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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox Indian state or territory | ||
| name | | name = Tamil Nadu | ||
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage | |||
| image_skyline | | photo1a = Mamallapuram view.jpg | ||
| photo1a | | photo2a = Left side view Brihadeeswara.jpg | ||
| photo2a | | photo2b = Statue of Thiruvalluvar.jpg | ||
| photo2b | | photo3a = Nilgiri Hills.jpg | ||
| photo3a | | photo4a = A Magnificient Evening Sunset With Pamban Railway Bridge and Boat Mail Express Passes Through this Pamban Railway Bridge !-.jpg | ||
| photo4a | | photo4b = Hogenakkal Falls Close.jpg | ||
| | | photo5a = Le palais de Thirumalai Nayak (Madurai, Inde) (14143375983).jpg | ||
| spacing | |||
| size | | spacing = 1 | ||
| position | | size = 250 | ||
| border | | position = center | ||
| color | | border = 0 | ||
| foot_montage | | color = #000000 | ||
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top''': [[Shore Temple]]; [[Thiruvalluvar Statue]]; [[Nilgiri Mountains]]; [[Hogenakkal Falls]]; [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]]; [[Pamban Bridge]]; and [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
| type = State | |||
| image_seal = TamilNadu Logo.svg | |||
| type | | etymology = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Country | ||
| | | nickname = "Land of Temples" | ||
| | | motto = Vāymaiyē vellum (Truth alone triumphs) | ||
| | | anthem = "[[Tamil Thai Valthu]]" <br/> | ||
| | (Invocation to Mother Tamil) | ||
| | | image_map = IN-TN.svg | ||
| coordinates = {{coord|11.529000|78.750900|region:IN-TN_type:adm1st|display=inline}} | |||
| | | region = South India | ||
| | | before_was = [[Madras State]] | ||
| formation_date4 = 1 November 1956 | |||
| | | capital = Chennai | ||
| | | largestcity = capital | ||
| | | metro = Chennai metropolitan area | ||
| | | districts = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|38 (5 divisions)]] | ||
| | | Governor = [[R. N. Ravi]] | ||
| | | Chief_Minister = [[M. K. Stalin]] | ||
| | | party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] | ||
| | | legislature_type = Unicameral | ||
| | | assembly = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu: K. Shanmugam appointed as new Tamil Nadu Chief Secretary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/k-shanmugam-appointed-as-new-tamil-nadu-chief-secretary/article28224917.ece|access-date=29 June 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Tamil Nadu}}</ref> | ||
| | | assembly_seats = 234 seats | ||
| rajya_sabha_seats = 18 seats | |||
| | | lok_sabha_seats = 39 seats | ||
| judiciary = [[Madras High Court]] | |||
| area_total_km2 = 130058 | |||
| area_rank = 10th | |||
| | | length_km = 1076 | ||
| | | elevation_m = 189 | ||
| | | elevation_max_m = 2,636 | ||
| | | elevation_max_point = [[Doddabetta]] | ||
| | | elevation_min_m = 0 | ||
| | | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Census of india 2011 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113234157/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| | | population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 72,147,030 | ||
| population_as_of = 2011 | |||
| | | population_rank = 6th | ||
| | | population_density = 550 | ||
| | | population_urban = 48.4% | ||
| | | population_rural = 75.13% | ||
| | | population_demonym = {{Hlist|[[Tamilian]]|[[Tamilar]]|}} | ||
| | | 0fficial_Langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2014 to June 2015) |page=132 |date=29 March 2016 |work=Ministry of Minority Affairs (Government of India) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> | ||
| | | additional_official = [[English language|English]]<ref name=langoff /> | ||
| official_script = [[Tamil script]] | |||
| | | GDP_footnotes = <ref name="Budget Analysis">{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/tamil-nadu-budget-analysis-2023-24|title=Tamil Nadu Budget Analysis 2023-24 }}</ref><ref name="Tamil Nadu towards trillion dollar economy ">{{cite web |url=https://www.grantthornton.in/globalassets/1.-member-firms/india/assets/pdfs/tamil_nadu_towards_a_trillion_dollar_economy.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu towards trillion dollar economy }}</ref> | ||
| | | GDP_total = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|28.3|lc|0}} | ||
| | | GDP_year = 2023-2024 | ||
| GDP_rank = 2nd | |||
| | | GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|279699|lk=r}} | ||
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 9th | |||
| | | HDI = {{Increase}} 0.709 {{color|#0c0|High}}<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019%2B2014%2B2009%2B2004%2B1999%2B1994%2B1990/ }}</ref> | ||
| | | HDI_year = 2019 | ||
| | | HDI_rank = 11th | ||
| | | literacy = {{Increase}} 80.09% | ||
| | | literacy_year = 2011 | ||
| | | literacy_rank = 14th | ||
| | | sex_ratio = 1088[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India}}</ref> | ||
| | | sexratio_year = 2021 | ||
| sexratio_rank = 31st | |||
| iso_code = IN-TN | |||
| registration_plate = TN | |||
| website = tn.gov.in | |||
| | | mammal = [[Nilgiri tahr]] | ||
| | | bird = [[Common emerald dove|Emerald dove]] | ||
| butterfly = [[Cirrochroa thais|Tamil Yeoman]] | |||
| flower = [[Gloriosa (plant)|Gloriosa lily]] | |||
| tree = [[Borassus flabellifer|Palm Tree]] | |||
| | | fruit = [[Jackfruit]] | ||
| | | image_highway = SH IN-TN.png | ||
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|TN SH1 - TN SH223]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tamil Nadu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|æ|m|ᵻ|l|_|ˈ|n|ɑː|d|uː}}; {{IPA-ta|ˈtamiɻ ˈnaːɽɯ|lang|Tamil Nadu.ogg}}, {{small|abbr.}} '''TN''') is the | '''Tamil Nadu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|æ|m|ᵻ|l|_|ˈ|n|ɑː|d|uː}}; {{IPA-ta|ˈtamiɻ ˈnaːɽɯ|lang|Tamil Nadu.ogg}}, {{small|abbr.}} '''TN''') is the southernmost [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]]. The [[List of states and union territories of India by area|tenth largest Indian state by area]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|sixth largest by population]], Tamil Nadu is the home of the [[Tamil people]], whose [[Tamil language]]—one of the longest surviving [[Classical languages of India|classical languages]] in the world—is widely spoken in the state and serves as its official language. The capital and largest city is [[Chennai]]. | ||
Located on the south-eastern coast of the [[Indian peninsula]], Tamil Nadu is defined by the lush [[Western Ghats]] and the semi-arid [[Deccan Plateau]] in the west, the discontinuous [[Eastern Ghats]] in the north, the fertile [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] lining the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the [[Palk Strait]] to the south-east, the [[Laccadive Sea]] at the southern [[Cape (geography)|cape]] of the peninsula—[[Kanyakumari]], and the river [[Kaveri]] bisecting the state. Politically, Tamil Nadu is bound by the Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], as well as an international [[maritime border]] with the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of [[Sri Lanka]] at [[Pamban Island]]. | Located on the south-eastern coast of the [[Indian peninsula]], Tamil Nadu is defined by the lush [[Western Ghats]] and the semi-arid [[Deccan Plateau]] in the west, the discontinuous [[Eastern Ghats]] in the north, the fertile [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] lining the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the [[Palk Strait]] to the south-east, the [[Laccadive Sea]] at the southern [[Cape (geography)|cape]] of the peninsula—[[Kanyakumari]], and the river [[Kaveri]] bisecting the state. Politically, Tamil Nadu is bound by the Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], as well as an international [[maritime border]] with the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of [[Sri Lanka]] at [[Pamban Island]]. | ||
[[History of Tamil Nadu|Historically]], Tamil Nadu had been continuously inhabited by modern humans from 15,000 BC. The at-large [[Tamilakam]] region dominated by the Tamil-speaking population was under several regimes over centuries, such as the [[Sangam era]] (300 BC–AD 300) rulers of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] clans, the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] dynasty (3rd–9th century), and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century), all of which shaped the state's [[Tamil cuisine|cuisine]], [[Tamil culture|culture]], and [[Architecture of Tamil Nadu|architecture]]. [[Colonial India|European colonization]] began with establishing trade ports in the 17th century, with the [[British Raj|British controlling]] much of [[South India]] as the [[Madras Presidency]], an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative province]] of British India. After the [[India's Independence|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the region became the [[Madras State]] of the Republic of India, and in 1956, the state borders were redrawn linguistically by the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act (1956)]] into the current shape. The state was renamed as Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil Country", in 1969. | [[History of Tamil Nadu|Historically]], Tamil Nadu had been continuously inhabited by modern humans from 15,000 BC. The at-large [[Tamilakam]] region dominated by the Tamil-speaking [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] population was under several regimes over centuries, such as the [[Sangam era]] (300 BC–AD 300) rulers of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] clans, the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] dynasty (3rd–9th century), and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century), all of which shaped the state's [[Tamil cuisine|cuisine]], [[Tamil culture|culture]], and [[Architecture of Tamil Nadu|architecture]]. [[Colonial India|European colonization]] began with establishing trade ports in the 17th century, with the [[British Raj|British controlling]] much of [[South India]] as the [[Madras Presidency]], an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative province]] of British India. After the [[India's Independence|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the region became the [[Madras State]] of the Republic of India, and in 1956, the state borders were redrawn linguistically by the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act (1956)]] into the current shape. The state was renamed as Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil Country", in 1969. | ||
As the most urbanised state of India, Tamil Nadu boasts an [[economy of Tamil Nadu|economy]] with gross state domestic product (GSDP) of {{INRConvert|24.85|lc}}, marking the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|second-largest]] economy amongst the 28 states of India. It has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|9th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|225106}},<ref name="Tamil_budjet">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|date=15 April 2021|access-date= | As the most urbanised state of India, Tamil Nadu boasts an [[economy of Tamil Nadu|economy]] with gross state domestic product (GSDP) of {{INRConvert|24.85|lc}}, marking the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|second-largest]] economy amongst the 28 states of India. It has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|9th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|225106}},<ref name="Tamil_budjet">{{cite web |url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2023-04-17 |title=Gross State Domestic Product At Current Prices; Base Year 2011{{ndash}}12 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415164725/http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls |archive-date=2021-04-15 |lang=en}}</ref> and ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|11th]] in [[human development index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl" /> Tamil Nadu is also one of the most industrialised states, with the [[manufacturing sector]] accounting for more than one-third of the state's GDP.<ref name="TN_info">{{*}}{{citation | last = Swaminathan | first = Padmini | author-link = Padmini Swaminathan | date = 28 May 1994 | title = Where Are the Entrepreneurs? What the Data Reveal for Tamil Nadu | journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]] | volume = 29 | issue = 22 | pages = 64–74 | jstor = 4401265 | issn = 0012-9976 }}<br /> | ||
{{*}}{{cite journal |last1=Alagarsamy |first1=R. |last2=Srinivasan |first2= Dr.R.|date=February 2013 |title=AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION INTO LOCAL PUBLIC OPINION ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN SELECTED DISTRICTS IN TAMIL NADU |url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_Economics_V1_N2_009.pdf |journal=Shanlax International |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=62 |issn=2319-961X|access-date=6 July 2020}}<br /> | {{*}}{{cite journal |last1=Alagarsamy |first1=R. |last2=Srinivasan |first2= Dr.R.|date=February 2013 |title=AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION INTO LOCAL PUBLIC OPINION ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN SELECTED DISTRICTS IN TAMIL NADU |url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_Economics_V1_N2_009.pdf |journal=Shanlax International |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=62 |issn=2319-961X|access-date=6 July 2020}}<br /> | ||
{{*}}{{citation |last1=Aiyappan|first1=Ayinipalli|title=Tamil Nadu|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu/Economy#ref46350 |access-date=6 July 2020 |url-access=subscription |quote=Tamil Nadu is one of the most industrialised of the Indian states, and the manufacturing sector accounts for more than one-third of the state's gross product.}}</ref> Home to a number of ancient relics, historic buildings, religious pilgrimage spots, [[hill station]]s, forts, and three [[World Heritage Site]]s, [[Tourism in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu's tourism industry]] is the largest among the Indian states. 15% of Tamil Nadu's forests are [[List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu|protected]] areas, hosting diverse [[Wildlife of Tamil Nadu|wildlife]]. The [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]], nicknamed as Kollywood, plays an influential role in the state's popular culture. | {{*}}{{citation |last1=Aiyappan|first1=Ayinipalli|title=Tamil Nadu|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu/Economy#ref46350 |access-date=6 July 2020 |url-access=subscription |quote=Tamil Nadu is one of the most industrialised of the Indian states, and the manufacturing sector accounts for more than one-third of the state's gross product.}}</ref> Home to a number of ancient relics, historic buildings, religious pilgrimage spots, [[hill station]]s, forts, and three [[World Heritage Site]]s, [[Tourism in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu's tourism industry]] is the largest among the Indian states. 15% of Tamil Nadu's forests are [[List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu|protected]] areas, hosting diverse [[Wildlife of Tamil Nadu|wildlife]]. The [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]], nicknamed as Kollywood, plays an influential role in the state's popular culture. | ||
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[[File:KeeladiExcavationCamp8.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Keeladi excavation site|Keeladi]], a Sangam Era Excavation Site, [[Sangam period]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keezhadi-excavation-the-story-till-now/article18464920.ece|title=Keezhadi excavation leads to ancient civilisation on the banks of Vaigai|date=16 May 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Sundar |first1=S.|last2=Jesudasan|first2=Dennis S. |last3=Shrikumar|first3=A.|last4=Shrikumar|first4=A. |author5=Mohamed Imranullah S|author6=Pon Vasanth|last7=Kolappan|first7=B.|last8=Kolappan|first8=B. |last9=Saravanan|first9=T.|last10=Annamalai|first10=S.|last11=Shrikumar |first11=A.|last12=Kavitha|first12=S. S.}}</ref>]] | [[File:KeeladiExcavationCamp8.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Keeladi excavation site|Keeladi]], a Sangam Era Excavation Site, [[Sangam period]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keezhadi-excavation-the-story-till-now/article18464920.ece|title=Keezhadi excavation leads to ancient civilisation on the banks of Vaigai|date=16 May 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Sundar |first1=S.|last2=Jesudasan|first2=Dennis S. |last3=Shrikumar|first3=A.|last4=Shrikumar|first4=A. |author5=Mohamed Imranullah S|author6=Pon Vasanth|last7=Kolappan|first7=B.|last8=Kolappan|first8=B. |last9=Saravanan|first9=T.|last10=Annamalai|first10=S.|last11=Shrikumar |first11=A.|last12=Kavitha|first12=S. S.}}</ref>]] | ||
The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as [[Sangam literature]]. Numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about eight centuries, from 500 BCE to 300 CE. The recent excavations in [[Alagankulam]] archaeological site suggests that Alagankulam is one of the important trade centers or port cities of the Sangam Era.<ref>{{cite | The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as [[Sangam literature]]. Numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about eight centuries, from 500 BCE to 300 CE. The recent excavations in [[Alagankulam]] archaeological site suggests that Alagankulam is one of the important trade centers or port cities of the Sangam Era.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/excavation-begins-at-alagankulam-archaeological-site/articleshow/58593108.cms |title=Excavation begins at Alagankulam archaeological site |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 May 2017 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902082624/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/excavation-begins-at-alagankulam-archaeological-site/articleshow/58593108.cms |archive-date=2 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Ancient Tamil Nadu contained three monarchical states, headed by kings called ''Vendhar'' and several tribal chieftaincies, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination ''Vel'' or ''[[Velirs|Velir]]''. Still lower at the local level there were clan chiefs called ''kizhar'' or ''mannar''.<ref>'There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of settlements...' —{{cite web|title=Perspectives on Kerala History|url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826094724/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm|archive-date=26 August 2006|work=P.J.Cherian (Ed)|publisher=Kerala Council for Historical Research}}</ref> The kings were known as the ''Moovendar'', the three crowned kings, and were the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]]. The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, what is today western Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Pandyas controlled the south, what is today southern Tamil Nadu. The Cholas had their base in the Kaveri delta and controlled what is today northern Tamil Nadu. Although these dynasties were never conquered by outside powers, there were still significant diplomatic contacts between them and kingdoms to the north. They were mentioned on the [[pillars of Ashoka]].<ref>'Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the [[Velirs|Satyaputras]], the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni...' —{{cite web|title=Ashoka's second minor rock edict|url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028175927/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|archive-date=28 October 2013|access-date=15 November 2006|publisher=Colorado State University}}</ref> | Ancient Tamil Nadu contained three monarchical states, headed by kings called ''Vendhar'' and several tribal chieftaincies, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination ''Vel'' or ''[[Velirs|Velir]]''. Still lower at the local level there were clan chiefs called ''kizhar'' or ''mannar''.<ref>'There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of settlements...' —{{cite web|title=Perspectives on Kerala History|url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826094724/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm|archive-date=26 August 2006|work=P.J.Cherian (Ed)|publisher=Kerala Council for Historical Research}}</ref> The kings were known as the ''Moovendar'', the three crowned kings, and were the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]]. The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, what is today western Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Pandyas controlled the south, what is today southern Tamil Nadu. The Cholas had their base in the Kaveri delta and controlled what is today northern Tamil Nadu. Although these dynasties were never conquered by outside powers, there were still significant diplomatic contacts between them and kingdoms to the north. They were mentioned on the [[pillars of Ashoka]].<ref>'Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the [[Velirs|Satyaputras]], the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni...' —{{cite web|title=Ashoka's second minor rock edict|url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028175927/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|archive-date=28 October 2013|access-date=15 November 2006|publisher=Colorado State University}}</ref> | ||
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<gallery widths="200" heights="125" mode="packed"> | <gallery widths="200" heights="125" mode="packed"> | ||
File:Kallanai.jpg|Kallanai or Grand Anicut, an ancient dam built on the [[Kaveri River]] in [[Thanjavur district]] by [[Karikala Chola]] around the 2nd century CE<ref>{{cite news |title=Flowing waters for fertile fields |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2408778.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 August 2011 |location=India |first=M. |last=Balaganessin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717220026/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2408778.ece |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kallanai_googlebook">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Vijay P. |author2=Ram Narayan Yadava |title=Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&q=kallanai&pg=PA508 |isbn=978-81-7764-548-4 |page=508}}</ref><ref name="kallanai_oldest">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf |title=''This is the oldest stone water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world'' |access-date=27 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206130842/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=6 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River |title=Cauvery River – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726171728/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River |archive-date=26 July 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> | File:Kallanai.jpg|Kallanai or Grand Anicut, an ancient dam built on the [[Kaveri River]] in [[Thanjavur district]] by [[Karikala Chola]] around the 2nd century CE<ref>{{cite news |title=Flowing waters for fertile fields |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2408778.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 August 2011 |location=India |first=M. |last=Balaganessin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717220026/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2408778.ece |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kallanai_googlebook">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Vijay P. |author2=Ram Narayan Yadava |title=Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&q=kallanai&pg=PA508 |isbn=978-81-7764-548-4 |page=508}}</ref><ref name="kallanai_oldest">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf |title=''This is the oldest stone water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world'' |access-date=27 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206130842/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=6 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River |title=Cauvery River – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726171728/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River |archive-date=26 July 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
File:Vettuvan Kovil (3).jpg|[[Vettuvan Koil]], the unfinished temple, is believed to have been built during the 8th century by [[Pandyas]] in Kalugumalai, a panchayat town in [[Thoothukudi district]]. | |||
File:Vettuvan Kovil (3).jpg|[[Vettuvan Koil]], the unfinished temple is believed to have been built during the 8th century by [[Pandyas]] in Kalugumalai, a panchayat town in [[Thoothukudi district]]. | File:Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram.jpg|[[Shore Temple]], built by the [[Pallavas]] at [[Mamallapuram]] during the 8th century, now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
During the 4th to 8th centuries, Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the [[Pallava dynasty]] under [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son ''Mamalla'' [[Narasimhavarman I]].{{sfn|Sastri|2008| pp= 91–92}} The Pallavas ruled parts of [[South India]] with [[Kanchipuram]] as their capital. [[Tamil architecture]] reached its peak during Pallava rule. [[Narasimhavarman II]] built the [[Shore Temple]] which is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. | During the 4th to 8th centuries, Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the [[Pallava dynasty]] under [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son ''Mamalla'' [[Narasimhavarman I]].{{sfn|Sastri|2008| pp= 91–92}} The Pallavas ruled parts of [[South India]] with [[Kanchipuram]] as their capital. [[Tamil architecture]] reached its peak during Pallava rule. [[Narasimhavarman II]] built the [[Shore Temple]] which is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. | ||
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During the 9th century, the Chola dynasty was once again revived by [[Vijayalaya Chola]], who established [[Thanjavur]] as Chola's new capital by conquering central Tamil Nadu from [[Mutharaiyar dynasty|Mutharaiyar]] and the Pandya King [[Varagunavarman II]]. [[Aditya I]] and his son [[Parantaka I]] expanded the kingdom to the northern parts of Tamil Nadu by defeating the last Pallava king, [[Aparajitavarman]]. [[Parantaka Chola II]] expanded the Chola empire into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka, while under the great [[Rajaraja Chola]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola]], the Cholas rose to a notable power in southeast Asia. Now the [[Chola Empire]] stretched as far as [[Bengal]] and Sri Lanka. At its peak, the empire spanned almost {{convert|3600000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular [[South India]] and parts of Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's navy went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now) to Vietnam, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], Lakshadweep, [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]], Philippines<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |title=Tamil Cultural Association – Tamil Language |publisher=Tamilculturewaterloo.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413062503/http://tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref> in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated [[Mahipala]], the king of Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]. | During the 9th century, the Chola dynasty was once again revived by [[Vijayalaya Chola]], who established [[Thanjavur]] as Chola's new capital by conquering central Tamil Nadu from [[Mutharaiyar dynasty|Mutharaiyar]] and the Pandya King [[Varagunavarman II]]. [[Aditya I]] and his son [[Parantaka I]] expanded the kingdom to the northern parts of Tamil Nadu by defeating the last Pallava king, [[Aparajitavarman]]. [[Parantaka Chola II]] expanded the Chola empire into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka, while under the great [[Rajaraja Chola]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola]], the Cholas rose to a notable power in southeast Asia. Now the [[Chola Empire]] stretched as far as [[Bengal]] and Sri Lanka. At its peak, the empire spanned almost {{convert|3600000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular [[South India]] and parts of Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's navy went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now) to Vietnam, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], Lakshadweep, [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]], Philippines<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |title=Tamil Cultural Association – Tamil Language |publisher=Tamilculturewaterloo.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413062503/http://tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref> in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated [[Mahipala]], the king of Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]. | ||
{{multiple image | align= left | direction= horizontal | footer= Relics from Chola period (''from left to right''): [[Airavatesvara Temple]] at Darasuram; [[copper alloy]] statue of Hindu god [[Natarajan]]; and [[bronze]] statue of his consort [[Parvati]] | {{multiple image | ||
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| footer = Relics from Chola period (''from left to right''): [[Airavatesvara Temple]] at Darasuram; [[copper alloy]] statue of Hindu god [[Natarajan]]; and [[bronze]] statue of his consort [[Parvati]] | |||
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The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval King [[Vijayalaya Chola]]. These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of the most imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also renovated temples and buildings of the [[Pallavas]], acknowledging their common socio-religious and cultural heritage. The celebrated [[Nataraja]] temple at [[Chidambaram]] and the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] at [[Srirangam]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], held special significance for the Cholas which have been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities. [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola]] built temples such as the [[Brihadeshvara Temple]] of Thanjavur and Brihadeshvara Temple of [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], the [[Airavatesvara Temple]] of [[Darasuram]] and the [[Sarabeswara]] (Shiva) Temple, also called the Kampahareswarar Temple at [[Thirubuvanam|Thirubhuvanam]], the last two temples being located near Kumbakonam. The first three of the above four temples are titled [[Great Living Chola Temples]] among the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]]. | The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval King [[Vijayalaya Chola]]. These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of the most imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also renovated temples and buildings of the [[Pallavas]], acknowledging their common socio-religious and cultural heritage. The celebrated [[Nataraja]] temple at [[Chidambaram]] and the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] at [[Srirangam]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], held special significance for the Cholas which have been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities. [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola]] built temples such as the [[Brihadeshvara Temple]] of Thanjavur and Brihadeshvara Temple of [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], the [[Airavatesvara Temple]] of [[Darasuram]] and the [[Sarabeswara]] (Shiva) Temple, also called the Kampahareswarar Temple at [[Thirubuvanam|Thirubhuvanam]], the last two temples being located near Kumbakonam. The first three of the above four temples are titled [[Great Living Chola Temples]] among the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]]. | ||
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="[[Great Living Chola Temples]]"> | <gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="[[Great Living Chola Temples]]"> | ||
File:Big Temple-Temple.jpg|The granite [[gopuram]] (tower) of [[Brihadisvara Temple]], 1010 CE | File:Big Temple-Temple.jpg|The granite [[gopuram]] (tower) of [[Brihadisvara Temple]], 1010 CE | ||
File:A different view of Airavatesvara Temple.jpg|[[Airavatesvara Temple]] built by [[Rajaraja Chola II]] in the 12th century CE | File:A different view of Airavatesvara Temple.jpg|[[Airavatesvara Temple]], built by [[Rajaraja Chola II]] in the 12th century CE | ||
File:Back view of Raja gopuram.jpg|The pyramidal structure above the sanctum at [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] | File:Back view of Raja gopuram.jpg|The pyramidal structure above the sanctum at [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] | ||
File:Brihadeeswara Temple Entrance Gopurams, Thanjavur.JPG|Brihadisvara Temple | File:Brihadeeswara Temple Entrance Gopurams, Thanjavur.JPG|Brihadisvara Temple entrance gopurams at [[Thanjavur]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
[[File:Tirumalai Nayak.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]] at [[Madurai]]]] | [[File:Tirumalai Nayak.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]] at [[Madurai]]]] | ||
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By the early 18th century, the political scene in Tamil Nadu saw a major change-over and was under the control of many minor rulers aspiring to be independent. The fall of the Vijayanagara empire and the Chandragiri Nayakas gave the [[sultanate of Golconda]] a chance to expand into the Tamil heartland. When the sultanate was incorporated into the Mughal Empire in 1688, the northern part of current-day Tamil Nadu was administrated by the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], who had his seat in [[Arcot]] from 1715 onward. Meanwhile, to the south, the fall of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] led to a short-lived [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]. The fall of the [[Madurai Nayaks]] brought up many small Nayakars of southern Tamil Nadu, who ruled small parcels of land called Palayams. The chieftains of these Palayams were known as [[Palaiyakkarar]] (or 'polygar' as called by British) and were ruling under the nawabs of the Carnatic. | By the early 18th century, the political scene in Tamil Nadu saw a major change-over and was under the control of many minor rulers aspiring to be independent. The fall of the Vijayanagara empire and the Chandragiri Nayakas gave the [[sultanate of Golconda]] a chance to expand into the Tamil heartland. When the sultanate was incorporated into the Mughal Empire in 1688, the northern part of current-day Tamil Nadu was administrated by the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], who had his seat in [[Arcot]] from 1715 onward. Meanwhile, to the south, the fall of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] led to a short-lived [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]. The fall of the [[Madurai Nayaks]] brought up many small Nayakars of southern Tamil Nadu, who ruled small parcels of land called Palayams. The chieftains of these Palayams were known as [[Palaiyakkarar]] (or 'polygar' as called by British) and were ruling under the nawabs of the Carnatic. | ||
[[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Fort Dansborg]] at [[Tharangambadi]] built by the [[Danes|Danish]]]] | [[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Fort Dansborg]] at [[Tharangambadi]], built by the [[Danes|Danish]]]] | ||
Europeans started to establish trade centers during the 17th century in the eastern coastal regions. Around 1609, the Dutch established a settlement in [[Pulicat]],<ref>''Bethencourt'' p.211</ref> while the Danes had their establishment in [[Tharangambadi]] also known as Tranquebar.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite news |title=Danish flavour |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm |access-date=5 August 2013 |newspaper=Frontline |date=6 November 2009 |location=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1639, the British, under the East India Company, established a settlement further south of Pulicat, in present-day [[Chennai]]. British constructed [[Fort St. George]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Wagret |first=Paul |title=Nagel's encyclopedia-guide |publisher=Nagel Publishers |location=Geneva |year=1977 |series=India, Nepal |page=556 |isbn=978-2-8263-0023-6 |oclc=4202160}}</ref> and established a trading post at Madras.<ref name="Roberts.J.M">{{cite book |title=A short history of the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC&q=History+of+the+World |publisher=Helicon publishing Ltd. |page=277 |year=1997 |author=Roberts J. M |isbn=978-0-19-511504-8 |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The office of [[List of mayors of Chennai|mayoralty of Madras]] was established in 1688. The French established trading posts at [[Pondicherry|Pondichéry]] by 1693. The British and French were competing to expand the trade in the northern parts of Tamil Nadu which also witnessed many battles like [[Battle of Wandiwash]] as part of the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm |title=Seven Years' War: Battle of Wandiwash |work=History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102613/http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |date=21 August 2006 }}</ref> British reduced the French dominions in India to Puducherry. Nawabs of the Carnatic bestowed tax revenue collection rights on the East India Company for defeating the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah surrendered much of his territory to the East India Company which firmly established the British in the northern parts. In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur Maratha, Carnatic, and the British by which Thanjavur became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic which eventually ceded to the British. | Europeans started to establish trade centers during the 17th century in the eastern coastal regions. Around 1609, the Dutch established a settlement in [[Pulicat]],<ref>''Bethencourt'' p.211</ref> while the Danes had their establishment in [[Tharangambadi]] also known as Tranquebar.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite news |title=Danish flavour |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm |access-date=5 August 2013 |newspaper=Frontline |date=6 November 2009 |location=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1639, the British, under the East India Company, established a settlement further south of Pulicat, in present-day [[Chennai]]. British constructed [[Fort St. George]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Wagret |first=Paul |title=Nagel's encyclopedia-guide |publisher=Nagel Publishers |location=Geneva |year=1977 |series=India, Nepal |page=556 |isbn=978-2-8263-0023-6 |oclc=4202160}}</ref> and established a trading post at Madras.<ref name="Roberts.J.M">{{cite book |title=A short history of the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC&q=History+of+the+World |publisher=Helicon publishing Ltd. |page=277 |year=1997 |author=Roberts J. M |isbn=978-0-19-511504-8 |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The office of [[List of mayors of Chennai|mayoralty of Madras]] was established in 1688. The French established trading posts at [[Pondicherry|Pondichéry]] by 1693. The British and French were competing to expand the trade in the northern parts of Tamil Nadu which also witnessed many battles like [[Battle of Wandiwash]] as part of the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm |title=Seven Years' War: Battle of Wandiwash |work=History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102613/http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |date=21 August 2006 }}</ref> British reduced the French dominions in India to Puducherry. Nawabs of the Carnatic bestowed tax revenue collection rights on the East India Company for defeating the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah surrendered much of his territory to the East India Company which firmly established the British in the northern parts. In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur Maratha, Carnatic, and the British by which Thanjavur became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic which eventually ceded to the British. | ||
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Tamil Nadu provided a significant number of freedom fighters to the Independence struggle such as [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] and [[Subramania Bharati|Bharatiyar]].<ref name="pondy">{{cite web|title=Political situation in Pondicherry (1910–1915)|url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020848/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25|archive-date=11 March 2007|access-date=15 November 2006|work=Extract from diary of A.B. Purani (PT MS5 (1924), 86|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust}}</ref> The Tamils (particularly [[Tamil Malaysians]]) formed a significant percentage of the members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), founded by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] to fight the [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in India.<ref>"Noting that the Tamils formed a large chunk of the strength of the INA, Prof. Pfaff, said it was always a moving experience to interact with the INA members from Tamil Nadu." {{cite news|date=22 December 2005|title=Tamils' contribution to INA campaigns recalled|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218630900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209235024/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218630900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref><ref>"More than 75 percent of the INA soldiers were Tamils" according to V. Vaidhyalingam, secretary and treasurer, Tamil Nadu Indian National Army League. {{cite news|date=2 August 2004|title=The unsung heroes|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080201760100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030202019/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080201760100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref> [[Lakshmi Sahgal]] from Tamil Nadu was a prominent leader in the INA's [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]]. | Tamil Nadu provided a significant number of freedom fighters to the Independence struggle such as [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] and [[Subramania Bharati|Bharatiyar]].<ref name="pondy">{{cite web|title=Political situation in Pondicherry (1910–1915)|url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020848/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25|archive-date=11 March 2007|access-date=15 November 2006|work=Extract from diary of A.B. Purani (PT MS5 (1924), 86|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust}}</ref> The Tamils (particularly [[Tamil Malaysians]]) formed a significant percentage of the members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), founded by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] to fight the [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in India.<ref>"Noting that the Tamils formed a large chunk of the strength of the INA, Prof. Pfaff, said it was always a moving experience to interact with the INA members from Tamil Nadu." {{cite news|date=22 December 2005|title=Tamils' contribution to INA campaigns recalled|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218630900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209235024/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218630900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref><ref>"More than 75 percent of the INA soldiers were Tamils" according to V. Vaidhyalingam, secretary and treasurer, Tamil Nadu Indian National Army League. {{cite news|date=2 August 2004|title=The unsung heroes|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080201760100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030202019/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080201760100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref> [[Lakshmi Sahgal]] from Tamil Nadu was a prominent leader in the INA's [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]]. | ||
In 1916 | In 1916 T.M. Nair and Rao Bahadur Thygaraya Chetty released the ''Non-Brahmin Manifesto''<ref name="swamy">Subramaniyam Swami, Is the Dravidian movement dying?, Frontline, Vol.20, Iss. 12, June 2003</ref> and helped to form the Justice Party, an organisation that sought to reduce Brahmin domination of the civil service. The party won the legislative assembly elections of 1921, which was boycotted by the Congress. This party implemented reservations in government jobs and education for non-Brahmins in 1926, and stayed in power for 13 years. The other main movement was the [[Self-Respect Movement|self-respect movement]] of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|E. V. Ramaswamy]], better known as Periyar. Periyar campaigned for an end to what he saw as Aryan domination of culture and life in Tamil Nadu. To this end, he became an advocate of rationalism, and campaigned against the caste system, religion, and superstition.<ref name="swamy" /> | ||
Further steps towards eventual self-rule were taken in 1935 when the British Government passed the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. Fresh local elections were held and in Tamil Nadu the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] captured power defeating the Justice party. In 1938, Periyar along with [[C. N. Annadurai]] [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40|launched an agitation]] against the Congress ministry's decision to introduce the teaching of Hindi in schools. Thereafter, the Justice party was taken over by Periyar who renamed it [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and took it out of electoral politics. The group became an advocate for a separate ''Dravida Nadu'' (lit. land of the Dravidians) during discussions of the partition of India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post-Colonial India|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-032-7|editor=James H. Mills, Satadru Sen|page=145}}</ref> | Further steps towards eventual self-rule were taken in 1935 when the British Government passed the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. Fresh local elections were held and in Tamil Nadu the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] captured power defeating the Justice party. In 1938, Periyar along with [[C. N. Annadurai]] [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40|launched an agitation]] against the Congress ministry's decision to introduce the teaching of Hindi in schools. Thereafter, the Justice party was taken over by Periyar who renamed it [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and took it out of electoral politics. The group became an advocate for a separate ''Dravida Nadu'' (lit. land of the Dravidians) during discussions of the partition of India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post-Colonial India|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-032-7|editor=James H. Mills, Satadru Sen|page=145}}</ref> | ||
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== Geography == | == Geography == | ||
[[File:Tamil Nadu topo deutsch mit Gebirgen.png|thumb|upright=0.9|Topographic map of Tamil Nadu]] | [[File:Tamil Nadu topo deutsch mit Gebirgen.png|thumb|upright=0.9|Topographic map of Tamil Nadu]] | ||
[[File:Western Ghats Gobi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Western Ghats]] traverse along the western border of Tamil Nadu]]{{Main|Geography of Tamil Nadu}} | [[File:Western Ghats Gobi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Western Ghats]] traverse along the western border of Tamil Nadu.]]{{Main|Geography of Tamil Nadu}} | ||
Tamil Nadu covers an area of {{convert|130058|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} {{ref|a}} | Tamil Nadu covers an area of {{convert|130058|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}},{{ref|a}} and is the tenth-largest state in India. The bordering states are [[Kerala]] to the west, [[Karnataka]] to the north-west and [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the north. To the east is the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the state encircles the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. The southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula is [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] which is the meeting point of the [[Arabian Sea]], the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean. | ||
The western, southern, and the northwestern parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. The [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Eastern Ghats]] meet at the [[Nilgiri Hills]]. The Western Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain-bearing clouds of the south-west monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south-central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall than the other regions. | The western, southern, and the northwestern parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. The [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Eastern Ghats]] meet at the [[Nilgiri Hills]]. The Western Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain-bearing clouds of the south-west monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south-central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall than the other regions. | ||
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{{Main|Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Legislature}} | {{Main|Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Legislature}} | ||
[[File:A building in Chennai.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|Madras High Court, Chennai]] | [[File:A building in Chennai.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|Madras High Court, Chennai]] | ||
The governor is the constitutional head of the state while the [[chief minister]] is the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers.<ref name="TNGovPortal">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government |title=Tamil Nadu Government Portal |publisher=Information Technology Department – Tamil Nadu Government |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606113128/http://www.tn.gov.in/government |archive-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Madras High Court]] is the head of the judiciary.<ref name="TNGovPortal" /> The present governor, chief minister and the chief justice are [[R. N. Ravi]],<ref>"[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/r-n-ravis-appointment-as-governor-triggers-mixed-reactions-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/86120566.cms R. N. Ravi is new Governor of Tamil Nadu]". ''The Times of India''. 11 September 2021.</ref> [[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>"[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece MK Stalin sworn in as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]". ''The Hindu Business Line''. 7 May 2021.</ref> and [[ | The governor is the constitutional head of the state while the [[chief minister]] is the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers.<ref name="TNGovPortal">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government |title=Tamil Nadu Government Portal |publisher=Information Technology Department – Tamil Nadu Government |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606113128/http://www.tn.gov.in/government |archive-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Madras High Court]] is the head of the judiciary.<ref name="TNGovPortal" /> The present governor, chief minister and the chief justice are [[R. N. Ravi]],<ref>"[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/r-n-ravis-appointment-as-governor-triggers-mixed-reactions-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/86120566.cms R. N. Ravi is new Governor of Tamil Nadu]". ''The Times of India''. 11 September 2021.</ref> [[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>"[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece MK Stalin sworn in as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]". ''The Hindu Business Line''. 7 May 2021.</ref> and [[Sanjay V. Gangapurwala|S. V. Gangapurwala]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Justice SV Gangapurwala sworn in as Chief Justice of Madras HC|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/justice-sv-gangapurwala-sworn-chief-justice-madras-hc-177756|access-date=28 May 2023|work=The News Minute|date=28 May 2023|language=en}}</ref> respectively. Administratively the state is divided into 38 districts. [[Chennai]], the capital of the state is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in India and is also one of the major metropolitan cities of India. The state comprises 39 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies and 234 Legislative Assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|title = Members of Parliament from Tamil Nadu State {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal|url = http://www.tn.gov.in/government/mps|website = www.tn.gov.in|access-date = 25 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130154452/http://www.tn.gov.in/government/mps|archive-date = 30 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Tamil Nadu had a [[bicameralism|bicameral legislature]] until 1986, when it was replaced with a [[unicameralism|unicameral legislature]], like most other states in India. The term length of the government is five years. The present government is headed by M.K.Stalin of the DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) party after his recent victory in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Elections in 2021 . The [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] is housed at the [[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St. George]] in Chennai. The state had come under the [[President's rule]] on four occasions – first from 1976 to 1977, next for a short period in 1980, then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991. | Tamil Nadu had a [[bicameralism|bicameral legislature]] until 1986, when it was replaced with a [[unicameralism|unicameral legislature]], like most other states in India. The term length of the government is five years. The present government is headed by M.K.Stalin of the DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) party after his recent victory in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Elections in 2021 . The [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] is housed at the [[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St. George]] in Chennai. The state had come under the [[President's rule]] on four occasions – first from 1976 to 1977, next for a short period in 1980, then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991. | ||
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[[File:Nagercoil paddy fields.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Agriculture forms a major portion of the state's economy.]] | [[File:Nagercoil paddy fields.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Agriculture forms a major portion of the state's economy.]] | ||
[[ | [[M. S. Swaminathan]], known as the "father of the Indian [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]" was from Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|MS Swaminathan Research Foundatation|2010}} [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] with its seven colleges and thirty-two research stations spread over the entire state contributes to evolving new crop varieties and technologies and disseminating through various extension agencies. Among states in India, Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock, poultry, and [[fisheries]] production. Tamil Nadu had the second largest number of poultry amongst all the states and accounted for 17.7 per cent of the total poultry population in India.{{sfn|Live stock and poultry statistics|2005}} In 2003–2004, Tamil Nadu had produced 3783.6 million of [[egg (food)|eggs]], which was the second-highest in India representing 9.37 per cent of the total egg production in the country.{{sfn|Egg production from 1997 to 2004|2004}} With the second-longest coastline in India, Tamil Nadu represented 27.54 per cent of the total value of fish and fishery products exported by India in 2006. [[Namakkal]] is also one of the major centers of [[Egg (food)|egg]] production in India. | ||
[[Oddanchatram]] is one of the major centers for vegetable supply in Tamil Nadu and is also known as the vegetable city of Tamil Nadu.[[Coimbatore]] is one of the major centers for poultry production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2007/8/Pages/India-s-Gems-and-Jewellery-Market-is-Glittering.aspx |title=India's Gems and Jewellery Market is Glittering |publisher=Resource Investor |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235942/http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2007/8/Pages/India-s-Gems-and-Jewellery-Market-is-Glittering.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-poultry-industry-seeks-export-concessions/88614 |title=Tamil Nadu Poultry Industry Seeks Export Concessions |access-date=28 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114342/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-poultry-industry-seeks-export-concessions/88614 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Oddanchatram]] is one of the major centers for vegetable supply in Tamil Nadu and is also known as the vegetable city of Tamil Nadu.[[Coimbatore]] is one of the major centers for poultry production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2007/8/Pages/India-s-Gems-and-Jewellery-Market-is-Glittering.aspx |title=India's Gems and Jewellery Market is Glittering |publisher=Resource Investor |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235942/http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2007/8/Pages/India-s-Gems-and-Jewellery-Market-is-Glittering.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-poultry-industry-seeks-export-concessions/88614 |title=Tamil Nadu Poultry Industry Seeks Export Concessions |access-date=28 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114342/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-poultry-industry-seeks-export-concessions/88614 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
{{Further|topic=Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water-bodies Restoration and Management|IAMWARM}} | {{Further|topic=Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water-bodies Restoration and Management|IAMWARM}} | ||
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Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu, with many international companies like [[Nokia]], [[Flex (company)|Flex]], [[Motorola]], [[Sony-Ericsson]], [[Foxconn]], [[Samsung]], [[Cisco]], [[Moser Baer]], [[Lenovo]], [[Dell]], [[Sanmina-SCI]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], [[Texas Instruments]] having chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flextronics signs pact for Chennai facility |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/07/stories/2005100702790400.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=7 October 2005 |access-date=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902122159/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/07/stories/2005100702790400.htm |archive-date=2 September 2010 }}</ref> | Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu, with many international companies like [[Nokia]], [[Flex (company)|Flex]], [[Motorola]], [[Sony-Ericsson]], [[Foxconn]], [[Samsung]], [[Cisco]], [[Moser Baer]], [[Lenovo]], [[Dell]], [[Sanmina-SCI]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], [[Texas Instruments]] having chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flextronics signs pact for Chennai facility |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/07/stories/2005100702790400.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=7 October 2005 |access-date=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902122159/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/07/stories/2005100702790400.htm |archive-date=2 September 2010 }}</ref> | ||
Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India. Software exports from Tamil Nadu grew from {{INR}}76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 2003–04 to {{INR}}207 billion {$5 billion} by 2006–07 according to [[NASSCOM]]<ref>{{cite news |title=TN software exports clock 32 pc growth |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/07/stories/2006050702500300.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=7 May 2006 |access-date=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008003307/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/07/stories/2006050702500300.htm |archive-date=8 October 2009 }}</ref> and to {{INR}}366 billion in 2008–09 which shows 29 per cent growth in software exports according to [[STPI]]. Major national and global IT companies such as [[Atos Syntel]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]], [[Hewlett | Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India. Software exports from Tamil Nadu grew from {{INR}}76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 2003–04 to {{INR}}207 billion {$5 billion} by 2006–07 according to [[NASSCOM]]<ref>{{cite news |title=TN software exports clock 32 pc growth |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/07/stories/2006050702500300.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=7 May 2006 |access-date=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008003307/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/07/stories/2006050702500300.htm |archive-date=8 October 2009 }}</ref> and to {{INR}}366 billion in 2008–09 which shows 29 per cent growth in software exports according to [[STPI]]. Major national and global IT companies such as [[Atos Syntel]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]], [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]], [[Amazon.com]], [[Capgemini]], [[CGI Inc.|CGI]], [[PayPal]], [[IBM]], [[NTT DATA]], [[Accenture]], [[Ramco Systems]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH]], [[DXC Technology]], [[Cognizant]], [[Tech Mahindra]], [[Virtusa]], [[Larsen & Toubro Infotech|LTI]], [[Mphasis]], [[Mindtree]], [[Zoho]], [[Mywebbee]], and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu. The top engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu have been a major recruiting hub for the IT firms. According to estimates, about 50 per cent of the human resources required for the IT and ITES industry was being sourced from the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tcs-jumps-the-gun-in-campus-hiring/article7592763.ece?ref=tpnews |title=TCS jumps the gun in campus hiring |author=Sangeetha Kandavel |work=The Hindu |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016041856/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tcs-jumps-the-gun-in-campus-hiring/article7592763.ece?ref=tpnews |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Coimbatore is the second largest software producer in the state, next to Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/coimbatore-it-sector-on-the-fast-track/1/136030.html |title=Coimbatore: IT sector on the fast track : NATION – India Today |work=intoday.in |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015153045/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/coimbatore-it-sector-on-the-fast-track/1/136030.html |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Chennai has emerged as the ''SaaS Capital of India''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crayondata.com/heres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india/|title=Here's why Chennai is the SAAS capital of India|date=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite | Chennai has emerged as the ''SaaS Capital of India''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crayondata.com/heres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india/|title=Here's why Chennai is the SAAS capital of India|date=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai/articleshow/67583586.cms|title=A silent SaaS revolution is brewing in Chennai – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prabinsamuel.medium.com/saasboomi-shocking-secret-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india-50f251b3a7f1|title=SaaSBooMi — The Shocking Secret why Chennai is the SaaS Capital of India!|first=Prabin|last=Samuel|date=9 February 2020|website=Medium}}</ref><ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/111018/chennai-is-saas-capital-of-india-edappadi-k-palaniswami.html|title=Chennai is SaaS capital of India: Edappadi K Palaniswami|date=11 October 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The SaaS sector in/around Chennai generates US$1 billion in revenue and employs about 10000 personnel.<ref name="deccanchronicle.com" /> | ||
== Transportation == | == Transportation == | ||
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[[File:Looking-down-National-Highway-Chittode-Junction.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|A view of the NH 544 expressway between [[Coimbatore]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in Tamil Nadu]] | [[File:Looking-down-National-Highway-Chittode-Junction.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|A view of the NH 544 expressway between [[Coimbatore]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in Tamil Nadu]] | ||
The state is served by an extensive road network, providing links between urban centers, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 29 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of {{convert|5006.14|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=1624 |title=National Highways Summary – Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India |work=morth.nic.in |access-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=1624 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/message.asp?id=invalid |title=Join the Citizen Dialogue on Highway Safety – Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India |publisher=Morth.nic.in |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917083944/http://morth.nic.in/message.asp?id=invalid |archive-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The state is also a terminus for the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project that connects Indian metropolises like ([[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]]). The state has a total road length of {{convert|167000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|60628|km|mi|abbr=on}} are maintained by the Highways Department. This is nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Highways|2012}} The major road junctions are Chennai, [[Vellore]], [[Madurai]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Karur]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Dindigul]] and [[Kanniyakumari]]. Road transport is provided by state owned [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] and [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation]]. Almost every part of the state is well connected by buses 24 hours a day. The state accounted for 13.6 per cent of all accidents in the country with 66,238 accidents in 2013, 11.3 per cent of all road accident deaths and 15 per cent of all road-related injuries, according to data provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Although Tamil Nadu accounts for the highest number of road accidents in India, it also leads in having reduced the number of fatalities in accident-prone areas with deployment of personnel and a sustained awareness campaign. The number of deaths at areas decreased from 1,053 in 2011 to 881 in 2012 and 867 in 2013.<ref>{{cite | The state is served by an extensive road network, providing links between urban centers, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 29 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of {{convert|5006.14|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=1624 |title=National Highways Summary – Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India |work=morth.nic.in |access-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=1624 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/message.asp?id=invalid |title=Join the Citizen Dialogue on Highway Safety – Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India |publisher=Morth.nic.in |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917083944/http://morth.nic.in/message.asp?id=invalid |archive-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The state is also a terminus for the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project that connects Indian metropolises like ([[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]]). The state has a total road length of {{convert|167000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|60628|km|mi|abbr=on}} are maintained by the Highways Department. This is nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Highways|2012}} The major road junctions are Chennai, [[Vellore]], [[Madurai]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Karur]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Dindigul]] and [[Kanniyakumari]]. Road transport is provided by state owned [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] and [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation]]. Almost every part of the state is well connected by buses 24 hours a day. The state accounted for 13.6 per cent of all accidents in the country with 66,238 accidents in 2013, 11.3 per cent of all road accident deaths and 15 per cent of all road-related injuries, according to data provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Although Tamil Nadu accounts for the highest number of road accidents in India, it also leads in having reduced the number of fatalities in accident-prone areas with deployment of personnel and a sustained awareness campaign. The number of deaths at areas decreased from 1,053 in 2011 to 881 in 2012 and 867 in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/tn-reduces-deaths-in-road-accidents/article7461331.ece?theme=true |title=T.N. reduces deaths in road accidents |author=TCA Sharad Raghavan |work=The Hindu |date=24 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016041856/http://www.thehindu.com/data/tn-reduces-deaths-in-road-accidents/article7461331.ece?theme=true |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
=== Rail === | === Rail === | ||
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=== Airports === | === Airports === | ||
{{Main|List of airports in Tamil Nadu}} | {{Main|List of airports in Tamil Nadu}} | ||
[[File:Chennai airport view 4.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.9| | [[File:Chennai airport view 4.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.9|Chennai International Airport, one of India's major international airports]] | ||
Tamil Nadu has three international airports, namely [[Chennai International Airport]], [[Coimbatore International Airport]], [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]. [[Madurai Airport]] is the only customs airport in the state. [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]], [[Tuticorin Airport]] and [[Vellore Airport]] are the domestic airports. [[Chennai International Airport]] is a major international airport and aviation hub in South Asia. Besides civilian airports, the state has three air bases of the [[Indian Air Force]] namely [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Thanjavur Air Force Station]] and [[Tambaram Air Force Station]] and two naval air stations [[INS Rajali]] and [[INS Parundu]] of [[Indian Navy]]. [[Neyveli Airport]] is being renovated since 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Groundwork at Neyveli airport done, interested airlines send in bids for opening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/groundwork-at-neyveli-airport-done-interested-airlines-send-in-bids-for-op/articleshow/70425272.cms |access-date=31 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103003631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/groundwork-at-neyveli-airport-done-interested-airlines-send-in-bids-for-op/articleshow/70425272.cms |archive-date=3 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> to start the service from mid 2020.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} | Tamil Nadu has three international airports, namely [[Chennai International Airport]], [[Coimbatore International Airport]], [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]. [[Madurai Airport]] is the only customs airport in the state. [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]], [[Tuticorin Airport]] and [[Vellore Airport]] are the domestic airports. [[Chennai International Airport]] is a major international airport and aviation hub in South Asia. Besides civilian airports, the state has three air bases of the [[Indian Air Force]] namely [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Thanjavur Air Force Station]] and [[Tambaram Air Force Station]] and two naval air stations [[INS Rajali]] and [[INS Parundu]] of [[Indian Navy]]. [[Neyveli Airport]] is being renovated since 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Groundwork at Neyveli airport done, interested airlines send in bids for opening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/groundwork-at-neyveli-airport-done-interested-airlines-send-in-bids-for-op/articleshow/70425272.cms |access-date=31 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103003631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/groundwork-at-neyveli-airport-done-interested-airlines-send-in-bids-for-op/articleshow/70425272.cms |archive-date=3 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> to start the service from mid 2020.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} | ||
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=== Energy === | === Energy === | ||
[[File:Aralvaimozhi-Aerial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Wind farm in [[Muppandal]] and Aralvaimozhi region near [[Nagercoil]]]] | [[File:Aralvaimozhi-Aerial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Wind farm in [[Muppandal]] and Aralvaimozhi region, near [[Nagercoil]]]] | ||
[[File:KamuthiSolarPark.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]]]] | [[File:KamuthiSolarPark.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]]]] | ||
Tamil Nadu has the third largest installed power generation capacity in the country. The [[Madras Atomic Power Station|Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant]], Ennore Thermal Plant, [[Neyveli]] Lignite Power Plant, many hydroelectric plants including [[Mettur Dam]], hundreds of windmills and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. The state generates a significant proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power installed capacity at over 7154 MW,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niwe.res.in/information_gi.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162111/http://niwe.res.in/information_gi.php|url-status=dead|title=National Institute of Wind Energy|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> accounting for 38 per cent of total installed wind power in India .{{sfn|Tamil Nadu energy policy|2009}} It is presently adding the [[Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] to its energy grid, which on completion would be the largest atomic power plant in the country with 2000MW installed capacity.{{sfn|NPCIL|2009}} The total installed capacity of electricity in the state by January 2014 was 20,716 MW.<ref>[http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/jan14.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302093455/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/jan14.pdf|date=2 March 2014}}</ref> Tamil Nadu ranks [[States of India by installed power capacity|first nationwide]] in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 34 per cent.{{sfn|Central Electrical Authority|2012}} From a power surplus state in 2005–06, Tamil Nadu has become a state facing severe power shortage over the recent years due to lack of new power generation projects and delay in commercial power generation at [[Kudankulam Atomic Power Project]]. The Tuticorin Thermal Power Station has five 210 megawatt generators. The first generator was commissioned in July 1979. The thermal power plants under construction include the coal-based 1000 MW NLC TNEB Power Plant. From the current 17MW installed solar power, Tamil Nadu state government's new policy aims to increase the installed capacity to 3000MW by 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/guidelines_sbd_tariff_gridconnected_res/Tamilnadu%20Solar%20Energy%20Policy%202012.pdf|title= Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2012|access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302080730/http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/guidelines_sbd_tariff_gridconnected_res/Tamilnadu%20Solar%20Energy%20Policy%202012.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]] was commissioned by [[Adani Power]] in [[Kamuthi]], [[Ramanathapuram district]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mariappan|first1=Julie |date=15 March 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Adani-plans-1000MW-solar-power-plant-at-Ramanathapuram/articleshow/46569602.cms |title=Adani plans 1,000MW solar power plant at Ramanathapuram |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217110621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Adani-plans-1000MW-solar-power-plant-at-Ramanathapuram/articleshow/46569602.cms |archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> With a generating capacity of 648 MW<sub>p</sub> at a single location, it is the [[List of photovoltaic power stations|world's sixth largest (as of 2018)]] solar park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/world-s-largest-solar-project-starts-feeding-electricity-into-national-grid/business-economy/news/517726.html |title=World's largest solar project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428130501/http://www.uniindia.com/world-s-largest-solar-project-starts-feeding-electricity-into-national-grid/business-economy/news/517726.html |archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-unveils-world-largest-solar-power-plant-161129101022044.html|title=India unveils the world's largest solar power plant|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428130518/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-unveils-world-largest-solar-power-plant-161129101022044.html |archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | Tamil Nadu has the third largest installed power generation capacity in the country. The [[Madras Atomic Power Station|Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant]], Ennore Thermal Plant, [[Neyveli]] Lignite Power Plant, many hydroelectric plants including [[Mettur Dam]], hundreds of windmills and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. The state generates a significant proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power installed capacity at over 7154 MW,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niwe.res.in/information_gi.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162111/http://niwe.res.in/information_gi.php|url-status=dead|title=National Institute of Wind Energy|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> accounting for 38 per cent of total installed wind power in India.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu energy policy|2009}} It is presently adding the [[Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] to its energy grid, which on completion would be the largest atomic power plant in the country with 2000MW installed capacity.{{sfn|NPCIL|2009}} The total installed capacity of electricity in the state by January 2014 was 20,716 MW.<ref>[http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/jan14.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302093455/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/jan14.pdf|date=2 March 2014}}</ref> Tamil Nadu ranks [[States of India by installed power capacity|first nationwide]] in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 34 per cent.{{sfn|Central Electrical Authority|2012}} From a power surplus state in 2005–06, Tamil Nadu has become a state facing severe power shortage over the recent years due to lack of new power generation projects and delay in commercial power generation at [[Kudankulam Atomic Power Project]]. The Tuticorin Thermal Power Station has five 210 megawatt generators. The first generator was commissioned in July 1979. The thermal power plants under construction include the coal-based 1000 MW NLC TNEB Power Plant. From the current 17MW installed solar power, Tamil Nadu state government's new policy aims to increase the installed capacity to 3000MW by 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/guidelines_sbd_tariff_gridconnected_res/Tamilnadu%20Solar%20Energy%20Policy%202012.pdf|title= Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2012|access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302080730/http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/guidelines_sbd_tariff_gridconnected_res/Tamilnadu%20Solar%20Energy%20Policy%202012.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]] was commissioned by [[Adani Power]] in [[Kamuthi]], [[Ramanathapuram district]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mariappan|first1=Julie |date=15 March 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Adani-plans-1000MW-solar-power-plant-at-Ramanathapuram/articleshow/46569602.cms |title=Adani plans 1,000MW solar power plant at Ramanathapuram |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217110621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Adani-plans-1000MW-solar-power-plant-at-Ramanathapuram/articleshow/46569602.cms |archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> With a generating capacity of 648 MW<sub>p</sub> at a single location, it is the [[List of photovoltaic power stations|world's sixth largest (as of 2018)]] solar park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/world-s-largest-solar-project-starts-feeding-electricity-into-national-grid/business-economy/news/517726.html |title=World's largest solar project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428130501/http://www.uniindia.com/world-s-largest-solar-project-starts-feeding-electricity-into-national-grid/business-economy/news/517726.html |archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-unveils-world-largest-solar-power-plant-161129101022044.html|title=India unveils the world's largest solar power plant|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428130518/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-unveils-world-largest-solar-power-plant-161129101022044.html |archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
== Culture == | == Culture == | ||
{{Main|Tamil people|Temples of Tamil Nadu|Tamil literature}} | {{Main|Tamil people|Temples of Tamil Nadu|Tamil literature}} | ||
{{multiple image | {{multiple image | ||
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| image1 = Proposed Tamil Nadu Flag (DMK).png | | image1 = Proposed Tamil Nadu Flag (DMK).png | ||
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| caption1 = A State flag for Tamil Nadu was unilaterally proposed by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/25/when-tamil-nadu-proposed-a-state-flag-nearly-five-decades-ago-1633170--1.html |title=When Tamil Nadu proposed a State flag nearly five decades ago |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523100006/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/25/when-tamil-nadu-proposed-a-state-flag-nearly-five-decades-ago-1633170--1.html |archive-date=23 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | | caption1 = A State flag for Tamil Nadu was unilaterally proposed by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/25/when-tamil-nadu-proposed-a-state-flag-nearly-five-decades-ago-1633170--1.html |title=When Tamil Nadu proposed a State flag nearly five decades ago |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523100006/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/25/when-tamil-nadu-proposed-a-state-flag-nearly-five-decades-ago-1633170--1.html |archive-date=23 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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=== Literature === | === Literature === | ||
[[Tamil literature|Tamil written literature]] has existed for over 2,300 years.<ref name="companion">{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1973|p=12}}: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900"</ref> The earliest period of Tamil literature, [[Sangam literature]], is roughly dated from | [[Tamil literature|Tamil written literature]] has existed for over 2,300 years.<ref name="companion">{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1973|p=12}}: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900"</ref> The earliest period of Tamil literature, [[Sangam literature]], is roughly dated from {{Circa|300 BCE}} – 300 CE.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100707000020/http://www.ciil-classicaltamil.org/project1.html Definitive Editions of Ancient Tamil Works]. Classical Tamil, Government of India</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1353/asi.2003.0031 |title=Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=42 |issue=2 |page=207 |year=2003 |last1=Abraham |first1=S. A. |s2cid=153420843 |hdl=10125/17189 |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903211259/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2019 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is one of the oldest Indian literature amongst all others.<ref name="Circulation and the Historical Geog">{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/2053325 |jstor=2053325 |title=Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=7–26 |year=1977 |last1=Stein |first1=B.|s2cid=144599197 }}</ref> The earliest [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] records found on rock edicts and ''[[hero stone]]s'' date from around the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="Maloney1970">{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/2943246 |jstor=2943246 |title=The Beginnings of Civilization in South India |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=603–616 |year=1970 |last1=Maloney |first1=C.|s2cid=162291987 }} at p. 610</ref><ref name="Palani">{{Citation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2408091.ece |title=Palani excavation triggers fresh debate |last=Subramaniam |first=T.S |date=29 August 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908080611/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2408091.ece |archive-date=8 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. The Sangam literature collection contains 2381 poems composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.<ref>George L. Hart III, ''The Poems of Ancient Tamil,'' U of California P, 1975.</ref> Sangam literature is primarily secular, dealing with everyday themes in a [[Tamilakam]] context.<ref>The only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in ''[[paripaatal]]''. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relations and emotions. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', OUP (1955) pp. 330–335</ref> The Sangam literature also deals with human relations and emotions.{{sfn|Sastri|2008|pp=330–335}} The available literature from this period was categorised and compiled in the 10th century into two categories based roughly on chronology. The categories are: [[Pathinenmaelkanakku]] (''The Major Eighteen Anthology Series'') comprising [[Ettuthokai|Eṭṭuttokai]] (''The Eight Anthologies'') and the [[Pattupattu]] (''Ten Idylls'') and [[Pathinenkilkanakku]] (''The Minor Eighteen Anthology Series''). | Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. The Sangam literature collection contains 2381 poems composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.<ref>George L. Hart III, ''The Poems of Ancient Tamil,'' U of California P, 1975.</ref> Sangam literature is primarily secular, dealing with everyday themes in a [[Tamilakam]] context.<ref>The only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in ''[[paripaatal]]''. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relations and emotions. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', OUP (1955) pp. 330–335</ref> The Sangam literature also deals with human relations and emotions.{{sfn|Sastri|2008|pp=330–335}} The available literature from this period was categorised and compiled in the 10th century into two categories based roughly on chronology. The categories are: [[Pathinenmaelkanakku]] (''The Major Eighteen Anthology Series'') comprising [[Ettuthokai|Eṭṭuttokai]] (''The Eight Anthologies'') and the [[Pattupattu]] (''Ten Idylls'') and [[Pathinenkilkanakku]] (''The Minor Eighteen Anthology Series''). | ||
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=== Festivals and traditions === | === Festivals and traditions === | ||
[[File:A bull being tamed in Jallikattu held in palamedu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Jallikattu]] – | [[File:A bull being tamed in Jallikattu held in palamedu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Jallikattu]] – a traditional sport conducted as a part of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] celebrations]] | ||
[[File:Man Riding an Elephant in a Pongal Festival Parade in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Man riding an elephant in a Pongal Festival Parade in Namakkal]] | [[File:Man Riding an Elephant in a Pongal Festival Parade in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Man riding an elephant in a Pongal Festival Parade in Namakkal]] | ||
[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], also called ''Tamizhar Thirunaal'' (festival of Tamils) or Makara Sankranti elsewhere in India, a four-day [[harvest festival]] is one of the most widely celebrated festivals throughout Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/pongal.html |title=Pongal – Tamil festival |publisher=Tamilnadu.com |date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208233319/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/pongal.html |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> The Tamil language saying ''Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum'' – literally meaning, the birth of the month of Thai will pave way for new opportunities – is often quoted with reference to this festival. The first day, Bhogi Pongal is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old and emergence of the new. The second day, Surya Pongal is the main day which falls on the first day of the tenth Tamil month of Thai (14 January or 15 January in the western calendar). On the third day, Maattu Pongal is meant to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide milk and are used to plough the lands. [[Jallikattu]], a bull-taming contest, marks the main event of this day. [[Alanganallur]] is famous for its Jallikattu<ref>{{cite web |author=Alanganallur-Jallikattu |url=http://shadowchief.com/alanganallur-jallikattu/ |title=Alanganallur-Jallikattu, Madurai, Tamil Nadu |publisher=Shadow Chief |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927220438/http://shadowchief.com/alanganallur-jallikattu/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alanganallur |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/alanganallur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127035608/http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/information_isw.html |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=27 November 2006}}</ref> contest usually held on the third day of Pongal. During this final day, Kaanum Pongal – the word ''kaanum'', means 'to view' in Tamil. In 2011 the [[Madras High Court]] Bench ordered the cockfight at Santhapadi and Modakoor Melbegam villages permitted during the Pongal festival while disposing of a petition filed attempting to ban the cockfight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/14/stories/2011011463480300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118052423/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/14/stories/2011011463480300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2011 |title=Permit cock fight: Bench |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=10 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> | [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], also called ''Tamizhar Thirunaal'' (festival of Tamils) or Makara Sankranti elsewhere in India, a four-day [[harvest festival]] is one of the most widely celebrated festivals throughout Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/pongal.html |title=Pongal – Tamil festival |publisher=Tamilnadu.com |date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208233319/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/pongal.html |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> The Tamil language saying ''Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum'' – literally meaning, the birth of the month of Thai will pave way for new opportunities – is often quoted with reference to this festival. The first day, Bhogi Pongal is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old and emergence of the new. The second day, Surya Pongal is the main day which falls on the first day of the tenth Tamil month of Thai (14 January or 15 January in the western calendar). On the third day, Maattu Pongal is meant to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide milk and are used to plough the lands. [[Jallikattu]], a bull-taming contest, marks the main event of this day. [[Alanganallur]] is famous for its Jallikattu<ref>{{cite web |author=Alanganallur-Jallikattu |url=http://shadowchief.com/alanganallur-jallikattu/ |title=Alanganallur-Jallikattu, Madurai, Tamil Nadu |publisher=Shadow Chief |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927220438/http://shadowchief.com/alanganallur-jallikattu/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alanganallur |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/alanganallur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127035608/http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/information_isw.html |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=27 November 2006}}</ref> contest usually held on the third day of Pongal. During this final day, Kaanum Pongal – the word ''kaanum'', means 'to view' in Tamil. In 2011 the [[Madras High Court]] Bench ordered the cockfight at Santhapadi and Modakoor Melbegam villages permitted during the Pongal festival while disposing of a petition filed attempting to ban the cockfight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/14/stories/2011011463480300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118052423/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/14/stories/2011011463480300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2011 |title=Permit cock fight: Bench |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=10 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> | ||
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{{Main|Tamil cinema}} | {{Main|Tamil cinema}} | ||
[[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] was the first actor to become chief minister in India. He has been awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honor.]] | [[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] was the first actor to become chief minister in India. He has been awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honor.]] | ||
Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood", which released the most films in India in 2013.<ref>{{cite | Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood", which released the most films in India in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms |title=Tamil Nadu leads in film production |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116192759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms |archive-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The term ''Kollywood'' is a blend of [[Kodambakkam]] and Hollywood.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-56858-427-0 |page=248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248}}</ref> Tamil cinema is one of the largest industries of film production in India.<ref>{{cite news |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/ |title=Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood |date=25 January 2006 |access-date=19 February 2012|last1=Bureau |first1=Our Regional }}</ref> In Tamil Nadu, cinema ticket prices are regulated by the government. Single screen theatres may charge a maximum of {{INR}}50, while theatres with more than three screens may charge a maximum of {{INR}}120 per ticket.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |title=Cinema ticket rate revision reflects a balancing act |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/02/stories/2007010215570200.htm |access-date=18 January 2013 |location=Chennai, India |date=2 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103145328/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/02/stories/2007010215570200.htm |archive-date=3 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> The first silent film in Tamil [[Keechaka Vadham]], was made in 1916.<ref name=RANDOR>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300.htm |title=Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany : The pioneer'Tamil' film-maker |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=29 June 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912035730/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300.htm |archive-date=12 September 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> The first talkie was a multi-lingual film, ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'', which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture ''[[Alam Ara]]''.<ref name="velayutham2">{{cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6 |year=2008 }}</ref> [[Swamikannu Vincent]], who had built the first cinema of [[South India]] in [[Coimbatore]], introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in [[Chennai|Madras]], called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm |title=He brought cinema to South |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 September 2011 |location=Chennai, India |date=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202215242/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm |archive-date=2 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
=== Television industry === | === Television industry === | ||
There are more than 30 television channels of various genres in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]. [[DD Podhigai]], [[Doordarshan]]'s Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/CPC |title=Regional Language Satellite Service |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=[[Doordarshan]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622215640/http://ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/CPC |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> The first private Tamil channel, Sun TV Network was founded in 1993. In Tamil Nadu, the television industry is influenced by politics and majority of the channels are owned by politicians or people with political links.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newslaundry.com/2012/09/24/tamil-nadus-tv-empires/ |title=Tamil Nadu TV empire |access-date=6 July 2015 |publisher=Newslaundry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706232148/http://www.newslaundry.com/2012/09/24/tamil-nadus-tv-empires/ |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to families in 2006 at an estimated cost {{INRConvert|3.6|b}} of which has led to high penetration of TV services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514 |title=Jayalalithaa govt scraps free TV scheme in Tamil Nadu |newspaper=DNA India |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707003607/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live |date=10 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0 |title=What Happens When a State Is Run by Movie Stars |newspaper=NY Times |date=July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025800/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |url-status=live|last1=Romig |first1=Rollo }}</ref> Cable used to be the preferred mode of reaching homes controlled by government run operator [[Arasu Cable TV|Arasu Cable]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sun-TV-seals-deal-with-Arasu-at-Rs-3cr-a-month/articleshow/15303895.cms?referral=PM |title=Sun TV seals deal with Arasu at Rs 3cr a month |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sun-TV-seals-deal-with-Arasu-at-Rs-3cr-a-month/articleshow/15303895.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> From the early 2010s, [[Direct to Home]] has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616 |title=FY-2015: Inflection point for DTH companies in India |publisher=India Television |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011318/http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live |date=16 June 2015 }}</ref> [[List of Tamil-language television channels|Tamil television]] serials form a major prime time source of entertainment and are directed usually by one director unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together.{{sfn|Chosun Ilbo|2007}} | There are more than 30 television channels of various genres in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]. [[DD Podhigai]], [[Doordarshan]]'s Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/CPC |title=Regional Language Satellite Service |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=[[Doordarshan]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622215640/http://ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/CPC |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> The first private Tamil channel, Sun TV Network was founded in 1993. In Tamil Nadu, the television industry is influenced by politics and majority of the channels are owned by politicians or people with political links.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newslaundry.com/2012/09/24/tamil-nadus-tv-empires/ |title=Tamil Nadu TV empire |date=24 September 2012 |access-date=6 July 2015 |publisher=Newslaundry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706232148/http://www.newslaundry.com/2012/09/24/tamil-nadus-tv-empires/ |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to families in 2006 at an estimated cost {{INRConvert|3.6|b}} of which has led to high penetration of TV services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514 |title=Jayalalithaa govt scraps free TV scheme in Tamil Nadu |newspaper=DNA India |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707003607/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live |date=10 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0 |title=What Happens When a State Is Run by Movie Stars |newspaper=NY Times |date=July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025800/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |url-status=live|last1=Romig |first1=Rollo }}</ref> Cable used to be the preferred mode of reaching homes controlled by government run operator [[Arasu Cable TV|Arasu Cable]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sun-TV-seals-deal-with-Arasu-at-Rs-3cr-a-month/articleshow/15303895.cms?referral=PM |title=Sun TV seals deal with Arasu at Rs 3cr a month |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sun-TV-seals-deal-with-Arasu-at-Rs-3cr-a-month/articleshow/15303895.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> From the early 2010s, [[Direct to Home]] has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616 |title=FY-2015: Inflection point for DTH companies in India |publisher=India Television |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011318/http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live |date=16 June 2015 }}</ref> [[List of Tamil-language television channels|Tamil television]] serials form a major prime time source of entertainment and are directed usually by one director unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together.{{sfn|Chosun Ilbo|2007}} | ||
== Sports == | == Sports == | ||
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1950]] | [[Category:States and territories established in 1950]] | ||
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]] | [[Category:1950 establishments in India]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Countries and territories where Tamil is an official language]] | ||
[[Category:Indian states articles by quality]] | [[Category:Indian states articles by quality]] | ||