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Rwandan genocide: Difference between revisions
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In the remaining prefectures, killings continued throughout May and June, although they became increasingly low-key and sporadic;{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=261}} most Tutsi were already dead, and the interim government wished to rein in the growing anarchy and engage the population in fighting the RPF.{{sfn|Melvern|2004|p=236}} On 23 June, around 2,500 soldiers entered southwestern Rwanda as part of the French-led United Nations ''[[Opération Turquoise]]''.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=291}} This was intended as a humanitarian mission, but the soldiers were not able to save significant numbers of lives.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=292}} The genocidal authorities were overtly welcoming of the French, displaying the French flag on their own vehicles, but killing Tutsi who came out of hiding seeking protection.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=292}} In July, the RPF completed their conquest of the country, with the exception of the zone occupied by Operation Turquoise. The RPF took Kigali on 4 July,{{sfn|Dallaire|2005|p=459}} and Gisenyi and the rest of the northwest on 18 July.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|pp=298–99}} The genocide was over, but as had occurred in Kibungo, the Hutu population fled en masse across the border, this time into Zaire, with Bagosora and the other leaders accompanying them.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=316}} | In the remaining prefectures, killings continued throughout May and June, although they became increasingly low-key and sporadic;{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=261}} most Tutsi were already dead, and the interim government wished to rein in the growing anarchy and engage the population in fighting the RPF.{{sfn|Melvern|2004|p=236}} On 23 June, around 2,500 soldiers entered southwestern Rwanda as part of the French-led United Nations ''[[Opération Turquoise]]''.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=291}} This was intended as a humanitarian mission, but the soldiers were not able to save significant numbers of lives.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=292}} The genocidal authorities were overtly welcoming of the French, displaying the French flag on their own vehicles, but killing Tutsi who came out of hiding seeking protection.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=292}} In July, the RPF completed their conquest of the country, with the exception of the zone occupied by Operation Turquoise. The RPF took Kigali on 4 July,{{sfn|Dallaire|2005|p=459}} and Gisenyi and the rest of the northwest on 18 July.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|pp=298–99}} The genocide was over, but as had occurred in Kibungo, the Hutu population fled en masse across the border, this time into Zaire, with Bagosora and the other leaders accompanying them.{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=316}} | ||
[[File:Life expectancy development in Rwanda.svg|thumb|Impact of the genocide on average life expectancy]] | [[File:Life expectancy development in Rwanda.svg|thumb|Impact of the genocide on average life expectancy]] | ||
The succeeding RPF government claims that 1,074,017 people were killed in the genocide, 94% of whom were Tutsi.<ref name=lemarchand>{{cite journal |first=René |last=Lemarchand |author-link=René Lemarchand |title=Rwanda: the state of Research {{!}} Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche |website=www.sciencespo.fr |date=25 June 2018 |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/rwanda-state-research |issn=1961-9898 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119173416/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/rwanda-state-research |archive-date=19 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, [[Human Rights Watch]], following on-the-ground research, estimated the casualties at 507,000 people. According to a 2020 symposium of the ''[[Journal of Genocide Research]]'', the official figure is not credible as it overestimates the number of Tutsi in Rwanda prior to the genocide. Using different methodologies, the scholars in the symposium estimated 500,000 to 600,000 deaths in the genocide—around two-thirds of the Tutsis in Rwanda at the time.<ref name=McDoom>{{cite journal |last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |title=Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2020 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252 |s2cid=214032255 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/103205/1/McDoom_Contested_Counting_accepted_version.pdf |quote=If one examines the claims for the overall number killed, at the higher end lies the figure of 1,074,017 Rwandan dead. This number originates with the Rwandan government which conducted a nationwide census in July 2000, six years after the genocide. Toward the lower end lies an estimate from Human Rights Watch, one of the first organizations on the ground to investigate the genocide, of 507,000 Tutsi killed... I have estimated between 491,000 and 522,000 Tutsi, nearly two thirds of Rwanda's pre-genocide Tutsi population, were killed between 6 April and 19 July 1994. I calculated this death toll by subtracting my estimate of between 278,000 and 309,000 Tutsi survivors from my estimate of a baseline Tutsi population of almost exactly 800,000, or 10.8% of the overall population, on the eve of the genocide... In comparison with estimates at the higher and lower ends, my estimate is significantly lower than the Government of Rwanda's genocide census figure of 1,006,031 Tutsi killed. I believe this number is not credible.}}</ref | The succeeding RPF government claims that 1,074,017 people were killed in the genocide, 94% of whom were Tutsi.<ref name=lemarchand>{{cite journal |first=René |last=Lemarchand |author-link=René Lemarchand |title=Rwanda: the state of Research {{!}} Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche |website=www.sciencespo.fr |date=25 June 2018 |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/rwanda-state-research |issn=1961-9898 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119173416/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/rwanda-state-research |archive-date=19 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, [[Human Rights Watch]], following on-the-ground research, estimated the casualties at 507,000 people. According to a 2020 symposium of the ''[[Journal of Genocide Research]]'', the official figure is not credible as it overestimates the number of Tutsi in Rwanda prior to the genocide. Using different methodologies, the scholars in the symposium estimated 500,000 to 600,000 deaths in the genocide—around two-thirds of the Tutsis in Rwanda at the time.<ref name="Meierhenrich" /><ref name=McDoom>{{cite journal |last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |title=Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2020 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252 |s2cid=214032255 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/103205/1/McDoom_Contested_Counting_accepted_version.pdf |quote=If one examines the claims for the overall number killed, at the higher end lies the figure of 1,074,017 Rwandan dead. This number originates with the Rwandan government which conducted a nationwide census in July 2000, six years after the genocide. Toward the lower end lies an estimate from Human Rights Watch, one of the first organizations on the ground to investigate the genocide, of 507,000 Tutsi killed... I have estimated between 491,000 and 522,000 Tutsi, nearly two thirds of Rwanda's pre-genocide Tutsi population, were killed between 6 April and 19 July 1994. I calculated this death toll by subtracting my estimate of between 278,000 and 309,000 Tutsi survivors from my estimate of a baseline Tutsi population of almost exactly 800,000, or 10.8% of the overall population, on the eve of the genocide... In comparison with estimates at the higher and lower ends, my estimate is significantly lower than the Government of Rwanda's genocide census figure of 1,006,031 Tutsi killed. I believe this number is not credible.}}</ref> Thousands of widows, many of whom were subjected to rape, became HIV-positive. There were about 400,000 orphans and nearly 85,000 of them were forced to become heads of families.<ref>Maximo, Dady De (2012). "A Genocide that could have been avoided". ''New Times''.</ref> An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans, mostly Hutu, were displaced and became refugees.<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide Rwandan Genocide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide |date=25 March 2016 }}, History.com</ref> Additionally, 30% of the [[Pygmy]] [[Batwa people|Batwa]] were killed.<ref name=AmericanUniversity>{{cite web|last1=Sheshadri|first1=Raja|title=Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict|url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm|website=[[American University]]|access-date=22 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025741/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=SurvivalInternational>{{cite web|title=The 'Pygmies'|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/pygmies|website=[[Survival International]]|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331170845/http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/pygmies|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
=== Means of killing === | === Means of killing === | ||
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===Catholic Church=== | ===Catholic Church=== | ||
[[File:Bouquets on Mass Grave - Catholic Church Memorial - Nyamata - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Catholic Church Memorial ]] | [[File:Bouquets on Mass Grave - Catholic Church Memorial - Nyamata - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Catholic Church Memorial]] | ||
[[Pope John Paul II]] expressed his deep concern about what was happening in April 1994. On 9 April, in a message to Rwandan Catholics he urged them "not to give way to feelings of hatred and revenge but to courageously practice dialogue and forgiveness".<ref>{{cite web |title=VATICAN - The Pope's anguished and repeated calls during the genocide in Rwanda: "Do not give in to the temptation of hatred and revenge. At this tragic stage of the life of your country, be builders of peace and love" |url=http://www.fides.org/en/news/2156-VATICAN_The_Pope_s_anguished_and_repeated_calls_during_the_genocide_in_Rwanda_Do_not_give_in_to_the_temptation_of_hatred_and_revenge_At_this_tragic_stage_of_the_life_of_your_country_be_builders_of_peace_and_love |website=agenzia fides |publisher=Information service of the Pontifical Mission Societies |access-date=3 June 2022 |date=6 April 2004}}</ref> | [[Pope John Paul II]] expressed his deep concern about what was happening in April 1994. On 9 April, in a message to Rwandan Catholics he urged them "not to give way to feelings of hatred and revenge but to courageously practice dialogue and forgiveness".<ref>{{cite web |title=VATICAN - The Pope's anguished and repeated calls during the genocide in Rwanda: "Do not give in to the temptation of hatred and revenge. At this tragic stage of the life of your country, be builders of peace and love" |url=http://www.fides.org/en/news/2156-VATICAN_The_Pope_s_anguished_and_repeated_calls_during_the_genocide_in_Rwanda_Do_not_give_in_to_the_temptation_of_hatred_and_revenge_At_this_tragic_stage_of_the_life_of_your_country_be_builders_of_peace_and_love |website=agenzia fides |publisher=Information service of the Pontifical Mission Societies |access-date=3 June 2022 |date=6 April 2004}}</ref> | ||