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{{short description|Hindu reform movement}} | {{short description|Hindu socio-cultural reform movement}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | ||
{{Multiple issues| | {{Multiple issues| | ||
{{More footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} | {{More footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} | ||
{{example farm|date=June 2020}} | {{example farm|date=June 2020}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Infobox religion | {{Infobox religion | ||
| name = | | name = Brahmo Samaj | ||
| caption_bagcgj = | | caption_bagcgj = | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| imagewidth = | | imagewidth = | ||
| alt = | | alt = | ||
| Line 24: | Line 23: | ||
| structure = | | structure = | ||
| leader_title = Pradhanacharya-1 | | leader_title = Pradhanacharya-1 | ||
| leader_name = [[Ram Mohan Roy]] | | leader_name = [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] | ||
| leader_title1 = Pradhanacharya-2 | | leader_title1 = Pradhanacharya-2 | ||
| leader_name1 = [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] | | leader_name1 = [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] | ||
| Line 31: | Line 30: | ||
| fellowships_type = | | fellowships_type = | ||
| fellowships = | | fellowships = | ||
| associations = | | associations = Brahmo Samaj ([[Adi Brahmo Samaj]] and [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]]) | ||
| area = | | area = | ||
| headquarters = | | headquarters = | ||
| founder = [[Ram Mohan Roy]] | | founder = [[ Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] | ||
| founded_date = {{start date and age|1828|08|28|df=yes|p=y}} | | founded_date = {{start date and age|1828|08|28|df=yes|p=y}} | ||
| founded_place = {{nowrap|[[Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]}} | | founded_place = {{nowrap|[[Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]}} | ||
| Line 57: | Line 56: | ||
| other_names = [[Adi Dharm]] | | other_names = [[Adi Dharm]] | ||
| publications = | | publications = | ||
| website = {{ | | website = {{URL|true.brahmosamaj.in/}} | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Brahmo Samaj''' ({{lang-bn| | '''Brahmo Samaj''' ({{lang-bn|ব্রহ্ম সমাজ|Brahmô Sômaj}}, {{IPA-bn|bram.ho ʃɔ.b̤a}}) is the societal component of [[Brahmoism]], which began as a [[monotheist]]ic reformist movement that appeared during the [[Bengal Renaissance]]. | ||
It was one of the most influential religious movements in India<ref>[[J. N. Farquhar]], [https://archive.org/stream/modernreligiousm00farquoft/modernreligiousm00farquoft_djvu.txt ''Modern Religious Movements of India''] (1915), p. 29</ref> and made a significant contribution to the making of modern [[India]].<ref>"Brahmo Samaj and the making of modern India, David Kopf, publ. 1979 Princeton University Press (USA)."</ref> It was started at [[Calcutta]] on 20 August 1828 by Raja [[Ram Mohan Roy]] and [[ | It was one of the most influential religious movements in India<ref>[[J. N. Farquhar]], [https://archive.org/stream/modernreligiousm00farquoft/modernreligiousm00farquoft_djvu.txt ''Modern Religious Movements of India''] (1915), p. 29.</ref> and made a significant contribution to the making of modern [[India]].<ref>"Brahmo Samaj and the making of modern India, David Kopf, publ. 1979 Princeton University Press (USA)."</ref> It was started at [[Calcutta]] on 20 August 1828 by Raja [[Ram Mohan Roy]] and [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] as reformation of the prevailing customs of the time (specifically Kulin practices) and began the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century pioneering all religious, social and educational advance of the Bengali community in the 19th century. Its Trust Deed was made in 1830 formalising its inception and it was duly and publicly inaugurated in January 1830 by the consecration of the first house of prayer, now known as the Adi Brahmo Samaj.<ref>''Modern Religious movements in India'', J. N. Farquhar (1915), p. 29 etc.</ref> From the ''Brahmo Samaj'' springs Brahmoism, the most recent of legally recognised religions in India and Bangladesh, reflecting its foundation on reformed spiritual Hinduism with vital elements of Judeo-Islamic faith and practice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brahmosamaj.in/ |title=Official Brahmo website |publisher=Brahmosamaj.in |access-date=2012-10-15 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023163011/http://www.brahmosamaj.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/36.pdf |title=Bangladesh Law Commission |access-date=2012-10-15 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202740/http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/36.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Meaning of the name== | ==Meaning of the name== | ||
The Brahmo Samaj literally denotes community ({{lang-sa|italic=yes|'samaj'}}) of men who worship [[Brahman]] the highest reality.<ref>page 1 Chapter 1 Volume 1 ''History of the Brahmo Samaj'' by Sivanath Sastri, 1911, 1st edn. publisher R.Chatterji, Cornwallis St. Calcutta. ''Brahmo'' (ব্রাহ্ম ''bramho'') literally means "one who worships [[Brahman]]", and ''Samaj'' (সমাজ ''shômaj'') mean "community of men".</ref> In reality Brahmo Samaj does not discriminate between caste, creed or religion and is an assembly of all sorts and descriptions of people without distinction, meeting publicly for the sober, orderly, religious and devout adoration of "''the (nameless) unsearchable Eternal, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe''."<ref>[[Trust deed of Brahmo Sabha]] 1830</ref> | The Brahmo Samaj literally denotes community ({{lang-sa|italic=yes|'samaj'}}) of men who worship [[Brahman]] the highest reality.<ref>page 1 Chapter 1 Volume 1 ''History of the Brahmo Samaj'' by Sivanath Sastri, 1911, 1st edn. publisher R.Chatterji, Cornwallis St. Calcutta. ''Brahmo'' (ব্রাহ্ম ''bramho'') literally means "one who worships [[Brahman]]", and ''Samaj'' (সমাজ ''shômaj'') mean "community of men".</ref> In reality Brahmo Samaj does not discriminate between caste, creed or religion and is an assembly of all sorts and descriptions of people without distinction, meeting publicly for the sober, orderly, religious and devout adoration of "''the (nameless) unsearchable Eternal, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe''."<ref>[[Trust deed of Brahmo Sabha]] 1830</ref>. Their worship was "Nirakar Brahma", so from Brahma they named their religion. | ||
==Doctrine== | ==Doctrine== | ||
The following doctrines, as noted in Renaissance of Hinduism, are common to all varieties and offshoots of the ''Brahmo Samaj'':<ref>Source: The Gazetteer of India, Volume 1: Country and people. Delhi, Publications Division, Government of India, 1965. CHAPTER VIII – Religion. HINDUISM | The following doctrines, as noted in Renaissance of Hinduism, are common to all varieties and offshoots of the ''Brahmo Samaj'':<ref>Source: The Gazetteer of India, Volume 1: Country and people. Delhi, Publications Division, Government of India, 1965. CHAPTER VIII – Religion. HINDUISM | ||
by Dr. C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar, Dr. Nalinaksha Dutt, Prof. A.R.Wadia, Prof. M.Mujeeb, Dr.Dharm Pal and Fr. Jerome D'Souza, S.J.</ref> | by Dr. C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar, Dr. Nalinaksha Dutt, Prof. A.R.Wadia, Prof. M.Mujeeb, Dr.Dharm Pal and Fr. Jerome D'Souza, S.J.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=212 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430144833/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
* Brahmo Samajists | * Brahmo Samajists denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience. | ||
* Brahmo Samajists have no faith in [[Avatar]]s | * Brahmo Samajists have no faith in [[Avatar]]s (incarnations) | ||
* Brahmo Samajists denounce polytheism and idol-worship. | * Brahmo Samajists denounce polytheism and idol-worship. | ||
* Brahmo Samajists are against caste | * Brahmo Samajists are against caste system. | ||
* Brahmo Samajists | * Brahmo Samajists took no definite stand on the doctrine of [[karma]] and transmigration of soul ([[Reincarnation|Rebirth]]) and left it to individual Brahmos to believe either way. * for them vedas are superior but not infallible, if conflict arise between vedas and reason, later will be taken into consideration | ||
* raja ram mohan roy believe in universalism it is like ( for religion = vedas, but | |||
For progress = western education) | |||
==Divisions of Brahmo Samaj== | ==Divisions of Brahmo Samaj== | ||
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*[[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] | *[[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] | ||
===Anusthanic versus Ananusthanic Brahmos=== | ===Anusthanic versus Ananusthanic (Non-Anusthanic) Brahmos=== | ||
Anusthanic Brahmos comprise Adi Brahmos, Adi Dharmaites and many Sadharan Brahmos. Anusthanic Brahmos are exclusively adherents of the Brahmo religion and have no other faith. | |||
The concept of the soul is anathema to Anusthanic Brahmos, which they consider to have been ruled out by the "1861 Anusthan"{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} and they instead refer to the soul as "being". Every "being", which they consider immortal, is a part of God, who they see as the singularity, author and preserver of existence. "Beings" are sent out by God for a mission, "Kriya" on completion of which the "being" reintegrates (re-absorbs) into God. <br><br>For Anusthanic Brahmos the next step after death is this reintegration, re-absorption and renewal with God. | |||
<br><br>This corresponds to the 2nd "Adi" Prime Principle:{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} | |||
<blockquote>Being is created from Singularity. Being is renewed to Singularity. Being exists to be one again with Loving Singularity.</blockquote> | |||
Ananusthanic (Non-Anusthanic Brahmos) believe in the concept of immortal souls eternally progressing towards God. This implies a karmic and fatalistic belief, which is different to Kriayic Brahmoism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-anusthanic-ananusthanics.html |title=Anusthanic Brahmos, Ananusthnic Brahmo Samaj |publisher=World Brahmo Council |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211957/http://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-anusthanic-ananusthanics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==History and timeline== | ==History and timeline== | ||
===Brahmo Sabha=== | ===Brahmo Sabha=== | ||
On 20 August 1828 the first assembly of the ''Brahmo Sabha'' (progenitor of the Brahmo Samaj) was held at the North Calcutta house of [[Basu# | On 20 August 1828 the first assembly of the ''Brahmo Sabha'' (progenitor of the Brahmo Samaj) was held at the North Calcutta house of [[Basu#Notable people|''Feringhee'' Kamal Bose]]. This day was celebrated by [[Brahmo]]s as ''Bhadrotsab'' (ভাদ্রোৎসব ''Bhadrotshôb'' "[[Bhadro]] celebration"). These meetings were open to all Brahmins and there was no formal organisation or theology as such.<ref>"Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India" By Kenneth W. Jones page 33-34, publ. 1989 Cambridge Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-521-24986-4}} This ''Sabha'' was convened at Calcutta by religious reformer [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Rammohun Roy]] for his family and friends settled there. The ''Sabha'' regularly gathered on Saturday between seven o'clock to nine o'clock. These were informal meetings of [[Bengali Brahmin]]s (the "twice born"), accompanied by Upanishadic recitations in [[Sanskrit]] followed by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] translations of the Sanskrit recitation and singing of Brahmo hymns composed by Rammohun.</ref><ref>"Modern Religious movements in India, J.N.Farquhar (1915)"</ref> | ||
On 8 January 1830 influential progressive members of the closely related [[Kulin Brahmin]] clan<ref>"A History of Brahmin Clans" ({{IAST|Brāhmaṇa Vaṃshõ kā Itihāsa}}) in Hindi, by Dorilāl Śarmā, published by Rāśtriya Brāmhamana Mahāsabhā, Vimal Building, Jamirābād, Mitranagar, Masūdābād, Aligarh-1, 2nd edn. 1998. and also footnotes to [[Bengali Brahmin]]</ref> scurrilously<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tagore,_Prince_Dwarkanath |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703142014/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tagore%2C_Prince_Dwarkanath |archive-date=3 July 2015 |title=Tagore, (Prince) Dwarkanath |publisher=Banglapedia |date=2009-04-22 |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> described as [[Pirali Brahmin]] ''ie.'' ostracised for service in the Mughal ''Nizaamat'' of Bengal) of Tagore (''Thakur'') and Roy | On 8 January 1830 influential progressive members of the closely related [[Kulin Brahmin]] clan<ref>"A History of Brahmin Clans" ({{IAST|Brāhmaṇa Vaṃshõ kā Itihāsa}}) in Hindi, by Dorilāl Śarmā, published by Rāśtriya Brāmhamana Mahāsabhā, Vimal Building, Jamirābād, Mitranagar, Masūdābād, Aligarh-1, 2nd edn. 1998. and also footnotes to [[Bengali Brahmin]]</ref> scurrilously<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tagore,_Prince_Dwarkanath |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703142014/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tagore%2C_Prince_Dwarkanath |archive-date=3 July 2015 |title=Tagore, (Prince) Dwarkanath |publisher=Banglapedia |date=2009-04-22 |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> described as [[Pirali Brahmin]] ''ie.'' ostracised for service in the Mughal ''Nizaamat'' of Bengal) of Tagore (''Thakur'') and Roy ''zameendar'' family, mutually executed the [[Trust deed of Brahmo Sabha]] for the first [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]] (place of worship) on Chitpore Road (now Rabindra Sarani), [[Kolkata]], [[India]] with [[Ram Chandra Vidyabagish]] as first resident superintendent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-trust-deed.html |title=Online copy of 1830 Trust Deed |publisher=brahmosamaj.in |access-date=2012-10-15 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211320/http://true.brahmosamaj.in/brahmo-trust-deed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
On 23 January 1830 or 11th ''Magh'', the ''Adi Brahmo'' premises were publicly inaugurated (with about 500 Brahmins and 1 Englishman present). This day is celebrated by Brahmos as ''Maghotsab'' (মাঘোৎসব ''Maghotshôb'' "[[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]] celebration"). | On 23 January 1830 or 11th ''Magh'', the ''Adi Brahmo'' premises were publicly inaugurated (with about 500 Brahmins and 1 Englishman present). This day is celebrated by Brahmos as ''Maghotsab'' (মাঘোৎসব ''Maghotshôb'' "[[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]] celebration"). | ||
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===Brief Eclipse of Brahmo Sabha=== | ===Brief Eclipse of Brahmo Sabha=== | ||
By the time of Rammohun's death in 1833 near Bristol (UK), attendance at the ''Sabha'' dwindled and the Telugu Brahmins revived idolatry. The ''zameendars'', being preoccupied in business, had little time for affairs of ''Sabha'', and flame of ''Sabha'' was almost | By the time of Rammohun's death in 1833 near Bristol (UK), attendance at the ''Sabha'' dwindled and the Telugu Brahmins revived idolatry. The ''zameendars'', being preoccupied in business, had little time for affairs of ''Sabha'', and flame of ''Sabha'' was almost extinguished. | ||
===Tattwabodhini period=== | ===Tattwabodhini period=== | ||
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*Shyamacharan Bhattacharya | *Shyamacharan Bhattacharya | ||
*Brajendranath Tagore | *Brajendranath Tagore | ||
*Girindranath Tagore, brother of [[Debendranath Tagore]] & father of [ | *Girindranath Tagore, brother of [[Debendranath Tagore]] & father of [https://wp-en.wikideck.com/Ganendranath_Tagore Ganendranath Tagore] | ||
*Anandachandra Bhattacharya | *Anandachandra Bhattacharya | ||
*Taraknath Bhattacharya | *Taraknath Bhattacharya | ||
| Line 119: | Line 127: | ||
===First Secession=== | ===First Secession=== | ||
Disagreement with the Tattvabodhini came to a head publicly between the period of 1 August 1865 till November 1866 with many tiny splinter groups styling themselves as ''Brahmo''. The most notable of these groups styled itself "Brahmo Samaj of India". This period is also referred to in the histories of the secessionists as the "First Schism".<ref>Pt.Shivnath Shastri: Brahmo History- 1911.Page 106-107, 2nd | Disagreement with the Tattvabodhini came to a head publicly between the period of 1 August 1865 till November 1866 with many tiny splinter groups styling themselves as ''Brahmo''. The most notable of these groups styled itself "Brahmo Samaj of India". This period is also referred to in the histories of the secessionists as the "First Schism".<ref>Pt. Shivnath Shastri: Brahmo History- 1911.Page 106-107, 2nd ed.</ref> | ||
===Brahmo Samaj and Swami Narendranath Vivekananda=== | ===Brahmo Samaj and Swami Narendranath Vivekananda=== | ||
[[Swami Vivekananda]] was influenced by the Brahmo Samaj of India, and visited the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] in his youth.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&q=swami+vivekananda+brahmo+samaj&pg=PA32 |title=Book: "Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography" |date=31 December 1999 |first1=Rajagopal |last1=Chattopadhyaya |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |isbn=9788120815865 |access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref> | [[Swami Vivekananda]] was influenced by the Brahmo Samaj of India, and visited the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] in his youth.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&q=swami+vivekananda+brahmo+samaj&pg=PA32 |title=Book: "Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography" |date=31 December 1999 |first1=Rajagopal |last1=Chattopadhyaya |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |isbn=9788120815865 |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923122512/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&q=swami+vivekananda+brahmo+samaj&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
===Current status and number of adherents=== | ===Current status and number of adherents=== | ||
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== Social and religious reform == | == Social and religious reform == | ||
In matters of social reform the Brahmo Samaj attacked many dogmas and superstitions. It condemned the prevailing Hindu prejudice against going abroad (Kala pani). The samaj condemned practice of Sati (burning of widows), discouraged child marriage and polygamy, and crusaded for widow remarriage. The samaj attacked casteism and untouchability, though in these matters it attained only limited success. The influence of the Brahmo Samaj movement did not extend significantly past Calcutta, however, and is considered to have had a fleeting impact.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=215–216 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430144833/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
After the controversy of underage marriage of Keshub Chunder Sen's daughter, the ''Special Marriages Act of 1872'' was enacted to set the minimum age of 14 years for marriage of girls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Brahma_Sabha |title=Brahma Sabha |publisher=Banglapedia |access-date=2015-07-23}}</ref> All Brahmo marriages were thereafter solemnised under this law. Many Indians resented the requirement of the affirmation "I am not Hindu, nor a Mussalman, nor a Christian" for solemnising a marriage under this Act. The requirement of this declaration was imposed by [[Henry James Sumner Maine]], legal member of Governor General's Council appointed by Britain. The 1872 Act was repealed by the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954]] under which any person of any religion could marry. The [[Hindu Marriage Act]], 1955 applies to all Hindus (including "followers" of the Brahmo Samaj) but not to the adherents of the Brahmo religion. | After the controversy of underage marriage of Keshub Chunder Sen's daughter, the ''Special Marriages Act of 1872'' was enacted to set the minimum age of 14 years for marriage of girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Brahma_Sabha |title=Brahma Sabha |publisher=Banglapedia |access-date=2015-07-23 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723131516/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Brahma_Sabha |url-status=live }}</ref> All Brahmo marriages were thereafter solemnised under this law. Many Indians resented the requirement of the affirmation "I am not Hindu, nor a Mussalman, nor a Christian" for solemnising a marriage under this Act. The requirement of this declaration was imposed by [[Henry James Sumner Maine]], legal member of Governor General's Council appointed by Britain. The 1872 Act was repealed by the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954]] under which any person of any religion could marry. The [[Hindu Marriage Act]], 1955 applies to all Hindus (including "followers" of the Brahmo Samaj) but not to the adherents of the Brahmo religion. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 145: | Line 154: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://www.brahmosamaj.org The Brahmo Samaj] | * [http://www.brahmosamaj.org The Brahmo Samaj] | ||
* [http://www.thesadharanbrahmosamaj.org The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj] | * [http://www.thesadharanbrahmosamaj.org The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj] | ||
* [http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net Brahmo Samaj.net] | * [http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net Brahmo Samaj.net] | ||
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmo-Samaj Brahmo Samaj] in the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' | * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmo-Samaj Brahmo Samaj] in the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' | ||
*[https://www.yoopery.com/2021/04/Biography-of-raja-ram-mohan-roy-in-details.html Biography of | *[https://www.yoopery.com/2021/04/Biography-of-raja-ram-mohan-roy-in-details.html Biography of Raja Rammohan Roy] | ||
{{Bengal Renaissance}} | {{Bengal Renaissance}} | ||
{{Hindu reform movements}} | |||
{{Bengali Hindu people}} | |||
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}} | |||
[[Category:Brahmoism]] | [[Category:Brahmoism]] | ||
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[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]] | [[Category:Neo-Vedanta]] | ||
[[Category:Bengal Renaissance]] | [[Category:Bengal Renaissance]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:1828 establishments in India]] | ||