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Grand Trunk Road: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png|thumb|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways in India]].]] | [[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png|thumb|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways in India]].]] | ||
The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert|2400|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires|title=A road to empires|last=Steel|first=Tim|date=1 January 2015|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms|title=Cuisine along G T Road|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey|date=15 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Calcutta|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Asansol]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road|title=How to Redraw the World Map|last=Khanna|first=Parag|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref> | The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert|2400|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires|title=A road to empires|last=Steel|first=Tim|date=1 January 2015|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms|title=Cuisine along G T Road|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey|date=15 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Calcutta|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Asansol]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road|title=How to Redraw the World Map|last=Khanna|first=Parag|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref> | ||
[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book|author=K. M. Sarkar|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2|year=1927|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|pages=2–|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]]; | [[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book|author=K. M. Sarkar|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2|year=1927|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|pages=2–|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]]; | ||