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Union territory: Difference between revisions
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{{About|the union territories of India|other uses|Federal territory|and|Union territory (disambiguation)}} | {{About|the union territories of India|other uses|Federal territory|and|Union territory (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | ||
{{Infobox subdivision type | {{Infobox subdivision type | ||
|name = Union territory | |name = Union territory | ||
|map = {{Union Territories Labelled Map}} | |map = {{Union Territories Labelled Map|scale=300|width=300}} | ||
|category = [[Federated state]]s | |category = [[Federated state]]s | ||
|territory = [[Republic of India]] | |territory = [[India|Republic of India]] | ||
|start_date = | |start_date = | ||
|current_number = 8<!-- DUE TO MERGER OF D & N. H. with D & D | |current_number = 8<!-- DUE TO MERGER OF D & N. H. with D & D, it is correct; do not change --> | ||
|number_date = 2022 | |number_date = 2022 | ||
|population_range = [[Lakshadweep]] | |population_range = [[Lakshadweep]] – 64,473 (lowest)<br />[[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] – 31,181,376 (highest) | ||
|area_range = {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[ | |area_range = [[Lakshadweep]] – {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br />[[Ladakh]] – {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} (largest) | ||
|government = [[Government of India|Union government]] | |government = [[Government of India|Union government]] | ||
|subdivision = [[List of districts in India|Districts]] | |subdivision = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]<br />[[List of divisions in India|Divisions]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
A '''union territory''' | |||
A '''union territory''' is a type of [[administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[India|Republic of India]]. Unlike the [[states and union territories of India|states of India]], which have their own governments, union territories are [[federal territory|federal territories]] governed, in part or in whole, by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]].<ref name="UT" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/knowindia/state_uts.php |title=States and Union Territories |publisher=KnowIndia.gov.in |access-date=2013-11-17|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024173954/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php |archive-date=2013-10-24|df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/union-territories.html|title=Union Territories of India|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122082149/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/union-territories.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There are currently eight union territories in India, namely [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
{{Politics of India}} | {{Politics of India}} | ||
{{multiple image | {{multiple image | ||
| total_width = 500 | | total_width = 500 | ||
| image1 = India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg | | image1 = India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg | ||
| image2 = States Reorganisation Act 1956.svg | | image2 = States Reorganisation Act 1956.svg | ||
| footer = Comparison of the administrative divisions of India in 1951 and 1956 | | footer = Comparison of the administrative divisions of India in 1951 and 1956 | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{multiple image | {{multiple image | ||
| total_width = 250 | | total_width = 250 | ||
| image1 = Jammu & Kashmir Districts (2019).svg | | image1 = Jammu & Kashmir Districts (2019).svg | ||
| image2 = Ladakh Districts (2019).svg | | image2 = Ladakh Districts (2019).svg | ||
| footer = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[List of districts of Ladakh]] as of November 2019.}} | | footer = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[List of districts of Ladakh]] as of November 2019. | ||
}} | |||
When the [[Constitution of India]] was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included: | When the [[Constitution of India]] was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included: | ||
| Line 51: | Line 54: | ||
== Administration == | == Administration == | ||
The [[Parliament of India]] can pass a law to [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|amend the constitution]] and provide a Legislature with elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. | The [[Parliament of India]] can pass a law to [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|amend the constitution]] and provide a Legislature with elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry. Generally, the [[President of India]] appoints an [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]] or [[lieutenant governor]] for each UT.<ref name="UT">[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=21 Union Territories. Know India: National Portal of India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126234503/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=21 |date=2012-11-26}}</ref> | ||
Delhi, Puducherry | Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu, and Kashmir operate differently from the other five. They were given [[Capital districts and territories#India|partial statehood]] and Delhi was redefined as the [National Capital Territory] (NCT) and incorporated into a larger area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR). Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu, and Kashmir have an elected [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assembly]] and an executive [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] with a partially state-like function.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 6, 2019 |title=Union territories with and without legislature: How will Ladakh be different from Jammu and free fire |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation. Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development. The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on. These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/50919315/ |title=Supreme Court judgement, New Delhi Municipal Corporation ... vs State Of Punjab Etc.Etc on 19 December, 1996 |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205071318/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/50919315/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation. Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development. The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on. These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/50919315/ |title=Supreme Court judgement, New Delhi Municipal Corporation ... vs State Of Punjab Etc.Etc on 19 December, 1996 |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205071318/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/50919315/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states. The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government. Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |title=Puducherry CM N Rangasamy seeks 'clear formula' for devolution of Central funds |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929045505/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As union territories are directly ruled by the union government, some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states. | The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states. The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government. Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |title=Puducherry CM N Rangasamy seeks 'clear formula' for devolution of Central funds |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929045505/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puducherry-cm-n-rangasamy-seeks-clear-formula-for-devolution-of-central-funds/articleshow/46167853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As union territories are directly ruled by the [[Government of India|union government]], some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states. | ||
After the introduction of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]], UT-GST is applicable in union territories | After the introduction of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]], UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly. UT- GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udyogsoftware.com/why-union-territory-gst-law-utgst-is-important-under-gst/ |title=Why Union Territory GST law (UTGST) is important? |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031622/http://www.udyogsoftware.com/why-union-territory-gst-law-utgst-is-important-under-gst/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== Constitutional status == | == Constitutional status == | ||
[[s:Constitution of India/Part I|Article 1 (1)]] of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|V (The Union)]] and [[s:Constitution of India/Part VI|VI (The States)]] of the constitution. Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired. The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 |access-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=2017-05-01|df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to whole country including union territories. Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories. Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights [[s:Constitution of India/Part III|(part III)]], Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), [[s:Constitution of India/Part XI|Article 245]], etc. apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India. The executive power of the Union (i.e. union of states only) rests with [[President of India]]. The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per [[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Article 239]]. The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in [[s:Constitution of India/Part XIV|Part XIV]]. | [[s:Constitution of India/Part I|Article 1 (1)]] of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|V (The Union)]] and [[s:Constitution of India/Part VI|VI (The States)]] of the constitution. Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired. The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 |access-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=2017-05-01|df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[s:Constitution of India/Part XIX|Article 366(30)]] also defines Union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that Schedule. In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories. Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories. Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights [[s:Constitution of India/Part III|(part III)]], Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), [[s:Constitution of India/Part XI|Article 245]], etc. apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India. The executive power of the Union (i.e. union of states only) rests with [[President of India]]. The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per [[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Article 239]]. The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in [[s:Constitution of India/Part XIV|Part XIV]]. | ||
The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial [[president's rule]] per [[s:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] subject to specific exemptions to few union territories with legislative assembly. Per [[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Article 240 (2)]], supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, [[Delhi|NCT]] and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India. Article 240 (2) allows implementing [[ | The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial [[president's rule]] per [[s:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly. Per [[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Article 240 (2)]], supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, [[Delhi|NCT]] and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India. Article 240 (2) allows implementing [[United States as a tax haven|tax haven laws]] in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign [[tax haven]] countries. | ||
Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]] | The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in the constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly ([[s:Constitution of India/Part VIII|Part VIII]]) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states). | ||
Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]]: Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry. Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only 3 Union Territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assembly]] and have a Chief Minister.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} | |||
== Current union territories == | == Current union territories == | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;" | {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="col" style="width:8%;"| | ! scope="col" style="width:8%;"|Union territory | ||
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|[[ISO 3166-2:IN]] | ! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|[[ISO 3166-2:IN]] | ||
| Line 99: | Line 104: | ||
| CH | | CH | ||
| Northern | | Northern | ||
| [[Chandigarh]] | | colspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]] | ||
| 1 November 1966 | | 1 November 1966 | ||
| align=right|1,055,450 | | align=right|1,055,450 | ||
| align=right|114 | | align=right|114 | ||
| English | | English | ||
| | | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] | ! scope="row"|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] | ||
| Line 115: | Line 119: | ||
| align=right|586,956 | | align=right|586,956 | ||
| align=right|603 | | align=right|603 | ||
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[ | | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], English | ||
| | | — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|[[Delhi]] | ! scope="row"|[[Delhi]] | ||
| Line 123: | Line 127: | ||
| Northern | | Northern | ||
| [[New Delhi]] | | [[New Delhi]] | ||
| | | [[Delhi]] | ||
| 1 November 1956 | | 1 November 1956 | ||
| align=right|16,787,941 | | align=right|16,787,941 | ||
| align=right|1,490 | | align=right|1,490 | ||
| | | Hindi, English | ||
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi | | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu | ! scope="row" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] | ||
| IN-JK | | IN-JK | ||
| JK | | JK | ||
| Line 140: | Line 143: | ||
| style="text-align:right;"|12,258,433 | | style="text-align:right;"|12,258,433 | ||
| style="text-align:right;"|42,241 | | style="text-align:right;"|42,241 | ||
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], | | Urdu, English | ||
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], Dogri, Hindi | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |[[Ladakh]] | ! scope="row" |[[Ladakh]] | ||
| Line 152: | Line 155: | ||
| style="text-align:right;"|290,492 | | style="text-align:right;"|290,492 | ||
| style="text-align:right;"|59,146 | | style="text-align:right;"|59,146 | ||
| | | Hindi and English | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 163: | Line 166: | ||
| align=right|64,473 | | align=right|64,473 | ||
| align=right|32 | | align=right|32 | ||
| | | Hindi, English | ||
| — | | — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 175: | Line 178: | ||
| align=right|492 | | align=right|492 | ||
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English | | [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English | ||
| [[ | |[[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], French | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 190: | Line 193: | ||
!Now part of | !Now part of | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-AR.svg| | | [[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] | | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] | ||
| North-Eastern | | North-Eastern | ||
| Line 199: | Line 202: | ||
| As an Indian state | | As an Indian state | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-DN.svg| | | [[File:IN-DN.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] | | [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] | ||
| Western | | Western | ||
| Line 208: | Line 211: | ||
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory | | [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-DD.svg| | | [[File:IN-DD.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Daman and Diu]] | | [[Daman and Diu]] | ||
| Western | | Western | ||
| Line 217: | Line 220: | ||
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory | | [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-GDD.svg| | | [[File:IN-GDD.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] | | [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] | ||
| Western | | Western | ||
| Line 226: | Line 229: | ||
| [[Goa]] state and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory | | [[Goa]] state and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-HP.svg| | | [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] | | [[Himachal Pradesh]] | ||
| | | Northern | ||
| [[Shimla]] | | [[Shimla]] | ||
| {{cvt|55673|km²}} | | {{cvt|55673|km²}} | ||
| Line 235: | Line 238: | ||
| As an Indian state | | As an Indian state | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-MN.svg| | | [[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Manipur]] | | [[Manipur]] | ||
| North-Eastern | | North-Eastern | ||
| Line 244: | Line 247: | ||
| As an Indian state | | As an Indian state | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg| | | [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Mizoram]] | | [[Mizoram]] | ||
| North-Eastern | | North-Eastern | ||
| Line 253: | Line 256: | ||
| As an Indian state | | As an Indian state | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-NL.svg| | | [[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Nagaland]] | | [[Nagaland]] | ||
| North-Eastern | | North-Eastern | ||
| Line 262: | Line 265: | ||
| As an Indian state | | As an Indian state | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:IN-TR.svg| | | [[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]] | ||
| [[Tripura]] | | [[Tripura]] | ||
| North-Eastern | | North-Eastern | ||
| Line 274: | Line 277: | ||
== Proposed union territories == | == Proposed union territories == | ||
{{Main|Proposed states and union territories of India}} | {{Main|Proposed states and union territories of India}} | ||
There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories. | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||