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Orde Wingate: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|British WWII Army general (1903-1944)}} | {{short description|British WWII Army general (1903-1944)}} | ||
{{Use British English|date=August | {{Use British English|date=August 2012}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox military person | {{Infobox military person | ||
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While Wingate was still in Burma, Wavell had ordered the formation of 111 Brigade, known as the "Leopards", along the lines of the 77 Brigade. He selected Brigadier [[Joe Lentaigne]] as the new commander.<ref name="Masters135"/> Wavell intended that the two brigades would operate with one engaged on operations while the other trained and prepared for the next operation. However, once back in India, Wingate was promoted to acting major general and was given six brigades. This involved breaking up the experienced [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th Division]], which other commanders felt could be better used as a standard "line" division.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1984|p=319}}</ref> At first, Wingate proposed to convert the entire front into one giant Chindit mission by breaking up the whole of the Fourteenth Army into Long-Range Penetration units, presumably in the expectation that the Japanese would follow them around the Burmese jungle in an effort to wipe them out.<ref name="Masters163">{{Harvnb|Masters|1979|p=163}}</ref> This plan was hurriedly dropped after other commanders pointed out that the Japanese Army would simply advance and seize the air bases from which Chindit forces were supplied, requiring a defensive battle and substantial troops that the Indian Army would be unable to provide.<ref name="Masters163"/> | While Wingate was still in Burma, Wavell had ordered the formation of 111 Brigade, known as the "Leopards", along the lines of the 77 Brigade. He selected Brigadier [[Joe Lentaigne]] as the new commander.<ref name="Masters135"/> Wavell intended that the two brigades would operate with one engaged on operations while the other trained and prepared for the next operation. However, once back in India, Wingate was promoted to acting major general and was given six brigades. This involved breaking up the experienced [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th Division]], which other commanders felt could be better used as a standard "line" division.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1984|p=319}}</ref> At first, Wingate proposed to convert the entire front into one giant Chindit mission by breaking up the whole of the Fourteenth Army into Long-Range Penetration units, presumably in the expectation that the Japanese would follow them around the Burmese jungle in an effort to wipe them out.<ref name="Masters163">{{Harvnb|Masters|1979|p=163}}</ref> This plan was hurriedly dropped after other commanders pointed out that the Japanese Army would simply advance and seize the air bases from which Chindit forces were supplied, requiring a defensive battle and substantial troops that the Indian Army would be unable to provide.<ref name="Masters163"/> | ||
In the end, a new long-range jungle penetration operation was planned, this time using all six of the brigades recently allocated to Wingate. The second long-range penetration mission was originally intended as a coordinated effort with a planned regular army offensive against northern Burma, but events on the ground resulted in cancellation of the army offensive, leaving the long-range penetration groups without a means of transporting all six brigades into Burma. Upon Wingate's return to India, he found that his mission had also been cancelled for lack of air transport. Wingate took the news bitterly, voicing disappointment to all who would listen, including Allied commanders such as Colonel [[Philip Cochran]] of the 1st Air Commando Group, which proved to be a blessing in disguise. Cochran told Wingate that cancelling the long-range mission was unnecessary; only a limited amount of aerial transport would be needed since, in addition to the light planes and [[C-47 Dakota]]s Wingate had counted on, Cochran explained that 1st Air Commando had 150 gliders to haul supplies: "Wingate’s dark eyes widened as Phil explained that the gliders could also move a sizable force of troops. The general immediately spread a map on the floor and planned how his Chindits, airlifted deep into the jungle, could fan out from there and fight the Japanese".{{sfn|Allison| | In the end, a new long-range jungle penetration operation was planned, this time using all six of the brigades recently allocated to Wingate. The second long-range penetration mission was originally intended as a coordinated effort with a planned regular army offensive against northern Burma, but events on the ground resulted in cancellation of the army offensive, leaving the long-range penetration groups without a means of transporting all six brigades into Burma. Upon Wingate's return to India, he found that his mission had also been cancelled for lack of air transport. Wingate took the news bitterly, voicing disappointment to all who would listen, including Allied commanders such as Colonel [[Philip Cochran]] of the 1st Air Commando Group, which proved to be a blessing in disguise. Cochran told Wingate that cancelling the long-range mission was unnecessary; only a limited amount of aerial transport would be needed since, in addition to the light planes and [[C-47 Dakota]]s Wingate had counted on, Cochran explained that 1st Air Commando had 150 gliders to haul supplies: "Wingate’s dark eyes widened as Phil explained that the gliders could also move a sizable force of troops. The general immediately spread a map on the floor and planned how his Chindits, airlifted deep into the jungle, could fan out from there and fight the Japanese".{{sfn|Allison|2011}} | ||
With his new glider landing option, Wingate decided to proceed into Burma anyway. The character of the 1944 operations differed from those of 1943 in that they aimed to establish fortified bases in Burma out of which the Chindits would conduct offensive patrol and blocking operations. A similar strategy would be used by the French in Indochina years later at [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]]. | With his new glider landing option, Wingate decided to proceed into Burma anyway. The character of the 1944 operations differed from those of 1943 in that they aimed to establish fortified bases in Burma out of which the Chindits would conduct offensive patrol and blocking operations. A similar strategy would be used by the French in Indochina years later at [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]]. | ||
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The value of Wingate's Chindits has been disputed. Field Marshal [[William Slim]] argued that special forces in general had an overall negative effect on the prosecution of war by separating the best-trained and most committed troops from the main army.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=546–549}} However, Sir [[Robert Grainger Ker Thompson|Robert Thompson]], a Chindit who went on to become one of "world's leading expert on countering the Mao Tse-tung technique of rural guerrilla insurgency",<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 1992 |url=http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/Vietnam/Obituaries/thompson.htm |title=Obituary: Sir Robert Thompson |newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref> wrote in his autobiography that "Every time I look at the picture of General Slim and his Corps Commanders being knighted by Lord Wavell as Viceroy on the field of battle after Imphal, I see the ghost of Wingate present. He was unquestionably one of the great men of [the 20th] century".{{sfn|Thompson|1989|p=76}} | The value of Wingate's Chindits has been disputed. Field Marshal [[William Slim]] argued that special forces in general had an overall negative effect on the prosecution of war by separating the best-trained and most committed troops from the main army.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=546–549}} However, Sir [[Robert Grainger Ker Thompson|Robert Thompson]], a Chindit who went on to become one of "world's leading expert on countering the Mao Tse-tung technique of rural guerrilla insurgency",<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 1992 |url=http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/Vietnam/Obituaries/thompson.htm |title=Obituary: Sir Robert Thompson |newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref> wrote in his autobiography that "Every time I look at the picture of General Slim and his Corps Commanders being knighted by Lord Wavell as Viceroy on the field of battle after Imphal, I see the ghost of Wingate present. He was unquestionably one of the great men of [the 20th] century".{{sfn|Thompson|1989|p=76}} | ||
Regarding Operation Thursday, historian Raymond Callahan, author of ''Churchill and His Generals'' argues that "Wingate’s ideas were flawed in many respects. For one thing, the Imperial Japanese Army did not have Western-style supply lines to disrupt, and tended to ignore logistics generally. When Special Force launched itself into Burma in March 1944, Wingate’s ideas, so enchantingly laid out for Churchill, rapidly proved unworkable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callahan|first=Raymond E.|website=The Churchill Centre |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-139/841-the-strange-case-of-the-prime-minister-and-the-fighting-prophetRaymond|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219051715/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-139/841-the-strange-case-of-the-prime-minister-and-the-fighting-prophetRaymond |url-status=dead|title=The Strange Case of the Prime Minister and the Fighting Prophet|archive-date=19 February | Regarding Operation Thursday, historian Raymond Callahan, author of ''Churchill and His Generals'' argues that "Wingate’s ideas were flawed in many respects. For one thing, the Imperial Japanese Army did not have Western-style supply lines to disrupt, and tended to ignore logistics generally. When Special Force launched itself into Burma in March 1944, Wingate’s ideas, so enchantingly laid out for Churchill, rapidly proved unworkable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callahan|first=Raymond E.|website=The Churchill Centre |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-139/841-the-strange-case-of-the-prime-minister-and-the-fighting-prophetRaymond|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219051715/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-139/841-the-strange-case-of-the-prime-minister-and-the-fighting-prophetRaymond |url-status=dead|title=The Strange Case of the Prime Minister and the Fighting Prophet|archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> However, the Japanese commander, [[Mutaguchi Renya]], later stated that Operation Thursday had a significant effect on the campaign, saying "The Chindit invasion ... had a decisive effect on these operations ... they drew off the whole of 53 Division and parts of 15 Division, one regiment of which would have turned the scales at Kohima".{{sfn|Anglim|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2017}} }} | ||
==Death in India== | ==Death in India== | ||
On 24 March 1944, Wingate flew to assess the situations in three Chindit-held bases in Burma. On his return, he agreed to allow two British war correspondents' request for a lift even though the pilot protested that the plane was overloaded. Flying from [[Imphal]] to Lalaghat, the USAAF [[B-25 Mitchell]] bomber of the [[1st Air Commando Group]] in which he was flying crashed into jungle-covered hills in the present-day state of [[Manipur]] in northeast India, killing all ten passengers aboard, including Wingate, who died an acting major general.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|p=557}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Dale K. Robinson |title=The 1st Air Commando Group |work=Cochran's Commandos |url=http://members.cox.net/dale_robinson/air_commandos/COCHRAN.pdf |access-date=2010-08-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110622112825/http://members.cox.net/dale_robinson/air_commandos/COCHRAN.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chindits.info/Thursday/DeathWingate.htm |title=Death of Major-General Orde Wingate |website=Chindits.info |access-date=5 August | On 24 March 1944, Wingate flew to assess the situations in three Chindit-held bases in Burma. On his return, he agreed to allow two British war correspondents' request for a lift even though the pilot protested that the plane was overloaded. Flying from [[Imphal]] to Lalaghat, the USAAF [[B-25 Mitchell]] bomber of the [[1st Air Commando Group]] in which he was flying crashed into jungle-covered hills in the present-day state of [[Manipur]] in northeast India, killing all ten passengers aboard, including Wingate, who died an acting major general.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|p=557}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Dale K. Robinson |title=The 1st Air Commando Group |work=Cochran's Commandos |url=http://members.cox.net/dale_robinson/air_commandos/COCHRAN.pdf |access-date=2010-08-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110622112825/http://members.cox.net/dale_robinson/air_commandos/COCHRAN.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chindits.info/Thursday/DeathWingate.htm |title=Death of Major-General Orde Wingate |website=Chindits.info |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Rooney|2000|p=124}}{{sfn|''Universal Newsreel''|1944}} In place of Wingate, Brigadier (later Lt.-Gen.) [[Walter Lentaigne]] was appointed to overall command of [[Long-range penetration|LRP]] forces. He flew out of Burma to assume command as Japanese forces began their assault on [[Imphal]]. Command of Lentaigne's 111 Brigade in Burma was assigned to Lt. Col. J.R. 'Jumbo' Morris.<ref>{{Harvnb|Masters|1979|pp=217–220 }}</ref> | ||
Wingate and the nine other crash victims were initially buried in a common grave close to the crash site near the village of [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]] in the present-day state of [[Manipur]] in India. The bodies were charred beyond recognition, hence individuals could not be identified under medical practices of the day, as identification from dental records was not possible. | Wingate and the nine other crash victims were initially buried in a common grave close to the crash site near the village of [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]] in the present-day state of [[Manipur]] in India. The bodies were charred beyond recognition, hence individuals could not be identified under medical practices of the day, as identification from dental records was not possible. | ||
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A [[Chindit Memorial|memorial to Orde Wingate and the Chindits]] stands on the north side of the [[Victoria Embankment]], near [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] headquarters in London. The facade commemorates the Chindits and the four men awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. The battalions that took part are listed on the sides, with non-infantry units mentioned by their parent formations. The rear of the monument is dedicated to Orde Wingate, and also mentions his contributions to the state of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chindits.info/Memorial/Main.html|title=Chindit Memorial |website=chindits.info}}</ref> | A [[Chindit Memorial|memorial to Orde Wingate and the Chindits]] stands on the north side of the [[Victoria Embankment]], near [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] headquarters in London. The facade commemorates the Chindits and the four men awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. The battalions that took part are listed on the sides, with non-infantry units mentioned by their parent formations. The rear of the monument is dedicated to Orde Wingate, and also mentions his contributions to the state of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chindits.info/Memorial/Main.html|title=Chindit Memorial |website=chindits.info}}</ref> | ||
To commemorate Wingate's great assistance to the Zionist cause, Israel's National Centre for Physical Education and Sport, the [[Wingate Institute]] (''Machon Wingate'') was named after him. A square in the [[Talbiya]] neighbourhood of [[Jerusalem]], Wingate Square (''Kikar Wingate''), also bears his name, as does the [[Yemin Orde]] [[youth village]] near [[Haifa]].{{sfn|Owens| | To commemorate Wingate's great assistance to the Zionist cause, Israel's National Centre for Physical Education and Sport, the [[Wingate Institute]] (''Machon Wingate'') was named after him. A square in the [[Talbiya]] neighbourhood of [[Jerusalem]], Wingate Square (''Kikar Wingate''), also bears his name, as does the [[Yemin Orde]] [[youth village]] near [[Haifa]].{{sfn|Owens|2004}} A [[Jew]]ish football club formed in London in 1946, [[Wingate Football Club]] was also named in his honour. | ||
The General Wingate School, on the western city limit of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, commemorates Orde Wingate's contribution (along with the Gideon Force and the Ethiopian Patriots) to the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941, following the defeat of the Italian forces in that country.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Wingate School |website=General Wingate School |date=8 May 1955 |url=http://wikimapia.org/1509615/General-Wingate-School |access-date=4 May | The General Wingate School, on the western city limit of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, commemorates Orde Wingate's contribution (along with the Gideon Force and the Ethiopian Patriots) to the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941, following the defeat of the Italian forces in that country.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Wingate School |website=General Wingate School |date=8 May 1955 |url=http://wikimapia.org/1509615/General-Wingate-School |access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
A memorial stone in his honour stands in [[Charlton Cemetery]], London, where other members of the Orde Browne family are buried. There is a memorial in Charterhouse School Chapel. | A memorial stone in his honour stands in [[Charlton Cemetery]], London, where other members of the Orde Browne family are buried. There is a memorial in Charterhouse School Chapel. | ||
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==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
*In 1976, the [[BBC]] produced a three-part drama called ''Orde Wingate'', based on his life, in which he was played by [[Barry Foster (actor)|Barry Foster]]. The programme was made on a limited budget with reduced or stylized settings. It did not attempt to tell the complete story of his life, but presented key episodes in a non-linear way, mainly his time in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] but including [[Burma]].{{sfn|Meyer| | *In 1976, the [[BBC]] produced a three-part drama called ''Orde Wingate'', based on his life, in which he was played by [[Barry Foster (actor)|Barry Foster]]. The programme was made on a limited budget with reduced or stylized settings. It did not attempt to tell the complete story of his life, but presented key episodes in a non-linear way, mainly his time in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] but including [[Burma]].{{sfn|Meyer|2017}} Foster reprised his role as Wingate in a 1982 TV movie ''A Woman Called Golda''. | ||
*A fictionalised version of Wingate called "P.P. Malcolm" appears in [[Leon Uris]]'s novel ''[[Exodus (Uris novel)|Exodus]]'', while he also appears in another [[Leon Uris]] novel, ''[[The Haj (novel)|The Haj]]''. Additionally, in [[James Michener]]'s ''[[The Source (novel)|The Source]]'', a reference is made to the "Orde Wingate Forest", which is located in Israel at [[Mount Gilboa]]. | *A fictionalised version of Wingate called "P.P. Malcolm" appears in [[Leon Uris]]'s novel ''[[Exodus (Uris novel)|Exodus]]'', while he also appears in another [[Leon Uris]] novel, ''[[The Haj (novel)|The Haj]]''. Additionally, in [[James Michener]]'s ''[[The Source (novel)|The Source]]'', a reference is made to the "Orde Wingate Forest", which is located in Israel at [[Mount Gilboa]]. | ||
*"Wingate and Chindits" is an episode of the documentary TV series ''Narrow Escapes of World War II'' first presented in the United States on the [[Military Channel]] in 2012. | *"Wingate and Chindits" is an episode of the documentary TV series ''Narrow Escapes of World War II'' first presented in the United States on the [[Military Channel]] in 2012. | ||
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* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Louis |year=1984 |title=Burma: The longest War |publisher=Dent Publishing |isbn=0-460-02474-4 }} | * {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Louis |year=1984 |title=Burma: The longest War |publisher=Dent Publishing |isbn=0-460-02474-4 }} | ||
* {{cite web |last=Allison |first=John (Maj. Gen.) |date=22 July 2011 |url=http://www.specialoperations.net/ColCochran.htm |title=The Most Unforgettable Character I've Met. |publisher=specialoperations.net }} | * {{cite web |last=Allison |first=John (Maj. Gen.) |date=22 July 2011 |url=http://www.specialoperations.net/ColCochran.htm |title=The Most Unforgettable Character I've Met. |publisher=specialoperations.net }} | ||
* {{cite journal |last=Anglim |first=Simon |year=2009 |title=Major General Orde Wingate's Chindit Operations in World War II |journal=Historical Case Study for the Operating Without a Net Project }}{{full citation needed|date=May | * {{cite journal |last=Anglim |first=Simon |year=2009 |title=Major General Orde Wingate's Chindit Operations in World War II |journal=Historical Case Study for the Operating Without a Net Project }}{{full citation needed|date=May 2017}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last=Anglim |first=Simon |year=2015 |title=Orde Wingate and the British Army, 1922–1944 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=1–2, 91–92 }} | * {{cite journal |last=Anglim |first=Simon |year=2015 |title=Orde Wingate and the British Army, 1922–1944 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=1–2, 91–92 }} | ||
* {{Cite book |last=Beevor |first=Antony |year=2012 |title=The Second World War|publisher=Back Bay Books |isbn=978-0-316-02374-0}} | * {{Cite book |last=Beevor |first=Antony |year=2012 |title=The Second World War|publisher=Back Bay Books |isbn=978-0-316-02374-0}} | ||
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* {{Cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=The Burma Campaign - Disaster Into Triumph 1942 - 45 |publisher=Vintage Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-099-55178-2|location=London, United Kingdom}} | * {{Cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=The Burma Campaign - Disaster Into Triumph 1942 - 45 |publisher=Vintage Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-099-55178-2|location=London, United Kingdom}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last=Mead |first=Peter W. |title=Orde Wingate and the Official Historians |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=January 1979 |pages=55–82 |publisher=Sage Publications |doi=10.1177/002200947901400103 |issn=0022-0094 |jstor=260227 |s2cid=159876741}} | * {{cite journal |last=Mead |first=Peter W. |title=Orde Wingate and the Official Historians |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=January 1979 |pages=55–82 |publisher=Sage Publications |doi=10.1177/002200947901400103 |issn=0022-0094 |jstor=260227 |s2cid=159876741}} | ||
* {{cite web |last=Meyer |first=Aaron |date=4 May 2017 |title=Orde Wingate (TV Series 1976– ) |publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074037/ |access-date=4 May | * {{cite web |last=Meyer |first=Aaron |date=4 May 2017 |title=Orde Wingate (TV Series 1976– ) |publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074037/ |access-date=4 May 2017}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Nath |first=Prithvi |title=Wingate, his relevance to contemporary warfare |publisher=Sterling |location=New Delhi |year=1990 |isbn=81-207-1165-3}} | * {{cite book |last=Nath |first=Prithvi |title=Wingate, his relevance to contemporary warfare |publisher=Sterling |location=New Delhi |year=1990 |isbn=81-207-1165-3}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Officer |first=W.J. |editor=Stone, James H. |title=Crisis Fleeting. Original Reports on Military Medicine in India and Burma in the Second World War |chapter=Book 4: With Wingate's Chindits |publisher=Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army |location=Washington D.C. |url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/default.htm |chapter-url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/bookfour.htm |id=Library of Congress# 76-600575 |year=1969}} | * {{cite book |last=Officer |first=W.J. |editor=Stone, James H. |title=Crisis Fleeting. Original Reports on Military Medicine in India and Burma in the Second World War |chapter=Book 4: With Wingate's Chindits |publisher=Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army |location=Washington D.C. |url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/default.htm |chapter-url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/bookfour.htm |id=Library of Congress# 76-600575 |year=1969}} | ||
* {{cite web|last=Oren|first=Michael|date=Winter 2001|title=Orde Wingate: Friend Under Fire |publisher=Azure.online|url=http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=279|access-date=25 October | * {{cite web|last=Oren|first=Michael|date=Winter 2001|title=Orde Wingate: Friend Under Fire |publisher=Azure.online|url=http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=279|access-date=25 October 2016}} | ||
* {{cite web |last=Owens |first=Mackubin Thomas |date=7 May 2004 |title=Wingate's Wisdom |work=[[National Review Online]] |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/owens/owens200405070828.asp}} | * {{cite web |last=Owens |first=Mackubin Thomas |date=7 May 2004 |title=Wingate's Wisdom |work=[[National Review Online]] |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/owens/owens200405070828.asp}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |year=2006 |title=[[The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-467-0 }} | * {{cite book |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |year=2006 |title=[[The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-467-0 }} | ||
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* {{cite book |contributor-last=Sullivan |contributor-first=Barry |year=1999 |contribution=More than meets the eye: the Ethiopian War and the Origins of the Second World War |title=The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered |first=A.J.P. |last=Taylor |display-authors=etal |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=188 }} | * {{cite book |contributor-last=Sullivan |contributor-first=Barry |year=1999 |contribution=More than meets the eye: the Ethiopian War and the Origins of the Second World War |title=The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered |first=A.J.P. |last=Taylor |display-authors=etal |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=188 }} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Sir Robert |date=1989 |title=Make for the Hills: The Autobiography of the world's leading Counter Insurgency Expert |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0-85052-761-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gNOkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7-IA5 76] }} | * {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Sir Robert |date=1989 |title=Make for the Hills: The Autobiography of the world's leading Counter Insurgency Expert |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0-85052-761-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gNOkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7-IA5 76] }} | ||
*{{cite video |year=1944 |title=Video: Campaign in Burma, 1944/04/24 (1944) |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |ref={{harvid|Universal Newsreel|1944}} |url=https://archive.org/details/1944-04-24_Campaign_in_Burma |access-date=22 February | *{{cite video |year=1944 |title=Video: Campaign in Burma, 1944/04/24 (1944) |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |ref={{harvid|Universal Newsreel|1944}} |url=https://archive.org/details/1944-04-24_Campaign_in_Burma |access-date=22 February 2012}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=van Creveld |first=Martin |year=2004 |title=Moshe Dayan |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-297-84669-8}} | * {{cite book |last=van Creveld |first=Martin |year=2004 |title=Moshe Dayan |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-297-84669-8}} | ||
*{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Charles McMoran |author-link=Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran |year=1966 |title=Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin }} | *{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Charles McMoran |author-link=Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran |year=1966 |title=Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin }} | ||