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{{About|Junagadh city|its namesake district|Junagadh district|other uses|Junagarh (disambiguation)}} | {{About|Junagadh city|its namesake district|Junagadh district|other uses|Junagarh (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = Junagadh | | name = Junagadh | ||
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| governing_body = [[Junagadh Municipal Corporation]] | | governing_body = [[Junagadh Municipal Corporation]] | ||
| leader_title = Mayor | | leader_title = Mayor | ||
| leader_name = Geetaben Parmar<ref>{{cite news |title=Junagadh Gets New Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Other Office Holders |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/01/31/junagadh-gets-new-mayor-dy-mayor-other-office-bearers/ |website=DeshGujarat |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> | | leader_name = Geetaben Parmar<ref>{{cite news |title=Junagadh Gets New Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Other Office Holders |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/01/31/junagadh-gets-new-mayor-dy-mayor-other-office-bearers/ |date=31 January 2022 |website=DeshGujarat |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> | ||
| leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner | | leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner | ||
| leader_name2 = Rajesh M. Tanna (IAS) | | leader_name2 = Rajesh M. Tanna (IAS) | ||
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Literally translated, Junagadh means "Old Fort".<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/179 179]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> | Literally translated, Junagadh means "Old Fort".<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/179 179]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> | ||
After a brief struggle between India and Pakistan, Junagadh voted to join | After a brief struggle between India and Pakistan, Junagadh voted to join India in a plebiscite held on 20 February 1948. It was a part of Saurashtra state and later Bombay state. In 1960, in consequence of the Maha Gujarat movement, it became part of the newly formed Gujarat state. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{cleanup rewrite|section=yes}} | {{cleanup rewrite|section=yes|date=November 2017}} | ||
===Early history=== | ===Early history=== | ||
[[File:Junagadh-ashok-shilalekh1.png|thumb|left|[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|Ashoka's Rock Edict]] at [[Girnar]], Junagadh]] | [[File:Junagadh-ashok-shilalekh1.png|thumb|left|[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|Ashoka's Rock Edict]] at [[Girnar]], Junagadh]] | ||
As per the legend, the founder of the [[Ror]] Dynasty Raja Dhaj, [[Ror]] Kumar, alias Rai Dyach, ruled over the principality of Jhunagarh in the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite book| title=Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai |author= MUSHTAQ ALI SHAH | publisher= Author House| place=Bloomington,IN,US| year=2014|isbn= 9781496996060 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpGQBQAAQBAJ&q=raja+dhaj%2CRor+Kumar%2C+alias+Rai+Dyach&pg=PA283}}</ref> An early structure, [[Uparkot Fort]], is located on a plateau in the middle of town. It was originally built in 319 BCE during the [[Mauryan dynasty]] by [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]].{{cn}} The fort remained in use until the 6th century, when it was abandoned for about 300 years, then rediscovered by the Chudasama ruler [[Graharipu]] in 976 CE.<ref name="RajanIndia1985">{{cite book|author1=K. V. Soundara Rajan|author2=Archaeological Survey of India|title=Junagadh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPNEAAAAIAAJ|access-date=30 June 2011|year=1985|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> The fort was subsequently besieged 16 times over a 1000-year period. One unsuccessful siege lasted twelve years. | As per the legend, the founder of the [[Ror]] Dynasty Raja Dhaj, [[Ror]] Kumar, alias Rai Dyach, ruled over the principality of Jhunagarh in the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite book| title=Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai |author= MUSHTAQ ALI SHAH | publisher= Author House| place=Bloomington,IN,US| year=2014|isbn= 9781496996060 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpGQBQAAQBAJ&q=raja+dhaj%2CRor+Kumar%2C+alias+Rai+Dyach&pg=PA283}}</ref> An early structure, [[Uparkot Fort]], is located on a plateau in the middle of town. It was originally built in 319 BCE during the [[Mauryan dynasty]] by [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]].{{cn|date=August 2022}} The fort remained in use until the 6th century, when it was abandoned for about 300 years, then rediscovered by the Chudasama ruler [[Graharipu]] in 976 CE.<ref name="RajanIndia1985">{{cite book|author1=K. V. Soundara Rajan|author2=Archaeological Survey of India|title=Junagadh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPNEAAAAIAAJ|access-date=30 June 2011|year=1985|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> The fort was subsequently besieged 16 times over a 1000-year period. One unsuccessful siege lasted twelve years. | ||
Within {{convert|2|km}} of [[Uparkot Fort]] is an inscription with fourteen [[Edicts of Ashoka]] on a [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|large boulder]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rs0ThKx9MHoC&q=junagadh M1 Ranchodji Amarji, ''Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd,'' pp. 36–46, Trubner & Co. (1882) – translation of the edicts.]</ref> The inscriptions are in [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script in a language similar to [[Pali]] and date from 250 BCE. On the same rock there is a later inscription in [[Sanskrit]], which was added around 150 CE by Mahakshatrap [[Rudradaman I]], the [[Saka]] ([[Scythian]]) ruler of [[Malwa]], and a member of the [[Western Kshatrapas]] dynasty,<ref>[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm "Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", ''Project South Asia''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182107/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm }}</ref> and which has been described as "the earliest known Sanskrit inscription of any extent".<ref>|Meaning, that is not very short. Quoted from D.D. Kosambi in [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', p. 132, 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}}</ref> Another inscription dates from about 450 CE and refers to [[Skandagupta]], the last Gupta emperor. Old rock-cut [[Buddhist]] caves in this area, dating from well before 500 CE, have stone carvings and floral work. There are also the Khapra Kodia Caves north of the fort, and the [[Bava Pyara Caves]] south of the fort. The Bava Pyara caves contain artworks of both [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. | Within {{convert|2|km}} of [[Uparkot Fort]] is an inscription with fourteen [[Edicts of Ashoka]] on a [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|large boulder]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rs0ThKx9MHoC&q=junagadh M1 Ranchodji Amarji, ''Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd,'' pp. 36–46, Trubner & Co. (1882) – translation of the edicts.]</ref> The inscriptions are in [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script in a language similar to [[Pali]] and date from 250 BCE. On the same rock there is a later inscription in [[Sanskrit]], which was added around 150 CE by Mahakshatrap [[Rudradaman I]], the [[Saka]] ([[Scythian]]) ruler of [[Malwa]], and a member of the [[Western Kshatrapas]] dynasty,<ref>[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm "Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", ''Project South Asia''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182107/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm |date=23 February 2009 }}</ref> and which has been described as "the earliest known Sanskrit inscription of any extent".<ref>|Meaning, that is not very short. Quoted from D.D. Kosambi in [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', p. 132, 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}}</ref> Another inscription dates from about 450 CE and refers to [[Skandagupta]], the last Gupta emperor. Old rock-cut [[Buddhist]] caves in this area, dating from well before 500 CE, have stone carvings and floral work. There are also the Khapra Kodia Caves north of the fort, and the [[Bava Pyara Caves]] south of the fort. The Bava Pyara caves contain artworks of both [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. | ||
The [[Maitraka]] dynasty ruled Gujarat from 475 to 767 CE. The founder of the dynasty, General Bhatarka, military governor of Saurashtra peninsula under the [[Gupta empire]], established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat around the last quarter of the 5th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ગિરનાર ઇતિહાસ {{!}} Rahasya|url=https://rahasya.onlinestauts.com/ગિરનાર-ઇતિહાસ/|access-date=2021-03-20|language=en-US}}</ref> | The [[Maitraka]] dynasty ruled Gujarat from 475 to 767 CE. The founder of the dynasty, General Bhatarka, military governor of Saurashtra peninsula under the [[Gupta empire]], established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat around the last quarter of the 5th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ગિરનાર ઇતિહાસ {{!}} Rahasya|url=https://rahasya.onlinestauts.com/ગિરનાર-ઇતિહાસ/|access-date=2021-03-20|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
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The early history of the Chudasama dynasty – which ruled [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] from Junagadh – is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in the names, order, and numbers of early rulers; so they are not considered reliable. According to tradition, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by [[Chudachandra]]. Subsequent rulers – such as [[Graharipu]], [[Navaghana (late 11th century king)|Navaghana]], and [[Khengara (12th century king)|Khengara]] – were in conflict with the [[Chaulukya]] rulers [[Mularaja]] and [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]; and Saurashtra was briefly governed by Chaulukya governors during this period. These events are recorded in contemporary and later Jain chronicles. | The early history of the Chudasama dynasty – which ruled [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] from Junagadh – is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in the names, order, and numbers of early rulers; so they are not considered reliable. According to tradition, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by [[Chudachandra]]. Subsequent rulers – such as [[Graharipu]], [[Navaghana (late 11th century king)|Navaghana]], and [[Khengara (12th century king)|Khengara]] – were in conflict with the [[Chaulukya]] rulers [[Mularaja]] and [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]; and Saurashtra was briefly governed by Chaulukya governors during this period. These events are recorded in contemporary and later Jain chronicles. | ||
In 1350, Junagadh was conquered by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] with the help and forces of [[Koli people|Koli]] chieftain Jesaji (Jesing) from Ra Khengar.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Junagadh+Kolis&pg=PT93 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2023 |quote=The most famous leader of the Khant Kolis was Jesa or Jesing, who helped Muhammad bin Tughluq capture Junagadh (1350) from Ra Khengar. In return for this, the sultan is said to have bestowed on the Khants the hill of Girnar and the twenty-four villages of Bilkha chovisi.}}</ref> | In 1350, Junagadh was conquered by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] with the help and forces of [[Koli people|Koli]] chieftain Jesaji (Jesing) from Ra Khengar.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Junagadh+Kolis&pg=PT93 |date=2016 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2023 |quote=The most famous leader of the Khant Kolis was Jesa or Jesing, who helped Muhammad bin Tughluq capture Junagadh (1350) from Ra Khengar. In return for this, the sultan is said to have bestowed on the Khants the hill of Girnar and the twenty-four villages of Bilkha chovisi.}}</ref> | ||
After the end of the rule of the Chaulukyas and their successors, the [[Vaghela dynasty]], in Gujarat, the Chudasamas ruled independently, or as vassals of successor states, the [[Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. [[Mandalika I]] was the first Chudasama ruler known from inscriptions; and during his reign, Gujarat was invaded by the [[Khalji dynasty]] of Delhi. The last king of the dynasty, [[Mandalika III]], was defeated, and forcibly converted to Islam, in 1472 by Gujarat Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]], who annexed the state.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |chapter=Gujarat, Malwa and Khandesh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1934 |pages=307–308 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283073 |access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: Marwar and British Administration |editor1-first=R. K. |editor1-last=Gupta |editor2-first=S. R. |editor2-last=Bakshi |volume=5 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |year=2008 |pages=22–23 |isbn=978-8-17625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dCkiyLJ6EC |access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> | After the end of the rule of the Chaulukyas and their successors, the [[Vaghela dynasty]], in Gujarat, the Chudasamas ruled independently, or as vassals of successor states, the [[Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. [[Mandalika I]] was the first Chudasama ruler known from inscriptions; and during his reign, Gujarat was invaded by the [[Khalji dynasty]] of Delhi. The last king of the dynasty, [[Mandalika III]], was defeated, and forcibly converted to Islam, in 1472 by Gujarat Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]], who annexed the state.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |chapter=Gujarat, Malwa and Khandesh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1934 |pages=307–308 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283073 |access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: Marwar and British Administration |editor1-first=R. K. |editor1-last=Gupta |editor2-first=S. R. |editor2-last=Bakshi |volume=5 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |year=2008 |pages=22–23 |isbn=978-8-17625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dCkiyLJ6EC |access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> | ||
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===Under the Mughal Empire=== | ===Under the Mughal Empire=== | ||
;Ghori rule | ;Ghori rule | ||
In 1525, Khengar was succeeded by his son Noghan. Tatarkhan Ghori had now become almost independent. In his time Jam Raval conquered Halar and built Navanagar. In 1551, Noghan was succeeded by his son Shrisingh, who lived till 1586. During this time, Tatarkhan Ghori died and was succeeded by his son Aminkhan Ghori. In his time, Akbar conquered Gujarat, although Sorath yet remained independent under the Ghori rule. The exact date of Tatarkhan Ghori's death is not known; but from the mention of Aminkhan as his successor, it must have been from about 1570 to 1575. On the return of Emperor Akbar to Agra in 1573, after the defeat and death of Muhammad Husain Mirzah and Ikhtiyar ul Mulk, he gave orders that Sorath should be conquered from Aminkhan Ghori. Vazir Khan attempted it but was unequal to the task. Great confusion existed now in Sorath. The Moghal conquest of Gujarat, the collapse of the power of the Gujarat Sultans, the encroachments of the Jam, and the assumption of independence by the Ghori all augmented the confusion afterwards increased by the escape of Sultan Muzaffar in 1583 and subsequent partisan warfare.<ref name="GBP1884"/> | In 1525, Khengar was succeeded by his son Noghan. Tatarkhan Ghori had now become almost independent. In his time Jam Raval conquered Halar and built Navanagar. In 1551, Noghan was succeeded by his son Shrisingh, who lived till 1586. During this time, Tatarkhan Ghori died and was succeeded by his son Aminkhan Ghori. In his time, Akbar conquered Gujarat, although Sorath yet remained independent under the Ghori rule. The exact date of Tatarkhan Ghori's death is not known; but from the mention of Aminkhan as his successor, it must have been from about 1570 to 1575. On the return of [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]] to Agra in 1573, after the defeat and death of Muhammad Husain Mirzah and Ikhtiyar ul Mulk, he gave orders that Sorath should be conquered from Aminkhan Ghori. Vazir Khan attempted it but was unequal to the task. Great confusion existed now in Sorath. The Moghal conquest of Gujarat, the collapse of the power of the Gujarat Sultans, the encroachments of the Jam, and the assumption of independence by the Ghori all augmented the confusion afterwards increased by the escape of Sultan Muzaffar in 1583 and subsequent partisan warfare.<ref name="GBP1884"/> | ||
During these disturbances Amin Khan Ghori and his son Daulat Khan Ghori espoused the cause of Muzafar, as did the Jam and Loma Khuman of Kherdi. The exact date of Amin Khan Ghori's death is not known but it was about 1589–90. Raizada Khengar also warmly espoused Mnzafar's side. After the siege and capture of Junagadh in 1591–92 by Naurang Khan, Syad Kasim, and Gnjar Khan; Khengar was dismissed to his estate of Sil Bagasra, and the Raizada ceased to rule at Junagadh. Daulat Khan Ghori died of his wounds during the siege, and henceforth Junagadh became the seat of the imperial ''[[faujdar]]''s (garrison commanders) of Sorath in subordination to the imperial viceroy at Ahmedabad.<ref name="GBP1884"/> | During these disturbances Amin Khan Ghori and his son Daulat Khan Ghori espoused the cause of Muzafar, as did the Jam and Loma Khuman of Kherdi. The exact date of Amin Khan Ghori's death is not known but it was about 1589–90. Raizada Khengar also warmly espoused Mnzafar's side. After the siege and capture of Junagadh in 1591–92 by Naurang Khan, Syad Kasim, and Gnjar Khan; Khengar was dismissed to his estate of Sil Bagasra, and the Raizada ceased to rule at Junagadh. Daulat Khan Ghori died of his wounds during the siege, and henceforth Junagadh became the seat of the imperial ''[[faujdar]]''s (garrison commanders) of Sorath in subordination to the imperial viceroy at Ahmedabad.<ref name="GBP1884"/> | ||
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In 1730, Mohammad Sher Khan Babi, who owed allegiance to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of [[Gujarat Subah]], founded the state of Junagadh by declaring independence after the invasion by the Maratha [[Gaekwad dynasty]]. Babi founded the [[Babi Dynasty]] of Junagadh State. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh—who were Babi or [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)|Babai]] [[pashtuns]] from [[Afghanistan]]—conquered large territories in southern [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and ruled for the next two centuries, first as tributaries of [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], and later under the [[suzerainty]] of the British, who granted the honor of a 13-[[gun salute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |title=Junagadh Princely State (13 gun salute) |access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | In 1730, Mohammad Sher Khan Babi, who owed allegiance to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of [[Gujarat Subah]], founded the state of Junagadh by declaring independence after the invasion by the Maratha [[Gaekwad dynasty]]. Babi founded the [[Babi Dynasty]] of Junagadh State. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh—who were Babi or [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)|Babai]] [[pashtuns]] from [[Afghanistan]]—conquered large territories in southern [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and ruled for the next two centuries, first as tributaries of [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], and later under the [[suzerainty]] of the British, who granted the honor of a 13-[[gun salute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |title=Junagadh Princely State (13 gun salute) |access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
* 1730–1758 – Mohammad Bahadur Khanji or Mohammad Sher khan Babi<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 Nawabs of Junagadh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012232/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 }} British Library.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Saurashtrano Itihas|last = Desai|first = Shambhuprasad Harprasd|year = 1990|pages = 746–748}}</ref> | * 1730–1758 – Mohammad Bahadur Khanji or Mohammad Sher khan Babi<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 Nawabs of Junagadh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012232/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 |date=9 February 2012 }} British Library.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Saurashtrano Itihas|last = Desai|first = Shambhuprasad Harprasd|year = 1990|pages = 746–748}}</ref> | ||
* 1758–1774 – Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I | * 1758–1774 – Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I | ||
* 1774–1811 – Mohammad Hamid Khanji I | * 1774–1811 – Mohammad Hamid Khanji I | ||
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[[File:Drapeau Junagadh vector.svg|right|thumb|Flag of Junagadh, during the British period.]] | [[File:Drapeau Junagadh vector.svg|right|thumb|Flag of Junagadh, during the British period.]] | ||
In 1807, Junagadh State became a [[British India|British protectorate]]. The [[East India Company]] took control of the state by 1818, but the Saurashtra area was never directly administered by the British,{{citation needed}} who instead divided the territory into more than one hundred [[princely state]]s, which remained in existence until 1947.{{citation needed}} The present old-town, developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, constituted one of those princely states.{{citation needed}} | In 1807, Junagadh State became a [[British India|British protectorate]]. The [[East India Company]] took control of the state by 1818, but the Saurashtra area was never directly administered by the British,{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} who instead divided the territory into more than one hundred [[princely state]]s, which remained in existence until 1947.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} The present old-town, developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, constituted one of those princely states.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
The [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh|Shri Swaminarayan Mandir]] temple in Junagadh was constructed on land presented by Jinabhai (Hemantsingh) Darbar of Panchala, and dedicated on 1 May 1828. [[Swaminarayan]] appointed [[Gunatitanand Swami]] as the first [[mahant]] (religious and administrative head of a temple), who served in this role and preached there for over 40 years.<ref name="Williams 2001 38">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=An Introduction To Swaminarayan Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-521-65422-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/38 38]}}</ref><ref name="Ishwarcharandas 2007 94">{{cite book|last=Ishwarcharandas|first=Sadhu|title=Aksharbrahma Gunatitanand Swami|year=2007|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=978-81-7526-302-4|pages=94}}</ref> | The [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh|Shri Swaminarayan Mandir]] temple in Junagadh was constructed on land presented by Jinabhai (Hemantsingh) Darbar of Panchala, and dedicated on 1 May 1828. [[Swaminarayan]] appointed [[Gunatitanand Swami]] as the first [[mahant]] (religious and administrative head of a temple), who served in this role and preached there for over 40 years.<ref name="Williams 2001 38">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=An Introduction To Swaminarayan Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-521-65422-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/38 38]}}</ref><ref name="Ishwarcharandas 2007 94">{{cite book|last=Ishwarcharandas|first=Sadhu|title=Aksharbrahma Gunatitanand Swami|year=2007|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=978-81-7526-302-4|pages=94}}</ref> | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
The government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the dewan to intervene.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=238–239}}</ref> A [[plebiscite]] was conducted in February 1948, but it was not internationally monitored. Pakistan claims were not based on the plebiscite but on the logic of the Kashmir annexation, which went almost unanimously in favour of accession to India.<ref name=PacAff1951Furber359>{{cite journal |last=Furber |first=Holden |author-link=Holden Furber |title=The Unification of India, 1947–1951 |volume=24 |number=4 |page=359 |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |doi=10.2307/2753451 |jstor=2753451 <!-- |access-date=11 August 2020 -->}}</ref> Junagadh became a part of the Indian state of Saurashtra until 1 November 1956, when Saurashtra became part of [[Bombay state]]. In 1960, Bombay state was split into the linguistic states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], in which Junagadh was located. | The government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the dewan to intervene.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=238–239}}</ref> A [[plebiscite]] was conducted in February 1948, but it was not internationally monitored. Pakistan claims were not based on the plebiscite but on the logic of the Kashmir annexation, which went almost unanimously in favour of accession to India.<ref name=PacAff1951Furber359>{{cite journal |last=Furber |first=Holden |author-link=Holden Furber |title=The Unification of India, 1947–1951 |date=December 1951 |volume=24 |number=4 |page=359 |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |doi=10.2307/2753451 |jstor=2753451 <!-- |access-date=11 August 2020 -->}}</ref> Junagadh became a part of the Indian state of Saurashtra until 1 November 1956, when Saurashtra became part of [[Bombay state]]. In 1960, Bombay state was split into the linguistic states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], in which Junagadh was located. | ||
Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with [[Manavadar]] and [[Sir Creek]] in Gujarat, on its official political map.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/pakistan-unveils-new-political-map-claiming-jammu-india-retorts/|title=After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts|work=Himalayan Times|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1572590|title=In landmark move, PM Imran unveils 'new political map' of Pakistan|work=Dawn|access-date=5 August 2020|first=Naveed|last=Siddiqui}}</ref> | Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with [[Manavadar]] and [[Sir Creek]] in Gujarat, on its official political map.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/pakistan-unveils-new-political-map-claiming-jammu-india-retorts/|title=After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts|work=Himalayan Times|date=4 August 2020|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1572590|title=In landmark move, PM Imran unveils 'new political map' of Pakistan|work=Dawn|date=4 August 2020|access-date=5 August 2020|first=Naveed|last=Siddiqui}}</ref> | ||
===Timelines=== | ===Timelines=== | ||
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{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Various Rulers<ref>{{cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=Junagadh (Princely State) – (13 gun salute) |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |website=Indian Princely States |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! Time Period<ref>{{cite web | ! Various Rulers<ref>{{cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=Junagadh (Princely State) – (13 gun salute) |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |date=23 January 2018 |website=Indian Princely States |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! Time Period<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/his-junagadh.htm | |url=http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/his-junagadh.htm | ||
|title=History of Junagadh | |title=History of Junagadh | ||
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[[File:Girnar Hills from Damodar Kund.jpg|thumb|View of [[Girnar]] Hills from [[Damodar Kund]].]] | [[File:Girnar Hills from Damodar Kund.jpg|thumb|View of [[Girnar]] Hills from [[Damodar Kund]].]] | ||
Junagadh city is located at {{Coord|21.52|N|70.47|E}} at the foot of [[Girnar|Mount Girnar]], with the Arabian sea to the southwest, [[Porbandar]] to the north, and Amreli to the east. It has an average elevation of {{convert|107|m}}. | Junagadh city is located at {{Coord|21.52|N|70.47|E|}} at the foot of [[Girnar|Mount Girnar]], with the Arabian sea to the southwest, [[Porbandar]] to the north, and Amreli to the east. It has an average elevation of {{convert|107|m}}. | ||
Junagadh city has two rivers, the Sonrakh and the Kalwo, which is polluted from city sewers. The city has several lakes: Narsinh Mehta Sarovar, Damodarji, Sudarshan Lake, etc. Willingdon Dam, Hasnapur Dam, and Anandpur Weir are the main water sources for the city. Groundwater supply is widely available in the city, with wells throughout. | Junagadh city has two rivers, the Sonrakh and the Kalwo, which is polluted from city sewers. The city has several lakes: Narsinh Mehta Sarovar, Damodarji, Sudarshan Lake, etc. Willingdon Dam, Hasnapur Dam, and Anandpur Weir are the main water sources for the city. Groundwater supply is widely available in the city, with wells throughout. | ||
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Junagadh has one state-assembly constituency. The BJP won this seat in the 2007 election, with 52.36% of the 118,888 votes cast, with the next largest vote being 26.32% for the INC candidate.<ref>{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat | Junagadh has one state-assembly constituency. The BJP won this seat in the 2007 election, with 52.36% of the 118,888 votes cast, with the next largest vote being 26.32% for the INC candidate.<ref>{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat | ||
|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_DEC_2007_GUJARAT_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007040749/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_DEC_2007_GUJARAT_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> Election for the state assembly is held every 5 years. | |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_DEC_2007_GUJARAT_after_IC.pdf |date=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007040749/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_DEC_2007_GUJARAT_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> Election for the state assembly is held every 5 years. | ||
The Junagadh Municipal Corporation has 17 wards and total of 51 seats. In the 2009 municipal elections the INC won 26 seats, BJP 21 seats, BSP 3 seats and 1 went to an independent. While the majority of the seats went to the INC, the BJP candidates received more votes: 134,739, or 45.62% of the total, the INC receiving 120,533, 40.81%.<ref>{{cite web | The Junagadh Municipal Corporation has 17 wards and total of 51 seats. In the 2009 municipal elections the INC won 26 seats, BJP 21 seats, BSP 3 seats and 1 went to an independent. While the majority of the seats went to the INC, the BJP candidates received more votes: 134,739, or 45.62% of the total, the INC receiving 120,533, 40.81%.<ref>{{cite web | ||
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215152332/http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/documents/profiles/junagadh-district-profile.pdf | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215152332/http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/documents/profiles/junagadh-district-profile.pdf | ||
|url-status=dead | |url-status=dead | ||
}}</ref> which was the highest in the state. Junagadh is the largest producer of groundnut and garlic in the state, contributing 26% and 34%, respectively, of total production. Junagadh has Asia's largest ground-nut research laboratory.{{citation needed}} Mangoes and onions are grown in large quantities in the district.{{citation needed}} | }}</ref> which was the highest in the state. Junagadh is the largest producer of groundnut and garlic in the state, contributing 26% and 34%, respectively, of total production. Junagadh has Asia's largest ground-nut research laboratory.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} Mangoes and onions are grown in large quantities in the district.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
Some of the large-scale industry present in Junagadh are [[Mother Dairy|Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd]] (popularly known as Junagadh Dairy in the region), Agro Marine Exports, Creative Castings Ltd., and Austin Engineering. With an investment of INR 4,000 crore (US$975.6million), JSW Power Co. had proposed to set up a coal-based power plant at Simar Village, in Junagadh, but due to difficulties in establishing a port there, it has been shifted to the port of [[Dahej]].<ref>{{cite news | Some of the large-scale industry present in Junagadh are [[Mother Dairy|Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd]] (popularly known as Junagadh Dairy in the region), Agro Marine Exports, Creative Castings Ltd., and Austin Engineering. With an investment of INR 4,000 crore (US$975.6million), JSW Power Co. had proposed to set up a coal-based power plant at Simar Village, in Junagadh, but due to difficulties in establishing a port there, it has been shifted to the port of [[Dahej]].<ref>{{cite news | ||
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|work=[[The Times of India]] | |work=[[The Times of India]] | ||
|title=Spotlight to be on energy sector | |title=Spotlight to be on energy sector | ||
| date=11 January 2005}}</ref> Under the new government policy of encouraging biotechnology, Junagadh has been identified as an agriculture biotechnology zone. This will boost the establishment of agro-biotech industries in the district.{{citation needed}} | | date=11 January 2005}}</ref> Under the new government policy of encouraging biotechnology, Junagadh has been identified as an agriculture biotechnology zone. This will boost the establishment of agro-biotech industries in the district.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
Junagadh boasts of some of the best tourist destinations in the state, so tourism is considered to be a progressing sector. The state government has sanctioned the development of a Circuit Tourism project at Junagadh.<ref>{{cite web | Junagadh boasts of some of the best tourist destinations in the state, so tourism is considered to be a progressing sector. The state government has sanctioned the development of a Circuit Tourism project at Junagadh.<ref>{{cite web | ||
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==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
Established in 1863, Junagadh's [[Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden]], also known as the Sakkarbaug Zoo, is around 210 acre (84 hectares) in size. The zoo provides purebred Asiatic lions for the Indian and international critically endangered species captive breeding programs. Currently, it is the only zoo in the country to house African cheetahs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historicaljunagadh.blogspot.com/2010/02/sakkarbaug-zoo-junagadh-city-news.html |title=Cheetahs |publisher=Junagadh city district news}}</ref> The zoo also has museum of natural history. | Established in 1863, Junagadh's [[Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden]], also known as the Sakkarbaug Zoo, is around 210 acre (84 hectares) in size. The zoo provides purebred Asiatic lions for the Indian and international critically endangered species captive breeding programs. Currently, it is the only zoo in the country to house African cheetahs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historicaljunagadh.blogspot.com/2010/02/sakkarbaug-zoo-junagadh-city-news.html |title=Cheetahs |date=3 February 2010 |publisher=Junagadh city district news}}</ref> The zoo also has museum of natural history. | ||
Junagadh's many ruling dynasties—such as Babi Nawabs, Vilabhis, Kshatraps, Mauryas, Chudasamas, Gujarat Sultans—and its religious groups have influenced the architectural syles of Junagadh. | Junagadh's many ruling dynasties—such as Babi Nawabs, Vilabhis, Kshatraps, Mauryas, Chudasamas, Gujarat Sultans—and its religious groups have influenced the architectural syles of Junagadh. | ||
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|url=http://historicaljunagadh.blogspot.com/2009/11/junagadh-city-district-independence-day.html | |url=http://historicaljunagadh.blogspot.com/2009/11/junagadh-city-district-independence-day.html | ||
|title=Junagadh City District Independence day November 9, 1947(Junagadh Aazad Din-Divas) | |title=Junagadh City District Independence day November 9, 1947(Junagadh Aazad Din-Divas) | ||
|date=12 November 2009 | |||
|publisher=Historical Junagadh}}</ref> 1 May is Gujarat day, to celebrate the formation of Gujarat state on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{cite web | |publisher=Historical Junagadh}}</ref> 1 May is Gujarat day, to celebrate the formation of Gujarat state on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{cite web | ||
|url=http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentInfo.aspx?Committee=GUJARAT | |url=http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentInfo.aspx?Committee=GUJARAT | ||
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== Notable == | == Notable == | ||
* [[Bapu Velnath Thakor]], [[Koli people|Koli]] saint of the 17th century from Junagadh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Bindeshwar Prasad |title=A Handbook of Sociology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2c9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Junagadh+Koli&pg=PA255 |page=255 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> | * [[Bapu Velnath Thakor]], [[Koli people|Koli]] saint of the 17th century from Junagadh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Bindeshwar Prasad |title=A Handbook of Sociology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2c9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Junagadh+Koli&pg=PA255 |date=2021 |page=255 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* | |||
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{{Gujarat}} | {{Gujarat}} | ||
{{Princely states of India}} | {{Princely states of India}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Junagadh| ]] | [[Category:Junagadh| ]] | ||