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{{short description|Prominent Sikh leader}} | {{short description|Prominent Sikh leader}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=December | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| name = Akali Phula Singh | | name = Akali Phula Singh | ||
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| birth_name = Phula Singh | | birth_name = Phula Singh | ||
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1761|01|01|df=yes}} | | birth_date = {{Birth date|1761|01|01|df=yes}} | ||
| birth_place = Shihan{{citation needed|date=October | | birth_place = Shihan{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}, [[Phulkian Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] (present-day [[Sangrur district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]) | ||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1823|03|14|1761|01|01|}} | | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1823|03|14|1761|01|01|}} | ||
| death_place = [[Pir Sabaq]], [[Sikh Empire]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]) | | death_place = [[Pir Sabaq]], [[Sikh Empire]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]) | ||
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=== Encounter with Charles Metcalfe === | === Encounter with Charles Metcalfe === | ||
[[File:Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]], circa 1820]] | [[File:Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]], circa 1820]] | ||
The British Civil servant [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]] met with Ranjit Singh at Kasur and then in February 1809 arrived in Amritsar to go to Ranjit Singh's court for the signing of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1809|Treaty of Amritsar]]. Metcalfe was interested in the creation of the pastili{{typo help inline|reason=similar to pastily|date=November | The British Civil servant [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]] met with Ranjit Singh at Kasur and then in February 1809 arrived in Amritsar to go to Ranjit Singh's court for the signing of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1809|Treaty of Amritsar]]. Metcalfe was interested in the creation of the pastili{{typo help inline|reason=similar to pastily|date=November 2019}} boundary and establishing an English treaty made by suffledge where boundaries will be respected between British and Sikh empires. Metcalfe came with his platoon who were composed of entirely Shia Muslims. It was the Shia Muslims commemoration of [[Mourning of Muharram|Muharram]] and they took it upon themselves to enact this ritual in the streets of Amritsar. The army of about 100 Muslim soldiers began beating their breasts to the chants of "Hassan, Hussein, Ali" and making much noise as they came near the Harmindar Sahib complex where Akali Phula Singh and his ''jatha'' were staying. | ||
Akali Phula Singh who was participating in the ''[[Kirtan]]'' when he heard the noise he sent three<ref name="Kaile 2009 pg64">{{cite book|last1=Kaile|first1=Saroop Lal|last2=Gill|first2=Harnek|title=Panth Hitaishi Akali Phula Singh|date=2009|publisher=Chattar Singh Jeevan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-985-9|page=64|edition=First}}</ref> ''Akali Nihangs'' to inquire what is going on. When the Nihangs approached the Shia group and explained that they are disturbing the sacred hymns and atmosphere of the ''Gurdwara'' they were insulted by the Shia Muslims<ref name="Kaile 2009 pg64" /> and a confrontation took place in which one of the turbans of the Nihangs fell to the ground.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihal|first1=Ras|title=Nirbhai Jathedar Akali Phula Singh|date=2010|publisher=B.Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-257-7|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref> Akali Phula Singh on hearing this news came to the Muslims. With a few Nihangs he confronted and attacked the Muslims and shots were fired at their procession. Maharaja Ranjit Singh heard of the battle going on and arrived however he could not stop the rowdy Nihangs and it was after some time that the violence quelled. Akali Phula Singh killed and wounded a large amount of the Muslims and made them apologize and agree to not make noise near the Gurdwara again.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihal|first1=Ras|title=Nirbhai Jathedar Akali Phula Singh|date=2010|publisher=B.Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-257-7|page=24|edition=Second}}</ref> It was likely the entire platoon would have been killed if it weren't for Mahraja Ranjit Singh conveying to the Akalis to stop the fighting.<ref name="Kaile 2009 pg65">{{cite book|last1=Kaile|first1=Saroop Lal|last2=Gill|first2=Harnek|title=Panth Hitaishi Akali Phula Singh|date=2009|publisher=Chattar Singh Jeevan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-985-9|page=65|edition=First}}</ref> Maharaja sent the Muslims back to their camp and went to meet Metcalfe where he was staying.<ref name="Kaile 2009 pg67">{{cite book|last1=Kaile|first1=Saroop Lal|last2=Gill|first2=Harnek|title=Panth Hitaishi Akali Phula Singh|date=2009|publisher=Chattar Singh Jeevan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-985-9|page=67|edition=First}}</ref> He explained the situation and how most of Metcalfe's army was killed because of the Akali's perceived disrespect to the turban. This entire complication was settled that day and the treaty was written the next day.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Prem|title=Baba Phoola Singh Ji 'Akali'|date=1926|publisher=Lahore Book Shop|location=Ludhiana|isbn=81-7647-110-0|page=29|edition=4th}}</ref> | Akali Phula Singh who was participating in the ''[[Kirtan]]'' when he heard the noise he sent three<ref name="Kaile 2009 pg64">{{cite book|last1=Kaile|first1=Saroop Lal|last2=Gill|first2=Harnek|title=Panth Hitaishi Akali Phula Singh|date=2009|publisher=Chattar Singh Jeevan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-985-9|page=64|edition=First}}</ref> ''Akali Nihangs'' to inquire what is going on. When the Nihangs approached the Shia group and explained that they are disturbing the sacred hymns and atmosphere of the ''Gurdwara'' they were insulted by the Shia Muslims<ref name="Kaile 2009 pg64" /> and a confrontation took place in which one of the turbans of the Nihangs fell to the ground.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihal|first1=Ras|title=Nirbhai Jathedar Akali Phula Singh|date=2010|publisher=B.Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-257-7|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref> Akali Phula Singh on hearing this news came to the Muslims. With a few Nihangs he confronted and attacked the Muslims and shots were fired at their procession. Maharaja Ranjit Singh heard of the battle going on and arrived however he could not stop the rowdy Nihangs and it was after some time that the violence quelled. Akali Phula Singh killed and wounded a large amount of the Muslims and made them apologize and agree to not make noise near the Gurdwara again.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihal|first1=Ras|title=Nirbhai Jathedar Akali Phula Singh|date=2010|publisher=B.Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-257-7|page=24|edition=Second}}</ref> It was likely the entire platoon would have been killed if it weren't for Mahraja Ranjit Singh conveying to the Akalis to stop the fighting.<ref name="Kaile 2009 pg65">{{cite book|last1=Kaile|first1=Saroop Lal|last2=Gill|first2=Harnek|title=Panth Hitaishi Akali Phula Singh|date=2009|publisher=Chattar Singh Jeevan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-985-9|page=65|edition=First}}</ref> Maharaja sent the Muslims back to their camp and went to meet Metcalfe where he was staying.<ref name="Kaile 2009 pg67">{{cite book|last1=Kaile|first1=Saroop Lal|last2=Gill|first2=Harnek|title=Panth Hitaishi Akali Phula Singh|date=2009|publisher=Chattar Singh Jeevan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=978-81-7601-985-9|page=67|edition=First}}</ref> He explained the situation and how most of Metcalfe's army was killed because of the Akali's perceived disrespect to the turban. This entire complication was settled that day and the treaty was written the next day.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Prem|title=Baba Phoola Singh Ji 'Akali'|date=1926|publisher=Lahore Book Shop|location=Ludhiana|isbn=81-7647-110-0|page=29|edition=4th}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Wallace CollectionDSCF7430.JPG|thumb|19th century [[Shamshir]] sword. Nihangs carry the traditional longer-length [[kirpan]]s.]] | [[File:Wallace CollectionDSCF7430.JPG|thumb|19th century [[Shamshir]] sword. Nihangs carry the traditional longer-length [[kirpan]]s.]] | ||
Akali Phula Singh helped solidate many of the ideals of the Guru Khalsa created by Guru Gobind Singh. He was a strict follower of [[Amrit Vela]] and the [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] and paid high importance to do [[Asa Ki Var]] daily.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Prem|title=Baba Phoola Singh Ji 'Akali'|date=1926|publisher=Lahore Book Shop|location=Ludhiana|isbn=81-7647-110-0|page=73|edition=4th}}</ref> As a Nihang ''sevadar'' he paid his due to act upon [[Dharma]] on the populace. Nihangs do not find it necessary to obey the law of the land nor do they believe in law of property or any subjection of any kind. Akali Phula Singh made it routine to steal much wealth and weapons from rich rulers until he was confronted by Maharajah Ranjit Singh for the act after which whatever Akali Phula Singh required was provided by Maharajah Ranjeet Singh.{{citation needed|date=September | Akali Phula Singh helped solidate many of the ideals of the Guru Khalsa created by Guru Gobind Singh. He was a strict follower of [[Amrit Vela]] and the [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] and paid high importance to do [[Asa Ki Var]] daily.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Prem|title=Baba Phoola Singh Ji 'Akali'|date=1926|publisher=Lahore Book Shop|location=Ludhiana|isbn=81-7647-110-0|page=73|edition=4th}}</ref> As a Nihang ''sevadar'' he paid his due to act upon [[Dharma]] on the populace. Nihangs do not find it necessary to obey the law of the land nor do they believe in law of property or any subjection of any kind. Akali Phula Singh made it routine to steal much wealth and weapons from rich rulers until he was confronted by Maharajah Ranjit Singh for the act after which whatever Akali Phula Singh required was provided by Maharajah Ranjeet Singh.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The Nihangs aim to be at ''[[selfless service]]'' (''seva'') of the world though they are especially generous to the poor and weak. Akalis are known to be of great integrity and they are known to not break their ''[[hukam]]''.<ref name="Baba Phoola Singh Ji 'Akali'"/> | ||
Nihangs often slept on horses many days at time and it is their rule to be always on the move and to not stay at the same place for too long. They prefer the sword over gun<ref name="Baba Phoola Singh Ji 'Akali'"/> but are also trained to be excellent marksmen. In warfare they are the first to attack and usually do not retreat in battle, rather they just keep charging. They do cries of ''Akal Akal'' loudly. Akali Phula Singh enforced all the qualities of the ideal Nihang. | Nihangs often slept on horses many days at time and it is their rule to be always on the move and to not stay at the same place for too long. They prefer the sword over gun<ref name="Baba Phoola Singh Ji 'Akali'"/> but are also trained to be excellent marksmen. In warfare they are the first to attack and usually do not retreat in battle, rather they just keep charging. They do cries of ''Akal Akal'' loudly. Akali Phula Singh enforced all the qualities of the ideal Nihang. | ||