G20: Difference between revisions

| name                = G20<br>Group of Twenty

{{Legend|#EFCC00|Permanently invited country, [[Spain]]}}

|{{ARG}} || {{AUS}} || {{BRA}} || {{CAN}} || {{CHN}} || {{FRA}} || {{GER}} || {{IND}} || {{INA}} || {{ITA}} || {{JPN}} || {{KOR}} || {{MEX}} || {{RUS}} || {{KSA}} || {{RSA}} || {{TUR}} || {{GBR}} || {{USA}} || {{EU}} ||  

| leader_title        = Chairman

| leader_name        = [[Joko Widodo]], [[President of Indonesia]]

| num_staff          = None<ref name="g20members"/>

| website            = https://g20.org/}}

The '''G20''' or '''Group of Twenty''' is an [[Intergovernmental organization|intergovernmental]] forum comprising 19 countries and the [[European Union]] (EU). It works to address major issues related to the [[World economy|global economy]], such as international [[financial stability]], [[climate change mitigation]], and [[sustainable development]].<ref name="IPS">{{cite web|title=G20 Finance Ministers Committed to Sustainable Development|date=9 September 2015|url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2015/09/g20-finance-ministers-committed-to-sustainable-development/|access-date=4 December 2015|publisher=IPS News}}</ref>  

The G20 is composed of most of the world's [[largest economies]], including both industrialized and developing nations, and accounts for around 90% of [[gross world product]] (GWP),<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the G20 &#124; G20 Foundation|url=https://www.g20foundation.org/g20/what-is-the-g20|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> 75{{ndash}}80% of [[international trade]],{{efn|If excluding EU intra-trade, 75%.}} two-thirds of the [[world population|global population]],<ref name="g20members">{{cite web|title=G20 Members|url=http://www.g20.org/about_g20/g20_members|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203221840/http://www.g20.org/about_g20/g20_members|archive-date=3 February 2014|access-date=15 January 2014|publisher=G20.org|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and roughly half the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|world's land area]].  

The G20 was founded in 1999 in response to several world economic crises. Since [[2008 G20 Washington summit|2008]], it has convened at least once a year, with summits involving each member's [[head of government]] or [[Head of state|state]], [[finance minister]], [[foreign minister]], and other high-ranking officials; the EU is represented by the [[European Commission]] and the [[European Central Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.g20-insights.org/think_tanks/|title=Think Tanks|website=G20 Insights}}</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203221850/http://www.g20.org/about_g20/past_summits Past Summits]"</ref>{{efn|[[List of G20 summits|Summits]] were biannual in 2009 and 2010; since the [[2011 G20 Cannes summit|November 2011 Cannes summit]], G20 summits have been annual.}} Other countries, [[International organization|international organizations]], and [[Non-governmental organization|nongovernmental organizations]] are invited to attend the summits, some on a permanent basis.

At its [[2009 G20 London summit|2009 summit]], the G20 declared itself the primary venue for international economic and financial cooperation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/09/24/us.g.twenty.summit/index.html|title=Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council |publisher=CNN|date=25 September 2009|access-date=25 September 2009}}</ref> The group's stature has risen during the subsequent decade, and it is recognized by analysts as exercising considerable global influence;<ref name="AH">{{cite web|title=Global Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1137349271/|publisher=Andrew Heywood|access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> it is also criticized for its limited membership,<ref name="setback" /> lack of enforcement powers,<ref name="FPNoArgentina">{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/04/19/who-would-replace-argentina-on-the-g20/|title=Who would replace Argentina on the G20?|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|first=David|last=Bosco|date=19 April 001|access-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> and for the alleged undermining of existing international institutions.<ref name="setback" /> Summits are often met with protests, particularly by [[Anti-globalization movement|anti-globalization groups]].<ref name="G20Protests2010">{{cite news|last=French|first=Cameron|author2=Pav Jordan|url=https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE65E4RB20100617?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Toronto G20 protest hints at more to come |work=Reuters|date=17 June 2010|access-date=11 June 2020|location=Toronto}}</ref><ref name="G20Protests2017">{{cite news|last=Abedi|first=Maham|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3576435/g20-summit-why-people-protest/ |title=G20 protests: Why the international summit attracts so much anger|date=7 July 2017|access-date=11 June 2020|location=Hamburg}}</ref>

A 2004 report by Colin I. Bradford and [[Johannes F. Linn]] of the [[Brookings Institution]] asserted the group was founded primarily at the initiative of Eichel, the concurrent chair of the G7.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Colin I. Bradford |author2=[[Johannes F. Linn]]|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-economic-governance-at-a-crossroads-replacing-the-g-7-with-the-g-20/|title=Global Economics|publisher=Brookings Institution|year=2004|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> However, Bradford later described then-[[Finance Minister of Canada]] (and future [[Prime Minister of Canada]]) [[Paul Martin]] as "the crucial architect of the formation of the G-20 at finance minister level", and as the one who later "proposed that the G-20 countries move to leaders level summits".<ref name="Bradford2010">{{cite web|last1=Bradford|first1=Colin I.|title=Web Chat: Previewing the G-20 Summit|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2010/06/23/web-chat-previewing-the-g-20-summit/|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|access-date=7 July 2017|date=23 June 2010}}</ref> Canadian academic and journalistic sources have also identified the G20 a project initiated by Martin and his American counterpart then-[[Secretary of the Treasury (United States)|Treasury Secretary]] [[Larry Summers]].<ref name="Kirton">{{cite web|last1=Kirton|first1=John|title=Explaining G20 Summit Success|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/biblio/kirton-aiia-2013.html|website=G20 Information Centre|publisher=[[Munk School of Global Affairs]], [[University of Toronto]]|access-date=7 July 2017|date=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kilpatrick">[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/07/01/who-gets-to-rule-the-world/ "Who gets to rule the world"]. Sean Kilpatrick. [[Maclean's Magazine]] (Canada). 1 July 2010</ref><ref name="IbbitsonPerkins">{{cite news|last1=Ibbitson|first1=John|last2=Perkins|first2=Tara|title=How Canada made the G20 happen|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=18 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="EightNotEnough">Thomas Axworthy. [https://www.thestar.com/opinion/article/222986--eight-is-not-enough-at-summit "Eight is not enough at summit."] ''Toronto Star''. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</ref> All acknowledge, however, that Germany and the United States played a key role in bringing their vision into reality.

Martin and Summers conceived of the G20 in response to the series of massive [[debt crisis|debt crises]] that had spread across [[emerging market]]s in the late 1990s, beginning with the [[Mexican peso crisis]] and followed by the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], and eventually impacting the United States, most prominently in the form of the collapse of the prominent hedge fund [[Long-Term Capital Management]] in the autumn of 1998.<ref name="Kirton"/><ref name=Kilpatrick/><ref name="IbbitsonPerkins"/> It illustrated to them that in a rapidly globalizing world, the G7, G8, and the Bretton Woods system would be unable to provide financial stability, and they conceived of a new, broader permanent group of major world economies that would give a voice and new responsibilities in providing it.<ref name="Kirton"/><ref name="IbbitsonPerkins"/>

The theme of the [[2006 G20 ministerial meeting]] was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource commodity markets, reform of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes due to an aging world population.

After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, DC, G20 leaders met twice a year: in London and [[Pittsburgh]] in 2009, and in [[Toronto]] and [[Seoul]] in 2010.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8072894.stm "US to host next G20 world meeting"]. BBC News. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2012.</ref>

Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G20, the summits have been held only once a year.<ref>[http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf "Leaders' statement, the Pittsburgh Summit," p. 19 §50 (PDF)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612200227/http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf |date=12 June 2010 }}. G20.org. 25 September 2009.</ref>  

The 2016 summit was held in [[Hangzhou]], China,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g20.html|title=G20|publisher=Bond.org.uk|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> the 2017 summit was held in [[Hamburg]], Germany, the 2018 summit was held in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, the 2019 summit was held in [[Osaka]], Japan, the 2020 summit was scheduled in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia but it was held virtually due to Covid-19, the 2021 summit was held in [[Rome]], Italy and the 2022 summit will be held in [[Bali]], Indonesia.  

In 2012, the G20 Ministers of Tourism and Heads of Delegation of G20 member countries and other invited States, as well as representatives from the [https://www.wttc.org/ World Travel and Tourism Council] (WTTC), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and other organisations in the Travel & Tourism sector met in Mérida, Mexico, on May 16 at the [http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2012/2012-0516-tourism.html 4th G20 meeting] and focused on 'Tourism as a means to Job Creation'. As a result of this meeting and The World Travel & Tourism Council's Visa Impact Research, later on the Leaders of the G20, convened in Los Cabos on 18–19 June, would recognise the impact of Travel & Tourism for the first time. That year, the [http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2012/2012-0619-loscabos.html G20 Leaders Declaration] added the following statement: "We recognise the role of travel and tourism as a vehicle for job creation, economic growth and development, and, while recognizing the sovereign right of States to control the entry of foreign nationals, we will work towards developing travel facilitation initiatives in support of job creation, quality work, poverty reduction and global growth."<ref>{{Cite web|title=G20 Los Cabos 2012: G20 Leaders Declaration|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2012/2012-0619-loscabos.html|website=www.g20.utoronto.ca|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister [[Julie Bishop]], when Australia was hosting the 2014 G20 summit in [[Brisbane]], proposed to ban [[Russia]] from the summit over its role in the [[2014 Crimean crisis]].<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/canberra-considers-barring-vladimir-putin-from-g20-in-brisbane-over-crimea-crisis/story-fn59nm2j-1226859923271 "Canberra considers barring Vladimir Putin from G20 in Brisbane over Crimea crisis"]. ''[[The Australian]]''. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</ref>  

In 2016, the G20 framed its commitment to the [[Sustainable Development Goals|2030 Agenda]] (Sustainable Development Goals) in three key themes; the promotion of strong sustainable and balanced growth; protection of the planet from degradation; and furthering co-operation with low-income and [[Developing country|developing countries]]. At the G20 Summit in [[Hangzhou]], members agreed on an action plan and issued a high level principles document to member countries to help facilitate the agenda's implementation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Observer Research Foundation|first=Tanu M. Goyal and Prateek Kukreja|date=4 November 2020|title=The Sustainable Development Agenda: Evaluating the G20 as a Stage for National and Collective Goals|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-sustainable-development-agenda/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 September 2016|title=G20 Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development|url=http://www.g20chn.org/English/Documents/Current/201609/P020160908661601548463.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=http://www.g20chn.org/English/Documents/Current/index.html|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=11 November 2020|website=G20 - 2016 China Summit}}</ref>

Japan hosted the [[2019 G20 Osaka summit|2019 summit]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/G-20-summit/Japan-to-host-G-20-summit-in-2019-for-1st-time| title=Japan to host G-20 summit in 2019 for 1st time| date=9 July 2017| work=[[The Nikkei]]| access-date=8 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155420/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/G-20-summit/Japan-to-host-G-20-summit-in-2019-for-1st-time| archive-date=7 August 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[2020 G20 Riyadh summit|2020 summit]] was to be held in Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/saudi-arabia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2020-1.382504| title=Saudi Arabia to host G20 summit in 2020| date=8 July 2017| work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> but was instead held virtually on 21–22 November 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] under the presidency of Saudi Arabia. [[2021 G20 Rome summit]] which was held in [[Rome]], the capital city of [[Italy]], on 30–31 October 2021.

To decide which member nation gets to chair the G20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all members, except the European Union, are assigned to one of five different groupings, with all but one group having four members, the other having three. Nations from the same region are placed in the same group, except Group 1 and Group 2. All countries within a group are eligible to take over the G20 Presidency when it is their group's turn. Therefore, the states within the relevant group need to negotiate among themselves to select the next G20 President. Each year, a different G20 member country assumes the presidency starting from 1 December until 30 November. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G20 chair. The table below lists the nations' groupings:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cigionline.org/publications/2010/11/future-g20-process |title=The Future of the G20 Process |publisher=[[Centre for International Governance Innovation]] |first=Barry |last=Carin |date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001621/https://www.cigionline.org/publications/2010/11/future-g20-process |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2016/11/30/rotating-g20-presidency-how-do-member-countries-take-turns |title=The Rotating G20 Presidency: How do member countries take turns? |website=boell.de |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

 

* {{flag|Australia}}

* {{flag|Canada}}

* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}

* {{flag|United States}}

* {{flag|India}}

* {{flag|Russia}}

* {{flag|South Africa}}

* {{flag|Turkey}}

* {{flag|Argentina}}

* {{flag|Brazil}}

* {{flag|Mexico}}

* {{flag|France}}

* {{flag|Germany}}

* {{flag|Italy}}

* {{flag|United Kingdom}}

* {{flag|China}}

* {{flag|Indonesia}}

* {{flag|Japan}}

* {{flag|South Korea}}

To ensure continuity, the presidency is supported by a "[[wikt:troika|troika]]" made up of the current, immediate past and next host countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |title=G20 Members |website=g20.org.tr |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160634/http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |archive-date=22 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The group's chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The 2019 chair was Japan, which hosted the [[2019 G20 Osaka summit|2019 summit]] in [[Osaka]].<ref name="currentchair">[https://www.g20.org/en "G20 website"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121090204/https://www.g20.org/en |date=21 January 2018 }} G20 website. Retrieved 19 December 2017</ref>  The 2021 summit was held in Italy. The current chair is held by Indonesia. The 2023 and 2024 summits will be hosted by India and Brazil respectively.<ref name="G20 21-24">{{Cite web|title=India to host G20 summit in 2023 after Italy, Indonesia; Brazil to hold presidency in 2024|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-after-italy-indonesia-brazil-to-hold-presidency-in-2024-1743128-2020-11-23|date=22 November 2020}}</ref>

In 2010, [[President of France]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] proposed the establishment of a permanent G20 secretariat, similar to the [[United Nations]]. [[Seoul]] and [[Paris]] were suggested as possible locations for its [[headquarters]].<ref name="secretariat">[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/15/2010111500563.html "Who Would Host a G20 Secretariat?"] ''Chosun Ilbo''. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</ref> [[Brazil]] and [[China]] supported the establishment of a secretariat, while [[Italy]] and [[Japan]] expressed opposition to the proposal.<ref name="secretariat"/> [[South Korea]] proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.<ref name="secretariat"/> It has been argued that the G20 has been using the [[OECD]] as a secretariat.{{sfn|Wouters|Van Kerckhoven|2011}}

{{As of|2022}}, there are 20 members in the group: [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Italy]], [[South Korea]], [[Japan]], [[Mexico]], [[Russia]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[South Africa]], [[Turkey]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], and the [[European Union]]. [[Spain]], the [[United Nations]], the [[World Bank]], the [[African Union]], and other organizations are permanent guest invitees.<ref>{{cite web |title=G20 Members |url=http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |website=G20 2015 Turkey |access-date=2018-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160634/http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |archive-date=22 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=G20 2017 countries: Who are the members of the G20? |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/825533/G20-2017-who-are-members-summit-Hamburg-Germany-nations |author=Joe Tambini |date=7 July 2017 |website=Express |access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref> The United States suggested, during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russo-Ukrainian War]], that Russia should be expelled from the G20.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=What is the G20 and could Russia be expelled? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/g20-biden-russia-expelled-ukraine-b2043971.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

In addition, each year, the G20's guests include [[Spain]];<ref name="Henley">{{cite journal |last1=Henley|first1=Peter H.|last2=Blokker|first2=Niels M.|title=The Group of 20: A Short Legal Anatomy |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf |journal=Melbourne Journal of International Law |volume=14|pages=568|access-date=23 October 2018 |quote=Spain's peculiar but seemingly secure position within the G20 also appears to have facilitated their greater participation in the G20’s work: Spain is the only outreach participant to have made policy commitments comparable to those of G20 members proper at summits since Seoul. Spain therefore appears to have become a de facto member of the G20.}}</ref> the Chair of [[ASEAN]]; two African countries (the chair of the [[African Union]] and a representative of the [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] (NEPAD) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the presidency, usually from its own region.<ref name="g20members"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.g20.org/g20_priorities/g20_and_world |title=The G20 and the world |website=G20 Australia 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211194954/https://www.g20.org/g20_priorities/g20_and_world |archive-date=11 February 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |title=What is the G-20 |publisher=G20.org |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120040653/http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref>  

|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}

|[[Martín Guzmán]]

|[[Central Bank of Argentina]]

|-

|{{flagcountry|Australia}}

|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}

|[[President of Brazil|President]]

|[[Jair Bolsonaro]]

|[[Ministry of Economy (Brazil)|Minister of Economy]]

|[[Paulo Guedes]]

|{{flagcountry|Canada}}

|{{flag|China}}

|[[President of the People's Republic of China|President]]{{efn|name=cn|The ''[[de jure]]'' [[head of government]] of China is the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of the State Council]], whose current holder is [[Li Keqiang]]. The [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]] is legally a [[figurehead|ceremonial office]], but the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] (''de facto'' leader in [[One-party state|one-party]] [[communist state]]) and simultaneously the [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] ([[Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China|commander-in-chief]]) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of [[Succession of power in the People's Republic of China|transition]], and the current [[paramount leader]] is [[Xi Jinping]].}}

|{{flagcountry|France}}

|{{flagcountry|Germany}}

|{{flagcountry|India}}

|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}

|{{flagcountry|Italy}}

|[[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]

|[[Mario Draghi]]

|[[Daniele Franco]]

|{{flagcountry|Japan}}

|{{flagcountry|South Korea}}

|[[President of South Korea|President]]

|{{flagcountry|Mexico}}

|{{flagcountry|Russia}}

|{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}

|[[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]

|[[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]

|{{flagcountry|South Africa}}

|[[Enoch Godongwana ]]

|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}

|[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]  

|[[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|Central Bank of Turkey]]

|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}

|[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]

|[[Boris Johnson]]

|[[Rishi Sunak]]

|{{flagcountry|United States}}

|rowspan=2 |{{nowrap|{{flag|European Union}}}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Van Rompuy and Barroso to both represent EU at G20|url=https://euobserver.com/news/29713|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

|[[President of the European Council]]

|[[Charles Michel]]

|rowspan=2 |[[European Commissioner for Economy|Commissioner for Economy]]

|rowspan=2 |[[Paolo Gentiloni]]

|rowspan=2 |[[European Central Bank]]

|rowspan=2 |[[Christine Lagarde]]

====Leaders====

<gallery class="center" widths="120px">

File:Mensaje de fin de año del Presidente Alberto Fernández (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Argentina]]'''<br />[[Alberto Fernández]],<br />[[President of Argentina|President]]

File:Anthony Albanese portrait (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''[[Australia]]'''<br />[[Anthony Albanese]],<br />[[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]

File:Jair Bolsonaro 2021 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Brazil]]'''<br />[[Jair Bolsonaro]],<br />[[President of Brazil|President]]

File:Trudeau visit White House for USMCA (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Canada}} '''[[Canada]]'''<br />[[Justin Trudeau]],<br />[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]

File:Xi Jinping 2019.jpg|{{flagicon|China}} '''[[China]]'''<br />[[Xi Jinping]],<br />[[President of the People's Republic of China|President]]{{efn|name=cn}}

File:Зустріч Президента України з президентами Франції та Румунії, а також головами урядів Німеччини та Італії 76 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[France]]'''<br />[[Emmanuel Macron]],<br />[[President of France|President]]

File:2021-09-12 Politik, TV-Triell Bundestagswahl 2021 1DX 3801 by Stepro (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Germany]]'''<br />[[Olaf Scholz]],<br />[[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|Chancellor]]

File:Official_Photograph_of_Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_Potrait.png|{{flagicon|India}} '''[[India]]'''<br />[[Narendra Modi]],<br />[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]

File:Joko Widodo 2019 official portrait.jpg|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''<br />[[Joko Widodo]],<br />[[President of Indonesia|President]]

File:Mario Draghi 2021 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Italy]]'''<br />[[Mario Draghi]],<br />[[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]

File:Fumio Kishida 20211004.jpg|{{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Japan]]'''<br />[[Fumio Kishida]],<br />[[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]

File:Conferencia de prensa del Presidente de México - Miércoles 24 de junio de 2020 6 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Mexico]]'''<br />[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]],<br />[[President of Mexico|President]]

File:Владимир Путин (13-11-2021) (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Russia]]'''<br />[[Vladimir Putin]],<br />[[President of Russia|President]]

File:Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Saudi Arabia]]'''<br />[[Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]],<br />[[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]

File:Cyril Ramaphosa - President of South Africa - 2018 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[South Africa]]'''<br />[[Cyril Ramaphosa]],<br />[[President of South Africa|President]]

File:Yoon Suk-yeol 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[South Korea]]'''<br />[[Yoon Suk-yeol]],<br />[[President of South Korea|President]]

File:Recep Tayyip Erdogan (2020-01-19) 01.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Turkey]]'''<br />[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]],<br />[[President of Turkey|President]]

File:Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[United Kingdom]]'''<br />[[Boris Johnson]],<br />[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]

File:Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[United States]]'''<br />[[Joe Biden]],<br />[[President of the United States|President]]

File:Charles Michel 2019 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} '''[[European Union]]'''<br />[[Charles Michel]],<br />[[President of the European Council|President of the<br />European Council]]

File:Official Portrait of Ursula von der Leyen (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} '''[[European Union]]'''<br />[[Ursula von der Leyen]],<br />[[President of the European Commission|President of the<br />European Commission]]

! Trade<br />{{nowrap|bil. USD}} (2018){{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|{{nowrap|Nom. GDP}}]]<br />{{nowrap|mil. USD}} (2022)<ref name="IMF Data">{{Cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database April 2022|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April|access-date=2022-04-19|website=www.imf.org}}</ref>

! [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<br />(2019)

! Population<br />(2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=73&pr.y=5&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=LP&grp=0&a=|title=International Monetary Fund Population Statistics|date=October 2018|website=International Monetary Fund|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

! [[CIVETS]]

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Argentina}}

| 127{{0|.0}}

| 564,277

| 1,195,581

| 12,187

| 25,822

| 0.845

| 46,003,592

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Australia}}

| 481.1

| 1,748,334

| 1,605,196

| 67,464

| 61,941

| 0.944

| 26,064,136

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Brazil}}

| 650.0

| 1,833,274

| 3,680,942

| 8,570

| 17,208

| 0.765

| 215,331,291

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Canada}}

| 910{{0|.0}}

| 2,221,218

| 2,236,928

| 57,406

| 57,812

| 0.929

| 38,383,127

| {{No}}

| {{No}}

|{{left}} {{flag|China}}

| 4,629{{0|.0}}

| 19,911,593

| 30,177,926

| 14,096

| 21,364

| 0.761

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|France}}

| 1,227.4

| 2,936,702

| 3,677,579

| 44,747

| 56,036

| 0.901

| 65,098,000

| {{No}}

| {{No}}

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Germany}}

| 2,834{{0|.0}}

| 4,256,540

| 5,269,963

| 51,104

| 63,271

| 0.947

| 83,882,996

| {{No}}

| {{No}}

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|India}}

| 830.7

| 3,534,743

| 11,745,260

| 2,515

| 8,358

| 0.645

| 1,406,414,984

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}

| 368.9

| 1,289,295

| 3,995,064

| 14,535

| 0.718

| {{Yes}}

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Italy}}

| 1,047.4

| 2,058,330

| 2,972,091

| 34,777

| 50,216

| 0.892

| 60,264,384

| {{No}}

| {{No}}

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Japan}}

| 1,486.6

| 4,912,147

| 6,110,075

| 39,243

| 48,814

| 0.919

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|South Korea}}

| 1,140.4

| 1,804,680

| 2,735,870

| 34,994

| 53,051

| 0.916

| 51,329,419

| 100,210

| {{Yes}}

|{{left}} Advanced

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Mexico}}

| 915.2

| 1,322,740

| 2,890,685

| 10,166

| 22,216

| 0.779

| 131,541,424

| 1,964,375

| {{No}}

|{{left}} Emerging

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Russia}}

| 687.5

| 1,829,050

| 4,365,443

| 12,575

| 30,013

| 0.824

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}

| 369.1

| 1,040,166

| 2,002,542

| 28,759

| 55,368

| 0.854

| 35,013,414

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|South Africa}}

| 187.8

| 426,166

| 937,964

| 6,979

| 15,361

| 0.709

| 60,744,375

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|Turkey}}

| 391{{0|.0}}

| 692,380

| 3,212,072

| 8,081

| 37,488

| 0.820

|{{left}} {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}}}

| 1,157.1

| 3,376,003

| 3,751,845

| 49,761

| 55,301

| 0.932

| {{No}}

| {{No}}

|{{left}} {{flagcountry|United States}}

| 4,278{{0|.0}}

| 25,346,805

| 25,346,805

| 76,027

| 76,027

| 0.926

| 334,773,913

| {{No}}

| {{No}}

|{{left}} {{nowrap|{{flag|European Union}}}}

|  

| 17,199,536

| 23,730,275

| 38,560

| 53,201

| 512,596,403

| {{No}}

| {{left}} Advanced (majority){{efn|22 out of 27 EU states are classified as advanced}}

In addition to these 20 members, the [[chief executive officers]] of several other international forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G20.<ref name="g20members" /> These include the [[International Monetary Fund#Managing Director|managing director]] and Chairman of the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Bank#Leadership|President]] of the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary and Financial Committee]] and the Chairman of the [[Development Assistance Committee]].

{{Quote|In a forum such as the G20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. In view of the objectives of the G20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.}}

A 2011 report released by the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G20 would become the global economic steering committee.<ref name="The People's Daily, PRC">{{cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html|title=Asia to play bigger role on world stage, G20: ADB report |work=The People's Daily|date=26 April 2011|access-date=26 April 2011}}</ref> The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the [[late-2000s recession]]. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G20's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.<ref name="The People's Daily, PRC"/>

Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its own region.<ref name="G20 World"/> For example, South Korea invited Singapore. International organisations which have been invited in the past include the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[Basel Committee on Banking Supervision]] (BCBS), the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] (EAEC), the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB), the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), the [[Global Governance Group]] (3G) and the [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC). Previously, the [[Netherlands]] had a similar status to Spain while the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|rotating presidency]] of the [[Council of the European Union]] would also receive an invitation, but only in that capacity and not as their own state's leader (such as the Czech premiers [[Mirek Topolánek]] and [[Jan Fischer (politician)|Jan Fischer]] during the 2009 summits).

| {{flag|African Union}} (AU)

| [[Macky Sall]]

| {{flagcountry|Senegal}}

| [[President of Senegal|President]]<br />([[Chairperson of the African Union|Chairperson]])<br><small>since February 2022</small>

| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}} (ASEAN)

| [[Hun Sen]]

| {{flagcountry|Cambodia}}

| [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]]<br />(2022 chair)

| [[Lim Jock Hoi]]

| [[Randal K. Quarles]]

| {{flagcountry|Spain}}<ref name="Henley" />

| {{flagcountry|Spain}}

| {{flagcountry|Rwanda}}

| {{flag|United Nations}} (UN)

| {{flag|World Health Organization}} (WHO)

| {{flag|World Trade Organization}} (WTO)

The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by US, Canadian and German policy makers, was very much focused on the sustainability of [[Government debt|sovereign debt]] and global financial stability, in an inclusive format that would bring in the largest [[Developing country|developing economies]] as equal partners. During a summit in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to international finance organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for re-establishing the global financial system.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all |work=theglobeandmail.com |location=Toronto |title=How Canada Made the G20 Happen |first=John |last=Ibbitson |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="FA">{{cite journal|title=The End of the G-20|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=September 2016|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-09-14/end-g-20|last1=Liao|first1=Rebecca}}{{subscription required|via=Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

The G20 countries account for almost 75% of the global carbon emissions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title='Reckless': G20 states subsidised fossil fuels by $3tn since 2015, says report|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/20/g20-states-subsidised-fossil-fuels-2015-coal-oil-gas-cliamte-crisis|access-date=2021-07-20|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> After the adoption of the [[Sustainable Development Goals|UN Sustainable Development Goals]] and the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]] in 2015, more "issues of global significance"<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf |work=Revue Analyse Financière |location=Paris |title=G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth |first=M. Nicolas J. |last=Firzli |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> were added to the G20 agenda: migration, [[digitisation]], employment, healthcare, the economic empowerment of women and [[development aid]].<ref>[https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gzwanzig-ergebnisse-105.html ''Abschlusserklärung steht – Dissens bleibt.''] ''tagesschau.de''. 8 July 2017, retrieved 12 July 2017.</ref> Despite promises G20 nations subsidised fossil fuel companies over $3.3 trillion between 2015 and 2021.<ref name=":1" />

For the 2022 G20 hosted by Indonesia, there are [[2022 G20 Bali summit|10 Engagement Groups]] formed to facilitate independent stakeholders in developing proposals and policy recommendations to G20 leaders.

==Criticisms==

===Exclusivity of membership===

Although the G20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system",<ref>[http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx "About G-20"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120040653/http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |date=20 November 2013 }}. G20.org. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</ref> its legitimacy has been challenged. A 2011 report for the [[Danish Institute for International Studies]] criticised the G20's exclusivity, particularly highlighting its underrepresentation of African countries and its practice of inviting observers from non-member states as a mere "concession at the margins", which does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vestergaard|first=Jakob|url=http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/reports2011/rp2011-04-g20-and-beyond_web.pdf|title=The G20 and Beyond: Towards Effective Global Economic Governance|journal=DIIS Report|date=April 2011|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509063916/http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/reports2011/rp2011-04-g20-and-beyond_web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With respect to the membership issue, former US President [[Barack Obama]] noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "Everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."<ref>Kelly Chernenkoff. [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-to-usher-in-new-world-order-at-g-20 "Obama to Usher In New World Order at G-20"]. [[Fox News]]. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2015.</ref> Others stated in 2011 that the exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem, and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.{{sfn|Cooper|2011}}

====Norwegian perspective====

In line with Norway's emphasis on inclusive international processes, the United Nations and the UN-system, in a 2010 interview with ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', current prime minister of Norway [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] called the G20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II"<ref name="setback">{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,702104,00.html |title=Norway Takes Aim at G-20:'One of the Greatest Setbacks Since World War II' |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> as 173 nations who are all members of the UN are not among the G20. This includes Norway, a major developed economy and the seventh-largest contributor to UN international development programs,<ref name="real donor">{{cite news|url=http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/government-and-policy/peace/un/|title=Norway and the UN |publisher=Norway.org |date=12 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> which is not a member of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G20 even indirectly.<ref name="setback" /> Norway, like other such nations, has little or no voice within the group. Støre argued that the G20 undermines the legitimacy of international organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:

====Spanish position on membership====

The Spanish government's policy is to not request official {{Which|date=April 2022}}membership. Despite being hit hard by the economic crisis after 2008, Spain is still the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|thirteenth largest economy]] by [[nominal GDP]] (the fourth in the European Union) and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fifteenth largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]], clearly exceeding the numbers of several current members of the G20 such as Argentina or South Africa. In addition, since the 1990s several Spanish companies have gained multinational status, often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America, where Spain is the second biggest foreign investor after the United States and keeps an important influence. These facts have reinforced the idea{{by whom|date=December 2021}} that Spain should seek permanent membership of the G20.<ref name="Henley" />

====Polish aspirations====

{{Quote|Polish economy is according to our data an 18th world economy. The place of my country is among the members of the G20. This is a very simple postulate: firstly – it results from the size of [[Economy of Poland|Polish economy]], secondly – it results from the fact that Poland is the biggest country in its region and the biggest country that has experienced a certain story. That story is a political and economic transformation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/110121,polska-w-g-20-warto-sie-bic.html |title=Polska w G-20 – warto się bić? |language=pl |trans-title=Poland in G-20 – is it worth the fight? |date=2 March 2010 |author=Kamila Wronowska |website=dziennik.pl}}</ref>}}

 

In 2012, Tim Ferguson wrote in ''[[Forbes]]'' that swapping Argentina for Poland should be considered, claiming that the Polish economy was headed toward a leadership role in Europe and its membership would be more legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timferguson/2012/04/09/g20-boot-argentina-include-poland/ |title=G20: Boot Argentina, Include Poland |first=Tim |last=Ferguson |website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/04/19/who-would-replace-argentina-on-the-g20/|title=Who would replace Argentina on the G20?|first=David|last=Bosco}}</ref> A similar opinion was expressed by Marcin Sobczyk in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2010/02/03/g20-needs-poland/ |title=G20 Needs Poland |first=Marcin|last=Sobczyk|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=3 February 2010}}</ref> Mamta Murthi from the [[World Bank]] said: "To be in 'a club', what Poland can do is to behave as if it already is in the club it wants to join."<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank in the Krynica Economic Forum – the "Davos for Eastern Europe"|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/17/world-bank-in-the-krynica-economic-forum---the-davos-for-eastern-europe|access-date=2021-04-08|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref>

 

In 2014, consulting company [[Ernst & Young]] published its report about optimal members for G20. After analyzing trade, institutional and investment links Poland was included as one of the optimal members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polskieradio.pl/42/3306/Artykul/1232256,Polska-w-grupie-G20-jesli-tam-nie-bedziemy-inni-beda-decydowac-za-nas|title=Polska w grupie G20: jeśli tam nie będziemy, inni będą decydować za nas|publisher=polskieradio.pl}}</ref>

 

G20 membership has been part of Poland's [[Law and Justice]] party and President [[Andrzej Duda]] political program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,17465365,Andrzej_Duda__Trzeba_wzmacniac_armie__zwiekszyc_obecnosc.html| title=Wyborcza.pl|website=wyborcza.pl}}</ref>

In March 2017, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland [[Mateusz Morawiecki]] took part in a meeting of G20 financial ministers in [[Baden-Baden]] as the first Polish representative.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tvn24bis.pl/ze-swiata,75/rzeczy-ktore-musisz-wiedziec-o-szczycie-g20,724315.html|title=Rzeczy, które musisz wiedzieć o szczycie G20 {{!}} Ze świata|work=TVN24 BiS|access-date=31 March 2017|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rp.pl/Gospodarka/303169812-Morawiecki-wsrod-ministrow-finansow-G20.html#ap-1|title=Morawiecki wśród ministrów finansów G20 – Gospodarka – rp.pl|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref>

In June 2010, Singapore's representative to the United Nations warned the G20 that its decisions would affect "all countries, big and small", and asserted that prominent non-G20 members should be included in financial reform discussions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/newyork/nyemb_statements/global_governance_group/2010/201006/press_201006_3.html|title=Statement by Ambassador Vanu Gopala Menon, Permanent Representative of Singapore to the United Nations|publisher=Singapore UN Mission|date=8 June 2010|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> Singapore thereafter took a leading role in organizing the [[Global Governance Group]] (3G), an informal grouping of 30 non-G20 countries (including several [[microstates]] and many [[Third World]] countries) with the aim of collectively channelling their views into the G20 process more effectively.<ref name="Press Statement by the Global Governance Group (3G) on its Ninth Ministerial Meeting in New York on 22 September 2016">{{cite web|title=Press Statement by the Global Governance Group (3G) on its Ninth Ministerial Meeting in New York on 22 September 2016|url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2016/201609/press_20160923.html|website=mfa|access-date=23 July 2017|language=en-us|date=22 September 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.siiaonline.org/?q=programmes/insights/siia-welcomes-new-3g-initiative-small-states "SIIA welcomes new 3G initiative for small states"]. Singapore Institute of International Affairs. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/events/2010GAWGFC/7/Stmt_Singapore.pdf "Statement by Singapore on behalf of the Global Governance Group" (PDF)]. United Nations. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</ref> Singapore's chairing of the 3G was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G20 summit in South Korea,<ref>[http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/65543/20100925/singapore-global-governance-group-invited-to-g20-seoul-summit.htm "Singapore among five non-G20 nations to attend Seoul Summit"]. ''[[International Business Times]]''. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</ref> as well as the 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 summits.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The American magazine ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' has published articles condemning the G20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8. It questions the actions of some of the G20 members, and advances the notion that some nations should not have membership in the first place. Furthermore, with the effects of the [[Late-2000s financial crisis|Great Recession]] still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failures.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/12/the_g_20_is_failing|title=The G-20 Is Failing|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|first=Edwin M.|last=Truman|date=12 April 2012|access-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>

The G20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules. There are disputes over the legitimacy of the G20,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kathrin Berensmann |author2=Thomas Fues |author3=Ulrich Volz |date=January 2011 |url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/184899/index.en.shtml |website=D+C |title=Informal power centre |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160942/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/184899/index.en.shtml |archive-date=2011-01-01}}</ref> and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sachin Chaturvedi |url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/190338/index.en.shtml |website=D+C |title=Mainstream Heiligendamm |date=January 2011 |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160819/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/190338/index.en.shtml |archive-date=2011-01-01}}</ref>

The G20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G20 meetings are closed-door.<ref>Daniele Archibugi. [http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion "The G20 ought to be increased to 6 Billion"]. OpenDemocracy.net. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref> In 2001, the economist [[Frances Stewart (economist)|Frances Stewart]] proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G20. In such a council, members would be elected by the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] based on their importance to the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.<ref>[[Frances Stewart (economist)|Stewart, Frances]] and Daws, Sam. [http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/RePEc/qeh/qehwps/qehwps68.pdf "An Economic and Social Security Council at the United Nations" (PDF)]. [[Oxford University]]. March 2001. Retrieved 8 January 2013.</ref>

The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including [[information activist]]s, opponents of [[fractional-reserve banking]] and [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalists]]. In 2010, the Toronto G20 summit sparked [[2010 G20 Toronto summit protests|mass protests and rioting]], leading to the largest mass arrest in Canada's history.<ref name="Mahoney">{{cite news|last=Mahoney|first=Jill|author2=Ann Hui|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/g20-related-mass-arrests-unique-in-canadian-history/article1621198/ |title=G20-related mass arrests unique in Canadian history |publisher=The Globe and Mail|date=2010-06-29|access-date=2022-03-17|location=Toronto| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100728172459/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/g20-related-mass-arrests-unique-in-canadian-history/article1621198/| archive-date= 28 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Fossil fuel subsidies ===

The G20 countries account for almost 75% of the global carbon emissions and promised in 2009 to phase out 'inefficient subsidies'. Despite these promises G20 nations have subsidised fossil fuel companies over $3.3 trillion between 2015 and 2021, with several nations increasing subsidies; Australia (+48.2%), US (+36.7%), Indonesia (+26.6%), France (+23.8%), China (+4.1%), Brazil (+3.0%), Mexico (+2.6%).<ref name=":1" />  China alone generates over half of the coal-generated electricity in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=China generated over half world's coal-fired power in 2020: study |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-china-coal/china-generated-over-half-worlds-coal-fired-power-in-2020-study-idUSKBN2BK0PZ |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 March 2021 |quote=China generated 53% of the world’s total coal-fired power in 2020, nine percentage points more that five years earlier}}</ref>

 

===Removal of Russia===

Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], US President [[Joe Biden]] called for the removal of Russia from the group. Alternatively, he suggested that Ukraine be allowed to attend the 2022 summit, despite its lack of membership.<ref name=":2" /> Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] also said the group should "re-evaluate" Russia's participation.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nick |last=Boisvert |date=31 March 2022 |title=Trudeau calls on G20 to reconsider Russia's seat at the table |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-g20-trudeau-1.6404249 |work=[[CBC News]] |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

 

Russia claims it would not be a significant issue, as most G20 members are already fighting Russia economically due to the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biden says allies must stay united against Russia, expel it from the G-20 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-says-allies-must-stay-united-russia-expel-g20-rcna21381 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> China suggested that expelling Russia would be counterproductive.<ref name=":2" />

*[[Group of Eight]] (G8)

*[[Group of Seven]] (G7)

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504234053/http://www.g20.org/Documents/history_report_dm1.pdf The Group of Twenty – A History], 2007