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[[File:AgaKhan Palace.jpg|thumb|Aga Khan Palace]]
{{About|the city in India|its namesake district|Pune district|other uses}}
'''Pune''' is the 8th largest [[metropolis]] in [[India]]. It is in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The city is famous for the great ''Maratha'' [[king]] ''[[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]''. The game of [[badminton]] was invented there in the [[19th century]]. It is also the birthplace of spiritual teacher [[Meher Baba]]. [[Mula River|Mula]] and [[Mutha River|Mutha]] are the two [[river]]s that flow through the city. It has also"'', ''"Oxford of the East"'', ''"Detroit of India"'' by some.  
{{Redirect|Poona}}
{{distinguish|Puno}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Pune
| settlement_type          = City
| official_name            = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
| other_name              = Poona
| nickname                = Oxford of the East, The Queen of [[Deccan]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Choudhuri|first1=Debjani Pal|title=Community Planning for Intervention for Victims of Domestic Violence|publisher=Kassel University Press|isbn=978-3-89958-346-5|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G29VhoiOjmsC&q=pune+queen+of+deccan&pg=PA35|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Diddee|first1=Jaymala|title=Pune: Queen of the Deccan|publisher=Elephant Design Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-8187693000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfVAAAACAAJ&q=pune+queen+of+deccan|year=2000}}</ref>
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
| border                  = infobox
| total_width              = 300
| image_style              =
| perrow                  = 1/2/2/2
| image1 =  Amanora_Skyline.jpg{{!}}Skyline of Pune
| image2 = Shaniwaarwada_Pune.jpg{{!}}Shaniwar Wada
| image3 = Statue of Bajirao I.jpg{{!}}Equestrian statue of Baji Rao I
| image4 = Pune university - Main Bldg.jpg{{!}}University of Pune
| image5 = Westin_KP_Pune.jpg
| image6 =  Dagdusheth temple.JPG{{!}} Dagduseth Halwai Temple
| image7 =
Pimpri-Chinchwad Skyline.jpg
|image8= Pune Palace.jpg{{!}}Aga Khan Palace
}}
| image_alt                =
| image_caption            = ''Counterclockwise from top left'': [[Amanora Park Town|Amanora township]] Skyline , [[Shaniwar Wada]], [[University of Pune]], [[Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple]], [[Aga Khan Palace]],  Skyline of [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]],  [[Westin Hotels & Resorts|Westin-Pune]], Equestrian statue of [[Baji Rao I|Peshwa Baji Rao I]]
| blank_emblem_type        =
| blank_emblem_size        = 100px
| blank_emblem_alt        =
| image_blank_emblem      = PMRDA Logo.png
| map_alt                  = Pune is in the western part of India, in the northwest of Maharashtra State.
| image_map                = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=4|zoom=10|frame-lat=18.5510|frame-long=73.8550|stroke-color=#808080|id=Q60|title=Pune City}}
| map_caption              =
| pushpin_map              = India Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position  = right
| pushpin_map_alt          =
| pushpin_map_caption      = Location of Pune in Maharashtra
| coordinates              = {{coord|18|31|13|N|73|51|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag | India}}
| subdivision_type1        = State
| subdivision_type2        = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3        = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_name3        = [[Pune division]]
| established_title        = Established
| established_date        = AD {{start date and age|758}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.net/cities/pune/history.html |title=Pune History - Origin and History of Poona India |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223610/https://www.maharashtratourism.net/cities/pune/history.html |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| founder                  =
| named_for                =
| government_type          = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title            = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name              = Vikram Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/municipal-commissioner-office|title=Municipal Commissioner Office, Pune|website=Official website of the Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-vikram-kumar-takes-over-as-pmc-chief-6502623/|title=Vikram Kumar takes over as Pune civic body chief|date=13 July 2020}}</ref>
| leader_title1            = [[Mayor of Pune|Mayor]]
| leader_name1            = Vacant
| unit_pref                = Metric
| area_footnotes          =
| area_blank1_title        = [[Pune Municipal Corporation|Pune MC]]<ref name="CNBCTV18-01Jul2021"/>
| area_blank1_km2          = 516.18
| area_blank2_title        = [[Pune Metropolitan Region|Pune MR]]<ref name="pmrda1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html|title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority – PMRDA|website=Pmrda.gov.in|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144158/http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_blank2_km2          = 7,256.46
| elevation_footnotes      =
| elevation_m              = 560
| population_as_of        =
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_blank1_title  = [[Pune Municipal Corporation|Pune MC]]<ref name="CNBCTV18-01Jul2021"/>
| population_blank1        = 6,200,000
| population_density_blank1_km2  = auto
| population_blank2_title  = [[Pune Metropolitan Region|Pune MR]]<ref name="pmrda1"/>
| population_blank2        = 7,276,000
| population_density_blank2_km2  = auto
| population_footnotes    =
| population_demonym      = Punekar,<ref name="Puneite">{{cite book |last1=Paik |first1=Shailaja |title=Dalit Women's Education in Modern India: Double Discrimination |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415493000 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uesABAAAQBAJ&q=editions:GEjvn1z_ICEC |access-date=25 May 2019|date=11 July 2014 }}</ref> Poonaite<ref name="Poonaite">{{cite book |last1=Bharucha |first1=Hoshang |title=Glimpses of Guruprasad |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781644290231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1F6evAEACAAJ&q=poonaite |access-date=25 May 2019|date=25 September 2018 }}</ref>
| timezone1                = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1              = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code(s)]]
| postal_code              = 411001 – 411090<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findpincode.net/maharashtra/pune-pincodes|title=PIN Code: Pune, Maharashtra, India|work=findpincode.net|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408204119/https://www.findpincode.net/maharashtra/pune-pincodes|archive-date=8 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_code                = [[Telephone numbers in India|020]]
| registration_plate      = *[[List of RTO districts in India#MH—Maharashtra|MH]]-12 [[Pune Municipal Corporation|Pune city]]
* MH-14 [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|PCMC City]]
* MH-53 Pune City South
* MH-54 Pune City North
| website                  = {{URL|https://pmc.gov.in/en|pmc.gov.in}}
| footnotes                =
| blank1_name              = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]
| blank1_info              = [[Girish Bapat]] ([[BJP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4746|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430045626/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4746|archive-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/BJP-anil-shirole-won-Pune-lok-sabha-seat-by-3-15-lakh-votes-defeating-vishwajeet-kadam-of-congress-/articleshow/35220344.cms|title=BJP anil shirole won Pune lok sabha seat by 3.15 lakh votes defeating vishwajeet kadam of congress|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430212030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/BJP-anil-shirole-won-Pune-lok-sabha-seat-by-3-15-lakh-votes-defeating-vishwajeet-kadam-of-congress-/articleshow/35220344.cms|archive-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank2_name              = [[Official language]]
| blank2_info              = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec1        = [[International airport]]s
| blank3_info_sec1        = [[Pune International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|PNQ]])
| blank4_name_sec1        = [[Transit system|Transit]]
| blank4_info_sec1        = '''[[Rapid Transit]]''': [[Pune Metro]] <br />'''[[Commuter rail]]''': [[Pune Suburban Railway]] <br /> '''[[BRTS]]''': [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]]
| blank5_name_sec1        = Urban Planning Authority
| blank5_info_sec1        = [[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| blank2_name_sec1        = [[Gross domestic product]]
| blank2_info_sec1        = $69&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haritas |first=Bhragu |date=28 June 2017 |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/ |title=Richest Cities Of India |work= Business World|access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302220702/http://www.businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}


It has a major Information Technology (IT) center. This city is managed by the Pune Municipal Council (PMC).
'''Pune''' ({{IPA-mr|puɳe|lang|Pune pronunication.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|p|uː|n|ə}}), also previously known as '''Poona''', ([[List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra|the official name from 1818 until 1978]])<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16">{{Cite news|last=Atre|first=Abhijit|date=30 September 2016|title=What's in a name? A lot when it comes to Pune|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Whats-in-a-name-A-lot-when-it-comes-to-Pune/articleshow/54595097.cms|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616222214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Whats-in-a-name-A-lot-when-it-comes-to-Pune/articleshow/54595097.cms|archive-date=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Chakravorty">{{Cite news|last=Chakravorty|first=Abhimanyu|date=13 April 2016|title=From Gurgaon to Gurugram: 20 cities that changed their names|language=en-IN|work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050426/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/|archive-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 6,200,000.<ref name="CNBCTV18-01Jul2021">{{Cite news |date=1 July 2021 |title=Pune pips Mumbai as Maharashtra's largest city in terms of geographical area |language=en |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/pune-pips-mumbai-as-maharashtras-largest-city-in-terms-of-area-9847661.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been ranked "the most liveable city in India" several times.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-ranked-no-1-city-in-country-in-ease-of-living-rankings/articleshow/65394696.cms |title=Pune is also ranked No. 1 city in country several times in 'Ease of Living' ranking |work=the Times of India |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013163821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-ranked-no-1-city-in-country-in-ease-of-living-rankings/articleshow/65394696.cms |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pune is also considered to be the cultural capital of Maharashtra and the educational capital of India. The city is situated to the west of the lush greenery of the Western ghats, surrounded by mountains and hill forts. It has thriving educational, IT, agricultural and manufacturing sectors along with a vibrant nightlife consisting of local & global restaurants, pubs and clubs. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatravelblog.com/resources/6547-pune-city-cultural-and-educational-capital-of-maharashtra |title=Pune City - Cultural And Educational Capital of Maharashtra |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=29 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>  
Pune is a city of knowledge and often known as the Oxford of the east. In Marathi, it is known as ''vidyeche maherghar.'' It means the hometown of education. The population of Pune was '''8,242,142''' by 2015. <ref>[http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a Pune Metro Area Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008023456/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a |date=2010-10-08 }}. World Gazetteer. Retrieved 7 July 2012.</ref>


== Name ==
The city of Pune is part of [[Pune Metropolitan Region]] (PMR), along with [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] and the three [[Cantonment Board|cantonment towns]] of [[Pune Camp]], [[Khadki]] and [[Dehu Road]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf|title=Constituents of Urban Agglomerations having Population 1 lakh and above – Census of India 2011|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|page=34 of 61|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025215615/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest metropolitan region in [[Maharashtra]], with a geographical area of 7,256 sq km.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pmrda.gov.in/pmrda_background |title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA)|date=14 August 2021 |access-date=14 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad have their own municipal corporations: [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] and [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]].
The name Pune comes from the [[Sanskrit]] word - ''{{lang|sa|Puṇyanagara}}''. It means "city of [[virtue]]".  Pune is known for its educational facilities, having more than hundred educational institutes and nine universities. Pune has well-established glass, sugar and metal forging industries since the 1950s. Pune is also known as the "Oxford of the East." Pune was once the centre of power for the Maratha Empire. It is known to have existed as a town since 847&nbsp;AD. Pune was the first capital of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji Maharaj]].


It is the cultural capital of Maharashtra. There are many historic places like Shaniwar Wada, Lal Mahal and many museums like the Aga Khan Palace, Raja Kelkar Museum, and the National War museum.
The city is on the right bank of the [[Mutha River|Mutha river]], on the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]]. Pune is {{convert|560|m|0|abbr=off}} [[Height above sea level|above sea level]].<ref name="GeographyOfPuneUrbanArea">{{cite web |last=Nalawade |first=S.B. |url=http://www.ranwa.org/punealive/pageog.htm |title=Geography of Pune Urban Area |publisher=Ranwa |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222080029/http://www.ranwa.org/punealive/pageog.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=22 December 2007}}</ref> It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Pune district]]; In the 18th century, the city was the seat of the [[Peshwa]]s, the prime ministers of the [[Maratha Empire]], and one of the most important political centres in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126173557/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was previously also ruled by the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], the [[Mughals]] and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]. Historical landmarks include the [[Lal Mahal]], the [[Kasba Ganapati]] temple and [[Shaniwar Wada]]. Major historical events involving the city include the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]] and the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]].


The climate of Pune is suitable to reside in, so many people settled there. Today, Pune has many complexes, shopping malls and multiplexes. There are many research centres present in Pune.
Pune is the largest IT hub in India. <ref>Kanhere, G.K., 1993. Planning for the Pune Region. Architecture Plus Design, 10(6), p.60.</ref><ref>Joshi, S.R., 1996. Mass media and cultural identity: Issues of ethnic co‐existence in India. Asian Journal of Communication, 6(1), pp.124–139.</ref> It is also the most important automobile and manufacturing hub of India.<ref name=Pune_Autohub>—{{cite web|title=Pune shifts to top most gear as automobile hub|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Pune-shifts-to-top-gear-as-automobile-hub/article15911528.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Ramnath Subbu|date=13 September 2010|access-date=4 March 2017}}<br />—{{cite web|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|author=Partha Sarathi Biswas|date=10 July 2017|access-date=10 July 2017}}<br />—{{cite journal |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Rashmi |last2=Mishra |first2=Rajeev |last3=Desouza |first3=Kevin C.|date= April 2016|title=City profile: Pune, India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275116300087 |journal=Cities |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=53 |pages=98–109 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.011 |access-date=5 July 2020}}<br />—{{cite book |last1=Gulhane |first1=Vidyadhar |last2=Tarambale |first2= M. R.|last3=Nerkar |first3=YP|s2cid=26480235 |title=2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles |date=23 April 2007 |chapter=A Scope for the Research and Development Activities on Electric Vehicle Technology in Pune City |publisher=IEEE|pages= 1–8|doi=10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352285 |isbn=978-0-7803-9793-4 }}</ref> Pune has several world class educational institutions and is therefore widely regarded as "Oxford of the East".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shyam |first1=Sarath |title=<nowiki>Rediscovering The Oxford Of The East | TheHigherEducationReview</nowiki> |journal=The Higher Education Review |date=November 2016 |issue=November 2016 |url=https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/magazine/rediscovering-the-oxford-of-the-east-VYSS76881935.html |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the--oxford-of-the-east--goes-west/375464/|title=The 'Oxford of the East' goes West|work=The Indian Express|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424012924/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the--oxford-of-the-east--goes-west/375464|archive-date=24 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html|title=Truly the Oxford of the East|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has emerged as a major global educational hub in recent decades, with nearly half of the total number of international students in the country studying in Pune.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://littleindia.com/serial-blasts-rock-oxford-of-the-east/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721121425/https://littleindia.com/serial-blasts-rock-oxford-of-the-east/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2020|title=Serial Blasts Rock "Oxford of the East"|work=Little India|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-pune-is-an-international-favourite/article3640297.ece|title=Why Pune is an international favourite|last=Byatnal|first=Amruta|date=15 July 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012143732/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-pune-is-an-international-favourite/article3640297.ece|archive-date=12 October 2013|url-status=live|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Distinguished institutes of engineering, information technology, film school as well as management science and advanced training, attract students and professionals from India and overseas.


Students not only from other cities and States come here to study, but international students from various countries are also found here. There are many clubs for different sports activities in this city. The main attraction of the city is the [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh]] Festival which is celebrated with great joy.  
==Etymology==
The earliest reference to Pune is an inscription on a [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] copper plate dated 937 CE, which refers to the town as Punya-Vishaya, meaning 'sacred news'.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.punediary.com/html/historyevents.html|title=India Maharashtra Pune History Event Of Pune Time Line Of Pune (Punediary.com)|website=Punediary.com|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092401/https://www.punediary.com/html/historyevents.html|archive-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> By the 13th century, it had come to be known as Punawadi.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pune.org.uk/history.html |title = Pune History&nbsp;– Origin & History of Pune&nbsp;– History of Puna India&nbsp;– History of Pune City |publisher = Pune.org.uk |access-date = 16 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100628003014/http://www.pune.org.uk/history.html |archive-date = 28 June 2010 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all }}</ref>


There are many educational institutions like Symbiosis, SP and Fergusson. Many people in Pune are food lovers, there are many famous [[Bhelpuri]] and [[Vada pav]] centres.
During the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the city was referred to as Punnaka and Punyapur, while the copper plates of 758 and 768 CE show that the Yadava dynasty had renamed the city Punakavishaya and Punya Vishaya. 'Vishaya' means land, and 'Punaka' and 'Punya' mean holy. The city was known as Kasbe Pune when under the command of Maratha king [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji]]'s father, [[Shahaji|Shahaji Raje Bhosale]]. Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] renamed the city Muhiyabad (the only divergent naming) some time between 1703 and 1705 in memory of his great-grandson Muhi-ul-Milan, who died there. The name Muhiyabad was lost soon after Aurangzeb's death.<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16"/> Anglicized to Poona in [[1857]] by the English during British rule, the city's name was changed to Pune in [[1978]].


== References ==
==History==
{{commonscat}}
{{Main|History of Pune}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
 
{{reflist}}{{Asia-stub}}
=== Early and Medieval Period ===
[[Category:Pune| ]]
[[File:Pataleshwar cave complex Pune.jpg|thumb|left|The circular Nandi ''[[mandapa]]'' at the [[Pataleshwar]] cave temple built in the [[Rashtrakuta]] era (753-982)]]
Copper plates dated 858 and 868{{nbs}}CE show that by the 9th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed at the location of the modern Pune. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]. The [[Pataleshwar]] rock-cut temple complex was built during this era.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=JOGLEKAR|first1=P.P.|last2=DEO|first2=SUSHAMA G.|last3=BALAKAWADE|first3=PANDURANG|last4=DESHPANDE-MUKHERJEE|first4=ARATI|last5=RAJAGURU|first5=S.N.|last6=KULKARNI|first6=AMOL N.|date=2006|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=66/67|pages=211–225|jstor=42931448|title=A New Look at Ancient Pune Through Salvage Archaeology (2004-2006)}}</ref> Pune was part of the territory ruled by the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]] from the 9th century to 1327. Pune was under control of Muslim leaders till the late 16th century.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
 
=== The Maratha Empire ===
Pune was part of the [[Jagir]] (fiefdom) granted to [[Maloji Bhosale]] in 1599 for his services to the [[Nizamshahi|Nizamshahi (Ahmadnagar Sultanate)]].<ref name="Sardesai1957">{{cite book|author=Govind Sakharam Sardesai|title=New History of the Marathas: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his line (1600–1707)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Phoenix Publications|page=58|isbn=9788121500654|access-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103114931/http://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Pune was ruled by the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] until it was annexed by the Mughals in the 17th century. Maloji Bhosale's grandson, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]], was born at the fort of [[Shivneri]], about 90&nbsp;km from Pune.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Offbeat tracks in Maharashtra|last=Gunaji|first=Milind|date=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-8171546695|location=Mumbai|pages=68–69|oclc=54822004}}</ref> It changed hands several times between the [[Mughal tribe|Mughals]] and the [[Maratha]]s in the period 1680 to 1705.
 
After the destruction of the town in raids by the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] in 1630 and again between 1636 and 1647, [[Dadoji Konddeo]], the successor to Dhadphale, oversaw the reconstruction of the town. He stabilised the revenue collection and administrative systems of the areas around Pune and the neighbouring [[Maval]] region. He also developed effective methods to manage disputes and to enforce law and order.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Government|first1=of Bombay|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Pune (2 pts.)|page=321|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA85|year=1885}}</ref> The [[Lal Mahal]] was commissioned in 1631 and construction was completed in 1640 AD.<ref name=":6" /> Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj spent his young years at the Lal Mahal. His mother, [[Jijabai]] is said to have commissioned the building of the [[Kasba Ganapati]] temple. The [[Ganesha]] idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity (''[[Gramadevata]]'') of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title = Monuments in Pune|publisher = Pune district administration |url = http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm|access-date =4 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080325021426/http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 25 March 2008}}</ref>
 
From 1703 to 1705, towards the end of the 27-year-long [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], the town was occupied by [[Aurangzeb]] and its name was changed to Muhiyabad.<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/The-history-of-Muhiyabad-err...-Pune/DNPUN56250|title=The history of Muhiyabad err...Pune|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031233457/http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/The-history-of-Muhiyabad-err...-Pune/DNPUN56250|archive-date=31 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> But the name was erased soon after [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] death.
 
=== Peshwa Rule ===
[[File:Statue of Bajirao I.jpg|thumb|An equestrian statue of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] outside [[Shaniwar Wada]]. He expanded the [[Maratha Empire]] in north India {{circa|1730}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. N. Sen|title=History Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&pg=PA12|year=2006|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1774-6|page=12}}</ref>]]
In 1720, [[Baji Rao I]] was appointed [[Peshwa]] (prime minister) of the Maratha Empire by [[Shahu I]], the fifth [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=89}}</ref> As the Peshwa, Bajirao moved his base from [[Saswad]] to Pune in 1728, marking the beginning of the transformation of what was a ''[[kasbah]]'' into a large city.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kosambi|first=Meera|date=1989|editor-last=Gokhale|editor-first=Balkrishna Govind|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=24|issue=5|pages=247–250|jstor=4394341}}</ref><ref name="gokhale1">{{Cite journal|last=Gokhale|first=Balkrishna Govind|date=1985|title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Pune|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=105|issue=4|pages=719–724|doi=10.2307/602730|jstor=602730}}</ref> He also commissioned the construction of the [[Shaniwar Wada]] on the right bank of the [[Mutha River]]. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. Bajirao's son and successor, [[Balaji Baji Rao|Nanasaheb]] constructed a lake at [[Katraj]] on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada and the city.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khare|first1=K. C.|last2=Jadhav|first2=M. S.|date=2008|title=Water Quality Assessment of Katraj Lake, Pune (Maharashtra, India): A Case Study|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/B%20-%20Water%20Quality/B-20.pdf|journal=Proceedings of Taal2007|volume=The 12th World Lake Conference|pages=292–299|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417140656/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/B%20-%20Water%20Quality/B-20.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG=|title=Deluge in Poona: Aftermath and rehabilitation|last1=Brahme|first1=Sulabha|last2=Gole|first2=Prakash|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics; Asia Publishing House|year=1967|location=Poona|pages=14–47}}</ref> The aqueduct was still in working order in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Its-true-Peshwa-era-water-duct-still-fresh/articleshow/480812.cms|title=It's true: Peshwa-era water duct still fresh! – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620050500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Its-true-Peshwa-era-water-duct-still-fresh/articleshow/480812.cms|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The patronage of the Maratha Peshwas resulted in a great expansion of Pune, with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on [[Parvati Hill]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Preston|first=Laurence W.|date=April 2002|title=Shrines and neighbourhood in early nineteenth-century Pune, India|journal=Journal of Historical Geography|volume=28|issue=2|pages=203–215|doi=10.1006/jhge.2001.0398|issn=0305-7488}}</ref> and many [[Hanuman|Maruti]], [[Vithoba]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahadeo]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], and [[Ganesh]] temples. The building of temples led to religion being responsible for about 15% of the city's economy during this period.<ref name="gokhale1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar – Mumbai – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320015359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |archive-date=20 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune prospered as a city during the reign of Nanasaheb Peshwa. He developed [[Saras Baug]], Heera Baug, Parvati Hill and new commercial, [[trading]], and residential localities. [[Sadashiv Peth, Pune|Sadashiv Peth]], [[Narayan Peth, Pune|Narayan Peth]], [[Rasta Peth, Pune|Rasta Peth]] and [[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]] were developed. The Peshwa's influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces at the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Battle of Panipat]] but Pune remained the seat of power. In 1802 Pune was captured by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] in the [[Battle of Poona]], directly precipitating the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Peshwa [[Baji Rao II|Bajirao II]] by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in 1818.<ref name="Naravane2006">{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PR7|year=2006|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3|pages=80–86}}</ref>
 
Historian [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]] lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics, military, and finance in 18th century Pune. Of these 163 families, a majority(80) were [[Deshastha Brahmins]], 46 were [[Chitpawan]], 15 were [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]([[CKP]]) whereas [[Karhade Brahmin]] and [[Saraswat]] accounted for 11 families each.<ref name="Gokhale1988">{{cite book|author=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale|title=Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9QcAAAAMAAJ|pages=111, 112|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195621372|quote=The caste composition of these leaders throws an interesting light on the nature and functioning of the upper echelons of Poona society. The late Professor G.S.Sardesai compiled a list of prominent historical families who played significant political, military and financial roles in Poona's affairs during the Eighteenth Century. The list contains the names and genealogies of 163 families. The caste affiliations of the families are Deshasthas 80 Chitpawans 46 Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus 15 Karhadas 11 Saraswats 11.}}</ref>
 
=== British Rule (1818 – 1947) ===
[[File:KITLV 100082 - Unknown - Government House of the British authority at Gunesh Khind at Poona in India, seen from the east - Around 1875.tiff|thumb|left|British Government House, Ganesh Khind ({{circa|1875}})]]
The [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] broke out between the Marathas and [[East India Company|the British East India Company]] in 1817. The [[Peshwa|Peshwas]] were defeated at the [[Battle of Khadki]] (then spelled Kirkee) on 5{{nbs}}November near Pune and the city was seized by the British. It was placed under the administration of the [[Bombay Presidency]] and the British built a large military [[Pune Cantonment|cantonment]] to the east of the city (now used by the [[Indian Army]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] of the [[Indian Army]] was established in 1895 and has its headquarters in [[Pune Camp|Pune cantonment]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-southern-command-hq-set-to-archive-army-s-glory-1917575|title=Southern Command HQ set to archive Army's glory {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=12 November 2013|work=dna|access-date=31 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003346/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-southern-command-hq-set-to-archive-army-s-glory-1917575|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/southern-command-army-s-shining-star-1620665.html|title=Southern Command: Army's shining star|work=OneIndia|access-date=31 May 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214056/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/southern-command-army-s-shining-star-1620665.html|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The city of Pune was known as Poona during British rule. Poona Municipality was established in 1858. A railway line from Bombay to the city opened in 1858, run by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR).<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)|publisher=Government Central press|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA85|year=1885}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95o5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA308|year=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|page=308}}</ref> [[Navi Peth, Pune|Navi Peth]], [[Ganj Peth]] (now renamed [[Mahatma Phule Peth]]) were developed during the [[British Raj]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
====Centre of Social Reform and Nationalism====
 
Pune was prominently associated with the [[Indian independence movement|struggle for Indian independence]]. In the period between 1875 and 1910, the city was a centre of agitation led by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]. The city was also a centre for social reform led by [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]], [[Mahatma Jyotirao Phule]], feminist [[Tarabai Shinde]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] and [[Pandita Ramabai]]. They demanded the abolition of caste prejudice, equal rights for women, harmony between the [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities, and better schools for the poor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/104203/the-other-liberal-light|title=The Other Liberal Light|magazine=The New Republic|access-date=28 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001120/https://newrepublic.com/article/104203/the-other-liberal-light|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was imprisoned at the [[Yerwada Central Jail]] several times and placed under house arrest at the [[Aga Khan Palace]] between 1942 and 1944, where both his wife [[Kasturba Gandhi]] and aide [[Mahadev Desai]] died.<ref name="Severance1997">{{cite book|author=John B. Severance|title=Gandhi, Great Soul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrWhSlAI6QAC&pg=PA9|year=1997|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-77179-2|pages=113–115}}</ref> [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]] used to study in Fergusson College and performed the "Holi" of foreign items near [[Mutha river]] bank {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}.
 
=== Pune since Indian Independence ===
After [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] from the British in 1947, Pune saw enormous growth transforming it into a modern metropolis. The Poona Municipal Council was reorganised to form the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC) in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://puneonline.in/Profile/Political/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050207/http://puneonline.in/Profile/Political/|url-status=dead|title=PMC|archive-date=27 September 2007|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> The education sector in the city continued its growth in the post-independence era with the establishment of the University of Pune (now, [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]) in 1949, the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] in 1950 and the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm|title=History of University|website=Official website of the SPPU|language=en|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608072655/http://unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm|archive-date=8 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Default.aspx|title=National Chemical Laboratory|website=Ncl-india.org|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601080332/http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Default.aspx|archive-date=1 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nda.nic.in/history.html|title=History of NDA|website=Official website of the National Defence Academy, Pune|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714061448/https://www.nda.nic.in/history.html|archive-date=14 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The establishment of [[Hindustan Antibiotics]] in 1954 marked the beginning of industrial development in the [[Hadapsar]], [[Bhosari]], and [[Pimpri]] areas.<ref name="Kolekar1993">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iq0hz5q8iw0C&pg=PR7|title=Human Resources Development|author=B.D. Kolekar|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=1993|isbn=978-81-7211-044-4|pages=17–19}}</ref><ref name="nic">{{cite web|url=http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm|title=Historical Events in Pune|publisher=NIC – District-Pune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202072725/http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm|archive-date=2 December 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm|title=Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial belt: Placing Pune at the front|last=Menon|first=Sudha|date=30 March 2002|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414041221/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm|archive-date=14 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, several engineering companies were set up in the city, allowing it to vie with [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.|title=The city in South Asia|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415574266|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/213 213]|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/about-us/facilities/pune/|title=Tata Motors Manufacturing Facility - Pune|website=Tatamotors.com|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211433/https://www.tatamotors.com/about-us/facilities/pune/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1990s, Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. IT parks were established in [[Aundh (Pune)|Aundh]], [[Viman Nagar]], [[Hinjawadi]], [[Wagholi, Pune|Wagholi]], [[Kharadi]] and [[Balewadi]]-[[Baner]] region. As a result, the city saw a huge influx of people to the city due to opportunities offered by the manufacturing, and lately, the software industries.
 
The breach in the [[Panshet Dam|Panshet dam]] and the resulting [[Khadakwasla Dam#Flood of 1961|flood of 1961]] led to severe damage and destruction of housing close to the river banks.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG=|title=Deluge in Poona.|last1=Brahme|first1=S|last2=GOLE|first2=P.|date=1967|publisher=GOKHALE INSTITUTE OF POLITICS AND ECONOMIC Asia Publishing House.|pages=14–47}}</ref> The mishap spurred the development of new suburbs and housing complexes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqUjCQAAQBAJ&q=poona+flood+1961+dam+resettlement&pg=PP10|title=Dam breach modeling technology|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|date=1996|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|isbn=978-0792339250|location=Dordrecht|pages=89–91|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> To integrate urban planning, the [[Pune Metropolitan Region]] was defined in 1967 covering the area under PMC, the [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]], the three cantonments and the surrounding villages.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Ashutosh|title=Town planning regeneration of cities|date=2008|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788189422820|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=pune+wada+apartment+bunglow+housing+planning&pg=PR7|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
 
In 1998 work on the six-lane [[Mumbai-Pune expressway]] began; it was completed in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000730/fec30031.html |title=The Mumbai-Pune expressway |work=The Financial Express |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515012445/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000730/fec30031.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> In 2008 the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] took place in Pune, which encouraged development in the northwest region of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punekar.in/site/2008/09/17/pune-to-get-piped-compressed-natural-gas-before-cyg/ |title=Pune to get piped compressed natural gas before CYG |work=The Punekar |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004135143/http://punekar.in/site/2008/09/17/pune-to-get-piped-compressed-natural-gas-before-cyg/ |archive-date=4 October 2008}}</ref> On 13{{nbs}}February 2010 [[2010 Pune bombing|a bomb exploded]] at the German Bakery in the upmarket [[Koregaon Park]] neighbourhood in eastern Pune, killing 17 and injuring 60.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/india.explosion/index.html|title=Eight killed in India restaurant blast|author=Harmeet Singh|date=13 February 2010|work=CNN|access-date=14 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216130642/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/india.explosion/index.html|archive-date=16 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/9-killed-40-injured-in-Pune-bomb-blast/article16814472.ece|title=9 killed, 40 injured in Pune bomb blast|date=13 February 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 April 2018|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/WNAT5c213afae99869fc55f72ef1a695bc49/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721122307/https://article.wn.com/view/WNAT5c213afae99869fc55f72ef1a695bc49/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2020|title=पुण्यावर दहशतवादी हल्ला; नऊ ठार, ५७ जखमी|language=mr|author=The WorldNews (WN) Network|date=14 February 2010|publisher=article.wn.com/|access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> Evidence suggested that the [[Indian Mujahideen]] terrorist group carried out the attack.<ref name="Pant2015">{{cite book|author=Harsh V. Pant|title=Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBG4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT334|date=6 October 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-38008-5}}</ref>
 
=== 21st-century ===
Pune evolved greatly since Indian Independence, from notable universities, colleges and management schools, earning it the nickname of the 'Oxford Of The East', to being one of the most important automobile manufacturing hub.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barua |first1=Proyashi |title=Truly the Oxford of the East |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 June 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Pune_Autohub/> Pune is also home to the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, [[Serum Institute of India]], which during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] manufactured around 5,000 vaccine doses every minute.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid 19 vaccines: India is the world's largest producer of vaccines. So why a shortage today? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-is-the-worlds-largest-producer-of-vaccines-so-why-a-shortage-today/articleshow/82018420.cms#:~:text=The%20world's%20largest%20manufacturer%20of,vaccine%20doses%20in%20one%20year. |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=5,000 doses of Covishield/minute: A look at Serum Institutes's vaccine journey |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/5000-doses-of-covishield-minute-a-look-at-serum-institutes-s-vaccine-journey-11610809058833.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Mint |date=16 January 2021}}</ref>
 
==Geography==
[[File:Vetal hill range panorama.jpg|thumb|center|1500px|[[Vetal Hill]] Panorama, a prominent hill in Pune. Elevation {{circa|800 m}}.]]
Pune is situated at approximately 18° 32" north latitude and 73° 51" east longitude. The city's total area is 15.642&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical location |url=https://pune.gov.in/about-pune/ |website=About Pune—District Pune, Government of Maharashtra |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129022845/https://pune.gov.in/about-pune/ |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> By road Pune is {{convert|1173|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Delhi]], {{convert|734|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Bangalore]], {{convert|570|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-west of [[Hyderabad]] and {{convert|149|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-east of [[Mumbai]].
 
Pune lies on the western margin of the [[Deccan plateau]], at an [[altitude]] of {{convert|560|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is on the [[Windward and leeward|leeward]] side of the [[Sahyadri]] mountain range, which forms a barrier from the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is a hilly city, with [[Vetal Hill in Pune|Vetal Hill]] rising to {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. The [[Sinhagad|Sinhagad fort]] is at an altitude of {{convert|1300|m|abbr=off}}.
 
The old city of Pune is at the confluence of the [[Mula River (India)|Mula]] and [[Mutha River|Mutha]] rivers. The [[Pavana River|Pavana]], a tributary of Mula river and [[Indrayani river]], a tributary of the [[Bhima river]], traverse the northwest [[List of neighbourhoods in Pune|Neighbourhoods]] of Pune.
 
===Cityscape===
{{See also|List of neighbourhoods in Pune}}
The modern city of Pune has many distinct [[List of neighbourhoods in Pune|neighbourhoods]]. These include the numerous [[Peths in Pune|peths]] of the old city on the eastern bank of the Mutha river, the cantonment areas of [[Khadki]] and [[Pune Camp|Camp]] established by the British, and numerous [[suburb]]s.<ref name="nic" /> There are several Peths in usual localities of the Pune city. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/289257/pune-city-history-culture-facts-tourism/amp/ | title=8 Interesting Facts You Didn't Know About Pune's Rich History & Culture | date=26 June 2022 }}</ref> The industrial growth in the [[Pimpri]], [[Chinchwad]], [[Akurdi, Mawal|Akurdi]], Nigdi and nearby areas allowed these areas to incorporate a new governing municipal corporation.<ref name="hindu2"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|title=The City in South Asia|last=Heitzman|first=James|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-1-134-28963-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/n17 1]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Town planning regeneration of cities|last1=Joshi|first1=Ashutosh|date=2008|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|isbn=9788189422820|location=New Delhi|pages=73–84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-realty/hinjewadi-the-land-of-opportunity/articleshow/2604416.cms|title=Hinjewadi: The land of opportunity|last=Bari|first=Prachi|date=7 December 2007|work=The Economic Times|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428101931/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-realty/hinjewadi-the-land-of-opportunity/articleshow/2604416.cms|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/rajiv-gandhi-infotech-park-in-hinjewadi-facing-infrastructural-problems/articleshow/12467920.cms|title=Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjewadi facing infrastructural problems|last=Kulkarni|first=Prachee|date=30 March 2012|work=The Economic Times|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428103436/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/rajiv-gandhi-infotech-park-in-hinjewadi-facing-infrastructural-problems/articleshow/12467920.cms|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/wagholi-grows-but-traffic-crawls-on-narrow-stretch/articleshow/63054373.cms|title=Wagholi grows, but traffic crawls on narrow stretch – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625101433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/wagholi-grows-but-traffic-crawls-on-narrow-stretch/articleshow/63054373.cms|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/expanding-pune-wagholi-suffocating-on-fumes-of-garbage/story-EXbqrBt5kAIcpXm4i0oAdK.html|title=Expanding Pune: Wagholi suffocating on fumes of garbage|date=24 February 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025139/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/expanding-pune-wagholi-suffocating-on-fumes-of-garbage/story-EXbqrBt5kAIcpXm4i0oAdK.html|archive-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The [[Pune Metropolitan Region]] (PMR), initially defined in 1967, has grown to 7,256&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> made up of the ten ''[[Tehsil|talukas]]'' of the [[Pune district]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html|title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority – PMRDA|website=Pmrda.gov.in|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144158/http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The areas of PMC and PCMC along with the three cantonment areas of Camp, Khadki, and Dehu Road form the urban core of the PMR, which also includes seven [[Nagar Palika|municipal councils]] and 842 villages.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-gets-state-govt-nod-notification-soon-says-cm/|title=PMRDA gets state govt nod; notification soon, says CM|date=27 March 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214811/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-gets-state-govt-nod-notification-soon-says-cm/|archive-date=25 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-area-notified-dp-to-be-announced-in-a-year-4712497/|title=PMRDA area notified, DP to be announced in a year|date=20 June 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427045249/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-area-notified-dp-to-be-announced-in-a-year-4712497/|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Rapid industrialisation since the 1960s has led to large influx of people to the city. Housing supply has not kept pace with demand, causing the number of [[slum]] dwellings to increase.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDKU5Jqj-_UC&pg=PA1|title=Poverty Lines and Lives of the Poor: Underestimation of Urban Poverty – the Case of India|last1=Bapat|first1=Meera|date=2009|publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development|isbn=978-1-84369-724-4|location=London|page=3}}</ref> Approximately 36% of the population lives in 486 slum areas. Of these, 45% slum households do not have in-house toilet facilities and 10% do not have electricity. One third of the slums are on mixed ownership land. The living conditions in slums varies considerably, depending on their status (formal/informal) and in how far [[non-governmental organisation]]s (NGOs), [[community organisation]]s (CBOs) and government agencies are involved and committed to improving local living conditions.<ref name="mdpi.com">{{cite journal|last1=Butsch|first1=Carsten|last2=Kumar|first2=Shamita|last3=Wagner|first3=Paul D.|last4=Kroll|first4=Mareike|last5=Kantakumar|first5=Lakshmi N.|last6=Bharucha|first6=Erach|date=2017|title=Growing 'Smart'? Urbanization Processes in the Pune Urban Agglomeration|journal=Sustainability|volume=9|issue=12|page=2335|doi=10.3390/su9122335|doi-access=free}}</ref> Since the 1990s a number of landmark integrated townships and gated communities have been developed in Pune such as [[Magarpatta]], [[Nanded City, Pune|Nanded city]], [[Amanora Park Town|Amanora]], [[Blue Ridge Town Pune|Blue Ridge]], Life Republic and [[Lavasa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/what-are-integrated-townships/article4036622.ece|title=What are integrated townships?|last1=SINGH|first1=T. LALITH|date=2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 February 2017|issue=27 October|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628155802/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/what-are-integrated-townships/article4036622.ece|archive-date=28 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> They also offer business opportunities and access to infrastructure. According to the [[Pune Municipal Corporation|PMC]], six townships with up to 15,000 housing units existed in Pune in 2012 and 25 more were in the planning process.<ref name="mdpi.com" />
 
The Mercer 2017 Quality of Living Rankings evaluated living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world and ranked Pune at 145, second highest in India after [[Hyderabad]] at 144.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imercer.com/content/mobility/rankings/d147852/index.html|title=Mercer Quality of Living Rankings|publisher=Mercer|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221313/https://www.imercer.com/content/mobility/rankings/d147852/index.html|archive-date=20 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The same source highlights Pune as being among evolving business centres and as one of nine emerging cities around the world with the citation "Hosts IT and automotive companies".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imercer.com/content/quality-of-living.aspx|title=Quality of Living City Rankings|publisher=Mercer Information Solutions business|access-date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304154225/http://www.imercer.com/content/quality-of-living.aspx|archive-date=4 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2017 Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) report, released by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, adjudged Pune as the best governed of 23 major cities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pune-adjudged-best-governed-city/articleshow/63310257.cms|title=Pune adjudged best governed city|last=SHARMA|first=NIDHI|date=15 March 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326144713/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pune-adjudged-best-governed-city/articleshow/63310257.cms|archive-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==== Peths in Pune ====
{{Main|Peths in Pune}}
Peth is a general term in the Marathi language for a locality in Pune. Seventeen peths are located in Pune, which today constitute the old city of Pune. Most were established during the [[Maratha empire]] era under the [[Maratha]] and [[Peshwa]] rule of the city in the 18th century, before the arrival of the [[British Raj|British]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I|last1=Gadgil|first1=D. R.|date=1945|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|location=Pune, India|page=14|access-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229084320/https://books.google.com/books/about/Poona.html?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pune is home to many distinctive peths, or place names, for various neighborhoods. The majority of them bore the names of their founders and days of the week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://siliconcitypune.com/city-of-peths-pune/ |title=Pune City Peths, City Of Peths Pune &#124; All About Pune, Info, IT Guide, Map, News |publisher=SiliconcityPune |date=24 January 2013 |accessdate=2 August 2022}}</ref>
 
===Climate===
Pune has a [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') climate, closely bordering upon a [[hot semi-arid climate]] (Köppen ''BSh'') with average temperatures ranging between {{convert|20|and|28|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianjournals.com/downloads/ijn_broucher_2015.pdf | title=National Symposium on Nematode Management: A challenge to Indian Agriculture in the changing climate | publisher=Nematological Society of India and Indian Council of Agricultural Research | date=10 January 2015 | page=24 | access-date=16 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427160904/http://www.indianjournals.com/downloads/ijn_broucher_2015.pdf | archive-date=27 April 2018 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Pune experiences three seasons: summer, [[monsoon]], and winter. Typical summer months are from mid-March to mid-June, with maximum temperatures sometimes reaching {{convert|42|C|F}}. The warmest month in Pune is May. The city often has heavy dusty winds in May, with humidity remaining high. Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude. The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|43.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 30{{nbs}}April 1897.<ref>{{cite news |title = City sweats as mercury hits season's high |url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-17/pune/27271769_1_city-sweats-mercury-hits-highest-temperature |date = 17 April 2003 |access-date = 10 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509220558/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-17/pune/27271769_1_city-sweats-mercury-hits-highest-temperature |archive-date = 9 May 2013 |url-status = dead |work = [[The Times of India]] |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
 
The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from {{convert|22|to|28|C|F}}. Most of the {{convert|722|mm|2|abbr=on}} of annual rainfall in the city falls between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year. Hailstorms are not unheard of.
For most of December and January the daytime temperature hovers around {{convert|29|°C|°F|1}} while overnight temperatures are below {{convert|12|°C|°F|1}}. The lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|1.7|°C|1}} on 17{{nbs}}January 1935. On March 1 2015, the city recorded a daytime high of only 18.9°C (66°F), which was the lowest recorded maximum temperature.
{{Weather box|width = 100%
|location = Pune (1981-2010, extremes 1901-2012)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 35.3
|Feb record high C = 38.9
|Mar record high C = 42.8
|Apr record high C = 43.3
|May record high C = 43.3
|Jun record high C = 41.7
|Jul record high C = 36.0
|Aug record high C = 35.0
|Sep record high C = 36.1
|Oct record high C = 37.8
|Nov record high C = 36.1
|Dec record high C = 35.0
|year record high C = 43.3
|Jan high C = 29.8
|Feb high C = 32.1
|Mar high C = 35.6
|Apr high C = 37.6
|May high C = 36.9
|Jun high C = 31.9
|Jul high C = 28.3
|Aug high C = 27.6
|Sep high C = 29.4
|Oct high C = 31.5
|Nov high C = 30.4
|Dec high C = 29.2
|year high C = 31.7
|Jan low C = 11.2
|Feb low C = 12.2
|Mar low C = 15.7
|Apr low C = 19.6
|May low C = 22.6
|Jun low C = 23.1
|Jul low C = 22.4
|Aug low C = 21.7
|Sep low C = 20.9
|Oct low C = 18.4
|Nov low C = 14.5
|Dec low C = 11.5
|year low C = 17.8
|Jan record low C = 1.7
|Feb record low C = 3.9
|Mar record low C = 7.2
|Apr record low C = 10.6
|May record low C = 13.8
|Jun record low C = 17.0
|Jul record low C = 18.9
|Aug record low C = 17.2
|Sep record low C = 13.2
|Oct record low C = 9.4
|Nov record low C = 4.6
|Dec record low C = 3.3
|year record low C = 1.7
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 1.1
|Feb rain mm = 0.3
|Mar rain mm = 2.2
|Apr rain mm = 8.5
|May rain mm = 26.8
|Jun rain mm = 173.4
|Jul rain mm = 181.4
|Aug rain mm = 145.2
|Sep rain mm = 146.1
|Oct rain mm = 86.3
|Nov rain mm = 25.0
|Dec rain mm = 7.0
|year rain mm = 803.0
|Jan rain days = 0.2
|Feb rain days = 0.1
|Mar rain days = 0.2
|Apr rain days = 0.8
|May rain days = 1.9
|Jun rain days = 9.5
|Jul rain days = 12.4
|Aug rain days = 9.8
|Sep rain days = 8.0
|Oct rain days = 4.4
|Nov rain days = 1.2
|Dec rain days = 0.3
|year rain days = 48.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity = 34
|Feb humidity = 26
|Mar humidity = 21
|Apr humidity = 24
|May humidity = 37
|Jun humidity = 66
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 79
|Sep humidity = 73
|Oct humidity = 53
|Nov humidity = 43
|Dec humidity = 39
|year humidity = 47
|Jan sun = 294.5
|Feb sun = 282.5
|Mar sun = 300.7
|Apr sun = 303.0
|May sun = 313.1
|Jun sun = 183.0
|Jul sun = 114.7
|Aug sun = 111.6
|Sep sun = 177.0
|Oct sun = 244.9
|Nov sun = 264.0
|Dec sun = 279.0
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 9.5
|Febd sun = 10.0
|Mard sun = 9.7
|Aprd sun = 10.1
|Mayd sun = 10.1
|Jund sun = 6.1
|Juld sun = 3.7
|Augd sun = 3.6
|Sepd sun = 5.9
|Octd sun = 7.9
|Novd sun = 8.8
|Decd sun = 9.0
|yeard sun = 7.9
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Pune Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 627–628
| access-date = 5 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M151
| access-date = 5 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20%26%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| title = Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India
| work = Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M-3
| access-date = 5 April 2020
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|date=May 2014
}}
 
===Seismology===
{{main|List of earthquakes in India}}
Pune is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the seismically active zone around [[Koyna Dam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Pune-prone-to-transmitive-quake-waves-says-expert/articleshow/33560917.cms|title=Pune prone to transmitive quake waves, says expert – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803000854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Pune-prone-to-transmitive-quake-waves-says-expert/articleshow/33560917.cms|archive-date=3 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dev|first1=S. M. S. P.|last2=Nagarajan|first2=R.|title=Seismic hazard assessment of Koyna region, Peninsular India: using geospatial approach|journal=Geoenvironmental Disasters|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s40677-017-0092-y|year=2017|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[India Meteorological Department]] has assessed this area as being in [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India#Zone 3|Zone 3]], on a scale of 2 to 5, with 5 being the most prone to earthquakes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=168661|title=Seismic Zones|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420073741/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=168661|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/high-risk-seismic-zones-in-india-how-prone-is-your-city-to-earthquakes/|title=High-risk seismic zones in India: How prone is your city to earthquakes|date=21 September 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082026/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/high-risk-seismic-zones-in-india-how-prone-is-your-city-to-earthquakes/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Pune has experienced some moderate{{snd}}and many low{{snd}}intensity earthquakes in its history.
 
==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]{{cn|date=August 2022}}
| 1901 | 153320
| 1951 | 488419
| 1971 | 856105
| 1981 | 1203351
| 1991 | 1566651
| 2001 | 2540069
| 2011 | 3124458
}}
 
The city has a population of 3,124,458; while 5,057,709 people reside in the Pune Urban Agglomeration {{As of|2011|alt=as of the 2011 census}}.<ref name="punepages.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.punepages.com/demographics-of-pune|title=Demographics of Pune|publisher=Punepages.com|access-date=16 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132101/http://www.punepages.com/demographics-of-pune|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter was {{circa}} 4,485,000 in 2005. According to the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC), 40% of the population lived in [[slums]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punecorporation.org/pmcwebn/informpdf/Fire_Hazards/3annexurefinal.pdf|title=Annexure I|year=2001|work=Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan|publisher=Pune Municipal Corporation|page=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515100421/http://www.punecorporation.org/pmcwebn/informpdf/Fire_Hazards/3annexurefinal.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
 
Since Pune is a major industrial metropolis, it has attracted migrants from all parts of India. The number of people migrating to Pune rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=194461|title=Pune's GDP at Rs 46,000 is 50 pc higher than India's|date=28 July 2006|work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110223158/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=194461|archive-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=24 March 2007}}</ref> The sharp increase in population during the decade 1991–2001 led to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city.<ref name="REVISED ACTION PLAN FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION IN Pune">{{cite web|url=http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/actionplanpune11.pdf|title=Revised Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Pune|work=Census of India, Government of India (2001)|publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board|access-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226073552/http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/actionplanpune11.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The top five source areas of migrants are [[Karnataka]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Rajasthan]]. The [[Sindhis]] in the city are mostly refugees and their descendants, who came to the area after the partition of India in 1947.<ref>Khairkar, V.P., 2008. Segregation of Migrants Groups in Pune City, India. Anthropologist, 10(2), pp.155–161.</ref> Initially they settled in the Pimpri area, which is still home to a large number of [[Sindhis in India|Sindhi people]]. However, they are also present in other parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 273320|title = The Sindhis, Mercantile Refugees in India: Problems of Their Assimilation|journal = Phylon|volume = 27|issue = 1|pages = 40–49|last1 = Barnouw|first1 = Victor|year = 1966|doi = 10.2307/273320}}</ref> As agriculture has dwindled in recent decades, immigration of the erstwhile rural peoples now accounts for 70 percent of the population growth.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pordié|first1=Laurent|last2=Lalitha|first2=N.|date=24 May 2006|title=Research Update: Transversal Themes of Indian Society and Medicines|url=http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/ss_societies_and_medicines_presentation.pdf|url-status=dead|publisher=Department of Social Sciences, The French Institute of Pondicherry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720072412/http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/ss_societies_and_medicines_presentation.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents_sga/Indian%20Urban%20SA%2030%20pager.pdf|title=Indian Urban Resource Millennium Assessment by Naturalists|access-date=18 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035448/http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents_sga/Indian%20Urban%20SA%2030%20pager.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2008|url-status=live}}&nbsp;{{small|(183&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>
 
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and most spoken language. The average [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of Pune was 86.15% in 2011 compared to 80.45% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/10/30125639/Pune-to-become-7th-metro-city.html|title=Pune to become 7th metro city in India: Assocham&nbsp;– Economy and Politics|date=30 October 2008|publisher=livemint.com|access-date=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430233050/http://www.livemint.com/2008/10/30125639/Pune-to-become-7th-metro-city.html|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pune (2011)
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|79.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|11.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|3.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|2.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|2.17}}
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.63}}
{{bar percent|Not stated|#808081|0.35}}
|caption=Others include [[Sikh]]s and [[Parsi]]s.
}}
{{See also|Hindu temples in Pune}}
[[Hinduism]] is the dominant religion in Pune. Other religions with a significant presence include [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/informpdf/City%20Engineer%20office/Socio%20-%20Economic%20Survey%20Of%20Pune%20City.pdf|title=Socio – Economic Survey Of Pune City|location=p. 273|access-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802162128/http://pmc.gov.in/informpdf/City%20Engineer%20office/Socio%20-%20Economic%20Survey%20Of%20Pune%20City.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Of the many Hindu temples in the city, the Parvati temple complex on [[Parvati Hill]] and at least 250 others date back to the 18th century.<ref>Preston, Laurence W. "Shrines and neighbourhood in early nineteenth-century Pune, India. " ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 28. 2 (2002): 203-215.</ref> These temples were commissioned by the [[Peshwa]]s, who ruled the city at the time, and are dedicated to various deities including [[Hanuman|Maruti]], [[Vithoba]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahadeo]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] and [[Ganesh]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQL8AQAAQBAJ|title=Western India in the Nineteenth century|last1=Kumar|first1=Ravinder|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415330480|edition=Repr.|location=London [u.a.]|page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|date=1989|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=248|issue=5|page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gokhale|first1=Balkrishna Govind|date=1985|title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Poona|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=105|issue=4|pages=719–724|jstor=602730|doi=10.2307/602730}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983|title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar – Mumbai – DNA|publisher=Dnaindia.com|access-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320015359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983|archive-date=20 March 2013|url-status=live|date=29 November 2011}}</ref> The historic temples of [[Kasba Ganapati]], the [[Budhwar Peth, Pune|Tambadi (Red) Jogeshwari]] are considered the guardian deities of the city.<ref name="Kantak 489-495">{{cite journal|last1=Kantak|first1=M. R.|date=1991–1992|title=Urbanization of Pune: How Its Ground Was Prepared|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=51/52|pages=489–495|jstor=42930432}}</ref><ref name="State1885">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dboMAAAAIAAJ|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ...|author=Bombay (India : State)|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1885|access-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317045123/http://books.google.com/books?id=dBoMAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple in Budhwar Peth|Dagdusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple]] is the richest Ganesh temple in Pune. Pune has two of the most important pilgrimage centres of the [[Varkari]] sect of the [[Bhakti movement]] in Maharashtra, namely [[Alandi]] where the ''[[samadhi]]'' of 13th century Saint [[Dnyaneshwar]] is located and [[Dehu]] where the 17th century Saint [[Tukaram]] lived. Every year in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] month of ''[[Ashadh]]'' (June/July), the ''[[Paduka]]'' (symbolic sandals) of these saints are carried in a [[pilgrimage]], the ''[[Pandharpur Vari]]'', to meet Vithoba. The procession makes a stopover in the city on its way to [[Pandharpur]] attracting hundreds of thousands of ''Varkaris'' and devotees. Other important Hindu pilgrimage sites in [[Pune Metropolitan Region|PMR]] or the district include [[Jejuri]], and five of [[Ashtavinayak]] Ganesh temples. The Shrutisagar Ashram houses the Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple of [[Dakshinamurthy]].
 
Prominent mosques include Chand Tara Masjid, Jama Masjid, and Azam Campus Masjid. Chand Tara Masjid, located in [[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]], is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarters (''markaz'') for the [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. Pune is also the birthplace of [[Meher Baba]], although his followers usually travel to [[Meherabad]] to visit his tomb. [[Hazrat Babajan]], identified by Meher Baba as one of the five [[Perfect Master (Meher Baba)|perfect masters]], has a shrine (''[[Dargah]]'') erected in her honour under a [[Azadirachta indica|neem tree]] in [[Pune Camp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustmeher.com/files/five/babajan.htm|title=Photo of Babajan's Samadhi tomb shrine in Pune|publisher=Trustmeher.com|access-date=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105643/http://www.trustmeher.com/files/five/babajan.htm|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/at-babajan-dargah-rests-the-legacy-of-an-old-saint/articleshow/56286345.cms|title=At Babajan Dargah rests the legacy of an old saint – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605222413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/at-babajan-dargah-rests-the-legacy-of-an-old-saint/articleshow/56286345.cms|archive-date=5 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Pune has a distinct Christian community comprising [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Church of North India|CNI]], [[Methodist Church in India|Methodist]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], Christian Missionaries helped in setting up sechools and colleges all over and also spread the message of faith.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune-Religion|url=http://mypages.iit.edu/~apansare/Pune/religion.html|access-date=14 December 2021|website=mypages.iit.edu}}</ref> The city has several churches dedicated to different Christian denominations including St. Anthony's Shrine, Dapodi Church, etc. [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Pune|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] built in 1850 is the seat of the [[bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona]].
 
Pune has [[Jainism|Jain]] temples dating back to the Peshwa era. At present, there are more than one hundred Jain temples in [[Pune Metropolitan Region|PMR]] with the one at [[Katraj]] being the largest.<ref name="Kelting2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|author=M. Whitney Kelting|date=2 August 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803211-3|pages=8, 15|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225230902/https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pune has over 20 Gurdwaras, with Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar in [[Pune Camp]] and Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha in [[Ganesh Peth, Pune|Ganesh Peth]] being the ones situated in the heart of the city. The 19th-century [[Ohel David Synagogue]], known locally as Lal Deval, is said to be one of the largest synagogues in Asia outside Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-wanderers-who-found-home/articleshow/61083695.cms|title=The wanderers who found home - Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625024727/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-wanderers-who-found-home/articleshow/61083695.cms|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-bene-israel-and-baghdadi-jews-of-india-a-history-of-this-minority-community-2869860.html|title=The Bene-Israel and Baghdadi Jews of India: A history of this minority community |website=Firstpost.com|date=3 July 2016|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701141805/https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-bene-israel-and-baghdadi-jews-of-india-a-history-of-this-minority-community-2869860.html|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Agiary is a prominent Zoroastrian temple.
 
Pune has been associated with several significant recent spiritual teachers. The controversial Guru [[Rajneesh|Osho]], formerly the self-styled Bhagwan Rajneesh, lived and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s. The [[Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)#Legacy|Osho International Meditation Resort]], one of the world's largest spiritual centres, is located in [[Koregaon Park]] and attracts visitors from over a hundred countries. The meditation resort organises music and meditation festival every year during monsoon, known as [[Osho Monsoon Festival]]. Number of well known artists around the world participates in the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/monsoon-festival-at-osho-ashram-begins-today-5301405/|title=Monsoon Festival at Osho Ashram begins today|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812150431/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/monsoon-festival-at-osho-ashram-begins-today-5301405/|archive-date=12 August 2018|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Pune}}</ref>
 
== Economy ==
 
{{Multiple image
| align            = right
| direction        = vertical
| image1            = World-Trade-Center-Pune.jpg
| caption1          = World Trade Center, Pune
| image3            = Cerebrum IT park.jpg
| caption3          = Cerebrum IT Park
| image4            = Embassy TechZone.jpg
| caption4          = Embassy TechZone
| image6            = Magarpatta- city-pune.jpg
| caption6          = Cybercity, [[Magarpatta]]
}}
 
Pune is a well known manufacturing and industrial center of India. With an estimated nominal GDP of Rs. 3,31,478 crores for year 2019-20, Pune District is the third largest contributor to the economy of Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Thane. Pune has the fifth largest metropolitan economy and the sixth highest per capita income in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Ten Wealthiest Towns of India |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/top-ten-cities-of-india/top-ten-wealthiest-towns-india.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309081911/http://www.mapsofindia.com/top-ten-cities-of-india/top-ten-wealthiest-towns-india.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=1 March 2012 |publisher=Maps of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haritas |first=Bhragu |title=Richest Cities Of India |language=en |work=BW Businessworld |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629023248/http://businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/ |archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Maharashtra), the GDP per capita of Pune District in 2019-20 was Rs. 3,16,848. Pune has historically been known as a center for higher education and has been referred to as the educational capital of India. In 2016, it was reported that nearly 500,000 students from across India and abroad study in Pune at nine universities and more than a hundred educational institutes.<ref>Kaul, S., 2006. Higher education in India; seizing the opportunity.INDIAN COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS [http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627163237/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf|date=27 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Top universities of Largest metropolitan economy -Pune, January −31, 2015 |date=21 August 2013 |url=https://www.pagesecret.com/a-leading-university-of-pune/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403183400/https://www.pagesecret.com/a-leading-university-of-pune/ |publisher=AICTE David |access-date=31 January 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pune is a major manufacturing and industrial hub. In 2014-15, the manufacturing sector provided employment to over 500,000 people.<ref name="industry">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2017 |title=Journey from auto hub to Industry 4.0 in Pune |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160942/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ |archive-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>
 
The city serves as headquarters to many companies. The [[Kirloskar Group]] came to Pune in 1945 when [[Kirloskar Brothers Ltd]] setup [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar Oil Engines]], India's largest [[diesel engine]] company, at Khadki.<ref>{{cite web |title=K. K. Swamy appointed MD of Volkswagen India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/kk-swamy-appointed-md-and-vice-president-of-volkswagen-india/315964/ |access-date=14 December 2009 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2004 |title=Kirloskar Oil Engines |publisher=India Business Insight |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14612146_ITM |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909200603/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14612146_ITM |archive-date=9 September 2011}}</ref> The group has several group companies in Pune including [[Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Limited|Kirloskar Pneumatics]] and the groups flagship company [[Kirloskar Brothers Limited]], one of India's largest manufacturers and exporters of pumps and the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirloskar Brothers restructure group |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/kirloskar-brothers-restructure-group-dilute-cross-holdings_428696.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206043708/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/kirloskar-brothers-restructure-group-dilute-cross-holdings_428696.html |archive-date=6 December 2009 |access-date=14 December 2009 |publisher=CNBC-TV18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pump Industry in India – Overview, Market, Manufacturers, Opportunities |url=https://www.indianpumpsandvalves.com/pumps |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613183819/https://www.indianpumpsandvalves.com/pumps |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=14 November 2017 |website=Indian Pumps And Valves |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Kalyani Group]] based in Pune owns a subsidiary [[Bharat Forge]] which operates world’s largest single location forging facility consisting of fully automated forging press lines and state-of-the-art machining facility in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baggonkar |first1=Swaraj |title=Bharat Forge says total shift to e-mobility will hit revenue by 10-12% |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/auto/bharat-forge-says-total-shift-to-e-mobility-will-hit-revenue-by-10-12-7195541.html |access-date=11 May 2022 |work=Moneycontrol |date=20 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharatforge.com/index.php/worldwide/national|title=Bharat Forge - National Presence|website=www.bharatforge.com}}</ref> [[Bajaj Auto]] is ranked as the world's fourth largest two- and three-wheeler manufacturer is based in Pune.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2007 |title=Bajaj Group India – Bajaj Group of Companies – Profile of Bajaj Group of Companies – Bajaj Group History |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/top-50-companies/bajaj-group.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101115252/http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/top-50-companies/bajaj-group.html |archive-date=1 January 2011 |access-date=28 January 2011 |publisher=Iloveindia.com}}</ref>
 
The city is known for its automotive industry. A large number of automobile companies such as [[Bajaj Auto]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Skoda cars]], [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes Benz]], [[Force Motors]], [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Motors]], [[General Motors]], [[Land Rover]], [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], [[Renault]], [[Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]], and [[Fiat India Automobiles|Fiat]] have there manufacturing plants in Pune primarily in Chakan. ''[[The Independent]]'' referred [[Chakan, Pune|Chakan]] as India's "Motor City".<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 2008 |title=The boom is over in Detroit. But now India has its own motor city |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/the-boom-is-over-in-detroit-but-now-india-has-its-own-motor-city-812050.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421010509/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/the-boom-is-over-in-detroit-but-now-india-has-its-own-motor-city-812050.html |archive-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> [[Serum Institute of India]], the world's fifth largest [[vaccine]] producer by volume, is based in Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serum Institute of India to invest Rs 1,000 crore to set up new facility |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-29/news/55558974_1_serum-institute-poonawalla-group-india-ceo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208120134/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-29/news/55558974_1_serum-institute-poonawalla-group-india-ceo |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
 
The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in [[Hinjawadi]] is a ₹ 60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC).<ref name="hinjewadiet">{{cite news |last1=Bari |first1=Prachi |date=7 December 2007 |title=Hinjawadi, the land of opportunity |work=The Economic times |location=India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509022917/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms |archive-date=9 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hinjawadi IT park |url=http://megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318015457/http://www.megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=13 November 2009 |work=The MegaPolis}}</ref> The IT Park encompasses an area of about {{convert|2800|acre|km2}} and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=27 May 2017 |title=Pune, where panic reigns an IT campus |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527171136/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece |archive-date=27 May 2017 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="industry" /> Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located at [[Magarpatta]], [[Kharadi]] and several other parts of the city. As of 2017, the IT sector employs more than 300,000 people.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="industry" /> Pune has also emerged as a new hub for tech startups in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pune Based TripHobo Raises $3 Mln Series B Funding |url=http://trak.in/tags/business/2014/06/30/triphobo-funding/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103182259/http://trak.in/tags/business/2014/06/30/triphobo-funding |archive-date=3 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Food delivery service Foodpanda acquires rival TastyKhana |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-18/news/56221947_1_tastykhana-shachin-bharadwaj-hellofood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113204604/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-18/news/56221947_1_tastykhana-shachin-bharadwaj-hellofood |archive-date=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Startups find Pune a fertile ground |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Startups-find-Pune-a-fertile-ground/articleshow/48566273.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824090600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Startups-find-Pune-a-fertile-ground/articleshow/48566273.cms |archive-date=24 August 2015 }}</ref> [[NASSCOM]], in association with MIDC, has started a co-working space for city based startups under its ''10,000 startups'' initiative at [[Kharadi]] MIDC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Start-up Warehouses set up in Navi Mumbai and Pune |url=http://www.nasscom.in/startup-warehouses-set-navi-mumbai-and-pune?fg=1420175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207202001/http://www.nasscom.in/startup-warehouses-set-navi-mumbai-and-pune?fg=1420175 |archive-date=7 December 2015 |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=Nasscom.in}}</ref> Pune Food Cluster development project is an initiative funded by the [[World Bank]]. It is being implemented with the help of [[Small Industries Development Bank of India]], Cluster Craft to facilitate the development of the fruit and vegetable processing industries in and around Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=PuneFoodHub.com&nbsp;– Food Cluster Pune |url=http://www.punefoodhub.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904140153/http://www.punefoodhub.com/about |archive-date=4 September 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PuneFoodHub.com&nbsp;– Project Partners |url=http://www.punefoodhub.com/partners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905173144/http://www.punefoodhub.com/partners |archive-date=5 September 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref>
 
Pune is an emerging center for [[VFX|VFX services]], with Indian and international studios such as [[Anibrain]], [[Reliance Animation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us - Reliance Animation, Indian Animation Studio |url=https://www.relianceanimation.com/about-us.php |website=Reliance Animation |publisher=Reliance Animation |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> [[philm CGI]],<ref>{{cite web |title=<nowiki>Know More About Us | philmCGI Animation & VFX Stuido</nowiki> |url=https://philmcgi.com/about-us/ |website=<nowiki>philm /CGI/</nowiki> |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> [[Digikore Studios]], [[HMX Media]], [[Stereo D]], [[Framestore]] and [[Method Studios]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Main |url=https://www.methodstudios.com/en/main/#locations |website=Method Studios |publisher=Method Studios |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> having established their facilities here.
 
Major technology companies [[Ubisoft Pune]], [[Zensar Technologies]], [[Patni Computer Systems]], [[Persistent Systems]], [[Indiacom]], [[Harbinger Knowledge Products]], [[Seniority (company)|Seniority]], Monjin, [[Mylab Discovery Solutions]], [[Quick Heal]] and [[KPIT Technologies]] are headquartered in Pune. Indian tech giant [[Infosys]] was founded in Pune who have a mega campus in city. [[Zensar Technologies]] is located in a mega campus called [[Zensar Technologies|Zensar Park]].
 
The [[Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions]] trade is expected to be boosted since the Pune International Exhibition and Convention Centre (PIECC) opened in 2017. The 97-hectare PIECC boasts a [[seating capacity]] of 20,000 with a floor area of {{convert|13,000|m²|0|abbr=on}}. It has seven exhibition centres, a convention centre, a golf course, a five-star hotel, a business complex, shopping malls, and residences. The US$115&nbsp;million project was developed by the Pimpri-Chinchwad New Town Development Authority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune gets green light for massive MICE centre |url=http://www.ttgmice.com/article/pune-gets-green-light-for-massive-mice-centre/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605132238/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/pune-gets-green-light-for-massive-mice-centre/ |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=12 December 2012 |publisher=TTGmice}}</ref>
 
World Trade Center (WTC) Pune is a 1.6 million sq. ft. complex built to foster [[international trade]]. WTC Pune is part of the [[World Trade Centers Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-pune|title=World Trade Centers Association|website=Wtca.org|access-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613185632/https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-pune|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcpune.com/|title=Commercial Projects in Kharadi Pune {{!}} World Trade Center (WTC) Pune|website=Wtcpune.com|access-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604095539/http://wtcpune.com/|archive-date=4 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Culture==
===Architecture===
[[File:Shinde Chhatri, Wanowrie, Pune, Jan 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Shinde Chhatri in Wanowrie.]]
Historical attractions include the 8th century rock-cut [[Pataleshwar]] cave temple, the 18th century [[Shaniwarwada]], the 19th century Aga Khan Palace, Lal Mahal and Sinhagad fort. [[Shinde Chhatri]], located at Wanowrie, is a memorial dedicated to the great Maratha general, [[Mahadaji Shinde]] (Scindia).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA156|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|author=N. G. Rathod|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1994|isbn=978-81-85431-52-9|page=156}}</ref> The old city had many residential buildings with courtyards called [[Wada (house)|Wada]]. However, many of these have been demolished and replaced by modern buildings.
 
A renowned wada in Pune is the last residential palace of the Peshwa called [[Vishrambaug Wada]] which is currently being renovated by the city corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://210.212.169.38/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4161/Pune%20as%20a%20tourist%20paradise.pdf|title=ICSSR SPONSORED One Day National Interdisciplinary Conference on "Relevance of Tourism and its impact in Development in emerging economy of India with special reference to Maharashtra"|website=210.212.169.38|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The city is also known for its British Raj [[bungalow architecture]] and the Garden Cities Movement layout of the Cantonment from the early 20th century. Landmark architectural works by [[Christopher Charles Benninger]] surround the city, including the [[Mahindra United World College of India]], the Centre for Development Studies and Activities, the YMCA Retreat at Nilshi and the [[Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies]].
 
[[File:LandscapePuLaUdyan2.JPG|thumb|right|Pu. La. Deshpande Garden]]
 
===Museums, parks and zoos===
Museums in Pune include the [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum]], [[Mahatma Phule Museum|Mahatma Phule Industrial Museum]], Deccan college museum of Maratha history,<ref>{{cite journal|author=MANDKE, G.|title=Contributions of the Maratha History Museum to Maratha and Medieval History|date=2000|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=60|pages=155–164|jstor=42936613|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42936613}}</ref> Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum, [[Joshi's Museum of Miniature Railway]] and the Pune Tribal Museum. Pune also houses Blades of Glory Cricket Museum which is the biggest cricket museum in the world. The College of Military Engineering has an archive and an equipment museum; this includes a rail exhibit with a metre-gauge train. The [[Aga Khan Palace]], where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was interned during the Quit India movement, has a memorial dedicated to his wife, [[Kasturba Gandhi]] who died during the internment.
 
For a city of its size, Pune has very few large public parks and gardens. Parks and green spaces in the city include the [[Kamala Nehru Park, Pune|Kamala Nehru Park]], Sambhaji Park, ''Shahu Udyan'', [[Peshwe Park]], [[Saras Baug]], Empress Gardens,  and [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mullen |first1=W.T. |title=Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries |date=2001 |publisher=University of Sydney. School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry |location=Sydney, Australia |pages=106–108 |url=https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/495 |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The [[Pu La Deshpande Garden|Pu La Deshpande Udyan]] is a replica of the [[Korakuen Garden]] in [[Okayama]], Japan.<ref name="PuneOkayamaGarden">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune/a-japanese-paradise-in-pune/articleshow/836816.cms|title=A Japanese paradise in Pune|date=4 September 2004|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912185250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune/A-Japanese-paradise-in-Pune/articleshow/836816.cms|archive-date=12 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Hanuman Tekdi|Hanuman hill]], [[Vetal Tekdi|Vetal hill]], and [[Taljai Hills]] are protected nature reserves on hills within the city limits.
 
The [[Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park]] is located in Katraj.<ref name="RajivGandhiZoologicalPark">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=229057|title=By July, bigger enclosures, battery-operated vehicles for Katraj zoo|date=29 March 2007|work=The Indian Express|access-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813044713/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=229057|archive-date=13 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The zoo, earlier located at Peshwe Park, was merged with the reptile park at Katraj in 1999.
 
=== Performing arts ===
Both experimental and professional theatre receive extensive patronage from the Marathi community. The [[Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir]], [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir]], Bharat Natya Mandir, [[Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha]], and [[Sudarshan Rangmanch]] are prominent theatres in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2012%2F07%2F29&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1|title=Theatre producers twist plot for drama bookings|last1=Deshpande|first1=Devidas|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321085322/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2012%2F07%2F29&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1|archive-date=21 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coxUAAAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects, Volume 67|author=S. Kumar|work=[[Indian Institute of Architects]]|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PR11|title=Pop culture India! : media, arts, and lifestyle|last1=Kasbekar|first1=Asha|date=2006|publisher=ABC-Clio|isbn=9781851096367|location=Oxford}}</ref>
 
Ganesh Kala Krida Rangamanch is the largest indoor theatre in the city, with a [[seating capacity]] of approximately 45,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980619/17051054.html|title=City's largest open-air theatre gets a roof|author=Abhijit Atre|date=19 June 1998|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314044445/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980619/17051054.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav]], one of the most prominent and sought-after [[Hindustani Classical Music|Indian classical music]] festivals in India, is held in Pune every year in December. It commemorates the life and achievements of [[Sawai Gandharva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-25/pune/27930529_1_sawai-gandharva-arya-sangeet-prasarak-mandal-pt-bhimsen-joshi|title=Sawai Gandharva music fest to start from Dec 11&nbsp;– Pune&nbsp;– City|author=TNN|date=25 November 2008|access-date=16 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-25/pune/27930529_1_sawai-gandharva-arya-sangeet-prasarak-mandal-pt-bhimsen-joshi|archive-date=23 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The concept of ''Diwāḷī Pahāṭ'' (lit. [[Diwali]] dawn) originated in Pune as a music festival on the morning of the festival of Diwali.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/articleshow/247999.cms|title=Diwali Pahat puts Pune in the mood|author=Prachi Bari|access-date=12 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519141006/http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/articleshow/247999.cms|archive-date=19 May 2006|publisher=Indiatimes}}</ref>
 
[[File:Miravnuk ganpati festival.jpg|thumb|250px|Ganpati procession by [[Jnana Prabodhini]] school]]
 
=== Festivals ===
Ganesh Festival is widely and publicly celebrated in Pune. [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] started the public celebration of the festival as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parvate|first=Trimbak Vishnu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqE9AAAAMAAJ|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: A Narrative and Interpretative Review of His Life, Career and Contemporary Events|date=1958|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Christian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA178|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|language=en}}</ref> Pandals with Ganesh idols are erected all across Pune. Many ''ganesh'' ''mandals'' (local organisations) display live or figurine shows called ''Dekhava'' during the festival. These shows often carry socially relevant messages. Processions of Ganpati are accompanied by ''Dhol-Tasha pathaks'' (groups who play Dhol-Tasha percussion instruments). Involvement of these ''pathaks'' has become a cultural identity of Pune with there being over 150 such groups operating in and around Pune. [[Jnana Prabodhini]], a social organisation in Pune is widely accredited for founding the tradition of ''Dhol-Tasha'' ''pathaks''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 September 2017|first=Aishwarya |last=Upadhye|title=Dhol tasha pathaks, now and then|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/dhol-tasha-pathaks-now-then/articleshow/60343314.cms|access-date=5 September 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
 
==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Pune}}
[[File:Sahara Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]]]
Badminton in its modern form originated in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rashid |first=Atikh |date=19 December 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/know-your-city-how-badminton-was-born-in-pune-as-a-pastime-for-bored-british-officers-their-wives-7678765/lite/ |title=Know Your City: How badminton was born in Pune as a pastime for bored British officers, their wives |newspaper=Indian Express |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> The game of [[badminton]] was also known as Poona or Poonah after the then British garrison town of Poona where it was particularly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873. (Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia, but the modern game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the British as a variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. "Battledore" was [[History of badminton|an older term for "racquet"]].)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Badminton: An Illustrated History|last=Guillain|first=Jean-Yves|publisher=Publibook|year=2004|isbn=978-2-7483-0572-2|page=47}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Olympics Factbook: A Spectator's Guide to the Winter and Summer Games|last1=Connors|first1=M|last2=Dupuis|first2=D. L.|last3=Morgan|first3=B|publisher=Visible Ink Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-8103-9417-9|page=195}}</ref>
 
Every year women professional tennis players' ITF $25K tournament take place at [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground|Deccan Gymkhana club's]] tennis courts. It also hosts men's ITF $15K event. [[Maharashtra Open|ATP 250 Maharashtra Open]] annually held at Pune. It is India's biggest professional tennis championship and only ATP event of India. Where top professional tennis players participate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Open doubtful for 2021 ATP season|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-tennis-atp-250-tata-open-maharashtra-2021-doubtful-status|access-date=16 September 2021|website=Olympics.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 March 2021|title=ITF $25K wwomen's tennis tournament in Pune from March 7|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/itf-25k-wwomen-s-tennis-tournament-in-pune-from-march-7-101614870583598.html|access-date=16 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
 
Popular games and sports in Pune include athletics, [[cricket]], basketball, badminton, [[field hockey]], football, tennis, ''[[kabaddi]]'', [[paragliding]], ''[[kho-kho]]'',[[wrestling]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], and [[chess]]. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium in Balewadi is the venue for wrestling and other traditional sports. The [[Royal Connaught Boat Club]] is one of several boating clubs on the Mula-Mutha river. Pune has basketball courts at the Deccan Gymkhana and at Fergusson College.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://open.salon.com/blog/jdbasketball/2009/09/09/pune_basketball|title=Pune Basketball|publisher=Open Salon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025022828/http://open.salon.com/blog/jdbasketball/2009/09/09/pune_basketball|archive-date=25 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pune Skatepark is a skateboarding park built in Sahakarnagar, consisting of an eight-foot bowl in a 3,000 square foot flatground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iamin.in/en/pune/news/skateboarding-enthusiasts-cheer-civic-body-opening-park-city-57719|title=Skateboarding enthusiasts cheer civic body for opening a park in city|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505102453/http://www.iamin.in/en/pune/news/skateboarding-enthusiasts-cheer-civic-body-opening-park-city-57719|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=unfit}}</ref> Other prominent sporting institutions in Pune include the [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], the PYC Hindu Gymkhana, the Poona Golf Club and the Poona Cricket Club. The PYC has a long history of excellence in cricket. It is one of the oldest clubs in India and has produced many great cricketers, including D. B. Deodhar, Vijay Hazare and C. K. Naid.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goswamy |first=Ruchika |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-know-your-city-hindu-gymkhana-indian-cricket-8004557/lite/ |title=Know Your City: Tucked in the bylanes of Pune is the PYC Hindu Gymkhana, a cornerstone of Indian cricket &#124; Cities News,The Indian Express |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
 
The [[Pune International Marathon]] is an annual [[marathon]] conducted in Pune. The [[National Games of India|National Games]] of 1994 and the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]] were held in the city at the Balewadi Stadium. The Deccan Gymkhana has hosted [[Davis Cup]] matches on several occasions. The 37,000 [[seating capacity]] [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]] has hosted international cricket – [[Twenty20|T20]]s, [[One Day International]]s, and a [[Test cricket|test match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-test-series-odi-t20-fixtures-schedule-2915628/|title=India to host England in five match Test series|date=15 July 2016|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185434/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-test-series-odi-t20-fixtures-schedule-2915628/|archive-date=30 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The National Education Foundation organises [[Enduro3]], a cross country adventure race in Pune. It is a two- or three-day event with activities including cycling, trekking, river-crossing and rifle shooting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Pump-up-the-adrenaline/articleshow/35255209.cms|title=Pump up the adrenaline&nbsp;– Pune Times|date=23 January 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105182419/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Pump-up-the-adrenaline/articleshow/35255209.cms|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pune Race Course]] was built in 1830 on {{convert|118.5|acre|km2}} of land and is managed by the [[Royal Western India Turf Club]]. The course has two training tracks and two racing surfaces. The racing season is from July to October and includes the Pune Derby, the RWITC Invitational, the Independence Cup and the Southern Command Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rwitc.com/code/rwarticle.aspx?sta=y&pid=61|title=RWITC&nbsp;– The Pune Race Course|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223011101/http://rwitc.com/code/rwarticle.aspx?sta=y&pid=61|archive-date=23 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city hosted the [[2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship]].
 
=== Teams ===
The [[Maharashtra cricket team]], one of the three teams of the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] that compete in interstate matches and leagues such as the [[Ranji Trophy]], is based in the city. [[Pune Warriors India]] (2011–2014) and [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] (2016-2017) were the two teams based in Pune to play in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportspundit.com/cricket/teams/2563-pune-warriors-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317021109/http://punewarriorsindia.com/theteam.php|url-status=dead|title=Pune Warriors India|archive-date=17 March 2013|website=Sports Pundit}}</ref> Poona District Football Association (PDFA) was established in 1972 and currently has more than 100 registered teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pdfa.in/about-pdfa/|title=About PDFA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422021745/http://pdfa.in/about-pdfa/|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> There were two popular football clubs (now defunct) competing in the [[I-League]] from the city: [[Pune FC]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarmah |first1=Bhargab |title=Pune FC In AFC Champions League, Club World Cup Bid, U19 I-League And Other Things To Watch Out For In 2014 |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/pune-fc-in-afc-champions-league-club-world-cup-u19-i-league-and-other-things-to-watch-out-for-in-2014/ |website=Thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103075110/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/pune-fc-in-afc-champions-league-club-world-cup-u19-i-league-and-other-things-to-watch-out-for-in-2014/ |archive-date=3 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[DSK Shivajians FC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shivajians.com/Ahmednagar/history/|title=Shivajian Sports Club: The History|website=shivajians.com|publisher=DSK Shivajians Football Club Ahmednagar|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423092633/http://shivajians.com/Ahmednagar/history/}}</ref> [[FC Pune City]] was an [[Indian Super League]] football club in Pune. Established in 2014, FC Pune City became the only professional football club in India to have teams which participated at all levels of professional football; Senior Team ([[Indian Super League|ISL]]), U-18 Team ([[Elite League (India)|Elite league]]), U- 16 Team, U-14 Team and the Women's Team.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/fc-pune-city-only-isl-club-have-team-the-inaugural-iwl-012419.html|title=FC Pune City only ISL club to have a team in the inaugural IWL|date=25 January 2017|work=MyKhel|access-date=29 May 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035414/https://www.mykhel.com/football/fc-pune-city-only-isl-club-have-team-the-inaugural-iwl-012419.html|archive-date=30 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is home to the [[Pune Peshwas]], runners-up in the 2015 [[UBA Pro Basketball League]] season. Pune also has an [[American football]] [[Franchise (sports)|franchise]], called the [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]], which began playing in the inaugural season of the [[Elite Football League of India]] in 2011 and which plays at the Balewadi Stadium.<ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/football/bears/sns-ap-fbo-football-in-india,0,1978030.story {{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/|title='They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India|author=Sean Gregory|date=4 August 2011|magazine=Time|access-date=6 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125025255/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/|archive-date=25 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ City-based professional clubs
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Stadium !! Span
|-
| [[Maharashtra cricket team]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Ranji Trophy]]
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]
| 1934–
|-
| [[Pune Warriors India]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]
| 2011–2014
|-
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]
| 2016–2017
|-
| [[Pune FC]]
| [[Association football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2007–2016
|-
| [[DSK Shivajians FC]]
| [[Association football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 1987–2017
|-
| [[FC Pune City]]
| [[Association football]]
| [[Indian Super League|ISL]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2014–2019
|-
| [[Pune Peshwas]]
| [[Basketball]]
| [[UBA Pro Basketball League|UBA]]
| [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground]]
| 2015-
|-
| [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]]
| [[American football]]
| [[Elite Football League of India|EFLI]]
| [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground]]
| 2012-
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2014
|}
 
==Government and public services==
{{Main|Pune Municipal Corporation|Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation|Pune Police|PMRDA}}
 
===Civic administration===
[[File:PMC Building.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pune Municipal Corporation]] building]]
[[Pune Municipal Corporation]] and [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]] are the civic bodies responsible for [[Municipal governance in India|local government]]. It comprises two branches, the executive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]], and an elected deliberative branch, the general body, headed by the [[Mayor of Pune]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pmc_administrative_structure.pdf|title=PMC Administrative Structure|website=Official Website of Pune Municipal Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705155143/https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pmc_administrative_structure.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Municipal elections are held every five years to elect councillors, commonly known as "corporators", who form the general body. The current general body of the PMC elected in February 2017 has 162 corporators representing 41 multi-member wards (39 with 4 corporators each and 2 with 3 each).<ref name="PMC2017winningcandidates">{{cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/pmc-election-2017-winning-candidate-list|title=PMC ELECTION 2017 WINNING CANDIDATE LIST|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913184428/https://pmc.gov.in/en/pmc-election-2017-winning-candidate-list|archive-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The general body, in turn, elects the mayor and the deputy mayor. The mayor has a ceremonial role as the first citizen and ambassador of the city while the actual executive power lies with the municipal commissioner. For policy deliberations, corporators form several committees. Perhaps the most important of these is the 16-member Standing Committee, half of whose members retire every year.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf|title=Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949|website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229103448/https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf|archive-date=29 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Standing Committee and the 15 ward committees are in charge of financial approvals.<ref name=":4" /> PMC was ranked 8th out of 21 Indian cities for best governance and administrative practices in 2014. It scored 3.5 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf|title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems|last1=Nair|first1=Ajesh|publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The [[Pune Police|Pune City Police Department]] is the law enforcement agency for the city of Pune. It is a division of the [[Maharashtra Police]] and is headed by the [[Police Commissioner of Pune|Police Commissioner]], an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]]. The Pune Police Department reports to the State Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate police commissionerate was announced for [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|PCMC, Pune]] in April 2018 to be carved out of the historic Pune Police Department.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/police-commissionerate-for-pimpri-chinchwad-gets-state-nod/articleshow/63703600.cms|title=Police commissionerate for Pimpri Chinchwad gets state nod – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625072811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/police-commissionerate-for-pimpri-chinchwad-gets-state-nod/articleshow/63703600.cms|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rs-323-crore-set-aside-for-new-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissionerate/story-ckEdDzI8oA02adbclgzudN.html|title=Rs 323 crore set aside for New Pimpri Chinchwad Police Commissionerate|date=4 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093547/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rs-323-crore-set-aside-for-new-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissionerate/story-ckEdDzI8oA02adbclgzudN.html|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The new commissionerate took charge on 15 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rk-padmanabhan-takes-over-as-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissioner/story-YWU432kcWGjxAIuOgJVG5N.html|title=RK Padmanabhan takes over as Pimpri-Chinchwad police commissioner|date=31 July 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 August 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803015544/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rk-padmanabhan-takes-over-as-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissioner/story-YWU432kcWGjxAIuOgJVG5N.html|archive-date=3 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-mumbai/new-police-chiefs-for-navi-mumbai-thane/article24558335.ece|title=New police chiefs for Navi Mumbai, Thane|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 July 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 August 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
 
[[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (PMRDA) was formed on 31{{nbs}}March 2015 and is responsible for the integrated development of the PMR.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-formed-to-push-projects-on-fast-track/|title=PMRDA formed to push projects on fast track|access-date=7 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007211825/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-formed-to-push-projects-on-fast-track/|archive-date=7 October 2015|url-status=live|date=29 March 2015}}</ref> Currently its jurisdiction extends over {{convert|7,256.46|km2|0|abbr=on}} and includes two [[Municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]], three cantonment boards, seven municipal councils, 13 [[Census town#India|census towns]] and 842 villages.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
 
[[File:Khadakwasla Dam image.JPG|thumb|Khadakwasla reservoir, the main source of water for the city]]
 
===Utility services===
The PMC supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the [[Khadakwasla]] Reservoir. There are five other reservoirs in the area that supply water to the city and the greater metropolitan area.<ref name="tirthkar">Tirthkar, S.N., 2009. Master plan 2025 of Pune Municipal Corporation for sewage treatment and disposal. J Inst Public Health Eng, 2, pp.13–19.[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Master%20plan%202025%20of%20Pune.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180344/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Master%20plan%202025%20of%20Pune.pdf|date=10 February 2018}}</ref>
The city lacks the capacity to treat all the sewage it generates, which leads to the Mutha river containing only sewage outside the monsoon months.<ref>Wagh, G.K. and Ghate, H.V., 2003. Freshwater fish fauna of the rivers Mula and Mutha, Pune, Maharashtra. Zoos’ Print Journal, 18(1), pp.977–981.</ref> In 2009 only 65% of sewage generated was treated before being discharged into the rivers.<ref name="tirthkar" /> According to Anwesha Borthakur and Pardeep Singh, unplanned and haphazard development has turned the Mula-Mutha river into a dead river. The Pune municipal corporation has undertaken plans to restore life into the rivers.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40974-016-0039-2.pdf|title=India's lost rivers and rivulets|author1=Anwesha Borthakur|author2=Pardeep Singh|journal=Energ. Ecol. Environ. |date=2016|volume=1|issue=5|pages=310–314|doi=10.1007/s40974-016-0039-2|s2cid=132360046}}</ref> PMC is also responsible for collecting solid waste. Around 1,600 tons of solid waste is generated in Pune each day. The waste consists of 53% organic, compostable material; and 47% inorganic material, of which around half is recyclable. The unrecovered solid waste is transported to the dumping grounds in Urali devachi.<ref>Butsch, C., Kumar, S., Wagner, P.D., Kroll, M., Kantakumar, L.N., Bharucha, E., Schneider, K. and Kraas, F., 2017. Growing ‘Smart’? Urbanization Processes in the Pune Urban Agglomeration. Sustainability, 9(12), p.2335 [http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2335] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118123933/http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2335|date=18 January 2018}}</ref>
 
The state owned [[Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited]] supplies electricity to the city. [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), owned by the [[Government of India|central government]], as well as private enterprises such as [[Jio|Reliance Jio]], [[Bharti Airtel]] and [[Vodafone Idea]] are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.<ref name="trai ar 11 wire">{{cite web|title=Annual report 2010–11|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/ar_10_11.pdf|publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|access-date=13 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526230024/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/ar_10_11.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref>{{rp|25–26}}{{rp|179}}
 
==Healthcare==
{{See also|List of hospitals in Pune}}
Healthcare in the PMR is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners of [[Allopathic medicine]] as well as traditional and alternative medicine (i.e. ''[[Ayurved]]'', [[Homeopathy]] and [[Unani]]). For minor and chronic ailments, people in the region often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Warner|editor-first1=Koko|editor-last2=Bohle|editor-first2=Hans-Georg |last=Butsch|first=Carsten |title=Megacities Resilience and Social Vulnerability, Section 2: Access to Healthcare in the Fragmented Setting of India's Fast Growing Agglomerations – a Case Study of Pune|date=2008|publisher=UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS)|isbn=978-3-939923-12-1|page=70|url=http://www.munich-re-foundation.com/de/dms/MRS/Documents/Source2008_Bohle_WarnerMegacities.pdf#page=64|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031018/http://www.munich-re-foundation.com/de/dms/MRS/Documents/Source2008_Bohle_WarnerMegacities.pdf#page=64|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
The PMR is served by three government hospitals: [[Sassoon Hospital]], Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital. There are also a number of private hospitals such as Ranka Hospital, [[Sahyadri Hospital|Sahyadri]], Jahangir Nursing Home, Sancheti Hospital, [[Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital]], [[Somwar Peth#KEM Hospital|KEM Hospital]], [[Ruby Hall Clinic|Ruby Hall]], Naidu Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.practo.com/pune/hospital/dr-naidu-hospital-pune|title=Dr. Naidu Hospital , Multi-Speciality Hospital in Sangamvadi, Pune - Book Appointment Online, View Reviews, Contact Number &#124; Practo|website=Practo.com}}</ref> and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Multispeciality Hospital {{!}} Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune {{!}} Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune |url=https://smileinn.in |website=Smileinn.in}}</ref>
 
==Education and research==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Pune}}
[[File:University of Pune, Pune.jpg|thumb|Main building of Pune University]]
Pune has over a hundred educational institutes and more than nine deemed universities apart from the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] (SPPU; formerly University of Pune), which is the largest University in the country based on total number of affiliated colleges.<ref name="Pune100Educational9Universities">{{cite web|last=Kaul|first=Sanat|date=May 2006|title=Higher Education in India: Seizing the Opportunity (working paper)|url=http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf|publisher=Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, India|access-date=4 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411103929/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Higher education institutes attract international students mainly from the Middle Eastern countries such as Iran, and United Arab Emirates, and also African countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya.<ref>Dongaonkar, D., Negi, U.R., House, A.I.U. and Marg, C.I.G.K., 2009. International Students in Indian Universities. Europe, 178(206), pp.238–309.</ref> Pune is the largest centre for Japanese learning in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191801|title=Express India|publisher=Cities.expressindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715071806/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191801|archive-date=15 July 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=26 March 2011}}</ref> Other languages taught in the city include German, which is taught at the [[Goethe-Institut]], and French, which is taught at [[Alliance Française]]. Several colleges in Pune have [[student exchange program]]mes with colleges in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/International%20Centre/International%20Centre%20webfile/exchange_and_casual.htm|title=Exchange And Casual Students: Department of International Centre : University of Pune|website=Unipune.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429222303/http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/International%20Centre/International%20Centre%20webfile/exchange_and_casual.htm|archive-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>
 
===Primary and secondary Education===
{{Main|List of schools in Pune}}
The PMC runs 297 primary schools and 30 secondary and higher secondary schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/as-per-state-government-order-pune-municipal-corporation-dissolves-education-board-4704515/|title=As per state government order, Pune Municipal Corporation dissolves education board|date=15 June 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=4 June 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219121957/http://indianexpress.com/article/education/as-per-state-government-order-pune-municipal-corporation-dissolves-education-board-4704515/|archive-date=19 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/secondary-and-technical-education|title=Secondary and technical education|date=31 January 2018|website=Official website of the PMC|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528053011/https://pmc.gov.in/en/secondary-and-technical-education|archive-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> While it is mandatory for the PMC to provide primary education under state law, secondary education is an optional duty.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms|title=Govt dissolves education board; schools now under Pune Municipal Corporation's wing |work=The Times of India|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202110818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757|title=Maharashtra Assembly passes bill allowing private companies to open schools in state, sets guidelines|access-date=4 June 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202154012/https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the rural and suburban areas of the PMR, public primary schools are run by the Pune [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]. Private schools are run by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.<ref name="ccsindia.org">Joshi, R., Regulatory Requirements for Starting a School in Poona. Centre for Civil Society, CCS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PAPERS 2004 [http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030245/http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf|date=3 October 2017}}</ref> Public schools are affiliated to the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] (State Board). The language of instruction in public schools is primarily Marathi, although the PMC also runs [[Urdu]], English and [[Kannada]] [[Medium of instruction|medium]] schools.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pmc-schools-to-run-junior-colleges-from-2018-19/articleshow/63945908.cms|title=PMC schools to run junior colleges from 2018-19 |work=The Times of India|access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/free-sanitary-napkins-for-girls-in-civic-schools/articleshow/64325150.cms|title=Free sanitary napkins for girls in civic schools |work=The Times of India|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202111002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/free-sanitary-napkins-for-girls-in-civic-schools/articleshow/64325150.cms|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with these languages, private schools also offer instruction in Hindi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punezp.org/educmadhyamic.html|title=Zilla Parishad Pune|website=Punezp.org|language=en-US|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529175416/http://www.punezp.org/educmadhyamic.html|archive-date=29 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Private schools vary in their choice of curriculum and may follow the State Board or one of the two central boards of education, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] or [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/cbse-class-xii-results-pune-schools-stand-tall-arts-students-shine-again/articleshow/64337808.cms|title=CBSE Class XII Results: Pune schools stand tall; Arts students shine again – Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527072125/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/cbse-class-xii-results-pune-schools-stand-tall-arts-students-shine-again/articleshow/64337808.cms|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/done-high-90-scores-full-marks-in-subjects-bring-cheer-to-icse-schools/articleshow/64165885.cms|title=High 90% scores & full marks in subjects bring cheer to ICSE schools – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620043432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/done-high-90-scores-full-marks-in-subjects-bring-cheer-to-icse-schools/articleshow/64165885.cms|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Jnana Prabodhini Prashala]], located in Sadashiv Peth, is the first school for [[Gifted education|intellectually gifted and talented]] students in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://giftedphoenix.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/nagty-summary-of-gifted-and-talented-education-in-india.pdf|title=Summary of Gifted and Talented Education in India|website=Giftedphoenix.files.wordpress.com|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>
 
===Tertiary education===
<!--Please don't add to the list of colleges mentioned in this section. We cannot mention every college in Pune here. To see the complete list, visit wiki-article List of educational institutions in Pune-->{{Main|List of educational institutions in Pune}} Most colleges in Pune are affiliated to the SPPU (Savitribai Phule Pune University). Nine other universities have also been established in the city.<ref name="DeemedUniversitiesInPune">{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversity.aspx|title=List of Deemed Universities|publisher=University Grants Commission|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226112709/http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversity.aspx|archive-date=26 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Pune also hosts the Military Intelligence Training School which offers diploma courses in [[counter intelligence]], combat intelligence, aerial imagery and interpretation, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/IMMP019010_ENG/Pune_University_College|title=Military Intelligence Training School and Depot|publisher=Bcud.unipune.ac.in|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402062246/http://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/IMMP019010_ENG/Pune_University_College|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The [[College of Engineering Pune]], an autonomous institute of the government of Maharashtra founded in 1854, is the third oldest engineering college in Asia. The [[Deccan Education Society]] was founded by local citizens in 1884, including social and political activist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], who was also responsible for founding [[Fergusson College]] in 1885.<ref name="DESFounding">{{cite web|url=http://www.despune.org/history.htm|title=History|publisher=[[Deccan Education Society]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607095109/http://despune.org/history.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=7 June 2008|access-date=22 July 2008}}</ref> The Indian Law Society's (ILS) [[ILS Law College|Law College]] is one of the top ten law schools in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=6&Y=2014|title=ILS Law College Best Law Colleges 2014 India Today Survey|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123444/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=6&Y=2014|archive-date=30 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)|Armed Forces Medical College]] (AFMC) and [[B. J. Medical College, Pune|B. J. Medical College]] are among the top medical colleges in India. The AFMC consistently ranks among the top five medical colleges in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/jan01-04/html/ch3.htm|title=Chap|publisher=Sainik Samachar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416221203/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/jan01-04/html/ch3.htm|archive-date=16 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Film and Television Institute of India]], one of only three Indian institutions in the global [[CILECT]] film school network, is located on Law College Road. The Lalit Kala Kendra is an undergraduate department of Music, Dance and Drama on the SPPU campus that has been operational since 1987. This department features a combination of ''[[Gurukula|gurukul]]'' and formal education systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Performing-arts-degree-slowly-taking-centre-stage/articleshow/26707.cms|title=Performing arts degree slowly taking centre stage|author=Devayani Shahane|date=17 June 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105032518/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Performing-arts-degree-slowly-taking-centre-stage/articleshow/26707.cms|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The College of Military Engineering (CME), the Army Institute of Physical Training, and the Institute of Armament Technology are also in Pune.
 
[[Symbiosis International University]] operates 33 colleges and institutions in the city, including the Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, the Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, the Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development, the Symbiosis Law School and the Symbiosis Institute of International Business. They are ranked among the top management and law institutes in the country.<ref name="bschools">{{cite news|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/indias-best-bschools/1/468.html|title=India's best B-schools|date=10 September 2007|newspaper=Business Today|access-date=1 February 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218155153/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/indias-best-bschools/1/468.html|archive-date=18 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lawschools">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=3&Y=2014|title=India's best law schools|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016222919/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=3&Y=2014|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Symbiosis Institute of Computer Studies and Research]] is one of the few colleges in India that promotes [[Open-source model|open source]] technology.<ref name="sit">{{cite web|url=http://sitpune.edu.in/|title=Symbiosis Institute of technology|access-date=8 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511225317/http://www.sitpune.edu.in/|archive-date=11 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[UWC Mahindra College]], one of eighteen [[United World Colleges]] worldwide, and the third is Asia, offering the  [[International Baccalaureate|International Baccalaureate (IB)]] [[IB Diploma Programme|Diploma Program (DP)]], is located near Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=<nowiki>UWC Movement | UWC Mahindra College | Discover your Purpose</nowiki>|url=https://uwcmahindracollege.org/about-us/uwc-movement |website=UWC Mahindra College |date=3 March 2020 |publisher=UWC Mahindra College |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahindra United World College - International Baccalaureate® |url=https://www.ibo.org/en/school/000969/ |website=The International Baccalaureate® (IB) public website |publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
 
===Research institutes===
Pune is home to a number of governmental and non-governmental research institutes focusing on a wide range of subject areas from the humanities to the sciences. The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] also runs a number of defence related education, training and research establishments in and around the city. Major research centers include:
{{divcol}}
* [[Agharkar Research Institute]] (ARI)
* [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|Armament Research Development Establishment]] (ARDE)
* [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)]] (AFMC)
* [[Army Institute of Technology]] (AIT)
* [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI)
* [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] (BORI)
* [[Central Institute of Road Transport]]  (CIRT)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cirtindia.com/ |title=Welcome to Central Institute of Road Transport |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703010820/http://www.cirtindia.com/ |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
* [[Central Water and Power Research Station]] (CW&PRS)
* [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdac.in/|title=C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, DeitY, India|access-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929044700/http://www.cdac.in/|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO)
* [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]] (DIAT)
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII)
* [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]
* [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL)
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]] (IISER, Pune)
* [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] (IITM)
* [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|Inter-university Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics]] (IUCAA)
* [[National AIDS Research Institute]] (NARI)
* [[National Centre for Cell Science]] (NCCS)
* [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] (NCRA)
* [[National Chemical Laboratory]] (NCL)
* [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA)
* [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC)
* [[National Institute of Bank Management]] (NIBM)
* [[National Institute of Construction Management and Research]] (NICMAR)
* [[National Institute of Virology]] (NIV)
* [[National School of Leadership]] (NSL)
* [[National Insurance Academy]] (NIA)
* [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)]] (R&DE(E))
* [[Tata Research Development and Design Centre]] (TRDDC)
{{divcolend}}
 
&nbsp;
 
==Media==
A number of Marathi-language newspapers from the British era continued publishing decades after independence. These included [[Kesari (newspaper)|''Kesari'']], ''[[Tarun Bharat]]'', ''Prabhat'' and ''[[Sakal]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin|date=22 February 1997|title=Marathi: Big newspapers are elephants|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=32, No. 8, ...|issue=22–28 Feb 1997|pages=384–388|jstor=4405111}}</ref> ''Sakal'' has remained the most popular Marathi daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20050|title=SMT. CLAUDE-LILA PARULEKAR versus M/S. SAKAL PAPERS PVT. LTD. & ORS|website=Rishabhdara.com|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093436/http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20050|archive-date=13 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1594596/|title=Smt. Claude-Lila Parulekar vs M/S. Sakal Papers Pvt. Ltd. & Ors on 18 March, 2005|last1=Pal|first1=R|website=/indiankanoon.org|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101154331/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1594596/|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Kesari'' is now only published as an online newspaper. The Mumbai-based ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Loksatta]]'' and ''[[Lokmat]]'' have all introduced Pune based editions in the last fifteen years. The Mumbai-based popular English newspaper the ''[[Indian Express]]'' has a Pune edition. Its rival the ''[[Times of India]]'' introduced a tabloid called ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' in 2008. ''[[Mid-Day]]'', ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' and ''[[Sakaal Times]]'' are other local English newspapers. The English-language newspaper ''The Hindu'' has launched{{when|date=June 2018}} a Pune edition covering local as well as national news.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}
 
The government owned [[All India Radio]] (AIR) has been broadcasting from Pune since 1953.<ref name="BARUAH2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALA8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10|title=This is All India Radio|author=U. L. BARUAH|date=3 November 2017|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2578-0|pages=10–}}</ref> Savitribai Phule Pune University broadcasts programmes focusing on its different departments and student welfare schemes on its own [[FM radio]] channel called ''Vidyavani''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vidyavani.unipune.ac.in/vidyavani_pages/about_vidyavani.htm|title=Vidyavani 107.4 FM : University of Pune's Online Radio Station|website=vidyavani.unipune.ac.in|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602012408/http://vidyavani.unipune.ac.in/vidyavani_pages/about_vidyavani.htm|archive-date=2 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of commercial FM channels are also received in the city.<ref>Gadekar, M., 2012. Distant participation is a reasonable strategy–A comparative study based on FM channels in Pune. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 2(7), pp.115–124.[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=1%2C39&as_vis=1&q=mirchi++pune++%22radio+city%22+gadekar&btnG=]</ref> The city receives almost all of the [[Television in India|television channels in India]] including [[Broadcasting|broadcast]], [[Cable television|cable]] and [[Direct-to-home television in India|direct-to-home TV]].
 
==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Pune}}
 
=== Public transport ===
 
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1            = Lonavla EMU at Pune platform 6.jpg
| caption1          = [[Pune Suburban Railway]]
| image2            = PMPML-Rainbow-Phule-Nagar.jpg
| caption2          = Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System
| image3            = Pune Metro train.png
| caption3          = [[Pune Metro]]
| image4            = Green Green Everywhere.jpg
| caption4          = [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]]
| image5            = Departure Lounge Pune Airport India.jpg
| caption5          = [[Pune Airport]]
}}
Public transport in Pune includes [[Pune Suburban Railway]], bus services operated by [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] and [[auto rickshaw]]s. [[Uber]] and [[Ola Cabs]] also operate in the city. Construction of [[Pune Metro]], an urban mass [[rapid transit]] system, is underway as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-maha-metro-work-progresses-on-fast-pace/story-Be9pGO4Q5MryBXpVmtgn7H.html|title=Pune Metro work hits top gear|date=23 December 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419120806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-maha-metro-work-progresses-on-fast-pace/story-Be9pGO4Q5MryBXpVmtgn7H.html|archive-date=19 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==== Rail ====
{{Main|Pune Railway Station|Pune Suburban Railway}}
[[Pune Suburban Railway]] ([[electric multiple unit]]s) (popularly called local trains) connect Pune to the industrial city of [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] and the hill station of [[Lonavala]]. Daily express trains connect Pune to Mumbai, [[Nashik]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Nanded]], [[Miraj]]-[[Sangli]] ,[[Kolhapur]] [[Jaipur]], [[Raipur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Allahabad]], [[Kanpur]], [[Howrah]], [[Jammu Tawi]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Goa]], [[Gwalior]], [[Varanasi]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Ranchi]], [[Patna]], and [[Jamshedpur]]. At Pune, there is a diesel locomotive shed and an electric trip shed.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/accolades-for-pune-division-of-central-railw/449353/ |title = Accolades for Pune division of Central Railway|date=21 April 2009|work=The Indian Express }}</ref> [[Pune Railway Station]] is administered by the [[Pune Railway Division]] of [[Central Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://203.176.113.182/CR/cr/pune/administration/qwe.htm|title=Welcome to Central Railways|language=hi|publisher=Central Railways|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110705101114/http://203.176.113.182/CR/cr/pune/administration/qwe.htm|archive-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
 
==== Bus service ====
{{Main|Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|Rainbow BRTS}}
Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated by [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited]] (PMPML). PMPML operates the [[Rainbow BRTS]] system, the first of its kind in India, in which dedicated bus lanes were supposed to allow buses to travel quickly through the city. The project has turned out to be a failure, receiving little patronage from the local citizenry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-05/pune/28035312_1_brts-pilot-project-underpasses-and-pedestrian-crossings|title=2 years on, country's first BRTS remains incomplete|author=Manish Umbrajkar|date=5 March 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524212108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-05/pune/28035312_1_brts-pilot-project-underpasses-and-pedestrian-crossings|archive-date=24 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] runs buses from stations in Wakdewadi, [[Pune Station Bus Stand|Pune station]], and [[Swargate]] to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighbouring states. Private companies also run buses to major cities throughout India.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/maharashtra_state_road.aspx |title = Maharashtra State Road Transport |publisher = IndiaTransit.com |access-date = 5 March 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120904102541/http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/maharashtra_state_road.aspx |archive-date = 4 September 2012 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> In January 2019, Pune became the first Indian city to adopt [[Electric bus|e-buses]] and Bhekrai Nagar the country's first all electric bus depot. As of November 2019, up to 133 [[Electric vehicles in India|electric vehicles]] (EVs) have been deployed across the city in the first phase of its e-bus programme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://qz.com/india/1766123/punes-e-bus-experiment-may-be-the-answer-to-india-transit-woes |title=Can electric buses solve India's transit crisis? This city may hold the answer|author=Sanaya Chandar|date=3 January 2020}}</ref> The user's group is [[Pune Bus Pravasi Sangh]].
 
==== Metro ====
{{Main|Pune Metro}}
Pune Metro, a mass rapid transit system, is under construction and with 12&nbsp;km of two lines currently in operation as of 6 March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2022 |title=PM Modi unveils Shivaji Maharaj statue, launches Metro rail project in Pune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/pm-modi-unveils-shivaji-maharaj-statue-in-pune-municipal-corporation-premises-375577 |work=The Tribune |location=Pune, Maharashtra |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-metro-to-operate-at-full-steam-in-2021-says-maha-metro-chief/story-BLOAJjY5euTawZoO0iR7bL.html|title=Pune Metro to operate at full steam in 2021, says Maha-Metro chief|date=14 February 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201010/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-metro-to-operate-at-full-steam-in-2021-says-maha-metro-chief/story-BLOAJjY5euTawZoO0iR7bL.html|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-metro-rail-to-be-operational-by-2021-say-officials-4520661/|title=Pune Metro rail to be operational by 2021, say officials|date=12 February 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053214/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-metro-rail-to-be-operational-by-2021-say-officials-4520661/|archive-date=19 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Project plan|detailed project report]] was prepared for the initial two lines by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] which was approved by the State government in 2012 and by the central government in December 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-alternate-form-of-public-transport-is-the-only-option-for-pune-1789779|title=Alternate form of public transport is the only option for Pune {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=17 January 2013|work=dna|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311024346/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-alternate-form-of-public-transport-is-the-only-option-for-pune-1789779|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-pune-s-metro-ride-a-distant-dream-1994339|title=Pune's Metro ride a distant dream {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=9 June 2014|work=dna|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311025855/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-pune-s-metro-ride-a-distant-dream-1994339|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/pune-metro-plan-gets-green-signal-from-union-cabinet-4416117/|title=Pune Metro plan gets green signal from Union cabinet|date=8 December 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221138/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pune-metro-plan-gets-green-signal-from-union-cabinet-4416117/|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Two lines, Line 1 from Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corportion Building to Swargate and Line 2 from [[State Highway 27 (Maharashtra)|Ramwadi]] to Vanaz, with a combined length of {{convert|31.25|km|mi}}, are being constructed by [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|MahaMetro]], a 50:50 joint venture of the State and central governments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-metro-rail-project-gets-go-ahead-from-Centre/articleshow/55865879.cms|title=Pune metro rail project gets go-ahead from Centre – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625082840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-metro-rail-project-gets-go-ahead-from-Centre/articleshow/55865879.cms|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Line 1 will run underground between Swargate and Range Hills be and elevated until PCMC Bhavan. Line 2 will be completely elevated and will intersect Line 1 at the Civil Court [[interchange station]] in [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemetrorail.org/projectprofile.aspx|title=Welcome to Pune Metro Rail Project {{!}} Project Profile|website=Punemetrorail.org|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419020850/http://punemetrorail.org/projectprofile.aspx|archive-date=19 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Line 3 between Hinjawadi and Civil Court, Shivajinagar was approved by the state and central governments in January and March 2018, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/hinjewadi-to-shivajinagar-metro-line-gets-state-nod/articleshow/62350814.cms|title=Hinjewadi to Shivajinagar Metro line gets state nod – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601090342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/hinjewadi-to-shivajinagar-metro-line-gets-state-nod/articleshow/62350814.cms|archive-date=1 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/hinjewadi-shivajinagar-metro-gets-centre-funds/articleshow/63209026.cms|title=Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar Metro gets Centre funds – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310002049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/hinjewadi-shivajinagar-metro-gets-centre-funds/articleshow/63209026.cms|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This 23.3-km line is being implemented by [[PMRDA]] on a public-private partnership basis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/bids-invited-for-third-metro-line-in-pune/1101791/|title=Bids invited for third Metro line in&nbsp;Pune|date=17 March 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419120608/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/bids-invited-for-third-metro-line-in-pune/1101791/|archive-date=19 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Road transport===
{{Main|List of roads in Pune}}
Pune is well-connected to other cities by [[National highways of India|Indian]] and state highways. [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] connects it to Mumbai and Bangalore, [[National Highway 65 (India)|National Highway 65]] connects it to [[Hyderabad]] and [[National Highway 60]] connects it to [[Nashik]]. [[State Highway 27 (Maharashtra)|State Highway 27]] connect Pune to [[Ahmednagar]].
 
The [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]] is India's first six-lane high-speed expressway, and it was built in 2002. Only four wheeled vehicles are allowed on it. This expressway has reduced travel time between Pune and Mumbai to a little over two hours. A [[Pune Ring Road|ring road]] is planned around the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/centre-allocates-rs-2-468-crore-for-pune-s-ring-road-project/story-tNahKK43LCQee04O97xP4L.html|title=Centre allocates Rs.2,468 crore for Pune's ring road project|date=13 February 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 May 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507092206/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/centre-allocates-rs-2-468-crore-for-pune-s-ring-road-project/story-tNahKK43LCQee04O97xP4L.html|archive-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/in-3-years-pmrda-has-transformed-pune-says-girish-bapat/story-NFfqiRdDn5ZdqUPkL5CghN.html|title=PMRDA has transformed Pune in three years, says Girish Bapat|date=10 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 May 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173733/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/in-3-years-pmrda-has-transformed-pune-says-girish-bapat/story-NFfqiRdDn5ZdqUPkL5CghN.html|archive-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-19/pune/27218250_1_ring-road-development-plan-midc|title=PCMC grants Rs 6 crore for ring road project|date=19 June 2003|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526165850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-19/pune/27218250_1_ring-road-development-plan-midc|archive-date=26 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
==== Personal Transport ====
Once known as the "[[Bicycle|cycle]] city of India", Pune has experienced a rapid growth in the number of [[Motorcycle|motorised two wheelers]] replacing the bicycle.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Maunder |first1=David A. C. |last2=Palmer |first2=Christian J. |last3=Astrop |first3=Angela J. |last4=Babu |first4=D. Madhu |date=1997 |url=https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/attitudes-and-travel-behaviour-of-residents-in-pune-india-doc-no-pa3216-97 |title=Attitudes and travel behaviour of residents in Pune, India |work=Transportation Research Board, 76th Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., January 12–17, 1997 |place=[[Crowthorne]] |publisher=[[Transport Research Laboratory]] |docket=PA3216/97 |citeseerx=10.1.1.572.912 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> In 2005 the city was reported to have one million two wheelers. The report also stated that the increase in vehicular and industrial activity had led to a 10-fold increase in particulate pollution in some areas of the city.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Safai|first1=Pramod Digambar|last2=Surya Prakasa Rao|first2=Pasumarti|last3=Momin|first3=Gafur Abulal|last4=Kaushar Ali|first4=Kaushar Ali|last5=Chate|first5=Dilip Motiram|last6=Praveen|first6=Puppala Siva|last7=Sattilingam Devara|first7=Panuganti China|date=2005|title=Variation in the Chemistry of Aerosols in two Different Winter Seasons at Pune and Sinhagad, India|url=http://www.aaqr.org/files/article/68/8_AAQR-05-06-OA-0008_115-126.pdf|journal=Aerosol and Air Quality Research|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–126|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114448/http://www.aaqr.org/files/article/68/8_AAQR-05-06-OA-0008_115-126.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|doi=10.4209/aaqr.2005.06.0008|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2018 the number of vehicles in the city has exceeded its population with 3.62 million total vehicles, 2.70 million being two wheelers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/pune-now-officially-has-more-vehicles-than-people-heres-more/1123480/|title=Pune now officially has more vehicles than people: Here's&nbsp;more!|date=6 April 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=24 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032125/https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/pune-now-officially-has-more-vehicles-than-people-heres-more/1123480/|archive-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/pune/pune-now-has-more-vehicles-than-humans-2097346.html|title=Pune now has more vehicles than humans|date=6 April 2018|work=Zee News|access-date=24 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413125517/http://zeenews.india.com/pune/pune-now-has-more-vehicles-than-humans-2097346.html|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the fiscal year 2017–18 alone 300,000 new vehicles were registered in the city, two-thirds of them two wheelers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/city-gets-nearly-3-lakh-new-vehicles-in-a-year/articleshow/63618240.cms|title=Pune gets nearly 3 lakh new vehicles in a year – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922192101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/city-gets-nearly-3-lakh-new-vehicles-in-a-year/articleshow/63618240.cms|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
A revival of cycling in Pune with {{convert|130|km|mi}} of cycle tracks built was attempted as a part of the [[Bus rapid transit|BRT system]] under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] in 2004. However, a 2011 report revealed that only {{convert|88|km|mi}} of tracks were actually built and most were unusable at the time of the report.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parisar.org/what-we-do/analyses-reports/144-cycle-track-assessment|title=Cycle Track Assessment – Report|website=parisar.org|language=en-gb|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012109/http://parisar.org/what-we-do/analyses-reports/144-cycle-track-assessment|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/can-pune-get-back-on-track/article4179089.ece|title=Can Pune get back on track?|last=Byatnal|first=Amruta|date=9 December 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227042233/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/can-pune-get-back-on-track/article4179089.ece|archive-date=27 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the [[Smart Cities Mission]], app based [[Bicycle-sharing system|cycle sharing schemes]] have been launched in the city since late 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/cycle-renting-scheme-on-track-with-special-app/articleshow/61897048.cms|title=Cycle renting scheme on track, with special app – Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012147/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/cycle-renting-scheme-on-track-with-special-app/articleshow/61897048.cms|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bicycle-sharing-scheme-a-hit-moves-into-top-gear-in-pune-5086404/|title=Bicycle-sharing scheme a hit, moves into top gear in Pune|date=5 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075908/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bicycle-sharing-scheme-a-hit-moves-into-top-gear-in-pune-5086404/|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/cycle-sharing-plan-comes-to-jm-fc-roads/articleshow/62876928.cms|title=Cycle sharing plan comes to JM, FC roads – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620041924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/cycle-sharing-plan-comes-to-jm-fc-roads/articleshow/62876928.cms|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The PMC has devised the Pune Cycle Plan with {{convert|470|km|mi}} of cycle tracks planned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pmc-gives-green-signal-for-pune-cycle-plan-470-km-of-segregated-tracks/story-BxB9eaYdrg0ZGndtaiOURP.html|title=PMC gives green signal for Pune Cycle Plan, 470-km of segregated tracks|date=22 November 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426013252/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pmc-gives-green-signal-for-pune-cycle-plan-470-km-of-segregated-tracks/story-BxB9eaYdrg0ZGndtaiOURP.html|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/bicycle-plan-0|title=Pune Cycle Plan|website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012334/https://pmc.gov.in/en/bicycle-plan-0|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-civic-body-sets-up-bicycle-department/articleshow/63631374.cms|title=Pune civic body sets up bicycle department – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625082836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-civic-body-sets-up-bicycle-department/articleshow/63631374.cms|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Cycles are also seen as a possible way of improving [[Last mile (transportation)|last mile connectivity]] for the metro system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pune-metro-rail-project-euro-845-mn-funding-expected-to-close-by-march-2018/926837/|title=Pune Metro Rail project: Euro 845 mn funding expected to close by March&nbsp;2018|date=10 November 2017|work=The Financial Express|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012225/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pune-metro-rail-project-euro-845-mn-funding-expected-to-close-by-march-2018/926837/|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Air===
{{main|Pune International Airport}}
[[Pune International Airport]] at [[Lohagaon]] is one of the busiest airports in India. The airport is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]]. It shares its runways with the neighbouring [[Indian Air Force]] base.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://pune.steci.org/about-pune-parish/pune-city/ |title = Pune City |publisher = St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110825091211/http://pune.steci.org/about-pune-parish/pune-city/ |archive-date = 25 August 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, the airport has international direct flights to [[Dubai]], operated by [[Air India Express]],<ref>{{cite news |url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-13/pune/27843652_1_pune-direct-flight-civil-aviation-minister |title = Pune goes global |date = 13 December 2005 |access-date = 2 March 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184037/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-13/pune/27843652_1_pune-direct-flight-civil-aviation-minister |archive-date = 5 November 2012 |url-status = dead |work = [[The Times of India]] |df = dmy-all }}</ref> and [[SpiceJet]]. [[Pune International Airport]] at [[Lohegaon]] was ranked third best in the category of 5-15 million passengers by Airport Service Quality in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Welankar|first=Parth|date=8 March 2018|title=Pune Airport ranked third best in the category of 5-15 million passengers|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-airport-ranked-third-best-in-the-category-of-5-15-million-passengers/story-5tJhfrYuUHdNJ1keUXoF0O.html|access-date=31 March 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
 
A [[New Pune Airport|new international airport]] has been proposed, due to the limited capacity of the existing airport. A location in the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]]-[[Rajgurunagar (Khed)|Rajgurunagar]] area was chosen for the airport,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-19/pune/28020634_1_chakan-airport-state-nod-maharashtra-airport-development-corporation|title=Chakan airport gets state nod|date=19 February 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-19/pune/28020634_1_chakan-airport-state-nod-maharashtra-airport-development-corporation|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/proposed-pune-airport-plan-to-get-push/714599/|title=Proposed Pune airport plan to get push – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> but non-availability of land delayed the project for over a decade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/international-airport-to-come-up-at-purandar-pune-3047023/|title=A decade on, it's official: International airport to come up at Purandar, Pune|date=24 September 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012322/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/international-airport-to-come-up-at-purandar-pune-3047023/|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2016 the location was changed to [[Purandar taluka|Purandar]], {{circa}} {{convert|20|km|mi}} south of the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/airports-authority-selects-purandar-for-international-airport-near-pune-devendra-fadnavis-1471246|title=Airports Authority Selects Purandar For International Airport Near Pune: Devendra Fadnavis|work=NDTV.com|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192912/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/airports-authority-selects-purandar-for-international-airport-near-pune-devendra-fadnavis-1471246|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/aai-selects-purandar-for-greenfield-intl-airport-near-pune-cm-712859-2016-10-06|title=AAI selects Purandar for greenfield intl airport near Pune: CM|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012047/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/aai-selects-purandar-for-greenfield-intl-airport-near-pune-cm-712859-2016-10-06|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed airport in Purandar will be spread over 2,400 hectares. [[New Pune Airport|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje Airport]] is proposed to serve the city of Pune. The [[greenfield airport]] will be located near the villages of Ambodi, Sonori, Kumbharvalan, Ekhatpur-Munjawadi, Khanwadi, Pargaon Memane, Rajewadi, Aamble, Tekwadi, Vanpuri, Udachiwadi, Singapur near [[Saswad]] and [[Jejuri]] in [[Purandar taluka]] of [[Pune District]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
 
&nbsp;
 
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}
 
;Twin towns and sister cities
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Jose, California]], United States (1992)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |title=Sister City Program |publisher=San José City Hall |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524232806/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Vacoas-Phoenix]], [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vacoasphoenix.org/files/Final%20Annual%20Report%202012%20.pdf|title=Annual Report 2012|website=Vacoas Phoenix|publisher=Municipal Council of Vacoas-Phoenix|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414043611/http://www.vacoasphoenix.org/files/Final%20Annual%20Report%202012%20.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2015|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin, Texas]], United States – since 2018
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fairbanks, Alaska]], United States
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Matteson, Illinois]], United States
;Informal relationship
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bremen]], Germany<ref>{{cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Sisters-in-progress/articleshow/1113932933.cms |title = Sister in progress |publisher = Times of India&nbsp;– Pune Times |date = 30 August 2001 |access-date = 20 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105182516/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Sisters-in-progress/articleshow/1113932933.cms |archive-date = 5 November 2012 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.punediary.com/html/vandana_chavan.html |title = Profile: Mrs. Vandana H. Chavan (Ex Mayor of Pune) |publisher = Pune Diary |access-date = 10 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101106022401/http://www.punediary.com/html/vandana_chavan.html |archive-date = 6 November 2010 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-04/pune/27235057_1_pmc-pcmc-laboratory |title = Pune, twin cities to get pollution lab |date = 4 September 2001 |access-date = 28 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131227223341/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-04/pune/27235057_1_pmc-pcmc-laboratory |archive-date = 27 December 2013 |url-status = dead |work = [[The Times of India]] |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Okayama]], Japan
 
==See also==
* [[List of people from Pune]]
** [[Poonawalla]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Pune]]
* [[Pune Metro]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.pune.gov.in/}} for Pune City and District
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra/Localities/Pune/}}
 
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Pune
|North = [[Gujarat]]<br />[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|East = [[Telangana]]<br />[[Chhattisgarh]]
|South = [[Karnataka]]<br />[[Goa]]
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Pune topics}}
{{Pune district topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
}}
 
{{Subject bar |book=Pune |portal1= |portal2= |portal3=India |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Pune |n=yes |n-search=Category:Pune |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1538}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Pune| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Paschim Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]
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