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{{Short description|British medical doctor and Nobel laureate (1857–1932)}} | {{Short description|British medical doctor and Nobel laureate (1857–1932)}} | ||
{{other people}} | {{other people}} | ||
{{Use British English|date=August | {{Use British English|date=August 2011}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}} | ||
{{Infobox scientist | {{Infobox scientist | ||
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] | | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] | ||
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'''Sir Ronald Ross''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCB|KCMG|FRS|FRCS}}<ref name=frs>{{cite journal|last=N.|first=G. H. F.|title=Sir Ronald Ross. 1857–1932|journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=1|issue=2|pages=108–115|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1933.0006|year=1933}}</ref><ref name=rajkumar>{{cite journal |last1=Rajakumar |first1=Kumaravel |last2=Weisse |first2=Martin |title=Centennial Year of Ronald Ross' Epic Discovery of Malaria Transmission |journal=Southern Medical Journal |date=June 1999 |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=567–571 |doi=10.1097/00007611-199906000-00004 |pmid=10372849 |s2cid=10757525 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c00b0cd1e0acad4c3a8559ca38eb67c28ef66178 }}</ref> (13 May 1857 – 16 September 1932) was a British [[medical doctor]] who received the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] in 1902 for his work on the transmission of [[malaria]], becoming the first British Nobel laureate, and the first born outside Europe. His [[History of malaria|discovery of the malarial parasite]] in the [[digestion|gastrointestinal tract]] of a [[mosquito]] in 1897 proved that [[malaria]] was transmitted by mosquitoes, and laid the foundation for the method of [[vector control|combating the disease]]. | '''Sir Ronald Ross''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCB|KCMG|FRS|FRCS}}<ref name=frs>{{cite journal|last=N.|first=G. H. F.|title=Sir Ronald Ross. 1857–1932|journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=1|issue=2|pages=108–115|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1933.0006|year=1933}}</ref><ref name=rajkumar>{{cite journal |last1=Rajakumar |first1=Kumaravel |last2=Weisse |first2=Martin |title=Centennial Year of Ronald Ross' Epic Discovery of Malaria Transmission |journal=Southern Medical Journal |date=June 1999 |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=567–571 |doi=10.1097/00007611-199906000-00004 |pmid=10372849 |s2cid=10757525 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c00b0cd1e0acad4c3a8559ca38eb67c28ef66178 }}</ref> (13 May 1857 – 16 September 1932) was a British [[medical doctor]] who received the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] in 1902 for his work on the transmission of [[malaria]], becoming the first British Nobel laureate, and the first born outside Europe. His [[History of malaria|discovery of the malarial parasite]] in the [[digestion|gastrointestinal tract]] of a [[mosquito]] in 1897 proved that [[malaria]] was transmitted by mosquitoes, and laid the foundation for the method of [[vector control|combating the disease]]. | ||
Ross was a [[polymath]], writing a number of poems, published several novels, and composed songs. He was also an amateur artist and mathematician. He worked in the [[Indian Medical Service]] for 25 years. It was during his service that he made the groundbreaking medical discovery. After resigning from his service in India, he joined the faculty of [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]], and continued as Professor and Chairman of [[Tropical Medicine]] of the institute for 10 years. In 1926, he became Director-in-Chief of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases, which was established in honour of his works. He remained there until his death.<ref name="cdc">{{cite web|title=Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ross.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=31 January 2014|date=8 February | Ross was a [[polymath]], writing a number of poems, published several novels, and composed songs. He was also an amateur artist and mathematician. He worked in the [[Indian Medical Service]] for 25 years. It was during his service that he made the groundbreaking medical discovery. After resigning from his service in India, he joined the faculty of [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]], and continued as Professor and Chairman of [[Tropical Medicine]] of the institute for 10 years. In 1926, he became Director-in-Chief of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases, which was established in honour of his works. He remained there until his death.<ref name="cdc">{{cite web|title=Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ross.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=31 January 2014|date=8 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="kakk">{{cite web|title=Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932)|url=http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/ross.htm|publisher=Dr. B.S. Kakkilaya's Malaria Web Site|access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319081450/http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/ross.htm|archive-date=19 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ||
== Early life and education == | == Early life and education == | ||
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Ross was born in [[Almora]], then in the [[North-Western Provinces]] of [[Company rule in India|Company-ruled India]], north west of Nepal.<ref name="frs" /> He was the eldest of ten children of Sir [[Campbell Claye Grant Ross]], a general in the [[British Indian Army]], and Matilda Charlotte Elderton. At age eight, he was sent to England to live with his aunt and uncle on the [[Isle of Wight]]. He attended Primary schools at [[Ryde]], and for secondary education he was sent to a boarding school at Springhill, near [[Southampton]], in 1869. From his early childhood, he developed a passion for poetry, music, literature and [[mathematics]]. At fourteen years of age he won a prize for mathematics, a book titled ''Orbs of Heaven'' which sparked his interest in mathematics. In 1873, at sixteen, he secured first position in the [[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations|Oxford and Cambridge local examination]] in drawing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Sir Ronald|url=https://archive.org/details/b29825738|title=Memoirs with a full account of The Great Malaria Problem and its Solution|publisher=John Murray|year=1923|location=Albemarle Street, W. London|page=[https://archive.org/details/b29825738/page/24 24]}}</ref> | Ross was born in [[Almora]], then in the [[North-Western Provinces]] of [[Company rule in India|Company-ruled India]], north west of Nepal.<ref name="frs" /> He was the eldest of ten children of Sir [[Campbell Claye Grant Ross]], a general in the [[British Indian Army]], and Matilda Charlotte Elderton. At age eight, he was sent to England to live with his aunt and uncle on the [[Isle of Wight]]. He attended Primary schools at [[Ryde]], and for secondary education he was sent to a boarding school at Springhill, near [[Southampton]], in 1869. From his early childhood, he developed a passion for poetry, music, literature and [[mathematics]]. At fourteen years of age he won a prize for mathematics, a book titled ''Orbs of Heaven'' which sparked his interest in mathematics. In 1873, at sixteen, he secured first position in the [[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations|Oxford and Cambridge local examination]] in drawing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Sir Ronald|url=https://archive.org/details/b29825738|title=Memoirs with a full account of The Great Malaria Problem and its Solution|publisher=John Murray|year=1923|location=Albemarle Street, W. London|page=[https://archive.org/details/b29825738/page/24 24]}}</ref> | ||
Although Ross wanted to become a writer, his father arranged enrollment at [[St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College]] in London, in 1874. Not fully committed, he spent most of his time composing music, and writing poems and plays. He left in 1880. In 1879 he had passed the examinations for the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]], and he worked as a ship's surgeon on a transatlantic steamship while studying for the [[licenciate]] of the [[Society of Apothecaries]].<ref name="london">{{cite web|title=Biography of Sir Ronald Ross|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/ross/biography/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111525/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/ross/biography/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|publisher=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|access-date=28 January | Although Ross wanted to become a writer, his father arranged enrollment at [[St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College]] in London, in 1874. Not fully committed, he spent most of his time composing music, and writing poems and plays. He left in 1880. In 1879 he had passed the examinations for the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]], and he worked as a ship's surgeon on a transatlantic steamship while studying for the [[licenciate]] of the [[Society of Apothecaries]].<ref name="london">{{cite web|title=Biography of Sir Ronald Ross|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/ross/biography/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111525/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/ross/biography/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|publisher=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref> He qualified on second attempt in 1881, and after a four-month training at [[Army Medical School]], was appointed a surgeon in the [[Indian Medical Service]] on 5 April 1881, assigned to the Madras Presidency.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25010 |supp=|page=4453|date=30 August 1881}}</ref><ref name="kakk" /> Between June 1888 and May 1889 he took study leave to obtain the Diploma in Public Health from the [[Royal College of Physicians]] and [[Royal College of Surgeons]], and took a course in [[bacteriology]] under Professor [[Emanuel Edward Klein|E. E. Klein]].<ref name="cdc" /> | ||
== Career == | == Career == | ||
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Using more convenient model of birds (infected sparrows), by July 1898 Ross established the importance of culex mosquitoes as intermediate hosts in [[avian malaria]]. On 4 July he discovered that the [[salivary gland]] was the storage sites of malarial parasites in the mosquito. By 8 July he was convinced that the parasites are released from the salivary gland during biting. He later demonstrated the transmission of malarial parasite from mosquitoes (in this case ''[[Culex]]'' species) to healthy sparrows from an infected one, thus, establishing the complete life cycle of malarial parasite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Frank F |title=On the Centenary of Sir Ronald Ross's Discovery of the Role of the Mosquito in the Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=22 June 2016 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=200–204 |doi=10.1177/096777209700500403 |pmid=11619711 |s2cid=32233983 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bynum |first1=WF |title=Ronald Ross and the malaria-mosquito cycle. |journal=Parassitologia |date=September 1999 |volume=41 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–52 |pmid=10697833 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Agneish |title=Where Ronald Ross (1857-1932) worked: the discovery of malarial transmission and the Plasmodium life cycle |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=28 April 2009 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=120–122 |doi=10.1258/jmb.2009.009004 |pmid=19401518 |s2cid=207200295 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=G.C. |title=Ronald Ross (1857–1932): 100 years since the demonstration of mosquito transmission of Plasmodium spp.—on 20 August 1897 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=July 1997 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=487–488 |doi=10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90295-9 |pmid=9373663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Capanna |first1=E |title=Grassi versus Ross: who solved the riddle of malaria? |journal=International Microbiology |date=March 2006 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=69–74 |pmid=16636993 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00401-6 |pmid=18940418 |isbn=9780123743398 |chapter=Chapter 1 Introduction |title=Reflections on a Century of Malaria Biochemistry |series=Advances in Parasitology |year=2008 |last1=Sherman |first1=Irwin W. |volume=67 |pages=1–402 }}</ref> | Using more convenient model of birds (infected sparrows), by July 1898 Ross established the importance of culex mosquitoes as intermediate hosts in [[avian malaria]]. On 4 July he discovered that the [[salivary gland]] was the storage sites of malarial parasites in the mosquito. By 8 July he was convinced that the parasites are released from the salivary gland during biting. He later demonstrated the transmission of malarial parasite from mosquitoes (in this case ''[[Culex]]'' species) to healthy sparrows from an infected one, thus, establishing the complete life cycle of malarial parasite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Frank F |title=On the Centenary of Sir Ronald Ross's Discovery of the Role of the Mosquito in the Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=22 June 2016 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=200–204 |doi=10.1177/096777209700500403 |pmid=11619711 |s2cid=32233983 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bynum |first1=WF |title=Ronald Ross and the malaria-mosquito cycle. |journal=Parassitologia |date=September 1999 |volume=41 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–52 |pmid=10697833 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Agneish |title=Where Ronald Ross (1857-1932) worked: the discovery of malarial transmission and the Plasmodium life cycle |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=28 April 2009 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=120–122 |doi=10.1258/jmb.2009.009004 |pmid=19401518 |s2cid=207200295 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=G.C. |title=Ronald Ross (1857–1932): 100 years since the demonstration of mosquito transmission of Plasmodium spp.—on 20 August 1897 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=July 1997 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=487–488 |doi=10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90295-9 |pmid=9373663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Capanna |first1=E |title=Grassi versus Ross: who solved the riddle of malaria? |journal=International Microbiology |date=March 2006 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=69–74 |pmid=16636993 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00401-6 |pmid=18940418 |isbn=9780123743398 |chapter=Chapter 1 Introduction |title=Reflections on a Century of Malaria Biochemistry |series=Advances in Parasitology |year=2008 |last1=Sherman |first1=Irwin W. |volume=67 |pages=1–402 }}</ref> | ||
In September 1898 he went to southern [[Assam]] in ([[northeast India]]) to study an epidemic of Visceral leishmaniasis. He was invited to work there by Graham Col Ville Ramsay, the second Medical Officer of the Labac Tea Estate Hospital. (His microscope and medicals tools are still preserved, and his sketches of mosquitoes are still on display at the hospital.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10|title=Laboc Hospital – A Noble Prize Winner's Workplace|publisher=easternpanorama.in|access-date=11 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105175214/http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10|archive-date=5 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=doctorsoumya|number=916517954501537792|title=Ronald Ross worked here in Silchar- his chair and microscope intact, as well as drawings of mosquitoes! Should be a museum, not working lab!|date=7 October 2017|access-date=7 October | In September 1898 he went to southern [[Assam]] in ([[northeast India]]) to study an epidemic of Visceral leishmaniasis. He was invited to work there by Graham Col Ville Ramsay, the second Medical Officer of the Labac Tea Estate Hospital. (His microscope and medicals tools are still preserved, and his sketches of mosquitoes are still on display at the hospital.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10|title=Laboc Hospital – A Noble Prize Winner's Workplace|publisher=easternpanorama.in|access-date=11 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105175214/http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10|archive-date=5 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=doctorsoumya|number=916517954501537792|title=Ronald Ross worked here in Silchar- his chair and microscope intact, as well as drawings of mosquitoes! Should be a museum, not working lab!|date=7 October 2017|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> However, he utterly failed as he believed that the kala-azar parasite (''[[Leishmania donovani]]'', the very scientific name he later gave in 1903) was transmitted by a mosquito, which he refers to as ''Anopheles rossi'' (scientific name given by G.M. Giles).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Ronald |date=1902-12-12 |title=Researches on malaria (Nobel Lecture) |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/ross-lecture.pdf |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Nobel Prize}}</ref> (It is now known that [[kala azar]] is transmitted by [[sandfly|sandflies]].) | ||
=== England === | === England === | ||
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==== Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases ==== | ==== Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases ==== | ||
The Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases was founded in 1926 and established at Bath House, a grand house with keeper's lodge and large grounds adjacent to Tibbet's Corner at [[Putney Heath#Putney Heath|Putney Heath]]. The hospital was opened by the then [[Prince of Wales]], the future King Edward VIII.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timeline.lshtm.ac.uk/1920.html |title=1920 History Timeline | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine | LSHTM |publisher=Timeline.lshtm.ac.uk |access-date=2 December | The Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases was founded in 1926 and established at Bath House, a grand house with keeper's lodge and large grounds adjacent to Tibbet's Corner at [[Putney Heath#Putney Heath|Putney Heath]]. The hospital was opened by the then [[Prince of Wales]], the future King Edward VIII.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timeline.lshtm.ac.uk/1920.html |title=1920 History Timeline | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine | LSHTM |publisher=Timeline.lshtm.ac.uk |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Ross assumed the post of Director-in-Chief until his death.<ref name=london/> The institute was later incorporated into the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] in Keppel Street. Bath House was later demolished and mansion flats built on the property. In memory of its history and owner the block was named Ross Court. Within the grounds an older dwelling, Ross Cottage, remains. | ||
== Nobel Prize == | == Nobel Prize == | ||
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== Personal life and death == | == Personal life and death == | ||
Ronald Ross was noted to be eccentric and egocentric, described as an "impulsive man"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bynum |first=W. F. |date=1998 |title=Review of Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath—A Biography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44445103 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=562–564 |jstor=44445103 |issn=0007-5140}}</ref> or an "impulsive genius."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Rakin |date=2020-02-05 |title=An Impulsive Genius: Sir Ronald Ross |url=https://www.blcircadian.com/articles/an-impulsive-genius-sir-ronald-ross |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Circadian |language=en-GB}}</ref> His professional life appeared to be in constant feud with his students, colleagues and fellow scientists.<ref>{{cite book|last=McCallum|first=Jack E.|title=Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century|url=https://archive.org/details/militarymedicine00mcca_205|url-access=limited|publisher=Abc-Clio|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-1-8510-9693-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/militarymedicine00mcca_205/page/n295 273]–274|edition=1st|year= | Ronald Ross was noted to be eccentric and egocentric, described as an "impulsive man"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bynum |first=W. F. |date=1998 |title=Review of Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath—A Biography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44445103 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=562–564 |jstor=44445103 |issn=0007-5140}}</ref> or an "impulsive genius."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Rakin |date=2020-02-05 |title=An Impulsive Genius: Sir Ronald Ross |url=https://www.blcircadian.com/articles/an-impulsive-genius-sir-ronald-ross |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Circadian |language=en-GB}}</ref> His professional life appeared to be in constant feud with his students, colleagues and fellow scientists.<ref>{{cite book|last=McCallum|first=Jack E.|title=Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century|url=https://archive.org/details/militarymedicine00mcca_205|url-access=limited|publisher=Abc-Clio|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-1-8510-9693-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/militarymedicine00mcca_205/page/n295 273]–274|edition=1st|year=2007}}</ref> His personal vendetta with G.B. Grassi became a legendary tale in science. He was openly envious of his mentor Patrick Manson's affluence from private practices. His ''Memories of Sir Patrick Manson'' (1930) was a direct attempt to belittle Manson's influences on his works on malaria.<ref name=lavery/> He hardly had good ties with the administration of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, complaining of being underpaid. He resigned twice, and was eventually discharged without any pension.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bynum |first1=William F. |title=Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath: A Biography |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1998 |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=562–564 |doi=10.1353/bhm.1998.0144 |s2cid=73351882 }}</ref> | ||
[[File:Ronald Ross grave Putney Vale 2014.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A horizontal gravestone, badly dilapidated and with grass growing among the cracks|Ross's grave at [[Putney Vale Cemetery]], London in 2014]] | [[File:Ronald Ross grave Putney Vale 2014.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A horizontal gravestone, badly dilapidated and with grass growing among the cracks|Ross's grave at [[Putney Vale Cemetery]], London in 2014]] | ||
Ross was frequently embittered by lack of government support (what he called "administrative barbarism")<ref name=kakk/> for scientists in medical research. In 1928 he advertised his papers for sale in the journal ''Science Progress in the Twentieth Century'' (1919-1933), with a statement that the money was for financial support of his wife and family. Lady Houston bought them for £2000, and offered them to the [[British Museum]], which turned her down for various reasons. The papers are now preserved by the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]<ref name=cdc/><ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/research/library-archives-service/archives|title=LSHTM Archives Service Homepage|website=www.lshtm.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-10-04}}</ref> and the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref name=rcpsg>{{cite web|url=https://heritage.rcpsg.ac.uk/tld-rcpsg009 |title= RCPSG/9 - Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932), surgeon |access-date=13 August | Ross was frequently embittered by lack of government support (what he called "administrative barbarism")<ref name=kakk/> for scientists in medical research. In 1928 he advertised his papers for sale in the journal ''Science Progress in the Twentieth Century'' (1919-1933), with a statement that the money was for financial support of his wife and family. Lady Houston bought them for £2000, and offered them to the [[British Museum]], which turned her down for various reasons. The papers are now preserved by the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]<ref name=cdc/><ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/research/library-archives-service/archives|title=LSHTM Archives Service Homepage|website=www.lshtm.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-10-04}}</ref> and the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref name=rcpsg>{{cite web|url=https://heritage.rcpsg.ac.uk/tld-rcpsg009 |title= RCPSG/9 - Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932), surgeon |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> | ||
In 1889 Ross married Rosa Bessie Bloxam (d.1931). They had two daughters, Dorothy (1891–1947) and Sylvia (1893–1925), and two sons, Ronald Campbell (1895–1914) and Charles Claye (1901–1966). His wife died in 1931. Ronald and Sylvia pre-deceased him too: Ronald was killed at the [[Battle of Le Cateau]] on 26 August 1914.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/98140820@N03/9342544138/in/photolist-feyYTd Sherborne School Book of Remembrance on Flickr]</ref> Ross died at the hospital of his namesake after a long illness and [[asthma]] attack. He was buried at the nearby [[Putney Vale Cemetery]], next to his wife.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ronald Ross|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/339/000094057/|work=NNDB|access-date=13 December | In 1889 Ross married Rosa Bessie Bloxam (d.1931). They had two daughters, Dorothy (1891–1947) and Sylvia (1893–1925), and two sons, Ronald Campbell (1895–1914) and Charles Claye (1901–1966). His wife died in 1931. Ronald and Sylvia pre-deceased him too: Ronald was killed at the [[Battle of Le Cateau]] on 26 August 1914.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/98140820@N03/9342544138/in/photolist-feyYTd Sherborne School Book of Remembrance on Flickr]</ref> Ross died at the hospital of his namesake after a long illness and [[asthma]] attack. He was buried at the nearby [[Putney Vale Cemetery]], next to his wife.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ronald Ross|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/339/000094057/|work=NNDB|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RONALD ROSS (1857–1932)|url=http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/ronaldross.html|work=zephyrus|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=GC|title=The grave of Sir Ronald Ross FRS (1857–1932)|journal=The Lancet|year=1999|volume=354|issue=9184|pages=1128|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76928-2|pmid=10509539|s2cid=5106342}}</ref> | ||
== Legacy == | == Legacy == | ||
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[[File:Ronald Ross 5a.jpg|thumb|Ronald Ross Plaque at PG Hospital]] | [[File:Ronald Ross 5a.jpg|thumb|Ronald Ross Plaque at PG Hospital]] | ||
A small memorial on the walls of [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital|SSKM Hospital, Calcutta]] commemorates Ross' discovery. The memorial was unveiled by Ross himself, in the presence of Lord Lytton, on 7 January 1927.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Our Bureau|title=Malaria Poser Sting in Court|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140704/jsp/calcutta/story_18580152.jsp#.VPHjYixGQr0|access-date=28 February 2015|publisher=The Telegraph|date=4 July | A small memorial on the walls of [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital|SSKM Hospital, Calcutta]] commemorates Ross' discovery. The memorial was unveiled by Ross himself, in the presence of Lord Lytton, on 7 January 1927.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Our Bureau|title=Malaria Poser Sting in Court|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140704/jsp/calcutta/story_18580152.jsp#.VPHjYixGQr0|access-date=28 February 2015|publisher=The Telegraph|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> The laboratory where Ross worked has been transferred into a malaria clinic named after him. There is also a plaque on the outer wall. | ||
[[File:Sir Ronald Ross .jpg|alt=Sir Ronald Ross' name on LSHTM|thumb|Sir Ronald Ross' name on LSHTM]] | [[File:Sir Ronald Ross .jpg|alt=Sir Ronald Ross' name on LSHTM|thumb|Sir Ronald Ross' name on LSHTM]] | ||
Sir Ronald Ross is one of 23 names to feature on the frieze of [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], pioneers chosen for their contributions to public health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/introducing/history/frieze/sir-ronald-ross|title=Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932) {{!}} LSHTM|website=LSHTM|language=en|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref> | Sir Ronald Ross is one of 23 names to feature on the frieze of [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], pioneers chosen for their contributions to public health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/introducing/history/frieze/sir-ronald-ross|title=Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932) {{!}} LSHTM|website=LSHTM|language=en|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Ross's name remembered on the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.JPG|thumb|Ross's name remembered on the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] | [[File:Ross's name remembered on the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.JPG|thumb|Ross's name remembered on the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] | ||
Ronald Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ronald Ross – Facts|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-facts.html|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=31 January | Ronald Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ronald Ross – Facts|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-facts.html|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> | ||
20 August is celebrated by [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] as ''[[World Mosquito Day]]'' to commemorate Ross's discovery in 1897.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Mosquito Day|url=http://malarianomore.org.uk/world-mosquito-day|publisher=Malaria No More UK|access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095757/http://malarianomore.org.uk/world-mosquito-day|archive-date=2 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Additionally, Ross's name, along with 22 other pioneers of public health and tropical medicine, appears on the School's Frieze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/|title=Behind the Frieze {{!}} London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine {{!}} LSHTM.|website=www.lshtm.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-03-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001531/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/|archive-date=2 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The papers of Sir Ronald Ross are now preserved by the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]<ref name="cdc" /><ref name="O" /> and the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref name="rcpsg" /> | 20 August is celebrated by [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] as ''[[World Mosquito Day]]'' to commemorate Ross's discovery in 1897.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Mosquito Day|url=http://malarianomore.org.uk/world-mosquito-day|publisher=Malaria No More UK|access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095757/http://malarianomore.org.uk/world-mosquito-day|archive-date=2 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Additionally, Ross's name, along with 22 other pioneers of public health and tropical medicine, appears on the School's Frieze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/|title=Behind the Frieze {{!}} London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine {{!}} LSHTM.|website=www.lshtm.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-03-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001531/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/|archive-date=2 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The papers of Sir Ronald Ross are now preserved by the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]<ref name="cdc" /><ref name="O" /> and the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref name="rcpsg" /> | ||
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The [[University of Surrey]], UK, has named a road after him in its Manor Park Residences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manor Park Residences|publisher=University of Surrey|url=http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ACCOM/UG/ARRIVAL/MANOR_PARK_WIDE.PDF}}</ref> | The [[University of Surrey]], UK, has named a road after him in its Manor Park Residences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manor Park Residences|publisher=University of Surrey|url=http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ACCOM/UG/ARRIVAL/MANOR_PARK_WIDE.PDF}}</ref> | ||
Ronald Ross Primary School near [[Wimbledon Common]] is named after him. The school's crest includes a mosquito in one quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ronaldross.org.uk/ |title=Ronald Ross Primary School – Home |publisher=Ronaldross.org.uk |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=2 December | Ronald Ross Primary School near [[Wimbledon Common]] is named after him. The school's crest includes a mosquito in one quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ronaldross.org.uk/ |title=Ronald Ross Primary School – Home |publisher=Ronaldross.org.uk |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> | ||
[[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]] was established in memory of Ronald Ross in Hyderabad, under [[Osmania University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/srrip/ |title=Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitoloy |publisher=Osmania.ac.in |access-date=2 December | [[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]] was established in memory of Ronald Ross in Hyderabad, under [[Osmania University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/srrip/ |title=Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitoloy |publisher=Osmania.ac.in |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> | ||
In 2010 the [[University of Liverpool]] named its new biological science building "The Ronald Ross Building" in his honour. His grandson David Ross inaugurated it. The building is home to the university's facility for the Institute of Infection and Global Health.<ref>{{cite web|title=Opening of The Ronald Ross Building|url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/infection-and-global-health/news/articles/gallery-opening-of-the-ronald-ross-building/|access-date=31 January 2014|date=10 October 2010|publisher=Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool}}</ref> | In 2010 the [[University of Liverpool]] named its new biological science building "The Ronald Ross Building" in his honour. His grandson David Ross inaugurated it. The building is home to the university's facility for the Institute of Infection and Global Health.<ref>{{cite web|title=Opening of The Ronald Ross Building|url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/infection-and-global-health/news/articles/gallery-opening-of-the-ronald-ross-building/|access-date=31 January 2014|date=10 October 2010|publisher=Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool}}</ref> | ||