Shivaji: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire (r. 1674–80)}}

{{Other uses|Shivaji (disambiguation)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox royalty

| name        = Shivaji I<!--

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| image        = Shivaji British Museum.jpg <!-- Consensus at Special:PermaLink/1028625186#Consensus_for_Infobox_image -->

| caption      = Portrait of Shivaji ({{circa|1680s}}), [[British Museum]]

| succession  = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|33x30px]] 1st [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]

| reign        = 1674–1680

| birth_date  = 19 February 1630

| death_date  = 3 April 1680 (aged 50)

| spouse      = {{Plainlist|

* {{marriage|[[Soyarabai]]|1650}}

* {{marriage|[[Putalabai]]|1653}}

* Kashibai Jadhav{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=260}}

}}

| father      = [[Shahaji]]

| mother      = [[Jijabai]]

}}

== Early life ==

{{Main|Early life of Shivaji}}

At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], and [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]]. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizamshahi]] of Ahmadnagar, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adilshah]] of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his ''[[jagir]]'' (fiefdom) at [[Pune]] and his small army.<ref name="Eaton2005" />

=== Background and context ===

[[File:MainEntranceGate.jpg|thumb|[[Shivneri Fort]]]]

In 1636, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi sultanate]] of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its south.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the [[Mughal empire]].{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2002|p=33–35}} It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the [[Maharashtra|Maratha uplands]] of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of ''[[jagir]]'' land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}

Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army  and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA59|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|language=en}}</ref>

== Conflict with Bijapur sultanate ==

In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji took the [[Torna Fort]], taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the ailment of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah]],

Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During the period of 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41–42}} Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|

The Bijapur sultanate was displeased at their losses to Shivaji's forces, which their vassal Shahaji disavowed. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young [[Ali Adil Shah II]] as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=66}} In 1657 the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji's family, and the [[Vithoba Temple|Vithoba temple]] at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-57684-0|page=202|language=en}}</ref>

In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the [[Bijapur Sultanate]]'s forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}} After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}

== Conflict with the Mughals ==

=== Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat ===

Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle [[Shaista Khan]], with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC|year=1929|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|page=44}}</ref>  Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of [[Lal Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shivaji the Great Liberator|author=Aanand Aadeesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|page=69|year=2011|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-102-1}}</ref>

In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji [[Battle of Surat|sacked the port city of Surat]], a wealthy Mughal trading centre.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=491}} On 13  

=== Arrest in Agra and escape ===

[[File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb.]]

=== Peace with the Mughals ===

== Reconquest ==

The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670. At that time Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<ref name="Deopujari1973">{{cite book|author=Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|page=138}}</ref>{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=460}} Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=461}} The Mughals also  took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=173–174}} In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered to them in a span of four months.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=175}}

In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=393}}

In 1674, [[Prataprao Gujar]], the commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=230–233}}

== Coronation ==

The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to [[Panhala]] in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the [[Mughals]] for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}}

23 days since he deceased, it is said of a bloody flux, being sick 12

days.” A contemporaneous Portuguese document states that Shivaji died

of “navjvar” (possibly typhoid).{{Sfn|Mehendale|2011|p=1147}}}} In a contemporary work in Portuguese, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pissurlencar|first=Pandurang Sakharam|title=Portuguese-Mahratta Relations|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|pages=61}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=Mehendale|first=Gajanan Bhaskar|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801376912|title=Shivaji his life and times|date=2011|publisher=Param Mitra Publications|isbn=978-93-80875-17-0|location=India|pages=1147|oclc=801376912}}</ref> However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of [[Sabhasad Bakhar]], the biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death of Shivaji.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> [[Putalabai]], the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}} There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife [[Soyarabai]] had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] on the throne.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=53}}

== Governance ==

|All matters related to army of the king

|}

=== Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit ===

=== Religious policy ===

Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet [[Kavi Bhushan]] stated: {{blockquote|Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=American Oriental Society|title=Journal of the American Oriental Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ|access-date=27 September 2012|year=1963|publisher=American Oriental Society.|page=476}}</ref>}}

Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant to different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations even against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, to fight the Mughals.{{Efn|Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. Over and over, he espoused tolerance and syncretism. He even called on Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had no difficulty in allying with the Muslim states which surrounded him – Bijapur, Golconda, and the Mughals – even against Hindu powers, such as the nayaks of the Karnatic. Further, he did not ally with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, rebelling against the Mughals.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&dq=n+his+own+army+Muslim+leaders+appear+quite+early,+and+the+first+Pathan+unit+joined+in+1656.+His+naval+commander+was,+of+course,+a+Muslim&pg=PA81|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|language=en}}</ref>}} In his own army, Muslim leaders appear quite early. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His naval admiral, Darya Sarang,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Prof A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Darya+Sarang+shivaji&pg=PT143|title=Medieval Maratha Country|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-072-9|language=en}}</ref> was a Muslim.<gallery widths="200" heights="200">

=== Seal ===

[[File:Shivaji's seal, enlarged.jpg|thumb|Royal seal of Shivaji]]

== Shivaji's mode of warfare ==

Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by [[Aurangzeb]] and his generals because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhave|first=Y. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&pg=PR7|title=From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7211-100-7|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Wolpert1994">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp|title=An Introduction to India|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=1994|isbn=978-0-14-016870-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp/page/43 43]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Tinker1990">{{cite book|author=Hugh Tinker|url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink|title=South Asia: A Short History|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/23 23]|url-access=registration}}</ref>

{{Main|Maratha Navy}}

[[File:Sindhudurg watchtower.JPG|thumb|[[Sindhudurg|Sindudurg Fort]] provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy]]

With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}} Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<ref name="Shastry1981">{{cite book|author=Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry|title=Studies in Indo-Portuguese History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=IBH Prakashana}}</ref>

{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}

[[File:Maratha Empire in 1758.png|right|thumb|Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758]]

[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of [[Sambhaji]], was kept prisoner by [[Aurangzeb]] during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]]. At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched  from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]], in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book|author=Sailendra N. Sen|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-578-0|pages=6–7}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

[[File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|right|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] of Shivaji and [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande|Baji Prabhu]] at Pawan Khind]]

=== Early depictions ===

<blockquote>I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive.</blockquote>

=== Reimagining ===

In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant author in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ({{Literal translation|Bard of Shivaji}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=121|quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre.|page=32|quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overemphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms|title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests|author=Krishna Kumar|date=20 August 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===

=== Commemorations ===

Commemorations of Shivaji are found throughout India, most notably in Maharashtra. Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra as well as in different places across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |title=comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235945/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |title=New Shivaji statue faces protests |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023003/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928043424/http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Kalam unveils Shivaji statue |date=29 April 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref> Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's station [[INS Shivaji]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |title=INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training |publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> numerous [[postage stamp]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=21 April 1980 |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref> and the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|main airport]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|railway headquarters]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |date=25 June 2011 |access-date= 11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Times|first1=Maharashtra|title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms|access-date=14 January 2018|issue=30 June|newspaper=Times of India|date=2017}}</ref> In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of [[Diwali]] in memory of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Shivaji killas express pure reverence | date=29 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972643-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Sources ==

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* {{curlie|Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Sivaji|Shivaji}}

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