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{{Short description|Ancient Indian | {{Short description|Ancient Indian polymath (375–283 BCE)}} | ||
{{About}} | {{About}} | ||
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} | {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} | ||
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| honorific_prefix | | honorific_prefix = [[Acharya]] | ||
| name | | name = Chanakya | ||
| image | | image = Chanakya artistic depiction.jpg | ||
| caption | | caption = Chanakya as depicted on the cover of R. Shamasastry's 1915 translation of ''[[Arthashastra]]'' | ||
| birth_place | | birth_place = 375 BCE, Chanaka village in Golla region (Jain legends);{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}}<br />or in [[Takshashila]] (Buddhist legends){{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=12}} | ||
| death_place | | death_place = 283 BCE, [[Pataliputra]], [[Maurya Empire]] | ||
| occupation | | occupation = [[Teacher]], [[philosopher]], [[economist]], [[jurist]], advisor of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] | ||
| known_for | | known_for = Prominent role in the foundation of the [[Maurya Empire]]<br/>''[[Arthashastra]]''<br/>''[[Chanakyaniti]]'' | ||
| office | | office = [[Amatya]] of [[Mauryan Empire]] | ||
| predecessor = Position established | |||
| predecessor | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Chanakya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: चाणक्य; [[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|Cāṇakya}}'', {{pronunciation|Chanakya.ogg}}; 375–283 BCE) was an ancient Indian [[polymath]] who was active as a [[teacher]], [[author]], strategist, [[philosopher]], [[economist]], [[jurist]], and royal advisor. He is traditionally identified as '''Kauṭilya''' or '''Vishnugupta''', who authored the ancient Indian political treatise, the ''[[Arthashastra]]'',<ref name="Mabbett">{{cite journal |last1=Mabbett |first1=I. W. |title=The Date of the Arthaśāstra |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=162–169 |issn=0003-0279 |doi=10.2307/597102 |jstor=597102 |year=1964 |publisher=American Oriental Society }}</ref> a text dated to roughly between the fourth century BCE and the third century CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Transaction and Hierarchy|date = 9 August 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ|page=56|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1351393966}}</ref> As such, he is considered the pioneer of the field of [[political science]] and economics in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor to [[classical economics]].<ref>L. K. Jha, K. N. Jha (1998). "Chanakya: the pioneer economist of the world", ''International Journal of Social Economics'' '''25''' (2–4), p. 267–282.</ref><ref name="bss.sfsu.edu">Waldauer, C., Zahka, W.J. and Pal, S. 1996. [https://ideas.repec.org/a/dse/indecr/v35y1996i1p101-108.html Kauṭilya's Arthashastra: A neglected precursor to classical economics]. ''Indian Economic Review'', Vol. XXXI, No. 1, pp. 101–108.</ref><ref>Tisdell, C. 2003. [https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:84337 A Western perspective of Kauṭilya's Arthashastra: does it provide a basis for economic science?] ''Economic Theory, Applications and Issues Working Paper No. 18''. Brisbane: School of Economics, The University of Queensland.</ref><ref>Sihag, B.S. 2007. Kauṭilya on institutions, governance, knowledge, ethics and prosperity. ''Humanomics'' 23 (1): 5–28.</ref> His works were lost near the end of the [[Gupta Empire]] in the sixth century CE and not rediscovered until the early 20th century. | |||
'''Chanakya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: चाणक्य; [[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|Cāṇakya}}'', {{pronunciation|Chanakya.ogg}}; 375–283 BCE) was an ancient Indian polymath who was active as a teacher, author, strategist, [[philosopher]], [[economist]], [[jurist]], and royal advisor. He is traditionally identified as '''Kauṭilya''' or '''Vishnugupta''', who authored the ancient Indian political treatise, the ''[[Arthashastra]]'',<ref name="Mabbett">{{cite journal |last1=Mabbett |first1=I. W. |title=The Date of the Arthaśāstra |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=162–169 |issn=0003-0279 |doi=10.2307/597102 |jstor=597102 |year=1964 |publisher=American Oriental Society }}</ref> a text dated to roughly between the fourth century BCE and the third century CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Transaction and Hierarchy|date = 9 August 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ|page=56|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1351393966}}</ref> As such, he is considered the pioneer of the field of [[political science]] and economics in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor to [[classical economics]].<ref>L. K. Jha, K. N. Jha (1998). "Chanakya: the pioneer economist of the world", ''International Journal of Social Economics'' '''25''' (2–4), p. 267–282.</ref><ref name="bss.sfsu.edu">Waldauer, C., Zahka, W.J. and Pal, S. 1996. [ | Around 321 BCE, Chanakya assisted the first Mauryan emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] in his rise to power and is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the [[Maurya Empire]]. Chanakya served as the chief advisor to both emperors Chandragupta and his son [[Bindusara]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Society|first=National Geographic|date=2020-08-20|title=Mauryan Empire|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mauryan-empire|access-date=2022-01-20|website=National Geographic Society|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Around 321 BCE, Chanakya assisted the first Mauryan emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] in his rise to power and is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the [[Maurya Empire]]. Chanakya served as the chief advisor to both emperors Chandragupta and his son [[Bindusara]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Society|first=National Geographic|date=2020-08-20|title=Mauryan Empire|url= | |||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
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;Kashmiri version | ;Kashmiri version | ||
: ''Brihatkatha-Manjari'' by [[Kshemendra]] and ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' by Somadeva are two 11th-century [[Kashmir]]i Sanskrit collections of legends. Both are based on a now-lost Prakrit-language ''Brihatkatha-Sarit-Sagara | : ''Brihatkatha-Manjari'' by [[Kshemendra]] and ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' by Somadeva are two 11th-century [[Kashmir]]i Sanskrit collections of legends. Both are based on a now-lost Prakrit-language ''Brihatkatha-Sarit-Sagara'', which was based on the now-lost [[Paishachi]]-language ''[[Brihatkatha]]'' by ''[[Gunadhya]]''. The Chanakya-Chandragupta legend in these collections features another character, named Shakatala (IAST: Śakaṭāla).{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=31–33}} | ||
; Mudrarakshasa version | ; Mudrarakshasa version | ||
: ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' ("The [[signet ring]] of Rakshasa") is a Sanskrit play by [[Vishakhadatta]]. Its date is uncertain, but it mentions the [[Huna people|Huna]], who invaded northern India during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]]. Therefore, it could not have been composed before the Gupta era.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=41–43}} It is dated variously from the late fourth century{{sfn|Varadpande|2005|p=223}} to the eighth century.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=30}} The ''Mudrarakshasa'' legend contains narratives not found in other versions of the Chanakya-Chandragupta legend. Because of this difference, Trautmann suggests that most of it is fictional or legendary, without any historical basis.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=43}} | : ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' ("The [[signet ring]] of [[Rakshasa (amatya)|Rakshasa]]") is a Sanskrit play by [[Vishakhadatta]]. Its date is uncertain, but it mentions the [[Huna people|Huna]], who invaded northern India during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]]. Therefore, it could not have been composed before the Gupta era.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=41–43}} It is dated variously from the late fourth century{{sfn|Varadpande|2005|p=223}} to the eighth century.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=30}} The ''Mudrarakshasa'' legend contains narratives not found in other versions of the Chanakya-Chandragupta legend. Because of this difference, Trautmann suggests that most of it is fictional or legendary, without any historical basis.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=43}} | ||
=== Identification with Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta=== | === Identification with Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta=== | ||
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=== Jain version === | === Jain version === | ||
According to the Jain account, Chanakya was born to two lay Jains (''[[shravaka]]'') named Chanin and Chaneshvari. His birthplace was the Chanaka village in Golla ''vishaya'' (region).{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}} The identity of "Golla" is not certain, but Hemachandra states that Chanakya was a [[Dravidian people|Dramila]], implying that he was a native of [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA148|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|isbn=978-81-208-0466-1|page=148}}</ref> | According to the Jain account, Chanakya was born to two lay Jains (''[[shravaka]]'') named Chanin and Chaneshvari. His birthplace was the Chanaka village in Golla ''[[vishaya]]'' (region).{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}} The identity of "Golla" is not certain, but Hemachandra states that Chanakya was a [[Dravidian people|Dramila]], implying that he was a native of [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA148|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|isbn=978-81-208-0466-1|page=148}}</ref> | ||
Chanakya was born with a full set of teeth. According to the monks, this was a sign that he would become a king in the future. Chanin did not want his son to become haughty, so he broke Chanakya's teeth. The monks prophesied that the baby would go on to become a [[power behind the throne]].{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}} Chanakya grew up to be a learned ''shravaka'', and married a Brahmin woman. Her relatives mocked her for being married to a poor man. This motivated Chanakya to visit [[Pataliputra]], and seek donations from the king Nanda, who was famous for his generosity towards Brahmins. While waiting for the king at the royal court, Chanakya sat on the king's throne. A ''dasi'' (servant girl) courteously offered Chanakya the next seat, but Chanakya kept his [[kamandal]] (water pot) on it, while remaining seated on the throne. The servant offered him a choice of four more seats, but each time, he kept his various items on the seats, refusing to budge from the throne. Finally, the annoyed servant kicked him off the throne. Enraged, Chanakya vowed to uproot Nanda and his entire establishment, like "a great wind uproots a tree".{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=22}} | Chanakya was born with a full set of teeth. According to the monks, this was a sign that he would become a king in the future. Chanin did not want his son to become haughty, so he broke Chanakya's teeth. The monks prophesied that the baby would go on to become a [[power behind the throne]].{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}} Chanakya grew up to be a learned ''shravaka'', and married a Brahmin woman. Her relatives mocked her for being married to a poor man. This motivated Chanakya to visit [[Pataliputra]], and seek donations from the king Nanda, who was famous for his generosity towards Brahmins. While waiting for the king at the royal court, Chanakya sat on the king's throne. A ''dasi'' (servant girl) courteously offered Chanakya the next seat, but Chanakya kept his [[kamandal]] (water pot) on it, while remaining seated on the throne. The servant offered him a choice of four more seats, but each time, he kept his various items on the seats, refusing to budge from the throne. Finally, the annoyed servant kicked him off the throne. Enraged, Chanakya vowed to uproot Nanda and his entire establishment, like "a great wind uproots a tree".{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=22}} | ||
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Chanakya then started consolidating the power by eliminating Nanda's loyalists, who had been harassing people in various parts of the kingdom. Chanakya learned about a weaver who would burn any part of his house infested with cockroaches. Chanakya assigned the responsibility of crushing the rebels to this weaver. Soon, the kingdom was free of insurgents. Chanakya also burned a village that had refused him food in the past. He filled the royal treasury by inviting rich merchants to his home, getting them drunk and gambling with a [[loaded dice]].{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=24}} | Chanakya then started consolidating the power by eliminating Nanda's loyalists, who had been harassing people in various parts of the kingdom. Chanakya learned about a weaver who would burn any part of his house infested with cockroaches. Chanakya assigned the responsibility of crushing the rebels to this weaver. Soon, the kingdom was free of insurgents. Chanakya also burned a village that had refused him food in the past. He filled the royal treasury by inviting rich merchants to his home, getting them drunk and gambling with a [[loaded dice]].{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=24}} | ||
Once, the kingdom suffered a 12-year long famine. Two young Jain monks started eating from the king's plate, after making themselves invisible with a magic ointment. Chanakya sensed their presence by covering the palace floor with a powder, and tracing their footprints. At the next meal, he caught them by filling the dining room with thick smoke, which caused the monks' eyes to water, washing off the ointment. Chanakya complained about the young monks behavior to the head monk Acharya Susthita. The Acharya blamed people for not being charitable towards monks, so Chanakya started giving generous alms to the monks.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=24}} | Once, the kingdom suffered a 12-year long famine. Two young Jain monks started eating from the king's plate, after making themselves invisible with a magic ointment. Chanakya sensed their presence by covering the palace floor with a powder, and tracing their footprints. At the next meal, he caught them by filling the dining room with thick smoke, which caused the monks' eyes to water, washing off the ointment. Chanakya complained about the young monks' behavior to the head monk Acharya Susthita. The Acharya blamed people for not being charitable towards monks, so Chanakya started giving generous alms to the monks.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=24}} | ||
Meanwhile, Chandragupta had been patronizing the non-Jain monks. Chanakya decided to prove to him that these men were not worthy of his patronage. He covered the floor of the palace area near the women's rooms with | Meanwhile, Chandragupta had been patronizing the non-Jain monks. Chanakya decided to prove to him that these men were not worthy of his patronage. He covered the floor of the palace area near the women's rooms with powder and left the non-Jain monks there. Their footprints showed that they had sneaked up to the windows of the women's rooms to peep inside. The Jain monks, who were assessed using the same method, stayed away from the women's rooms. After seeing this, Chandragupta appointed the Jain monks as his spiritual counsellors.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=25}} | ||
Chanakya used to mix small doses of poison in Chandragupta's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts. The king, unaware of this, once shared his food with Queen [[Durdhara]]. Chanakya entered the room at the instant she died. He cut open the dead queen's belly and took out the baby. The baby, who had been touched by a drop ("''bindu''") of the poison, was named Bindusara.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=25}} | Chanakya used to mix small doses of poison in Chandragupta's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts. The king, unaware of this, once shared his food with Queen [[Durdhara]]. Chanakya entered the room at the instant she died. He cut open the dead queen's belly and took out the baby. The baby, who had been touched by a drop ("''bindu''") of the poison, was named Bindusara.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=25}} | ||
After Chandragupta abdicated the throne to become a Jain monk, Chanakya anointed Bindusara as the new king.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=25}} Chanakya asked Bindusara to appoint a man named Subandhu as one of his ministers. However, Subandhu wanted to become a higher minister and grew jealous of Chanakya. So, he told Bindusara that Chanakya was responsible for the death of his mother. Bindusara confirmed the allegations with the nurses, who told him that Chanakya had cut open the belly of his mother. | After Chandragupta abdicated the throne to become a Jain monk, Chanakya anointed Bindusara as the new king.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=25}} Chanakya asked Bindusara to appoint a man named Subandhu as one of his ministers. However, Subandhu wanted to become a higher minister and grew jealous of Chanakya. So, he told Bindusara that Chanakya was responsible for the death of his mother. Bindusara confirmed the allegations with the nurses, who told him that Chanakya had cut open the belly of his mother. Bindusara became enraged, and started hating Chanakya. As a result, Chanakya, who had grown very old by this time, retired and decided to [[sallekhana|starve himself to death]]. Meanwhile, Bindusara learned the detailed circumstances of his birth, and implored Chanakya to resume his ministerial duties. After failing to pacify Chanakya, the emperor ordered Subandhu to convince Chanakya to give up his suicide plan. Subandhu, while pretending to appease Chanakya, burned him to death. Subandhu then took possession of Chanakya's home. Chanakya had anticipated this, and before retiring, he had set up a cursed trap for Subandhu. He had left behind a chest with a hundred locks. Subandhu broke the locks, hoping to find precious jewels. He found a sweet-smelling perfume and immediately inhaled it. But then his eyes fell on a [[birch bark manuscript|birch bark note]] with a curse written on it. The note declared that anybody who smelled this perfume will have to either become a monk or face death. Subandhu tested the perfume on another man, and then fed him luxurious food (something that the monks abstain from). The man died, and then Subandhu was forced to become a monk to avoid death.<ref name="Rosalind_1993">{{cite book|author=Motilal Banarsidass|title=The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jaina Literature|year=1993|isbn=9788120811508|editor=Phyllis Granoff|editor-link=Phyllis Granoff|pages=204–206|translator=Rosalind Lefeber|chapter=The Minister Cāṇakya, from the Pariśiṣtaparvan of Hemacandra|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po9tUNX0SYAC&pg=PA204}}</ref><ref name="HJ_1891">{{cite book|author=Hemachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSFCAQAAMAAJ|title=Sthavir̂aval̂i charita, or, Pariśishtaparvan|publisher=Asiatic Society|year=1891|location=Calcutta|pages=67–68|translator=[[Hermann Jacobi]]}}</ref> | ||
According to another Jain text – the ''Rajavali-Katha'' – Chanakya accompanied Chandragupta to forest for [[sannyasa|retirement]], once Bindusara became the king.{{sfn|Rice|1889|p=9}} | According to another Jain text – the ''Rajavali-Katha'' – Chanakya accompanied Chandragupta to forest for [[sannyasa|retirement]], once Bindusara became the king.{{sfn|Rice|1889|p=9}} | ||
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=== Buddhist version === | === Buddhist version === | ||
According to the Buddhist legend, the [[Nanda dynasty|Nanda kings]] who preceded Chandragupta were robbers-turned-rulers.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}} Chanakya ([[IAST]]: Cāṇakka in ''Mahavamsa'') was a [[Brahmin]] from Takkāsila ([[Takshashila]]). He was well-versed in three [[Vedas]] and politics. He | According to the Buddhist legend, the [[Nanda dynasty|Nanda kings]] who preceded Chandragupta were robbers-turned-rulers.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}} Chanakya ([[IAST]]: Cāṇakka in ''Mahavamsa'') was a [[Brahmin]] from Takkāsila ([[Takshashila]]). He was well-versed in three [[Vedas]] and politics. He was born with canine teeth, which were believed to be a mark of royalty. His mother feared that he would neglect her after becoming a king.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=12}} To pacify her, Chanakya broke his teeth.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}} | ||
Chanakya | Chanakya had an [[Unattractiveness|ugly appearance]], accentuated by his broken teeth and crooked feet. One day, the king [[Dhana Nanda]] organized an alms-giving ceremony for Brahmins. Chanakya went to Pupphapura ([[Pushpapura]]) to attend this ceremony. Disgusted by his appearance, the king ordered him to be thrown out of the assembly. Chanakya broke his [[sacred thread]] in anger, and cursed the king. The king ordered his arrest, but Chanakya escaped in the disguise of an [[Ājīvika]]. He befriended Dhananada's son Pabbata, and instigated him to seize the throne. With help of a [[signet ring]] given by the prince, Chanakya fled the palace through a secret door.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}} | ||
Chanakya escaped to the [[Vindhya Range|Vinjha]] forest. There, he made 800 million gold coins (''[[Karshapana|kahapana]]''s), using a secret technique that allowed him to turn 1 coin into 8 coins. After hiding this money, he started searching for a person worthy of replacing Dhana Nanda.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}} One day, he saw a group of children playing: the young Chandragupta (called Chandagutta in ''Mahavamsa'') played the role of a king, while other boys pretended to be vassals, ministers, or robbers. The "robbers" were brought before Chandragupta, who ordered their limbs to be cut off, but then miraculously re-attached them. Chandragupta had been born in a royal family, but was brought up by a hunter after his father was killed by an usurper, and the [[devata]]s caused his mother to abandon him. Astonished by the boy's miraculous powers, Chanakya paid 1000 gold coins to his foster-father, and took Chandragupta away, promising to teach him a trade.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}} | Chanakya escaped to the [[Vindhya Range|Vinjha]] forest. There, he made 800 million gold coins (''[[Karshapana|kahapana]]''s), using a secret technique that allowed him to turn 1 coin into 8 coins. After hiding this money, he started searching for a person worthy of replacing Dhana Nanda.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}} One day, he saw a group of children playing: the young Chandragupta (called Chandagutta in ''Mahavamsa'') played the role of a king, while other boys pretended to be vassals, ministers, or robbers. The "robbers" were brought before Chandragupta, who ordered their limbs to be cut off, but then miraculously re-attached them. Chandragupta had been born in a royal family, but was brought up by a hunter after his father was killed by an usurper, and the [[devata]]s caused his mother to abandon him. Astonished by the boy's miraculous powers, Chanakya paid 1000 gold coins to his foster-father, and took Chandragupta away, promising to teach him a trade.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}} | ||
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The army of Chanadragupta and Chanakya invaded Dhana Nanda's kingdom, but disbanded after facing a severe defeat. While wandering in disguise, the two men once listened to the conversation between a woman and her son. The child had eaten the middle of a cake, and thrown away the edges. The woman scolded him, saying that he was eating food like Chandragupta, who attacked the central part of the kingdom instead of conquering the border villages first. Chanakya and Chandragupta realized their mistake. They assembled a new army, and started conquering the border villages. Gradually, they advanced to the kingdom's capital [[Pataliputra]] (Pāṭaliputta in ''Mahavamsa''), where they killed the king Dhana Nanda. Chanakya ordered a fisherman to find the place where Dhana Nanda had hidden his treasure. As soon as the fishermen informed Chanakya about its location, Chanakya had him killed. Chanakya anointed Chandragupta as the new king, and tasked a man named Paṇiyatappa with eliminating rebels and robbers from the kingdom.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=15}} | The army of Chanadragupta and Chanakya invaded Dhana Nanda's kingdom, but disbanded after facing a severe defeat. While wandering in disguise, the two men once listened to the conversation between a woman and her son. The child had eaten the middle of a cake, and thrown away the edges. The woman scolded him, saying that he was eating food like Chandragupta, who attacked the central part of the kingdom instead of conquering the border villages first. Chanakya and Chandragupta realized their mistake. They assembled a new army, and started conquering the border villages. Gradually, they advanced to the kingdom's capital [[Pataliputra]] (Pāṭaliputta in ''Mahavamsa''), where they killed the king Dhana Nanda. Chanakya ordered a fisherman to find the place where Dhana Nanda had hidden his treasure. As soon as the fishermen informed Chanakya about its location, Chanakya had him killed. Chanakya anointed Chandragupta as the new king, and tasked a man named Paṇiyatappa with eliminating rebels and robbers from the kingdom.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=15}} | ||
Chanakya started mixing small doses of poison in the new king's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts by the enemies. Chandragupta, who was not aware of this, once shared the food with his pregnant queen, who was seven days away from delivery. Chanakya arrived just as the queen ate the poisoned morsel. Realizing that she was going to die, Chanakya decided to save the unborn child. He cut off the queen's head and cut open her belly with a sword to take out the foetus. Over the next seven days, he placed the foetus in the belly of a goat freshly killed each day. After seven days, Chandragupta's son was "born". He was named [[Bindusara]] | Chanakya started mixing small doses of poison in the new king's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts by the enemies. Chandragupta, who was not aware of this, once shared the food with his pregnant queen, who was seven days away from delivery. Chanakya arrived just as the queen ate the poisoned morsel. Realizing that she was going to die, Chanakya decided to save the unborn child. He cut off the queen's head and cut open her belly with a sword to take out the foetus. Over the next seven days, he placed the foetus in the belly of a goat freshly killed each day. After seven days, Chandragupta's son was "born". He was named [[Bindusara]] because his body was spotted with drops (''bindu'') of goat's blood.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=15}} | ||
The earliest Buddhist legends do not mention Chanakya in their description of the Mauryan dynasty after this point.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}} [[Atthakatha#Dhammapala|Dhammapala]]'s commentary on ''[[Theragatha]]'', however, mentions a legend about Chanakya and a Brahmin named Subandhu. According to this account, Chanakya was afraid that the wise Subandhu would surpass him at Chandragupta's court. So, he got Chandragupta to imprison Subandhu, whose son Tekicchakani escaped and became a Buddhist monk.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=28}} The 16th-century Tibetan Buddhist author [[Taranatha]] mentions Chanakya as one of Bindusara's "great lords". According to him, Chanakya destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made Bindusara the master of all the territory between the eastern and the western seas ([[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]]).{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=331}} | The earliest Buddhist legends do not mention Chanakya in their description of the Mauryan dynasty after this point.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}} [[Atthakatha#Dhammapala|Dhammapala]]'s commentary on ''[[Theragatha]]'', however, mentions a legend about Chanakya and a Brahmin named Subandhu. According to this account, Chanakya was afraid that the wise Subandhu would surpass him at Chandragupta's court. So, he got Chandragupta to imprison Subandhu, whose son Tekicchakani escaped and became a Buddhist monk.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=28}} The 16th-century Tibetan Buddhist author [[Taranatha]] mentions Chanakya as one of Bindusara's "great lords". According to him, Chanakya destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made Bindusara the master of all the territory between the eastern and the western seas ([[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]]).{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=331}} | ||
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=== Kashmiri version === | === Kashmiri version === | ||
The Kashmiri version of the legend goes like this: Vararuchi (identified with [[Katyayana]]), Indradatta and Vyadi were three disciples of the sage Varsha. Once, on behalf of their [[guru]] Varsha, they | The Kashmiri version of the legend goes like this: Vararuchi (identified with [[Katyayana]]), Indradatta and Vyadi were three disciples of the sage Varsha. Once, on behalf of their [[guru]] Varsha, they travelled to [[Ayodhya]] to seek a [[gurudakshina]] (guru's fee) from king Nanda. As they arrived to meet Nanda, the king died. Using his [[yoga|yogic]] powers, Indradatta entered Nanda's body and granted Vararuchi's request for 10 million [[gold dinar|dinars]] (gold coins). The royal minister Shakatala realized what was happening, and had Indradatta's body burnt. But before he could take any action against the fake king (Indradatta in Nanda's body, also called Yogananda), the king had him arrested. Shakatala and his 100 sons were imprisoned and were given food sufficient only for one person. Shakatala's 100 sons starved to death, so that their father could live to take revenge.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=31}} | ||
Meanwhile, the fake king appointed Vararuchi as his minister. As the king's character kept deteriorating, a disgusted Vararuchi retired to a forest as an ascetic. Shakatala was then restored as the minister, but kept planning his revenge. One day, Shakatala came across Chanakya, a Brahmin who was uprooting all the grass in his path, because one blade of the grass had pricked his foot. Shakatala realized that he could use a man so vengeful to destroy the fake king. He invited Chanakya to the king's assembly, promising him 100,000 gold coins for presiding over a ritual ceremony.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=31}} | Meanwhile, the fake king appointed Vararuchi as his minister. As the king's character kept deteriorating, a disgusted Vararuchi retired to a forest as an ascetic. Shakatala was then restored as the minister, but kept planning his revenge. One day, Shakatala came across Chanakya, a Brahmin who was uprooting all the grass in his path, because one blade of the grass had pricked his foot. Shakatala realized that he could use a man so vengeful to destroy the fake king. He invited Chanakya to the king's assembly, promising him 100,000 gold coins for presiding over a ritual ceremony.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=31}} | ||
Shakatala hosted Chanakya in his own house | Shakatala hosted Chanakya in his own house and treated him with great respect. But the day Chanakya arrived at the king's court, Shakatala got another Brahmin named Subandhu to preside over the ceremony. Chanakya felt insulted, but Shakatala blamed the king for this dishonour. Chanakya then untied his topknot ([[sikha]]), and vowed not to re-tie it until the king was destroyed. The king ordered his arrest, but he escaped to Shakatala's house. There, using materials supplied by Shakatala, he performed a magic ritual which made the king sick. The king died of a fever after 7 days.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=32}} | ||
Shakatala then executed Hiranyagupta, the son of the fake king. He anointed Chandragupta, the son of the real king Nanda, as the new king (in Kshemendra's version, it is Chanakya who installs Chandragupta as the new king). Shakatala also appointed Chanakya as the royal priest (''[[purohita]]''). Having achieved his revenge, he then retired to the forest as an ascetic.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=32}} | Shakatala then executed Hiranyagupta, the son of the fake king. He anointed Chandragupta, the son of the real king Nanda, as the new king (in Kshemendra's version, it is Chanakya who installs Chandragupta as the new king). Shakatala also appointed Chanakya as the royal priest (''[[purohita]]''). Having achieved his revenge, he then retired to the forest as an ascetic.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=32}} | ||
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According to the ''Mudrarakshasa'' version, the king Nanda once removed Chanakya from the "first seat of the kingdom" (this possibly refers to Chanakya's expulsion from the king's assembly). For this reason, Chanakya vowed not to tie his top knot (''[[sikha|shikha]]'') until the complete destruction of Nanda. Chanakya made a plan to dethrone Nanda, and replace him with Chandragupta, his son by a lesser queen. Chanakya engineered Chandragupta's alliance with another powerful king Parvateshvara (or Parvata), and the two rulers agreed to divide Nanda's territory after subjugating him. Their allied army included [[Bahlikas|Bahlika]], [[Kirata]], [[Persian people|Parasika]], [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Shakas|Shaka]], and [[Yavana]] soldiers. The army invaded [[Pataliputra]] (Kusumapura) and defeated the Nandas.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=36–37}} Parvata is identified with [[King Porus]] by some scholars.{{sfn|Varadpande|2005|pp=227–230}} | According to the ''Mudrarakshasa'' version, the king Nanda once removed Chanakya from the "first seat of the kingdom" (this possibly refers to Chanakya's expulsion from the king's assembly). For this reason, Chanakya vowed not to tie his top knot (''[[sikha|shikha]]'') until the complete destruction of Nanda. Chanakya made a plan to dethrone Nanda, and replace him with Chandragupta, his son by a lesser queen. Chanakya engineered Chandragupta's alliance with another powerful king Parvateshvara (or Parvata), and the two rulers agreed to divide Nanda's territory after subjugating him. Their allied army included [[Bahlikas|Bahlika]], [[Kirata]], [[Persian people|Parasika]], [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Shakas|Shaka]], and [[Yavana]] soldiers. The army invaded [[Pataliputra]] (Kusumapura) and defeated the Nandas.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=36–37}} Parvata is identified with [[King Porus]] by some scholars.{{sfn|Varadpande|2005|pp=227–230}} | ||
Nanda's prime minister Rakshasa escaped Pataliputra, and continued resisting the invaders. He sent a [[vishakanya]] (poison girl) to assassinate Chandragupta. Chanakya had this girl assassinate Parvata instead, with the blame going to Rakshasa. However, Parvata's son Malayaketu learned the truth about his father's death | Nanda's prime minister [[Rakshasa (amatya)|Rakshasa]] escaped Pataliputra, and continued resisting the invaders. He sent a [[vishakanya]] (poison girl) to assassinate Chandragupta. Chanakya had this girl assassinate Parvata instead, with the blame going to Rakshasa. However, Parvata's son Malayaketu learned the truth about his father's death and defected to Rakshasa's camp. Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana accompanied Malayaketu, pretending to be his friend.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=37}} | ||
Rakshasa continued to plot Chandragupta's death, but all his plans were foiled by Chanakya. For example, once Rakshasa arranged for assassins to be transported to Chandragupta's bedroom via a tunnel. Chanakya became aware of them by noticing a trail of ants carrying the leftovers of their food. He then arranged for the assassins to be burned to death.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=38}} | Rakshasa continued to plot Chandragupta's death, but all his plans were foiled by Chanakya. For example, once Rakshasa arranged for assassins to be transported to Chandragupta's bedroom via a tunnel. Chanakya became aware of them by noticing a trail of ants carrying the leftovers of their food. He then arranged for the assassins to be burned to death.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=38}} | ||
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Malayaketu and Rakshasa then formed an alliance with five kings: Chiravarman of Kauluta (Kulu), Meghaksha of [[Persia|Parasika]], Narasimha of [[Malaya Mountains|Malaya]], Pushkaraksha of [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmira]], and Sindhusena of [[Sindhu Kingdom|Saindhava]]. This allied army also included soldiers from [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], [[Gandhara]], [[Hunas]], [[Khasas|Khasa]], [[Magadha]], [[Shakas|Shaka]], and [[Yavana]] territories.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=38}} | Malayaketu and Rakshasa then formed an alliance with five kings: Chiravarman of Kauluta (Kulu), Meghaksha of [[Persia|Parasika]], Narasimha of [[Malaya Mountains|Malaya]], Pushkaraksha of [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmira]], and Sindhusena of [[Sindhu Kingdom|Saindhava]]. This allied army also included soldiers from [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], [[Gandhara]], [[Hunas]], [[Khasas|Khasa]], [[Magadha]], [[Shakas|Shaka]], and [[Yavana]] territories.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=38}} | ||
In Pataliputra, Chanakya's agent informed him that three Rakshasa loyalists remained in the capital: the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi, the scribe Shakata-dasa and the | In Pataliputra, Chanakya's agent informed him that three Rakshasa loyalists remained in the capital: the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi, the scribe Shakata-dasa and the jewellers' guild chief Chandana-dasa. Of these, Jiva-siddhi was actually a spy of Chanakya, unknown to his other spies. Chandana-dasa sheltered Rakshasa's wife, who once unknowingly dropped her husband's signet-ring (''mudra''). Chanakya's agent got hold of this signet-ring, and brought it to Chanakya. Using this signet ring, Chanakya sent a letter to Malayaketu warning him that his allies were treacherous. Chanakya also asked some of Chandragupta's princes to fake defection to Malayaketu's camp. In addition, Chanakya ordered Shakata-dasa's murder, but had him 'rescued' by Siddharthaka, a spy pretending to be an agent of Chandana-dasa. Chanakya's spy then took Shakata-dasa to Rakshasa.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=38}} | ||
When Shakata-dasa and his 'rescuer' Siddharthaka reached Rakshasa, Siddharthaka presented him the signet-ring, claiming to have found it at Chandana-dasa's home. As a reward, Rakshasa gave him some jewels that Malayaketu had gifted him. Sometime after this, another of Chanakya's agents, disguised as a | When Shakata-dasa and his 'rescuer' Siddharthaka reached Rakshasa, Siddharthaka presented him the signet-ring, claiming to have found it at Chandana-dasa's home. As a reward, Rakshasa gave him some jewels that Malayaketu had gifted him. Sometime after this, another of Chanakya's agents, disguised as a jeweller, sold Parvata's jewels to Rakshasa.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=39}} | ||
Sometime later, Rakshasa sent his spies disguised as musicians to Chandragupta's court. But Chanakya knew all about Rakshasa's plans thanks to his spies. In front of Rakshasa's spies, Chanakya and Chandragupta feigned an angry argument. Chandragupta pretended to dismiss Chanakya, and declared that Rakshasa would make a better minister. Meanwhile, Malayaketu had a conversation with Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana while approaching Rakshasa's house. Bhagurayana made Malayaketu distrustful of Rakshasa, by saying that Rakshasa hated only Chanakya, and would be willing to serve Nanda's son Chandragupta. Shortly after this, a messenger came to Rakshasa's house | Sometime later, Rakshasa sent his spies disguised as musicians to Chandragupta's court. But Chanakya knew all about Rakshasa's plans thanks to his spies. In front of Rakshasa's spies, Chanakya and Chandragupta feigned an angry argument. Chandragupta pretended to dismiss Chanakya, and declared that Rakshasa would make a better minister. Meanwhile, Malayaketu had a conversation with Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana while approaching Rakshasa's house. Bhagurayana made Malayaketu distrustful of Rakshasa, by saying that Rakshasa hated only Chanakya, and would be willing to serve Nanda's son Chandragupta. Shortly after this, a messenger came to Rakshasa's house and informed him that Chandragupta had dismissed Chanakya while praising him. This convinced Malayaketu that Rakashasa could not be trusted.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=39}} | ||
Malayaketu then decided to invade Pataliputra without Rakshasa by his side. He consulted the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi to decide an auspicious time for beginning the march. Jiva-siddhi, a spy of Chanakya, told him that he could start immediately.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=39}} Jiva-siddhi also convinced him that Rakshasa was responsible for his father's death, but Bhagurayana persuaded him not to harm Rakshasa. Shortly after, Chanakya's spy Siddharthaka pretended to get caught with a fake letter addressed to Chandragupta by Rakshasa. Wearing the jewels given by Rakshasa, he pretended to be an agent of Rakshasa. The letter, sealed with Rakshasa's signet-ring, informed Chandragupta that Rakshasa only wished to replace Chanakya as the prime minister. It also stated that five of Malayaketu's allies were willing to defect to Chandragupta in return for land and wealth. An angry Malayaketu summoned Rakshasa, who arrived wearing Parvata's jewels that Chanakya's agent had sold him. When Malayaketu saw Rakshasa wearing his father's jewels, he was convinced that there was indeed a treacherous plan against him. He executed his five allies in a brutal manner.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=40}} | Malayaketu then decided to invade Pataliputra without Rakshasa by his side. He consulted the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi to decide an auspicious time for beginning the march. Jiva-siddhi, a spy of Chanakya, told him that he could start immediately.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=39}} Jiva-siddhi also convinced him that Rakshasa was responsible for his father's death, but Bhagurayana persuaded him not to harm Rakshasa. Shortly after, Chanakya's spy Siddharthaka pretended to get caught with a fake letter addressed to Chandragupta by Rakshasa. Wearing the jewels given by Rakshasa, he pretended to be an agent of Rakshasa. The letter, sealed with Rakshasa's signet-ring, informed Chandragupta that Rakshasa only wished to replace Chanakya as the prime minister. It also stated that five of Malayaketu's allies were willing to defect to Chandragupta in return for land and wealth. An angry Malayaketu summoned Rakshasa, who arrived wearing Parvata's jewels that Chanakya's agent had sold him. When Malayaketu saw Rakshasa wearing his father's jewels, he was convinced that there was indeed a treacherous plan against him. He executed his five allies in a brutal manner.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=40}} | ||
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== Literary works == | == Literary works == | ||
Two books are attributed to Chanakya: ''[[Arthashastra]]'',<ref name="Shamasastry1905">{{cite book |title=Kautilya's Arthashastra |year=1905 |others= Translated by Shamasastry, R. |url=https://archive.org/details/Arthashastra_English_Translation |access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref> and ''[[Chanakyaniti|Chanakya Niti]]'', also known as ''Chanakya Neeti-shastra''.<ref name="Miles1981">{{cite book |title=Sri Chanakya Niti-shastra; the Political Ethics of Chanakya Pandit Hardcover |year=1981 |others=Translated by Miles Davis and V. Badarayana Murthy |url=http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm |access-date=2014-08-15 |publisher=Ram Kumar Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716182652/http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm |archive-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> The ''Arthashastra'' was discovered in 1905 by librarian [[R. Shamasastry|Rudrapatna Shamasastry]] in an uncatalogued group of ancient [[palm-leaf manuscripts]] donated by an unknown [[pandit]] to the [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srinivasaraju|first1=Sugata|title=Year of the Guru|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/year-of-the-guru/250522|access-date=17 March 2018|work=Outlook India|date=27 July 2009}}</ref> | Two books are attributed to Chanakya: ''[[Arthashastra]]'',<ref name="Shamasastry1905">{{cite book |title=Kautilya's Arthashastra |year=1905 |others= Translated by Shamasastry, R. |url=https://archive.org/details/Arthashastra_English_Translation |access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref> and ''[[Chanakyaniti|Chanakya Niti]]'', also known as ''Chanakya Neeti-shastra''.<ref name="Miles1981">{{cite book |title=Sri Chanakya Niti-shastra; the Political Ethics of Chanakya Pandit Hardcover |year=1981 |others=Translated by Miles Davis and V. Badarayana Murthy |url=http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm |access-date=2014-08-15 |publisher=Ram Kumar Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716182652/http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm |archive-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> The ''Arthashastra'' was discovered in 1905 by librarian [[R. Shamasastry|Rudrapatna Shamasastry]] in an uncatalogued group of ancient [[palm-leaf manuscripts]] donated by an unknown [[pandit]] to the [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srinivasaraju|first1=Sugata|title=Year of the Guru|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/year-of-the-guru/250522|access-date=17 March 2018|work=Outlook India|date=27 July 2009}}</ref> | ||
* The ''Arthashastra'', which discusses [[monetary policy|monetary]] and [[Fiscal policy|fiscal]] policies, [[welfare (financial aid)|welfare]], [[international relations]], and [[military strategy|war strategies]] in detail. The text also outlines the duties of a ruler.<ref>Paul Halsall. [ | * The ''Arthashastra'', which discusses [[monetary policy|monetary]] and [[Fiscal policy|fiscal]] policies, [[welfare (financial aid)|welfare]], [[international relations]], and [[military strategy|war strategies]] in detail. The text also outlines the duties of a ruler.<ref>Paul Halsall. [https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ECON301-1.3.pdf Indian History Sourcebook: Kautilya: from the Arthashastra c. 250 BC] Retrieved 19 June 2012</ref>{{reliable|date=March 2016}} Some scholars believe that ''Arthashastra'' is actually a compilation of a number of earlier texts written by various authors, and Chanakya might have been ''one'' of these authors (see [[#Identification with Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta|above]]).<ref name="Namita2008"/> | ||
* ''Chanakya Niti'', which is a collection of [[aphorism]]s, said to be selected by Chanakya from the various [[shastra]]s.<ref name="Miles1981"/> | * ''Chanakya Niti'', which is a collection of [[aphorism]]s, said to be selected by Chanakya from the various [[shastra]]s.<ref name="Miles1981"/> | ||
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}} | }} | ||
Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India. Many Indian nationalists regard him as one of the earliest people who envisioned a united India spanning the entire [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. [[National Security Advisor (India)|India's former National Security Advisor]] [[Shiv Shankar Menon]] praised Chanakya's [[Arthashastra]] for its precise and timeless descriptions of power. Furthermore, he recommended reading of the book for broadening the vision on strategic issues.<ref name="India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA">{{cite news|title=India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA|url= | Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India. Many Indian nationalists regard him as one of the earliest people who envisioned a united India spanning the entire [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. [[National Security Advisor (India)|India's former National Security Advisor]] [[Shiv Shankar Menon]] praised Chanakya's [[Arthashastra]] for its precise and timeless descriptions of power. Furthermore, he recommended reading of the book for broadening the vision on strategic issues.<ref name="India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA">{{cite news|title=India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-needs-to-develop-its-own-doctrine-for-strategic-autonomy-nsa/articleshow/16868737.cms|access-date=18 October 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=18 October 2012|agency=Press Trust of India|location=NEW DELHI}}</ref> | ||
The diplomatic enclave in New Delhi is named [[Chanakyapuri]] in honour of Chanakya. Institutes named after him include [[Training Ship Chanakya]], [[Chanakya National Law University]] and Chanakya Institute of Public Leadership. Chanakya circle in [[Mysore]] has been named after him.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5APECQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Chanakya's Views on Administration |last=Yelegaonkar |first=Dr Shrikant |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781329082809 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>{{sps|date=February 2020}} | The diplomatic enclave in New Delhi is named [[Chanakyapuri]] in honour of Chanakya. Institutes named after him include [[Training Ship Chanakya]], [[Chanakya National Law University]] and Chanakya Institute of Public Leadership. Chanakya circle in [[Mysore]] has been named after him.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5APECQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Chanakya's Views on Administration |last=Yelegaonkar |first=Dr Shrikant |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781329082809 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>{{sps|date=February 2020}} | ||
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[[Category:Military theorists]] | [[Category:Military theorists]] | ||
[[Category:People of the Maurya Empire]] | [[Category:People of the Maurya Empire]] | ||
[[Category:4th-century BC Hindus]] | |||
[[Category:Preclassical economists]] | [[Category:Preclassical economists]] | ||
[[Category:Taxila Tehsil]] | [[Category:Taxila Tehsil]] | ||
[[Category:Theoretical historians]] | |||
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]] | [[Category:Indian political philosophers]] | ||