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[[File:Índios Isolados 4.jpg|thumb|Members of an uncontacted tribe photographed in 2012 near [[Feijó, Acre|Feijó]] in [[Acre (state)|Acre]], [[Brazil]]|273x273px]] | [[File:Índios Isolados 4.jpg|thumb|Members of an uncontacted tribe photographed in 2012 near [[Feijó, Acre|Feijó]] in [[Acre (state)|Acre]], [[Brazil]]|273x273px]] | ||
[[File:Isolierte-Völker.png|thumb|A map of uncontacted peoples, around the start of the 21st century|354x354px]] | [[File:Isolierte-Völker.png|thumb|A map of uncontacted peoples, around the start of the 21st century|354x354px]] | ||
'''Uncontacted peoples''' are groups of [[indigenous peoples]] living without sustained contact with neighbouring communities and the [[world community]]. Groups who decide to remain uncontacted are referred to as '''indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation'''.<ref name="WWF"/> Legal protections make estimating the total number of uncontacted peoples challenging, but estimates from the [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]] in the [[United Nations|UN]] and the non-profit group [[Survival International]] point to between 100 and 200 uncontacted peoples numbering up to 10,000 individuals.<ref name="spotted">{{cite news|date=2008-05-30|title=Isolated tribe spotted in Brazil|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7426794.stm|access-date=2013-08-05}}</ref><ref name="newscientist">{{cite web|last=Holmes|first=Bob|date=22 August 2013|title=How many uncontacted tribes are left in the world?|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24090-how-many-uncontacted-tribes-are-left-in-the-world/|access-date=3 July 2016|work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref name=":3">Report of the Regional Seminar on indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and in initial contact of the Amazonian Basin and El Chaco, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (20–22 November 2006), presented by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the International Work Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), E/C.19/2007/CRP.1, March 28, 2007, para 1.</ref> A majority of uncontacted peoples | '''Uncontacted peoples''' are groups of [[indigenous peoples]] living without sustained contact with neighbouring communities and the [[world community]]. Groups who decide to remain uncontacted are referred to as '''indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation'''.<ref name="WWF"/> Legal protections make estimating the total number of uncontacted peoples challenging, but estimates from the [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]] in the [[United Nations|UN]] and the non-profit group [[Survival International]] point to between 100 and 200 uncontacted peoples numbering up to 10,000 individuals total.<ref name="spotted">{{cite news|date=2008-05-30|title=Isolated tribe spotted in Brazil|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7426794.stm|access-date=2013-08-05}}</ref><ref name="newscientist">{{cite web|last=Holmes|first=Bob|date=22 August 2013|title=How many uncontacted tribes are left in the world?|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24090-how-many-uncontacted-tribes-are-left-in-the-world/|access-date=3 July 2016|work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref name=":3">Report of the Regional Seminar on indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and in initial contact of the Amazonian Basin and El Chaco, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (20–22 November 2006), presented by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the International Work Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), E/C.19/2007/CRP.1, March 28, 2007, para 1.</ref> A majority of uncontacted peoples lives in South America, particularly [[North Region, Brazil|northern Brazil]], where the Brazilian government and [[National Geographic]] estimate between 77 and 84 tribes reside.<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-03-08|title=More than 100 tribes exist totally isolated from global society|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/100-uncontacted-tribes-amazon-rainforest-peru-indonesia-jarawa-a8245651.html|access-date=2021-10-05|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Knowledge of uncontacted peoples comes mostly from encounters with neighbouring indigenous communities and aerial footage. | Knowledge of uncontacted peoples comes mostly from encounters with neighbouring indigenous communities and aerial footage. | ||
== Definition == | == Definition == | ||
''Uncontacted peoples'' generally | ''Uncontacted peoples'' generally refer to indigenous peoples who have remained largely isolated to the present day, maintaining their traditional lifestyles and functioning mostly independently from any political or governmental entities. However, European exploration and [[colonization]] during the [[early modern period]] brought indigenous peoples worldwide into contact with colonial settlers and explorers. As such, most indigenous groups have had some form of contact with other peoples. The term "uncontacted" therefore refers to a lack of sustained contact with the majority of non-indigenous society at the present time.<ref name="Nuwer">{{cite web |last1=Nuwer |first1=Rachel |title=Anthropology: The sad truth about uncontacted tribes |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140804-sad-truth-of-uncontacted-tribes |website=BBC |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> | ||
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights refers to uncontacted peoples as "indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation." These groups are defined by their general rejection of contact with anyone outside of their own people. This definition also includes groups who have previously had sustained contact with the majority non-indigenous society but have chosen to return to isolation and no longer maintain contact.<ref name="IACHR">{{cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact in the Americas: Recommendations for the Full Respect of Their Human Rights |publisher=[[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]]|date=30 December 2013 |url=http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/indigenous/docs/pdf/report-indigenous-peoples-voluntary-isolation.pdf |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> As such uncontacted peoples are understood not as living in an anachronistic [[state of nature]] but rather as contemporaries of modernity.<ref name="Frontier">{{cite web | last1=International | first1=Survival | title=The Uncontacted Frontier | website=Survival International | url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/amazonuncontactedfrontier | access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref> | The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights refers to uncontacted peoples as "indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation." These groups are defined by their general rejection of contact with anyone outside of their own people. This definition also includes groups who have previously had sustained contact with the majority non-indigenous society but have chosen to return to isolation and no longer maintain contact.<ref name="IACHR">{{cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact in the Americas: Recommendations for the Full Respect of Their Human Rights |publisher=[[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]]|date=30 December 2013 |url=http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/indigenous/docs/pdf/report-indigenous-peoples-voluntary-isolation.pdf |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> As such uncontacted peoples are understood not as living in an anachronistic [[state of nature]] but rather as contemporaries of modernity.<ref name="Frontier">{{cite web | last1=International | first1=Survival | title=The Uncontacted Frontier | website=Survival International | url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/amazonuncontactedfrontier | access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref> | ||
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== Relations with outsiders == | == Relations with outsiders == | ||
International organizations have highlighted the importance of protecting indigenous peoples' environment and lands, the importance of protecting them from exploitation or abuse, and the importance of no contact in order to prevent the spread of modern diseases.<ref name="Guardian2019">{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Dom|date=5 April 2019|title=Brazil: high-risk expedition to contact isolated tribe declared success|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/05/brazil-high-risk-expedition-indigenous-tribe-success|access-date=4 April 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="newscientist" /><ref name=":2" /> | International organizations have highlighted the importance of protecting indigenous peoples' environment and lands, the importance of protecting them from exploitation or abuse, and the importance of no contact in order to prevent the spread of modern diseases.<ref name="Guardian2019">{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Dom |date=5 April 2019 |title=Brazil: high-risk expedition to contact isolated tribe declared success |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/05/brazil-high-risk-expedition-indigenous-tribe-success |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="newscientist" /><ref name=":2" /> | ||
Historic exploitation and abuse at the hands of the majority group have led many governments to give uncontacted people their lands and legal protection. Many indigenous groups live on national forests or protected grounds, such as the [[Vale do Javari]] in Brazil<ref name="hammer" /> or | Historic exploitation and abuse at the hands of the majority group have led many governments to give uncontacted people their lands and legal protection. Many indigenous groups live on national forests or protected grounds, such as the [[Vale do Javari]] in Brazil<ref name="hammer" /> or [[North Sentinel Island]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham |title=Know more about this 60,000 year-old tribe of the North Sentinel Island |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/know-more-about-this-60000-year-old-tribe-of-the-north-sentinel-island/as62566496.cms |access-date=2021-09-29 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Índios Isolados 6.jpg|thumb|293x293px|Uncontacted peoples in the Acre | [[File:Índios Isolados 6.jpg|thumb|293x293px|Uncontacted peoples in the state of Acre in Brazil]] | ||
In 1961, British explorer [[Richard Mason (explorer)|Richard Mason]] was killed by an uncontacted Amazon [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|tribe]] known as the [[Panará people|Panará]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WYVAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2532%2C1101451 |title=Rain delays rescue of explorers |newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |location=[[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] |date=8 September 1961 |page=8 |via=Google News}}</ref> | |||
Much of the contention over uncontacted peoples has stemmed from governments' desire to extract natural resources. In the 1960s and 1970s, Brazil's federal government attempted to assimilate and integrate native groups living in the Amazon jungle in order to use their lands for farming.{{cn|date=April 2023}} Their efforts were met with mixed success and criticism until, in 1987, Brazil created the Department of Isolated Indians inside the ''[[Fundação Nacional do Índio]]'' (Funai), Brazil's Indian Agency. FUNAI was successful in securing protected lands which have allowed certain groups to remain relatively uncontacted until the present day.{{cn|date=April 2023}} | |||
The threats to the Nukak tribe are generally shared by all peoples in isolation, particularly the outside world's desire to exploit their lands. This can include | A different outcome occurred in Colombia when the [[Nukak]] tribe of indigenous people was contacted by an evangelical group. The tribe was receptive to trade and eventually moved in order to have closer contact with settlers. This led to an outbreak of respiratory infections, violent clashes with narco-traffickers, and the death of hundreds of the Nukak, more than half of the tribe. Eventually, the Colombian government forcibly relocated the tribe to a nearby town where they received food and government support but were reported as living in poverty.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-04-19 |title=Photos: Uncontacted Amazon tribes documented for first time in Colombia |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2012/04/photos-uncontacted-amazon-tribes-documented-for-first-time-in-colombia/ |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="hammer" /> | ||
The threats to the Nukak tribe are generally shared by all peoples in isolation, particularly the outside world's desire to exploit their lands. This can include [[lumber]]ing, ranching and farming, land speculation, oil prospecting and mining, and [[poaching]]. For example, then Peruvian President [[Alan García]] claimed in 2007 that uncontacted groups were only a "fabrication of environmentalists bent on halting oil and gas exploration".<ref name="Time2015">{{Cite magazine |last=Kluger |first=Jeffrey |date=4 June 2015 |title=Uncontacted Tribes: Is it Ethical to Leave Them Alone? |url=http://time.com/3909470/tribes-uncontacted-ethics/ |access-date=16 April 2019 |magazine=Time}}</ref> As recently as 2016, a Chinese subsidiary mining company in Bolivia ignored signs that they were encroaching on uncontacted tribes, and attempted to cover it up.<ref name=":4" /> In addition to commercial pursuits, other people such as [[missionaries]] can inadvertently cause great damage.<ref name="iwgia.org" /> | |||
It was those threats, combined with attacks on their tribe by illegal cocaine traffickers, that led a group of Acre Indians to make contact with a village in Brazil and subsequently with the federal government in 2014. This behaviour suggests that many tribes are aware of the outside world and choose not to make contact unless motivated by fear or self-interest. Satellite images suggest that some tribes intentionally migrate away from roads or logging operations in order to remain secluded.<ref name="Nuwer" /> | It was those threats, combined with attacks on their tribe by illegal cocaine traffickers, that led a group of Acre Indians to make contact with a village in Brazil and subsequently with the federal government in 2014. This behaviour suggests that many tribes are aware of the outside world and choose not to make contact unless motivated by fear or self-interest. Satellite images suggest that some tribes intentionally migrate away from roads or logging operations in order to remain secluded.<ref name="Nuwer" /> | ||
[[Indigenous rights]] activists have often advocated that indigenous peoples in isolation be left alone, saying that contact will interfere with their right to [[self-determination]] as [[people]]s.<ref name="Nuwer" /> On the other hand, experience in Brazil suggests isolating peoples might want to have trading relationships and positive social connections with others, but choose isolation out of fear of conflict or exploitation.<ref name="Science2015">{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=Robert S.|last2=Hill|first2=Kim R.|year=2015|title=Protecting isolated tribes|journal=Science|volume=348|issue=6239|page=1061|bibcode=2015Sci...348.1061W|doi=10.1126/science.aac6540|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26045407|s2cid=30371221}}</ref> The Brazilian state organization | [[Indigenous rights]] activists have often advocated that indigenous peoples in isolation be left alone, saying that contact will interfere with their right to [[self-determination]] as [[people]]s.<ref name="Nuwer" /> On the other hand, experience in Brazil suggests isolating peoples might want to have trading relationships and positive social connections with others, but choose isolation out of fear of conflict or exploitation.<ref name="Science2015">{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Robert S. |last2=Hill |first2=Kim R. |year=2015 |title=Protecting isolated tribes |journal=Science |volume=348 |issue=6239 |page=1061 |bibcode=2015Sci...348.1061W |doi=10.1126/science.aac6540 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=26045407 |s2cid=30371221}}</ref> The Brazilian state organization FUNAI in collaboration with anthropological experts has chosen to make controlled initial contact with tribes. The organization operates 15 trading posts throughout protected territory where tribes can trade for metal tools and cooking instruments.<ref name="Time2015" /> The organization also steps in to prevent some conflicts and deliver [[vaccination]]s.<ref name="Guardian2019" /> However, FUNAI has been critical of political will in Brazil, reporting that it only received 15% of its requested budget in 2017.<ref name="Time2015" /> In 2018, after consensus among field agents, FUNAI released videos and images of several tribes under their protection. Although the decision was criticized, the director of the Isolated Indian department, Bruno Pereira, responded that "The more the public knows and the more debate around the issue, the greater the chance of protecting isolated Indians and their lands". He shared that the organization has been facing mounting political pressure to open up lands to commercial companies. He also justified the photography by explaining that FUNAI was investigating a possible massacre against the Flechieros tribe.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-11-21 |title=Video of Uncontacted Amazon Tribes in Brazil Sparks DEBATE |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/BRAZIL-UNCONTACTED-TRIBE-INDIGENOUS-PEOPLE-AMAZON-VIDEO |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Recognizing the myriad problems with contact, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in 2009<ref name=":2">''Guidelines on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and in Initial Contact of the Amazon Basin and El Chaco''</ref> and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 2013<ref name="IACHR" /> introduced guidelines and recommendations that included a right to choose self-isolation.<ref>{{cite journal|first= | Recognizing the myriad problems with contact, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in 2009<ref name=":2">''Guidelines on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and in Initial Contact of the Amazon Basin and El Chaco''</ref> and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 2013<ref name="IACHR" /> introduced guidelines and recommendations that included a right to choose self-isolation.<ref>{{cite journal |first=BENJAMIN |last=GREGG |doi=10.1007/S12142-019-0550-X |journal=Human Rights Review |date=April 2019 |access-date=12 November 2020 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332482756 |title=Against Self-Isolation as a Human Right of Indigenous Peoples in Latin AMERICA |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=313–333 |s2cid=150900416}}</ref><ref name="Lost Tribes"/> | ||
There have been reports of human [[safari]]s in India's [[Andaman Islands]] and in Peru, where tourism companies attempt to help tourists see uncontacted or recently contacted peoples. This practice is controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=David |date=2012-02-25 |title='Human safaris' pose threat to uncontacted Amazon tribe |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/26/human-safari-threat-amazon-tribe |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | There have been reports of human [[safari]]s in India's [[Andaman Islands]] and in Peru, where tourism companies attempt to help tourists see uncontacted or recently contacted peoples. This practice is controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=David |date=2012-02-25 |title='Human safaris' pose threat to uncontacted Amazon tribe |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/26/human-safari-threat-amazon-tribe |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | ||
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=== India === | === India === | ||
[[File:Gallery-1491391768-north-sentinel-island.jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of [[North Sentinel Island]]|284x284px]] | [[File:Gallery-1491391768-north-sentinel-island.jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of [[North Sentinel Island]]|284x284px]] | ||
India is home to | India is home to one uncontacted tribe in the Andaman Island chain. | ||
==== Sentinelese ==== | ==== Sentinelese ==== | ||
The [[Sentinelese]] people of North Sentinel Island, which lies near [[South Andaman Island]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]], reject contact. Attempts to contact them have usually been rebuffed, sometimes with lethal force. [[Sentinelese language|Their language]] is markedly different from other languages of the Andamans, which suggests that they have been isolated for thousands of years.<ref name="mostisolated">{{cite web|url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3101-the-most-isolated-tribe-in-the-world|title=The most isolated tribe in the world?|publisher=Survival International|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> They have been called by experts the most isolated people in the world,<ref name="Nuwer" /> and they are likely to remain so.<ref name="mostisolated" /> | {{Main|Sentinelese}} | ||
The [[Sentinelese]] people of [[North Sentinel Island]], which lies near [[South Andaman Island]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]], reject contact. Attempts to contact them have usually been rebuffed, sometimes with lethal force. [[Sentinelese language|Their language]] is markedly different from other languages of the Andamans, which suggests that they have been isolated for thousands of years.<ref name="mostisolated">{{cite web |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3101-the-most-isolated-tribe-in-the-world |title=The most isolated tribe in the world? |publisher=Survival International |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> They have been called by experts the most isolated people in the world,<ref name="Nuwer" /> and they are likely to remain so.<ref name="mostisolated" /> | |||
During the [[2001 Census of India]], a joint expedition conducted during 23–24 February 2001 identified at least a few dozen individuals, but it was not exhaustive.<ref name=":0">{{cite | <!-- | ||
During the [[2001 Census of India]], a joint expedition conducted during 23–24 February 2001 identified at least a few dozen individuals, but it was not exhaustive.<ref name=":0">{{cite Web |title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands – A Challenge |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf |access-date=19 August 2016 |website=Census of India}}</ref> Helicopter surveys after the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]] confirmed the Sentinelese had survived,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Misra |first=Neelesh |date=2005-01-04 |title=Stone Age cultures survive tsunami waves |language=en|agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6786476/ns/world_news-tsunami_a_year_later/t/stone-age-cultures-survive-tsunami-waves/ |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> and there have been a few limited interactions with them since. The local [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar]] administration has adopted an "eyes-on and hands-off" policy to ensure that no poachers enter the island. A protocol for circumnavigation of North Sentinel Island has been made and notified in consultation with the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news |date=Feb 26, 2016 |title=Various facilities provided to tribal population of A&N Islands: Minister |publisher=IP Division, Directorate of Information Publicity & Tourism, Andaman & Nicobar Administration |url=http://dt.andaman.gov.in/DetailNews.aspx?newsid=160225279 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite Web |title=Directorate of Health Services: Tribal Health |url=http://dhs.andaman.gov.in/TribalHealth.aspx |access-date=19 August 2016 |website=Directorate of Health Services}}</ref> | |||
==== | Individuals have occasionally attempted to contact them, although such attempts are against the law.<ref>{{cite Web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/09/28/will-the-worlds-most-dangerous-island-become-a-human-zoo-the-shocking-future-of-north-sentinel/ |title=A Human Zoo on the World's Most Dangerous Island? The Shocking Future of North Sentinel |date=28 September 2015 |work=Forbes |first=Jim |last=Dobson}}</ref> In November 2018, American missionary [[John Allen Chau]] was killed by the Sentinelese during an illegal expedition to the island, where Chau had intended to convert the tribe to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Doug Bock |title=The American Missionary and the Uncontacted Tribe |url=https://www.gq.com/story/john-chau-missionary-and-uncontacted-tribe |website=GQ.com |publisher=Conde Nast |access-date=15 April 2022 |date=22 August 2019}}</ref> --> | ||
=== South America === | === South America === | ||
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[[File:Índios isolados no Acre 12.jpg|thumb|Members of an uncontacted tribe in [[Acre, Brazil]], in 2009|288x288px]] | [[File:Índios isolados no Acre 12.jpg|thumb|Members of an uncontacted tribe in [[Acre, Brazil]], in 2009|288x288px]] | ||
Until the 1970s, Brazil attempted unsuccessfully to move anyone on lands that could be commercially cultivated. | Until the 1970s, Brazil attempted unsuccessfully to move anyone on lands that could be commercially cultivated. In 1987, it set up the Department of Isolated Indians inside [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|FUNAI]], facilitating the work of [[Sydney Possuelo]] and [[José Carlos Meirelles]], and declared the [[Vale do Javari]] perpetually sealed off, encompassing an area of {{convert|85,444|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="hammer">{{cite web |last1=Hammer |first1=Joshua |title=The Lost Tribes of the Amazon |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-lost-tribes-of-the-amazon-22871033/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=March 2013 |access-date=21 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2007, FUNAI reported the presence of 67 uncontacted [[indigenous peoples in Brazil]], up from 40 in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|last=Colitt|first=Raymond|publisher=Reuters|title=Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-brazil-amazon-indians-idUKN1728525620070117 |date=2007-01-17 |access-date=October 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223103441/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/01/17/uk-brazil-amazon-indians-idUKN1728525620070117 |archive-date=2015-02-23}}</ref> | ||
The [[Awá (Brazil)|Awá]] are people living in the eastern [[Amazon rainforest]]. There are approximately 350 members, and 100 of them have no contact with the outside world. They are considered highly endangered because of conflicts with [[logging]] interests in their territory.<ref name="observer1">{{cite news| title = 'They're killing us': world's most endangered tribe cries for help| first = Gethin| last = Chamberlain| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/22/brazil-rainforest-awa-endangered-tribe| newspaper = [[The Observer]]| publisher = The Guardian| date = 21 April 2012| access-date = 23 April 2012}}</ref> | The [[Awá (Brazil)|Awá]] are people living in the eastern [[Amazon rainforest]]. There are approximately 350 members, and 100 of them have no contact with the outside world. They are considered highly endangered because of conflicts with [[logging]] interests in their territory.<ref name="observer1">{{cite news| title = 'They're killing us': world's most endangered tribe cries for help| first = Gethin| last = Chamberlain| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/22/brazil-rainforest-awa-endangered-tribe| newspaper = [[The Observer]]| publisher = The Guardian| date = 21 April 2012| access-date = 23 April 2012}}</ref> | ||
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==== Colombia ==== | ==== Colombia ==== | ||
With the creation of gigantic tribal reserves and strict patrolling, Colombia is now regarded as one of the countries that | With the creation of gigantic tribal reserves and strict patrolling, Colombia is now regarded as one of the countries that offer maximum protection to uncontacted indigenous people.<ref name="plotkin">{{cite web |last1=Plotkin |first1=Mark |title='Lost Tribes' Saved through Creation of Massive Colombian Park |url=https://www.livescience.com/40150-lost-tribes-saved-through-creation-of-massive-colombian-park.html |work=Live Science |date=October 3, 2013 |access-date=20 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
The [[Nukak people]] are nomadic hunter-gatherers living between the Guaviare and Inírida rivers in south-east Colombia at the headwaters of the northwest [[Amazon basin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nukak |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/nukak |website=Survival International |access-date=20 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> There are groups, including the [[Carabayo]], [[Yuri language (Amazon)|Yuri]] and | The [[Nukak people]] are nomadic hunter-gatherers living between the Guaviare and Inírida rivers in south-east Colombia at the headwaters of the northwest [[Amazon basin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nukak |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/nukak |website=Survival International |access-date=20 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> There are groups, including the [[Carabayo]], [[Yuri language (Amazon)|Yuri]] and [[Passé language|Passé]], in {{ill|Río Puré National Park|es|Parque nacional natural Río Puré}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marco Estratégico Para La Protección De Los Pueblos Indígenas en Aislamiento Voluntario Y Contacto Inicial |url=https://www.amazoniasocioambiental.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Sistematizacion_Edici%C3%B3n-frida.3.pdf |website=amazoniasocioambiental.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=InfoAmazonia |url=https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/medio-ambiente/firman-decreto-para-proteger-los-pueblos-indigenas-aislados-de-colombia-articulo-801245 |title=Firman decreto para proteger a los pueblos indÃgenas aislados de Colombia |language=es |publisher=El Espectador |date=2018-07-19 |accessdate=2022-08-07}}</ref><ref name="butler">{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Rhett A. |title=Photos: Uncontacted Amazon tribes documented for first time in Colombia |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2012/04/photos-uncontacted-amazon-tribes-documented-for-first-time-in-colombia/ |website=Mongabay Environmental News |access-date=20 January 2020 |date=19 April 2012}}</ref> | ||
==== Ecuador ==== | ==== Ecuador ==== | ||
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==== Venezuela ==== | ==== Venezuela ==== | ||
In [[Venezuela]] some groups from the [[ | In [[Venezuela]] some groups from the [[Hodï|Hoti]], [[Yanomami]], and [[Piaroa]] tribes live in relative isolation. The [[Ministry of Indigenous Peoples (Venezuela)|Ministry of Indigenous Peoples]] has no policies designed to protect these people specifically.<ref name="iwgia.org" /> | ||
=== New Guinea === | === New Guinea === | ||
Over 40 uncontacted tribes live in [[Western New Guinea|West Papua]] region in Indonesia, although contact is usually established upon their initial encounter. While it is difficult for journalists and organizations to enter West Papua, no government agency is dedicated to protecting isolated indigenous groups. Human rights organizations, including [[Survival International]], have argued that there is a need to raise awareness of the existence of uncontacted tribes, for example, to prevent the development of infrastructure near their lands. On the other hand, remaining vague about the exact location and size of the tribe may help to avoid encouraging contact.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3122-questions-and-answers-uncontacted-papua|title=Question and answers: Uncontacted tribes of Papua|publisher=Survival International|website=www.survival-international.org|access-date=16 June 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
==Historical== | ==Historical== | ||
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===United States=== | ===United States=== | ||
[[Ishi]], a member of the [[Yahi people]] of Northern California, remained in voluntary isolation from the outside world until 1911 and was acclaimed as the "last wild Indian". | [[Ishi]], a member of the [[Yahi people]] of Northern California, remained in voluntary isolation from the outside world until 1911 and was acclaimed as the "last wild [[Native_American_name_controversy#%22Indian%22_and_%22American_Indian%22_(since_1492)|Indian]]". | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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* [[Isolationism]] | * [[Isolationism]] | ||
* [[List of contemporary ethnic groups]] | * [[List of contemporary ethnic groups]] | ||
* [[Man of the Hole]] | |||
* [[Noble savage]] | * [[Noble savage]] | ||
* [[Stateless society]] | * [[Stateless society]] | ||
* [[Terra nullius]] | * ''[[Terra nullius]]'' | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{Sister project links|Uncontacted peoples}} | {{Sister project links|Uncontacted peoples}} | ||
* [http://indigenouspeoplesissues.com Indigenous Peoples Issues & Resources] | * [http://indigenouspeoplesissues.com Indigenous Peoples Issues & Resources] | ||