Mithun Chakraborty: Difference between revisions

| nickname            = {{ubl|Mithun Da|Grand Master|Disco King|Dada|Mahaguru}}

'''Mithun Chakraborty''' (born '''Gouranga Chakraborty'''; 16 June 1950) is an Indian actor, producer and politician who predominantly worked in [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language films. He is a former [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/actor-mithun-chakraborty-elected-in-rajya-sabha-elections/1224287 |title=Actor Mithun Chakraborty elected in Rajya Sabha elections |work=The Financial Express |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 July 2015 |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106171124/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/actor-mithun-chakraborty-elected-in-rajya-sabha-elections/1224287 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mithun-chakraborty-resigns-from-rajya-sabha/ |title=Mithun Chakraborty resigns from Rajya Sabha citing health reasons |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 December 2016 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> He is the recipient of three [[National Film Awards]] and three [[Filmfare Awards]] for his acting performance.

Chakraborty made his acting debut with the [[art house]] drama ''[[Mrigayaa]]'' (1976), for which he won his first [[National Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="actormithunda">{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/mithunda-disco-dancer-is-67-today-15373/slide/5 |title=Mithunda, Disco Dancer, is 67 Today |publisher=ndtv |access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> Chakraborty played Jimmy in the 1982 film ''[[Disco Dancer]]'', which was commercially successful in India and the [[Soviet Union]], the first film in India to gross Rs.100 crore. Besides ''Disco Dancer'', Chakraborty is also remembered for his performance in films such as ''[[Surakksha]]'', ''[[Sahhas]]'', ''[[Wardat]]'', ''[[Wanted: Dead or Alive (1984 film)|Wanted]]'', ''[[Boxer (1984 film)|Boxer]]'', ''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]'', ''[[Pyari Behna]]'', ''[[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]'', ''[[Dance Dance (film)|Dance Dance]]'', ''[[Prem Pratigyaa]]'', ''[[Mujrim]]'', ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'', ''Yugandhar'', ''[[The Don (1995 film)|The Don]]'', and ''[[Jallaad]]''. In 1991, he won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his role as Krishnan Iyer Nariyal Paniwala in the film ''Agneepath''.

Chakraborty owns the Monarch Group, which has interests in the hospitality and educational sectors.<ref>{{cite news |author=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2008345.cms |title=Times of India article |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2006 |access-date=22 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2446373.ece |title=International pre-school inaugurated |work=The Hindu |date=12 September 2011 |access-date=12 September 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He has also started the production house Paparatzy Productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/preview/15797.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627082737/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/preview/15797.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2013 |title=Enemmy Preview |work=indiaglitz.com |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> In 1992, he, along with [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Sunil Dutt]], set up a trust to help needy actors called Cine & T.V Artistes Association (CINTAA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shrivallabh-Vyas-Paralysed-and-penurious/articleshow/19356055.cms?referral=PM |title=Shrivallabh Vyas: Paralysed and penurious |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> He was<ref>{{cite news |title=Why did Mithun Chakraborty resign as chairman of workers' union a year ago |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-did-mithun-chakraborty-resign-as-chairman-of-workers-union-a-year-ago/15875189 |publisher=mid-day |access-date=5 February 2015 |date=30 December 2014}}</ref> also the Chairperson of [[Film Studios Setting & Allied Mazdoor Union]], which takes care of the welfare of cine workers and resolves their demands and problems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kin of dead film worker get 12 lakh from firm |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-13/mumbai/29768468_1_daily-wage-workers-compensation-cheque |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103115910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-13/mumbai/29768468_1_daily-wage-workers-compensation-cheque |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=19 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mithun's Concern For Cine Workers |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/mithun%E2%80%99s-concern-for-cine-workers/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108095322/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/mithun%E2%80%99s-concern-for-cine-workers/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=boxofficeindia.co.in |access-date=19 August 2012 |date=28 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mithun Chakraborty Eyes Concern For Cine Workers |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/mithun-chakraborty-eyes-concern-cine-workers-183000312.html |publisher=boxofficeindia.co.in |access-date=19 August 2012 |date=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mithun Chakraborty Eyes Concern For Cine Workers |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/mithun-chakraborty-eyes-concern-cine-workers-183000312.html |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=19 August 2012 |date=27 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Television program|television show]] ''[[Dance India Dance]]'' where Chakraborty is the Grand Master has already been entered in the Limca Book of Records and the [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dance India Dance sets Guinness World Record |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Dance-India-Dance-sets-Guinness-World-Record/Article1-822865.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311120347/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Dance-India-Dance-sets-Guinness-World-Record/Article1-822865.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 August 2012 |date=9 March 2012}}</ref> Chakraborty played a crucial role of mediator between [[Pranab Mukherjee]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Mamata Banerjee]], winning the Mukherjee the support of Banerjee's party, the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], in the [[2012 Indian presidential election]].<ref name="Mithunforever">{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty: What makes him so special |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Mithun-Chakraborty-What-makes-him-so-special/photostory/52764630.cms |author=Ruchi Kaushal |date=15 June 2016 |access-date=23 August 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) on 7 March 2021, ahead of the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].

Chakraborty was born on 16 June 1950 into a [[Bengali Hindu]] family in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[West Bengal]], India<!--Please seek consensus at the talk page before changing this--> to Basanta Kumar Chakraborty and Shanti Rani Chakraborty.<ref name="rajya">{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Former Members Search |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/FormerMemberSearch |website=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |access-date=10 July 2022 |quote=The website doesn't provide a direct link. So it can be navigated to the biography page by typing "Mithun Chakraborty" in the search bar}}</ref><ref name="Realname">{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/real-name-of/article/what-is-mithun-chakrabortys-real-name/226669 |title=What is Mithun Chakraborty's real name? |publisher=Times Now |date=11 May 2018 |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="prs">{{cite web |title=Mithun Chakraborty |url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/mithunchakraborty |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=4 July 2020 |language=en |date=25 October 2016}}</ref> He studied at [[Oriental Seminary]] and then earned his [[B.Sc.]] degree<ref name="rajya"/> in [[Chemistry]] from [[Scottish Church College]] in Kolkata. After that, he attended and graduated from the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]].<ref name="actormithunda" /> He was a [[Naxalite]] before entering films, but tragedy struck his family when his only brother was electrocuted and killed in a freak accident.<ref name="actormithunda" /><ref name="Mithunforever"/> He returned to his family and left the Naxalite fold, even though this posed a grave risk to his own life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmstar Mithun Chakraborty attends Pranab Mukherjee's swearing in |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120210398&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=247357 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208124434/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120210398&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=247357 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2013 |publisher=movies.ndtv.com |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> During his days as a Naxalite, he became friends with Ravi Ranjan, a popular Naxal figure, known to his friends as "Bhaa" (the ultimate saviour). Bhaa was known for his manipulational skills and oratory abilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmstar Mithun reveals ties with Bhaa during his Naxal days |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/i-still-get-jitters-before-my-first-shot-mithun_108135.html |publisher=Zee News |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>

In 1982, he shot to superstardom with his most recognisable leading role in the musical ''[[Disco Dancer]]'', which extended Chakraborty's popularity across India and into Russia<ref name="actormithunda" /> and established him as a dancing star.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |date=16 June 2016 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/06/15/mithun-chakraborty-russia-disco-dancer-b-subhash-birthday |title=When 'Disco Dancer' Rocked Russia: A Birthday Tribute to Mithun Da |newspaper=The Quint \access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> The film's director [[Babbar Subhash]] teamed up with Chakraborty again with the cult musical films ''[[Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki]]'' (1984), ''[[Dance Dance (1987 film)|Dance Dance]]'' (1987) and ''[[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]''  (1988) which were also successful. His 1985 superhit movie ''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]'' reconfirmed his top star status. That same year, he was also appreciated for his role as Javar in the [[JP Dutta]] film, ''[[Ghulami]]''. Chakraborty also became India's highest tax payer in 1986.<ref name="Man, Monarch, Messiah">{{cite web |title=Man, Monarch, Messiah |work=screenindia.com |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/feb12/cover.htm |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> Chakraborty's most successful family dramas included ''[[Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye]]'' (1983), ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (1984 film)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]'' (1984), ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'' (1986) and ''[[Pyaar Ka Mandir]]'' (1988). His comedies included ''[[Shaukeen]]'' (1982) ''[[Pasand Apni Apni]]'' (1983) and ''[[Baat Ban Jaye]]'' (1986) and action films such as ''[[Jagir (1984 film)|Jagir]]'' (1984), ''Jaal'' (1986), ''Dilwala'' (1986), ''Muddat'' (1986), ''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]'' (1987), ''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]'' (1988), ''[[Waqt Ki Awaz]]'' (1988), ''Ilaaka'' (1989), ''Daata'' (1989) and ''[[Guru (1989 film)|Guru]]'' (1989). These films remain his most commercially successful films to date.<ref>{{cite web |title=boxofficeindia.com |work=Career's biggest hits |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117065629/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2008 |access-date=7 July 2008}}</ref> His performances never won any award in 1986 and 1987 as the ''[[Filmfare Awards]]'' were never announced due to technical reasons. As Chakraborty always had a high number of releases, sometimes it affected the business of his own films, as happened in 1989, where he had a record 19 films, including super hits like ''Ilaaka'', ''Mujrim'', ''Prem Pratigya'' and ''Daata'', and hits like ''Ladaai'', ''Guru'' and ''Bees Saal Baad''.

===Comeback to Bengali cinema (1990–1999)===

[[Mithun's Dream Factory]] films still continued to hold the audiences. He featured in Prasanta Bal's period drama ''[[Hindustani Sipahi]]'' (2002), based on veteran actor and dramatist [[Utpal Dutt]]'s [[Bengali language|Bengali]] play ''Ferari Fauj''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/hindustani-sipahi-9081 |title=Hindustani Sipahi (2002) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos {{!}} Cinestaan |website=Cinestaan |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> Chakraborty also made a comeback to the mainstream Hindi film industry in 2005 with the film ''[[Elaan (2005 film)|Elaan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/mithun-chakraborty-still-has-the-moves-at-60-13270/slide/12 |title=Mithun Chakraborty still has the moves at 60 |publisher=ndtv |access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> After a few supporting roles in films such as ''[[Lucky: No Time for Love]]'' (2005) and ''[[Dil Diya Hai]]'' (2006), he starred in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s film ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''. He was also acclaimed for his villainous role in [[Kalpana Lajmi]]'s ''[[Chingaari]]'' (2005).<ref name="actormithunda" /> His 2009 movie ''[[Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!]]'' won multiple International awards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/upcoming-detail/224/Zor-Lagaa-Ke-Haiya-Movie-Preview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619212826/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/upcoming-detail/224/Zor-Lagaa-Ke-Haiya-Movie-Preview.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2009 |title=Zor Lagaa Ke... Haiya Movie Preview |access-date=15 September 2009}}</ref> and ''[[Chal Chalein]]'' was appreciated by critics for its bold theme. The critically acclaimed ''[[Phir Kabhi]]'' with [[Dimple Kapadia]] had a première through a ''direct to home'' (DTH) release in September 2009 and won as many as six awards in as many categories at the Los Angeles Reel Awards of 2009.

The delayed horror film ''[[12 'O' Clock (film)|12 'O' Clock]]'' directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] was released in January 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ram Gopal Varma's horror film 12 'o' Clock to release on Jan 8 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/dec/23/ram-gopal-varmas-horror-film-12-o-clock-torelease-on-jan-8-30427.html |access-date=14 January 2021 |work=Indulge Express |date=23 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty to play a Psychiatrist in Ram Gopal Varma's next Geher |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-to-play-a-psychiatrist-in-ram-gopal-varmas-next-geher/articleshow/58336934.cms |access-date=5 May 2017 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty to feature in Ram Gopal Varma's horror film |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-feature-ram-gopal-varmas-horror-film/ |access-date=5 May 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Ram Gopal Varma's next after Sarkar 3 to be a horror film starring Mithun Chakraborty? |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ram-gopal-varmas-next-after-sarkar-3-to-be-a-horror-film-starring-mithun-chakraborty-3378634.html |access-date=5 May 2017 |magazine=[[First Post]] |date=11 April 2017}}</ref> Chakaraborty's first web series Bestseller for OTT platform Amazon Prime released on 18 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty gears up for a digital debut with Amazon Prime web series |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-gears-up-for-a-digital-debut-with-amazon-prime-web-series |access-date=14 January 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |date=14 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

His latest film ''[[The Kashmir Files]]'' was released worldwide on 11 March 2022 and has been blockbuster at the box office.It was also an official entry of an Indian Movie to the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]. <ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty suffers serious infection on The Kashmir Files sets, continues to shoot for action sequence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-suffers-serious-infection-on-the-kashmir-files-sets-continues-to-shoot-for-action-sequence/story-zclVoRRUB78U7SX3crNoyI.html |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Kashmir Files box office collection: Anupam Kher film outperforms Aamir Khan's Dangal, collects Rs 19.15 crore on day 8 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/the-kashmir-files-box-office-collection-day-8-aamir-khan-dangal-behind-7826616/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In the year 2023 he returned to sets of [[Dance Bangla Dance]] on [[Zee Bangla]] as Mahaguru.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty to comeback with New Season of 'Dance Bangla Dance' |url=https://www.bengalplanet.com/2023/01/mithun-chakraborty-to-comeback-with-new-season-of-dance-bangla-dance.html |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran actor Mithun Chakraborty to return to 'Dance Bangla Dance Season 12' as a judge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/veteran-actor-mithun-chakraborty-to-return-to-dance-bangla-dance-season-12-as-a-judge/articleshow/95315816.cms |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty In Dance Bangla Dance: ১০ বছর পর 'ডান্স বাংলা ডান্স'-এর মঞ্চে ফিরছেন 'মহাগুরু' মিঠুন, রাখছেন কোন চমক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-in-dance-bangla-dance-as-mahaguru-zee-bangla-shares-new-promo-31673059698250.html|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dance Bangla Dance: বিচারকের আসনে প্রথমবার একসঙ্গে শুভশ্রী, শ্রাবন্তী, মৌনী, ১০ বছর পরে ছোটপর্দায় প্রত্যাবর্তন মিঠুনের|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dance-bangla-dance-for-the-first-time-mouni-roy-subhasree-ganguly-and-subhasree-ganguly-will-judge-a-dance-reality-show-mithun-chakraborty-is-back-953140|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dance Bangla Dance Exclusive- Mithun Chakraborty: বড় চমক! 'ডান্স বাংলা ডান্স'-র মহাগুরু আসনে কামব্যাক মিঠুনের https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/dance-bangla-dance-2023-mithun-chakraborty-comeback-mahaguru-popular-bangla-dance-reality-show-exclusive-dbd-start-next-year-beginning-audition-and-all-updates-soc-472156-2022-11-18|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/dance-bangla-dance-2023-mithun-chakraborty-comeback-mahaguru-popular-bangla-dance-reality-show-exclusive-dbd-start-next-year-beginning-audition-and-all-updates-soc-472156-2022-11-18|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="We Will Make Dancing Superstars With This Edition Of Dance Bangla Dance"- Mithun Chakraborty|url=https://thekolkatamail.com/we-will-make-dancing-superstars-with-this-edition-of-dance-bangla-dance-mithun-chakraborty/|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Ankush Hazra to host the new season of Dance Bangla Dance |language=bn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ankush-hazra-to-host-the-new-season-of-dance-bangla-dance/articleshow/96871461.cms}}</ref>

He first married actress [[Helena Luke]] in 1979, but after 4 months of marriage the couple separated and filed for a divorce.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindirush.com/features/mithun-chakraborty-first-wife-helena-luke-story-about-her-marriage-134848/ |title=मिथुन चक्रवर्ती की पहली पत्नी थी बेहद खूबसूरत लेकिन हो गया था उनका दर्दनाक हाल, पढ़ें अभिनेता की कहानी |website=Hindi Rush |author=Tanya Verma |date=26 November 2019 |trans-title=Mithun Chakraborty first wife Helena Luke story about her marriage}}</ref> He then married actress [[Yogeeta Bali]] in 1979.<ref name="thebridalbox">{{cite web |url=https://www.thebridalbox.com/articles/mithun-chakraborty-marriage_0053172/ |title=Mithun Chakraborty Marriage: A Disco Dancer's Riveting Love Life |first=Rohit |last=Garoo |date=29 August 2016}}</ref>

Chakraborty and Yogeeta have four children- [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty|Mimoh]], [[Ushmey Chakraborty]], [[Namashi Chakraborty]] and an adopted daughter [[Dishani Chakraborty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-kids-call-me-Mithun/articleshow/5560506.cms |title='My kids call me Mithun!' - Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In the 1980s, he was romantically linked to the actress [[Sridevi]], whom he met on the sets of ''[[Jaag Utha Insan]]'', and it was rumored that the two were married. However, when Chakraborty refused to leave his wife, Yogeeta Bali, Sridevi ended the romance and Chakraborty remained with his wife.<ref>{{cite news |title=Was Sridevi secretly married to Mithun Chakraborty? Here's the truth |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/was-sridevi-secretly-married-to-mithun-chakraborty-here-s-the-truth-rcb-qkyedk |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=Asianet News |date=7 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |last=Habib |first=Shanhaz |date=27 February 2018 |title=Sridevi obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/27/sridevi-obituary-star-indian-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228214706/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/27/sridevi-obituary-star-indian-cinema |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

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