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Mango: Difference between revisions
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[[File: | [[File:Mangos - single and halved.jpg|thumb|Mango fruits – single and halved]] | ||
A '''mango''' is an edible [[drupe|stone fruit]] produced by the tropical tree ''[[Mangifera indica]]''. It is believed to have originated | A '''mango''' is an edible [[drupe|stone fruit]] produced by the tropical tree ''[[Mangifera indica]]''. It is believed to have originated in southern Asia, particularly in eastern [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref name=Morton/> ''M. indica'' has been cultivated in [[South Asia|South]] and Southeast Asia since ancient times resulting in two types of modern mango cultivars: the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".<ref name="Kuhn"/><ref name="Warschefsky"/> Other species in the genus ''[[Mangifera]]'' also produce edible fruits that are also called "mangoes", the majority of which are found in the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion.<ref name="Sherman">{{cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=Amir |last2=Rubinstein |first2=Mor |last3=Eshed |first3=Ravit |last4=Benita |first4=Miri |last5=Ish-Shalom |first5=Mazal |last6=Sharabi-Schwager |first6=Michal |last7=Rozen |first7=Ada |last8=Saada |first8=David |last9=Cohen |first9=Yuval |last10=Ophir |first10=Ron |title=Mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) germplasm diversity based on single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from the transcriptome |journal=BMC Plant Biology |date=December 2015 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=277 |doi=10.1186/s12870-015-0663-6|pmid=26573148 |pmc=4647706 }}</ref> | ||
Worldwide, there are several hundred [[List of mango cultivars|cultivars of mango]]. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin color, and flesh color, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange.<ref name="Morton">{{cite book |last=Morton|first=Julia Frances|date=1987 |title=Mango. In: Fruits of Warm Climates |publisher=NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University |pages=221–239 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html|isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2}}</ref> Mango is the [[national fruit]] of India, Pakistan and the Philippines,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani mango: The king of fruits | date = 13 August 2019 | url = https://www.arabnews.com/node/1539616/world | publisher = ArabNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangoes In The Philippines|url=https://croplife.org/news-views/sharing-the-story/mangoes-from-the-philippines/|website=CropLife}}</ref> while the mango tree is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="bdnews24.com">{{cite web |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree |title=Mango tree, national tree |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> | Worldwide, there are several hundred [[List of mango cultivars|cultivars of mango]]. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin color, and flesh color, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange.<ref name="Morton">{{cite book |last=Morton|first=Julia Frances|date=1987 |title=Mango. In: Fruits of Warm Climates |publisher=NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University |pages=221–239 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html|isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2}}</ref> Mango is the [[national fruit]] of India, Pakistan and the Philippines,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani mango: The king of fruits | date = 13 August 2019 | url = https://www.arabnews.com/node/1539616/world | publisher = ArabNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangoes In The Philippines|url=https://croplife.org/news-views/sharing-the-story/mangoes-from-the-philippines/|website=CropLife}}</ref> while the mango tree is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="bdnews24.com">{{cite web |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree |title=Mango tree, national tree |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> | ||
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From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East Africa by [[Arab]] and [[Persia]]n traders in the ninth to tenth centuries.{{sfn|Ensminger|1995|p=1373}} The 14th-century Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] reported it at [[Mogadishu]].<ref name="watson">{{Cite book |author=Watson, Andrew J. |title=Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1983 |pages=72–3 |isbn=978-0-521-24711-5}}</ref> It was spread further into other areas around the world during the [[Colonial Era]]. The [[Portuguese Empire]] spread the mango from their colony in [[Goa]] to East and West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the 17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the [[Caribbean]] and eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The [[Spanish Empire]] also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to western Mexico via the [[Manila galleon]]s from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by 1833.<ref name="Warschefsky"/><ref name=pg>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/crop/mango/mango.htm |title=PLB143: Crop of the Day: Mango, ''Mangifera indica'' |author=Gepts, P. (n.d.) |work=The evolution of crop plants |publisher=Dept. of Plant Sciences, Sect. of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, [[University of California, Davis]] |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East Africa by [[Arab]] and [[Persia]]n traders in the ninth to tenth centuries.{{sfn|Ensminger|1995|p=1373}} The 14th-century Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] reported it at [[Mogadishu]].<ref name="watson">{{Cite book |author=Watson, Andrew J. |title=Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1983 |pages=72–3 |isbn=978-0-521-24711-5}}</ref> It was spread further into other areas around the world during the [[Colonial Era]]. The [[Portuguese Empire]] spread the mango from their colony in [[Goa]] to East and West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the 17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the [[Caribbean]] and eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The [[Spanish Empire]] also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to western Mexico via the [[Manila galleon]]s from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by 1833.<ref name="Warschefsky"/><ref name=pg>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/crop/mango/mango.htm |title=PLB143: Crop of the Day: Mango, ''Mangifera indica'' |author=Gepts, P. (n.d.) |work=The evolution of crop plants |publisher=Dept. of Plant Sciences, Sect. of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, [[University of California, Davis]] |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
[[File:Mango Tree in Palestine.jpg|thumb|Mango tree in Palestine]] | |||
== Cultivation == | == Cultivation == | ||
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== Uses == | == Uses == | ||
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}} | === Culinary === | ||
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2021}} | |||
Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh vary across cultivars; some, such as [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso]], have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe [[plum]], while others, such as [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|Tommy Atkins]], are firmer | Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh vary across cultivars; some, such as [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso]], have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe [[plum]], while others, such as [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|Tommy Atkins]], are firmer with a fibrous texture.<ref name="clark">{{cite news |author1=Melissa Clark |title=For everything there is a season, even mangoes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/dining/06appe.html |access-date=24 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=1 April 2011}}</ref> | ||
The skin of unripe, pickled, or cooked mango can be eaten, but it has the potential to cause [[contact dermatitis]] of the lips, [[gingiva]], or tongue in susceptible people.<ref name="Sareen">{{cite journal | last1=Sareen | first1=Richa | last2=Shah | first2=Ashok | title=Hypersensitivity manifestations to the fruit mango | journal=Asia Pacific Allergy| volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=43–9 | year=2011 | issn=2233-8276 | doi=10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.1.43 |pmid=22053296|pmc=3206236}}</ref> | The skin of unripe, pickled, or cooked mango can be eaten, but it has the potential to cause [[contact dermatitis]] of the lips, [[gingiva]], or tongue in susceptible people.<ref name="Sareen">{{cite journal | last1=Sareen | first1=Richa | last2=Shah | first2=Ashok | title=Hypersensitivity manifestations to the fruit mango | journal=Asia Pacific Allergy| volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=43–9 | year=2011 | issn=2233-8276 | doi=10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.1.43 |pmid=22053296|pmc=3206236}}</ref> | ||
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Glass of Mango Juice.jpg|A glass of mango juice | Glass of Mango Juice.jpg|A glass of mango juice | ||
File:Mango Chutney.jpg|Mango [[chutney]] | File:Mango Chutney.jpg|Mango [[chutney]] | ||
File:Green mangoes with vinegar, chili, salt, and soy sauce (Philippines) 01.jpg|Sour unripe mangoes eaten with [[shrimp paste]], salt, chili, [[vinegar]] | File:Green mangoes with vinegar, chili, salt, and soy sauce (Philippines) 01.jpg|Sour unripe mangoes eaten with [[shrimp paste]], salt, chili, [[vinegar]] or [[soy sauce]] in the [[Philippines]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Mangoes are used in many cuisines. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in [[chutney]]s (i.e. [[ | Mangoes are used in many cuisines. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in [[chutney]]s (i.e., [[mango chutney]]), [[Mango pickle|pickles]], [[Dal|daals]] and other side dishes in [[Indian cuisine]]. A summer drink called ''[[aam panna]]'' is made with mangoes. Mango pulp made into jelly or cooked with red gram ''[[dhal]]'' and green chilies may be served with cooked rice. [[Mango lassi]] is consumed throughout South Asia, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with [[buttermilk]] and sugar. Ripe mangoes are also used to make curries. ''[[Aamras]]'' is a thick juice made of mangoes with sugar or milk and is consumed with ''[[chapatis]]'' or ''[[pooris]]''. The pulp from ripe mangoes is also used to make jam called ''mangada''. '' Andhra [[aavakaaya]]'' is a pickle made from raw, unripe, pulpy, and sour mango mixed with chili powder, [[fenugreek]] seeds, [[mustard powder]], salt, and [[groundnut oil]]. Mango is also used to make ''dahl'' and ''chunda'' (a sweet and spicy, grated mango delicacy). | ||
Mangoes are used to make ''[[murabba]]'' (fruit preserves), ''muramba'' (a sweet, grated mango delicacy), ''amchur'' (dried and powdered unripe mango), and pickles, including a spicy mustard-oil pickle and alcohol. Ripe mangoes are | Mangoes are used to make ''[[murabba]]'' (fruit preserves), ''muramba'' (a sweet, grated mango delicacy), ''amchur'' (dried and powdered unripe mango), and pickles, including a spicy mustard-oil pickle and alcohol. Ripe mangoes are cut into thin layers, [[desiccate]]d, folded and then cut. The fruit is also added to cereal products such as [[muesli]] and oat [[granola]]. | ||
Mango is used to make [[juices]], [[smoothie]]s, [[ice cream]], fruit bars, ''[[raspado]]s'', ''[[aguas frescas]]'', [[pie]]s, and sweet [[chili sauce]], or mixed with ''[[Chamoy (Sauce)|chamoy]]'', a sweet and spicy chili paste | Mango is used to make [[juices]], [[smoothie]]s, [[ice cream]], fruit bars, ''[[raspado]]s'', ''[[aguas frescas]]'', [[pie]]s, and sweet [[chili sauce]], or mixed with ''[[Chamoy (Sauce)|chamoy]]'', a sweet and spicy chili paste. In Central America, mango is either eaten green, mixed with salt, vinegar, [[black pepper]], and hot sauce, or ripe in various forms. | ||
Pieces of mango can be mashed and used as a topping on ice cream or blended with milk and ice as [[milkshake]]s. Sweet glutinous rice is flavored with [[coconut]], then served with sliced mango as | Pieces of mango can be mashed and used as a topping on ice cream or blended with milk and ice as [[milkshake]]s. Sweet glutinous rice is flavored with [[coconut]], then served with sliced mango as [[mango sticky rice]]. In other parts of Southeast Asia, mangoes are pickled with fish sauce and [[rice vinegar]]. Green mangoes can be used in mango salad with fish sauce and [[dried shrimp]]. Mango with [[condensed milk]] may be used as a topping for [[shaved ice]]. | ||
Raw green mangoes can be sliced and eaten like a salad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing | Raw green mangoes can be sliced and eaten like a salad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> In most parts of Southeast Asia, they are commonly eaten with [[fish sauce]], vinegar, soy sauce, or with a dash of salt (plain or spicy){{Snd}}a combination usually known as "mango salad" in English.<ref name="Valente">{{cite news |last1=Valente |first1=Anabela |title=Oh, the Fruits in Southeast Asia! |url=https://www.diariesofmagazine.com/fruits-southeast-asia/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Diaries of Travel Inspirations |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Flavor chemicals of "Alphonso" mango.jpg|thumb|Major flavor chemicals of 'Alphonso' mango from India]] | [[File:Flavor chemicals of "Alphonso" mango.jpg|thumb|Major flavor chemicals of 'Alphonso' mango from India]] | ||
In the Philippines, green mangoes are also commonly eaten with ''[[bagoong]]'' (salty [[bagoong|fish]] or [[shrimp paste]]), salt, [[soy sauce]], [[vinegar]] | In the Philippines, green mangoes are also commonly eaten with ''[[bagoong]]'' (salty [[bagoong|fish]] or [[shrimp paste]]), salt, [[soy sauce]], [[vinegar]] or chilis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pedrosa |first1=Kannalyn Joy |title=Green Mangoes and Shrimp Paste (The mouth-watering food tandem) |url=https://thevascollections.co/2020/02/25/green-mangoes-and-shrimp-paste-the-most-salivating-food-tandem/ |website=The VA Collections |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Green Mango & Bagoong |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/green-mango-bagoong |website=Market Manila |date=5 October 2008 |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> [[Mango float]] and [[mango cake]], which use slices of ripe mangoes, are eaten in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Joanne Catherine |title=Top 12 Cakes To Try In The Philippines|website=When in Manila |date=5 June 2015 |url=https://www.wheninmanila.com/top-12-cakes-to-try-in-the-philippines/6/ |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="tle">{{cite web|url=https://www.thelittleepicurean.com/2015/06/mango-royale-icebox-cake.html|title=Mango Royale (Mango Icebox Cake)|author=Maryanne|date=15 June 2017|publisher=The Little Epicurean|access-date=2 December 2018}}</ref> [[Dried mango|Dried strips]] of sweet, ripe mango (sometimes combined with seedless [[tamarind]] to form ''mangorind'') are also consumed. Mangoes may be used to make juices, mango [[nectar (drink)|nectar]], and as a flavoring and major ingredient in mango [[ice cream]] and ''[[sorbetes]]''. | ||
== Phytochemistry == | == Phytochemistry == | ||
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Achaar]], South Asian pickles, commonly containing mango and lime | * [[Achaar]], South Asian pickles, commonly containing mango and lime | ||
* [[Amchoor]], mango powder | * [[Amchoor]], mango powder | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Mangifera.html Sorting ''Mangifera'' species] | * [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Mangifera.html Sorting ''Mangifera'' species] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150208/http://www.tropicalfruitnursery.com/mango/ Pine Island Nursery's Mango Variety viewer] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150208/http://www.tropicalfruitnursery.com/mango/ Pine Island Nursery's Mango Variety viewer] | ||
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[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]] | [[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]] | ||
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]] | [[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]] | ||
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]] | |||
[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]] | |||
[[Category:Tropical fruit]] | |||
[[Category:Drupes]] | [[Category:Drupes]] | ||
[[Category:Edible fruits]] | [[Category:Edible fruits]] | ||