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| name = Kalinjar Fort | | name = Kalinjar Fort | ||
| partof = [[India]] | | partof = [[India]] | ||
| location = [[Banda | | location = [[Banda district, India|Banda district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] | ||
| image = E. view of the Fort at Kalinjar. May 1814.jpg | | image = E. view of the Fort at Kalinjar. May 1814.jpg | ||
| image_size = 300px | | image_size = 300px | ||
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| controlled by = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] | | controlled by = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] | ||
| open_to_public = Yes | | open_to_public = Yes | ||
| condition = [[Ruined]] [[ | | condition = [[Ruined]] [[citadel]] | ||
| built = 5th century | | built = 5th century | ||
| used = | | used = | ||
| materials = [[Granite]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]] | | materials = [[Granite]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]] | ||
| demolished = 1858 | | demolished = 1858 | ||
| battles = [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] 1023, [[Sher Shah Suri]] 1545, Maratha | | battles = [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] 1023, [[Sher Shah Suri]] 1545, [[Peshwa|Maratha Peshwa]] 1732, [[East India Company]] 1812 and [[Revolt of 1857]] | ||
| events = | | events = | ||
| current_commander = | | current_commander = | ||
| past_commanders = [[Chandela|Chandel]] [[dynasty]] of [[Rajputs]], [[Solanki (clan)| | | past_commanders = [[Guptas|Gupta Empire]] ,[[Chandela|Chandel]] [[dynasty]] of [[Rajputs]], [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]], [[Peshwa|Maratha Peshwas]] | ||
| garrison = [[Maratha Cavalary]] 1731 | | garrison = [[Maratha Army|Maratha Cavalary]] 1731 — 1858 [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[garrison]] 1947 | ||
|nearest_town= [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Karwi]] }} | |nearest_town= [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Karwi]] }} | ||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
| name = Kalinjar Fort Precincts | | name = Kalinjar Fort Precincts | ||
| image = [[File:'Henumaan Ka Darwaaza'.jpg|100x100px]][[File:Panorama of the Fort, Kalinjar. Temple in foreground with sketch of plan..jpg|100x100px]][[File:Sixth Gate Laldarwaza at Kalinjar Fort.jpg|100x100px]] | | image = [[File:'Henumaan Ka Darwaaza'.jpg|100x100px]][[File:Panorama of the Fort, Kalinjar. Temple in foreground with sketch of plan..jpg|100x100px]][[File:Sixth Gate Laldarwaza at Kalinjar Fort.jpg|100x100px]] | ||
| caption = {{hlist|[[Hanuman]] [[Darwaza]]|Kalinjar Fort|[[Laldarwaza]]| | | caption = {{hlist|[[Hanuman]] [[Darwaza]]|Kalinjar Fort|[[Laldarwaza]]||Maratha Garrison}}}} | ||
'''Kalinjar''' ({{lang-hi|कालिंजर}}) is a fortress-city | |||
'''Kalinjar''' ({{lang-hi|कालिंजर}}) is a fortress-city in [[Banda district, India|Banda district]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://banda.nic.in/tourist-place/kalinjar-fort/ | title=Kalinjar Fort | District Banda, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India }}</ref> of [[Uttar Pradesh]], in [[India]]. It was ruled by several dynasties including the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty|Vardhana Dynasty]], the [[Chandela|Chandelas]], [[Solanki Baghela(clan)|(Solankis)]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. | |||
The fortress has several temples dating back to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] dynasty of the 3rd–5th centuries. It is strategically located on an isolated rocky [[hill]] at the end of the [[Vindhya Range]], overlooking the plains of [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |wstitle=Kalinjar |volume=15 |page=642 |inline=1}}</ref> | The fortress has several temples dating back to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] dynasty of the 3rd–5th centuries. It is strategically located on an isolated rocky [[hill]] at the end of the [[Vindhya Range]], overlooking the plains of [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |wstitle=Kalinjar |volume=15 |page=642 |inline=1}}</ref> | ||
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Kalinjar has also been mentioned in [[Buddhist]] literature, particularly in the travelogues of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]. The [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] dynasty ruled here during the time of Gautama Buddha (563–480 BC). Following this, it was absorbed into the [[Maurya Empire]] and came to be known as Vindhya-Atavi.<ref>पाण्डेय, विमल चन्द्र, प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास, मेरठ, १९८३-८४, पृ.६३</ref> | Kalinjar has also been mentioned in [[Buddhist]] literature, particularly in the travelogues of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]. The [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] dynasty ruled here during the time of Gautama Buddha (563–480 BC). Following this, it was absorbed into the [[Maurya Empire]] and came to be known as Vindhya-Atavi.<ref>पाण्डेय, विमल चन्द्र, प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास, मेरठ, १९८३-८४, पृ.६३</ref> | ||
The fort eventually came under the rule of the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga dynasty]] and the | The fort eventually came under the rule of the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga dynasty]] and the Pandu dynasty. In the Prayag Prasathi inscription of the [[Allahabad Pillar]] this region is mentioned by the name ''Vindhya Atavi''. The Fort was in the control of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara Pratiharas]], and remained until the rule of [[Nagabhata II|Nagabhatta II]]. [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandela]] rulers used to be their ''Mandalik'' kings. The mention of Kalinjar is found in almost every text or inscription of that time.<ref name="शोधगंगा">[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13854/11/11_chapter%206.pdf पौराणिक एवं ऐतिहासिक ग्रन्थों में वर्णित कालिंजर] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180215/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13854/11/11_chapter%206.pdf|date=1 मार्च 2017}}। ''कालिंजर-'''षष्टम अध्याय'''''।([[पीडीएफ]]) कु.रमिता- शोध कार्य।शोध पर्यवेक्षक:प्रो.बी.एन.राय।ज.लाल नेहरु महाविद्यालय, बांदा।२१ अगस्त, २००१।</ref> | ||
=== Medieval period === | === Medieval period === | ||
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Kalinjar's historical background is replete with numerous battles and invasions. The Hindu princes of different dynasties as well as the Muslim rulers fought hard to conquer it and the fort continued to pass from one ruler to another, but except for the [[Mughals]], no other ruler could reign over it for long.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} | Kalinjar's historical background is replete with numerous battles and invasions. The Hindu princes of different dynasties as well as the Muslim rulers fought hard to conquer it and the fort continued to pass from one ruler to another, but except for the [[Mughals]], no other ruler could reign over it for long.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} | ||
In 1023 [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] attacked and received a tribute from Kalinjar,<ref>Iqtidar Alam Khan, ''Ganda Chandella'', '''Historical Dictionary of Medieval India''', (Scarecrow Press, 2007), 66.</ref><ref>Raj Kumar, ''History Of The Chamar Dynasty : (From 6th Century A.D. To 12th Century A.D.)'', (Kalpaz Publications, 2008), 127.</ref> [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Babur]] became the only commander in history to have captured the fort in 1526 when his forces drove away Raja Hasan Khan | In 1023, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] attacked and received a tribute from Kalinjar,<ref>Iqtidar Alam Khan, ''Ganda Chandella'', '''Historical Dictionary of Medieval India''', (Scarecrow Press, 2007), 66.</ref><ref>Raj Kumar, ''History Of The Chamar Dynasty : (From 6th Century A.D. To 12th Century A.D.)'', (Kalpaz Publications, 2008), 127.</ref> [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Babur]] became the only commander in history to have captured the fort in 1526, when his forces drove away Raja Hasan Khan Mewatpatti. It was also the place where [[Sher Shah Suri]] met his death in 1545, when he was killed either in the fort or nearby on the grounds. In 1569, Akbar captured the fort and it was under Mughal rule until its capture by the Marathas. Kalinjar played a prominent part in history down to the time of the [[Revolt of 1857]], when it was held by a small British garrison.<ref name=EB1911/> Both the fort and the town, which stands at the foot of the hill, are of interest to the antiquary on account of the remains of temples, sculptures, inscriptions, and caves.<ref name=EB1911/> | ||
{{wide image|Panoramic view of Rani Mahal Kalinjar fort.jpg|700px|Panoramic view of Inside Rani Mahal, Kalinjar fort}}In the early 18th century, the fort was captured by the [[Baji Rao I|Peshwa Bajirao]] after defeating the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general | {{wide image|Panoramic view of Rani Mahal Kalinjar fort.jpg|700px|Panoramic view of Inside Rani Mahal, Kalinjar fort}}In the early 18th century, the fort was captured by the [[Baji Rao I|Peshwa Bajirao]] after defeating the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general Bangash Khan of Allahabad. In order to stop the Mughals from entering Bundelkhand again, he established a [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] light infantry huzurat of 5000 under the command of Sardar Ram Singh Bhatt, Yashwantrao Bhatt, Parshuram Bhau Bundela, Bhaskar Pandit, and Sheshrao Pant Bundela, all veterans of war and Maratha class one generals. In due course of time, the Marathas conquered the nearby territories and expanded to the [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] frontiers. They inflicted a crushing defeat on Awadh ally Nawab of Rampur and Ala Vardi Khan.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
The fort was used to levy chauth to nearby territories like [[Varanasi| | The fort was used to levy chauth to nearby territories like [[Varanasi|Benares]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Pratapgarh Kingdom|Pratapgarh]], Kunda, and [[Bundela]]. | ||
=== Colonial period === | === Colonial period === | ||
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In 1803, the Peshwa was involved in direct skirmishes with the [[East India Company]] in which he was defeated. In the [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]], Peshwa [[Bajirao II]] ceded [[Bundelkhand]] to the East India Company after his defeat in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second Anglo-Maratha]] war. The fort came under the management of the East India Company in 1805-06. The Old Bhatt royalty was expatriated and was granted separate [[Sanad (deed)|sanad]]s of Kirwi, Attra, Chitrakut Mathond, and Khurand. | In 1803, the Peshwa was involved in direct skirmishes with the [[East India Company]] in which he was defeated. In the [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]], Peshwa [[Bajirao II]] ceded [[Bundelkhand]] to the East India Company after his defeat in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second Anglo-Maratha]] war. The fort came under the management of the East India Company in 1805-06. The Old Bhatt royalty was expatriated and was granted separate [[Sanad (deed)|sanad]]s of Kirwi, Attra, Chitrakut Mathond, and Khurand. | ||
The fort was placed under the pre-Maratha constitution of Bundela - Jhijhotiya Chubes. However, during the first War of Independence in 1857, The Old Bhatta Aristocracy recaptured the fort driving Bundela back to Ajaygarh. In 1858, the British attacked the fort but the people at large resisted and fought a tough battle with Major Hugh Rose. A long drawn siege ensued in which almost 800 British and 3000 Indians were killed. This proved to be the toughest battlefield in Bundelkhand where | The fort was placed under the pre-Maratha constitution of Bundela - Jhijhotiya Chubes. However, during the first War of Independence in 1857, The Old Bhatta Aristocracy recaptured the fort driving Bundela back to Ajaygarh. In 1858, the British attacked the fort but the people at large resisted and fought a tough battle with Major Hugh Rose. A long drawn siege ensued in which almost 800 British and 3000 Indians were killed. This proved to be the toughest battlefield in Bundelkhand where English suffered maximum casualties. The English with the help of the states of Panna and Rewa captured this fort on 4 May 1858. The Last Bhatta Peshwas surrendered and were sent to Rewa as prisoners. Kalinjar subah was distributed in between Bundela, Rewa Solanki and Chaubes of Rajaula. The fort was decommissioned and its buildings were demolished, to prevent any further maratha garrisoning at Kalinjar, thus ending the legacy of this fort. The total chauth collection was estimated at 40 lakh shahi mohars. The Naukahai campaign of Rewa and Chunar Fort, was launched directly from Kalinjar in which the Sohagpur Amarkantak and Shahdol paragana were attached to Peshwa territories. Almost all the occupants of the fort were moon worshipers and are called Chandravanshi clans of Kshatriya, Brahmanas, Kalchuries and Yadavas.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
In 1812, the British troops marched into Bundelkhand, and after a long battle, they were able to annex the fort. The British seizure of Kalinjar proved to be a great watershed, transferring the legacy of the old aristocracy into the hands of the new bureaucracy of officials, who showed their loyalty to British imperialism by damaging the captured fort. The damages caused to the fort can still be seen on its walls and open spaces.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | In 1812, the British troops marched into Bundelkhand, and after a long battle, they were able to annex the fort. The British seizure of Kalinjar proved to be a great watershed, transferring the legacy of the old aristocracy into the hands of the new bureaucracy of officials, who showed their loyalty to British imperialism by damaging the captured fort. The damages caused to the fort can still be seen on its walls and open spaces.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||