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{{Short description|Asia's largest monolith hill}} | |||
{{advert|date=November 2017}} | {{advert|date=November 2017}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | ||
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[[File:Savandurga.jpg|thumb|Savandurga from the northern side]] | [[File:Savandurga.jpg|thumb|Savandurga from the northern side]] | ||
[[File:SavandurgaMap.jpg|thumb|Map of the Savandurga area]] | [[File:SavandurgaMap.jpg|thumb|Map of the Savandurga area]] | ||
'''Savandurga''' | '''Savandurga''' is a [[hill]] 60 [[Kilometre|km]] west of [[Bengaluru]] ([[Karnataka]], [[India]]), off the Magadi road in [[India]]. It is considered to be among the largest hills in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bengaloorutourism.com/savandurga.php|title=Savandurga |author= |date= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref> The hill rises to 1226 [[Metre|m]] above mean sea level and forms a part of the [[Deccan plateau]]. It consists of peninsular [[gneiss]], granites, basic dykes, and laterites. The Arkavathi river passes nearby through the Thippagondanahalli reservoir and on towards Manchanabele dam. | ||
The Savandurga hills are frequented by pilgrims who come to visit the Savandi Veerabhadreshwara Swamy and Narasimha Swamy temple situated at the foothills. Rock climbers, cave explorers and adventurers are among others who frequent the locale. Nearby Manchanabele Dam is | The Savandurga hills are frequented by pilgrims who come to visit the Savandi Veerabhadreshwara Swamy and Narasimha Swamy temple situated at the foothills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savanadurga {{!}} Veerabhadreshwara Swamy Temple |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/savanadurga/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rock climbers, cave explorers, and adventurers are among others who frequent the locale. Nearby Manchanabele Dam is often visited by water-sports enthusiasts. | ||
==Origin of name== | ==Origin of name== | ||
'''Savandurga''' is formed by two hills known | '''Savandurga''' is formed by two hills locally known as Karigudda (black hill) and Biligudda (white hill). The earliest record of the name of the hill is from 1340 AD by Hoysala Ballala III from Madabalu where it is called ''Savandi''. Another view is that the name originates from ''Samantadurga'', attributed to a ''Samantharaya'', a governor under Ahchutaraya at Magadi, although there is no inscription confirming this. This was the secondary capital of the Magadi rulers such as Kempegowda. From 1638 to 1728, Mysore took over Savandurga, with the Dalavayi Devaraja controlling it from the palace at Nelapattana. In 1791 [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] [[Siege of Savendroog|captured it]] from [[Tipu Sultan]]'s forces during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref>Wilks, Mark. ''Historical Sketches of the South of India in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor: from the origin of the Hindoo government of that state, to the extinction of the Mohammedan dynasty in 1799.'' Edited with notes by Murray Hammick. Mysore: Government Branch Press, 1930-1932.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anon.|page=150|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Volume 22|url= | ||
https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee015644mbp#page/n155/mode/2up/search/savandurga|publisher=Oxford|year=1908}}</ref> [[Robert Home]] in his ''Select views in Mysore'' (1794) shows distant views of the hill from Bangalore.<ref>Home, Robert. ''Select Views in Mysore: the country of Tippoo Sultan from drawings taken on the spot by Mr. Home with historical descriptions.'' First publ. London: Bower, 1794.</ref> He called it ''Savinadurga'' or the ''fort of death''. There were no steps to reach the hill top and it was covered by bamboos and other trees forming a barricade. | https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee015644mbp#page/n155/mode/2up/search/savandurga|publisher=Oxford|year=1908}}</ref> [[Robert Home]] in his ''Select views in Mysore'' (1794) shows distant views of the hill from Bangalore.<ref>Home, Robert. ''Select Views in Mysore: the country of Tippoo Sultan from drawings taken on the spot by Mr. Home with historical descriptions.'' First publ. London: Bower, 1794.</ref> He called it ''Savinadurga'' or the ''fort of death''. There were no steps to reach the hill top and it was covered by bamboos and other trees forming a barricade. | ||
Megalithic burial urns have been found in the area.<ref>Branfill, BR (1881) On the Savandurga rude stone cemetery, central Maisur. Indian Antiquary 10:1-12</ref> Saavana in Sanskrit also means three time rituals. | Megalithic burial urns have been found in the area.<ref>Branfill, BR (1881) On the Savandurga rude stone cemetery, central Maisur. Indian Antiquary 10:1-12</ref> Saavana in Sanskrit also means three time rituals. | ||
The | The principal local deity is Sri Savandi Veerabhadraswamy [[Virabhadra]], a temple to whom is situated at the foot of the Savandurga hill. The lord Veerabhadraswamy has followers across the south Karnataka districts like Bangalore, Ramanagara, Tumkur and Mysore. | ||
There is a Temple of Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy, where there is an Idol of [[Narasimha|Lord Narasimha]] has been worshiped for many generations. | There is a Temple of Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy, where there is an Idol of [[Narasimha|Lord Narasimha]] has been worshiped for many generations. | ||
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==Climbing== | ==Climbing== | ||
Savandurga provides for some top class serious slab climbing routes in the world. There are a dozen routes, bolted or otherwise on the south face of the monolith. | Savandurga provides for some top class serious slab climbing routes in the world<ref>{{Cite web |last=IT |first=SCEEN |title=A Passage to India at Savanadurga State Forest - filming location |url=https://www.sceen-it.com/sceen/3323/A-Passage-to-India/Savanadurga-State-Forest |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.sceen-it.com |language=en-US}}</ref> {{citation required|date=June 2022}}. There are a dozen routes, bolted or otherwise on the south face of the monolith. Most of these routes can be completed in half a day to a day, depending on various factors. Some of the routes have long runouts, and most of them face South or are exposed to South-east, implying that when the sun comes up, the rock becomes quite hot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountainproject.com/v/savandurga-hill/111646874/|title=Rock Climbing in Savandurga Hill, Bangalore Area and Southern Karnataka}}</ref> | ||
==Fauna== | ==Fauna== | ||
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==Flora== | ==Flora== | ||
Surrounding the area is a state forest with scrub and dry deciduous forest covering 27 km. The degraded forest, which is considered as shrub and tree savanna of the ''[[Anogeissus]]''–''[[Chloroxylon]]''–''[[Acacia]]'' series is highly diverse, recording over 59 tree and 119 shrub species. | Surrounding the area is a state forest with scrub and dry deciduous forest covering 27 km. The degraded forest, which is considered as shrub and tree savanna of the ''[[Anogeissus]]''–''[[Chloroxylon]]''–''[[Acacia]]'' series is highly diverse, recording over 59 tree and 119 shrub species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savandurga - An adventure awaits you |url=http://www.discoverbangalore.com/Savandurga.htm |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.discoverbangalore.com}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Monoliths]] | [[Category:Monoliths]] | ||
[[Category:Geography of Ramanagara district]] | [[Category:Geography of Ramanagara district]] | ||
[[Category:Inselbergs of Asia]] | |||