing of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], and at last, in the attempt to blow up the [[Viceroy of India]] | After the suspension of the [[non-cooperation movement]] in 1922 by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Azad became disappointed. He met a young revolutionary, [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], who introduced him to [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] who had formed the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA), a revolutionary organization. He then became an active member of the HRA and started to collect funds for HRA. Most of the fund collection was through robberies of government property. He was involved in the [[Kakori Train Robbery]] of 1925, the shooting of John P. Saunders at [[Lahore]] in 1928 to avenge the killing of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], and at last, in the attempt to blow up the [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Viceroy of India's]] train in 1929. | ||
Azad got to read the Communist Manifesto from his comrade Shiv Verma. When Azad was the commander-in-chief of the revolutionary party, he often use to borrow a book called ABC of Communism from writer Satyabhakta to teach socialism to his cadres. | Azad got to read the Communist Manifesto from his comrade Shiv Verma. When Azad was the commander-in-chief of the revolutionary party, he often use to borrow a book called ABC of Communism from writer Satyabhakta to teach socialism to his cadres. | ||
[[File:Chandrashekarazad.jpg|thumb|The | [[File:Chandrashekarazad.jpg|thumb|The stone slab on which Azad slept for about two years, while he was incognito, at [[Orchha]] in [[Central India Agency|Central India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrashekhar Azad, Stone Slab, Incognito Exile In Orchha - History of Indian Freedom Fighters |url=https://www.thebhaskar.com/2022/02/chandrashekhar-azad-stone-slab.html |access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> ]] | ||
Despite being a member of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Motilal Nehru]] regularly gave money in support of Azad.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Congress and the Revolutionaries in the 1920s |first1=S. K. |last1=Mittal |first2=Irfan |last2=Habib |journal=Social Scientist |volume=10 |issue=6 |date=June 1982 |pages=20–37 |doi=10.2307/3517065 |jstor=3517065}}</ref> | Despite being a member of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Motilal Nehru]] regularly gave money in support of Azad.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Congress and the Revolutionaries in the 1920s |first1=S. K. |last1=Mittal |first2=Irfan |last2=Habib |journal=Social Scientist |volume=10 |issue=6 |date=June 1982 |pages=20–37 |doi=10.2307/3517065 |jstor=3517065}}</ref> | ||
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While living in Jhansi, he also learned to drive a car at the Bundelkhand Motor Garage in [[Sadar Bazar Jhansi|Sadar Bazar]]. Sadashivrao Malkapurkar, [[Vishwanath Vaishampayan]] and Bhagwan Das Mahaur came in close contact with him and became an integral part of his revolutionary group. The then congress leaders, [[Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar]] and [[Sitaram Bhaskar Bhagwat]] were also close to Azad. He also stayed for some time in the house of Rudra Narayan Singh at Nai Basti, as well as Bhagwat's house in [[Nagra Jhansi|Nagra]]. | While living in Jhansi, he also learned to drive a car at the Bundelkhand Motor Garage in [[Sadar Bazar Jhansi|Sadar Bazar]]. Sadashivrao Malkapurkar, [[Vishwanath Vaishampayan]] and Bhagwan Das Mahaur came in close contact with him and became an integral part of his revolutionary group. The then congress leaders, [[Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar]] and [[Sitaram Bhaskar Bhagwat]] were also close to Azad. He also stayed for some time in the house of Rudra Narayan Singh at Nai Basti, as well as Bhagwat's house in [[Nagra Jhansi|Nagra]]. | ||
==With Bhagat Singh== | ==With Bhagat Singh== | ||
[[File: Pamphlet by HSRA after Saunders murder.jpg|thumb|HSRA pamphlet after Saunders' murder, signed by Balraj, a pseudonym of Azad]] | [[File: Pamphlet by HSRA after Saunders murder.jpg|thumb|HSRA pamphlet after Saunders' murder, signed by Balraj, a pseudonym of Azad]] | ||
The [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA) was formed by [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] and | The [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA) was formed by [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]], [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] and Sachindra Nath Bakshi in 1923. In the aftermath of the [[Kakori train robbery]] in 1925, the British suppressed revolutionary activities. Prasad, [[Ashfaqulla Khan]], [[Thakur Roshan Singh]] and [[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]] were sentenced to death for their participation. Azad, [[Keshab Chakravarthy]] and [[Murari Sharma|Murari Lal Gupta]] evaded capture. Azad later reorganized the HRA with the help of fellow revolutionaries like [[Shiv Verma]] and [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahabir Singh]]. | ||
In 1928, along with [[Bhagat Singh]] and other revolutionaries he secretly reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), renaming it as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) on 8—9 September,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Civil Disobedience 1930–31 |first=Irfan |last=Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=September 1997 |pages=43–66 |doi=10.2307/3517680 |jstor=3517680 }}</ref> so as to achieve their primary aim of an independent [[India]] based on socialist principle. Azad then conspired with revolutionaries like [[Shivaram Rajguru]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]], and [[Bhagat Singh]] to assassinate the Superintendent of police, James A. Scott in order to avenge [[Lala Lajpat Rai|Lala Rajpat Rai's]] death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Amit Kumar |date=September 1997 |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517678 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.2307/3517678|jstor=3517678 }}</ref> However, in a case of mistaken identity, the plotters shot John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as he was leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46929363 |title=The martyr : Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution |date=2000 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=81-241-0700-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=39 |oclc=46929363}}</ref> The insight of his revolutionary activities is described by [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], a fellow member of HSRA in his numerous writings. Gupta has also written his biography titled "Chandrashekhar Azad" in his book ''History of the Indian Revolutionary Movement'' (English version of above: 1972) he gave a deep insight into Azad's activities, his ideologies, and the HSRA. | In 1928, along with [[Bhagat Singh]] and other revolutionaries he secretly reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), renaming it as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) on 8—9 September,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Civil Disobedience 1930–31 |first=Irfan |last=Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=September 1997 |pages=43–66 |doi=10.2307/3517680 |jstor=3517680 }}</ref> so as to achieve their primary aim of an independent [[India]] based on socialist principle. Azad then conspired with revolutionaries like [[Shivaram Rajguru]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]], and [[Bhagat Singh]] to assassinate the Superintendent of police, James A. Scott in order to avenge [[Lala Lajpat Rai|Lala Rajpat Rai's]] death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Amit Kumar |date=September 1997 |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517678 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.2307/3517678|jstor=3517678 }}</ref> However, in a case of mistaken identity, the plotters shot John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as he was leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46929363 |title=The martyr : Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution |date=2000 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=81-241-0700-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=39 |oclc=46929363}}</ref> The insight of his revolutionary activities is described by [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], a fellow member of HSRA in his numerous writings. Gupta has also written his biography titled "Chandrashekhar Azad" in his book ''History of the Indian Revolutionary Movement'' (English version of above: 1972) he gave a deep insight into Azad's activities, his ideologies, and the HSRA. | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
[[File: The tree at whose platform Azad shot himself.jpg|thumb|left|The tree at [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park| | [[File: The tree at whose platform Azad shot himself.jpg|thumb|left|The tree at [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park|Alfred Park]] in Allahabad where Azad died]] | ||
[[File: Chandrashekar azad.jpg|thumb|Statue of Azad at [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park| | [[File: Chandrashekar azad.jpg|thumb|Statue of Azad at [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park|Alfred Park]] in Allahabad]] | ||
[[File:Azadpistol.jpg|thumb|Pistol of Chandra Shekhar Azad at | [[File:Azadpistol.jpg|thumb|Pistol of Chandra Shekhar Azad at [[Allahabad Museum]]]] | ||
On 27 February 1931, the CID head of the police at [[Allahabad]], [[John Nott-Bower|J. R. H. Nott-Bower]] was tipped off by someone that Azad was at [[Alfred Park]] and was having a talk with his companion | On 27 February 1931, the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] head of the police at [[Allahabad]], [[John Nott-Bower|J. R. H. Nott-Bower]] was tipped off by someone that Azad was at [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park|Alfred Park]] and was having a talk with his companion and aide Sukhdev Raj. On receiving it, Bower called on the [[Indian Imperial Police|Allahabad Police]] to accompany him to the park to arrest him. Azad's old comrades Veer Bhadra Tiwari and [[Yashpal]] were also held responsible for tipping off two of the police constables. The police arrived at the park and surrounded it from all four sides. Some constables along with [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DSP]] Thakur Vishweshwar Singh entered the park armed with rifles and the shootout began. Azad killed three policemen but was badly wounded in the process of defending himself and helping his colleague Raj. Azad told him to move out in order to continue the freedom struggle and gave him cover fire for Raj to safely escape from the park. Azad hid behind a tree to save himself and began to fire from behind it. The police fired back. After a long shootout, holding true to his pledge to always remain ''Azad'' (Free) and never be captured alive, he shot himself in the head with his gun's last bullet. In the shootout, Bower and DSP Singh were injured in the right hand and jaws respectively. The police recovered Azad's body after the other officers arrived at the site. They were hesitant to come close to Azad even after finding him dead. | ||
The body was sent to Rasulabad Ghat for cremation without informing the general public. As it came to light, people surrounded the park where the incident had taken place. They chanted slogans against [[British Raj]] and praised Azad.<ref name="Khatri 1983 138–139">{{Cite book|title=Shaheedon Ki Chhaya Mein|last=Khatri|first=Ram Krishna|year=1983|publisher=Vishwabharati Prakashan|location=Nagpur|pages=138–139}}</ref> | The body was sent to Rasulabad Ghat for cremation without informing the general public. As it came to light, people surrounded the park where the incident had taken place. They chanted slogans against the [[British Raj|British government]] and praised Azad.<ref name="Khatri 1983 138–139">{{Cite book|title=Shaheedon Ki Chhaya Mein|last=Khatri|first=Ram Krishna|year=1983|publisher=Vishwabharati Prakashan|location=Nagpur|pages=138–139}}</ref> | ||
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{Indian independence movement}} | {{Indian independence movement}} | ||