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Harkat-ul-Mujahideen: Difference between revisions
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{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}} | {{EngvarB|date=March 2018}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox militant organization | {{Infobox militant organization | ||
|name= Harkat-ul-Mujahideen | |name= Harkat-ul-Mujahideen | ||
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|image=Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg | |image=Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg | ||
|caption= Flag of Harakat-ul-Mujahideen | |caption= Flag of Harakat-ul-Mujahideen | ||
|active= | |active=1985–present | ||
|ideology= | |ideology= [[Islamism]], [[jihadism]] | ||
|leaders=[[Sajjad Afghani]]<br/>[[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]] | |||
|clans= | |clans= | ||
|headquarters= | |headquarters=[[Pakistan]] | ||
|area= | |area= | ||
|strength= | |strength= | ||
|partof=[[ | |partof=[[United Jihad Council]]<ref name="map">[http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak Pakistan]. ''Mapping Militants''. [[Stanford University]].</ref> | ||
</ref> | |||
|previous= | |previous= | ||
|next= | |next= | ||
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*[[File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg|21px]] [[Pakistan]]<ref>[http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2374&from_page=../index.cfm In the Spotlight: Harkat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HuJI)]''Center for Defense Information'' 16 August 2004 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311124005/http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2374&from_page=..%2Findex.cfm |date=11 March 2009 }}</ref> | *[[File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg|21px]] [[Pakistan]]<ref>[http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2374&from_page=../index.cfm In the Spotlight: Harkat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HuJI)]''Center for Defense Information'' 16 August 2004 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311124005/http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2374&from_page=..%2Findex.cfm |date=11 March 2009 }}</ref> | ||
'''Non-state allies'''<br/> | '''Non-state allies'''<br/> | ||
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]]<ref name=cellphone>{{cite news|title=Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin | *{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]]<ref name=cellphone>{{cite news|title=Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin Laden's Pakistani Links|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24pakistan.html?pagewanted=1&hp|access-date=24 June 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 June 2011|author=Carlotta Gall|author2=Pir Zubair Shah|author3=Eric Schmitt}}</ref> | ||
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] | *{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] | ||
*{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] | *{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] | ||
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind]] | |||
*[[Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]] | |||
*[[Harkat-ul-Jihadi al-Islami]] | |||
|opponents= [[File:Flag_of_India.svg|22px]] [[India]] | |opponents= [[File:Flag_of_India.svg|22px]] [[India]] | ||
|battles= [[Soviet-Afghan war]] | |battles= [[Soviet-Afghan war]] | ||
[[ | [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] | ||
|url= | |url= | ||
|status=Designated as a terrorist group by | |status=Designated as a terrorist group by | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|حرکت المجاہدین الاسلامی}}}} | '''Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|حرکت المجاہدین الاسلامی}}}}; {{small|abbreviated}} '''HUM''') is a [[Pakistan]]-based Islamic jihad group operating primarily in [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Indictment of John Walker Lindh">[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/lindhindictment.htm Indictment of John Walker Lindh] ''American Rhetoric'' February, 2002</ref> The group have been considered as having links to [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Al-Qaeda]].<br/> | ||
the group has been designated as a [[terrorist organization]]<!-- see link for inclusion of national bodies --> by Bahrain, the United Nations, the United Kingdom and the United States. In response the organization changed its name to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.<ref name="Indictment of John Walker Lindh"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm |title=United States State Department |publisher=2001-2009.state.gov |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref name='satp'>{{cite web | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/harkatul_mujahideen.htm | title = Harkat-ul-Mujahideen | access-date = 2011-06-24 | publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref> The group splintered from [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] (HuJI), a Pakistani group formed in 1980 to fight the Soviet military in Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2374&from_page=../index.cfm In the Spotlight: Harkat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HuJI)]''Center for Defense Information'' 16 August 2004 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311124005/http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2374&from_page=..%2Findex.cfm |date=11 March 2009 }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] has declared and banned HuM as a jihad organisation.<ref name="MHA_BanList">{{cite web|title=List of Banned Organisations|url=https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI|publisher=Government of India|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503233101/https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations |archive-date= 3 May 2018}}</ref> | |||
==Post Soviet–Afghan War== | ==Post Soviet–Afghan War== | ||
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was originally formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami in 1985.<ref name='satp'/> In 1989, at the end of [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan war]], the group entered [[Kashmir]]i politics by use of militants under the leadership of Sajjad Afghani and Muzaffar Ahmad Baba Alias Mukhtar. In 1993 the group [[wikt:merge|merged]] with Harkat-ul-Jehad-al-Islami to form [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]].<ref name='satp'/> | Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was originally formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami in 1985.<ref name='satp'/> In 1989, at the end of [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan war]], the group entered [[Kashmir]]i politics by use of militants under the leadership of [[Sajjad Afghani]] and Muzaffar Ahmad Baba Alias Mukhtar. In 1993 the group [[wikt:merge|merged]] with Harkat-ul-Jehad-al-Islami to form [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]].<ref name='satp'/> | ||
Immediately following the merger [[India]] arrested three senior members: [[Nasrullah Mansur Langaryal]], chief of the former Harkat-ul Mujahideen in November 1993; Maulana Masood Azhar, General Secretary in February 1994, and Sajjad Afghani (Sajjad Sajid) in the same month in [[Srinagar]]. Muzaffar Ahmad Baba was killed in an encounter at Pandan Nowhatta with the [[Border Security Force|BSF]] in January 1994.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} | Immediately following the merger [[India]] arrested three senior members: [[Nasrullah Mansur Langaryal]], chief of the former Harkat-ul Mujahideen in November 1993; Maulana Masood Azhar, General Secretary in February 1994, and Sajjad Afghani (Sajjad Sajid) in the same month in [[Srinagar]]. Muzaffar Ahmad Baba was killed in an encounter at Pandan Nowhatta with the [[Border Security Force|BSF]] in January 1994.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} | ||
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As a response the group carried out several [[kidnapping]]s in an attempt to free their leaders, all of which failed. It was linked to the Kashmiri group [[al-Faran]] that kidnapped five Western tourists in Kashmir in July 1995; one, [[Hans Christian Ostrø]], was killed in August 1995 and the other four reportedly were killed in December of the same year. | As a response the group carried out several [[kidnapping]]s in an attempt to free their leaders, all of which failed. It was linked to the Kashmiri group [[al-Faran]] that kidnapped five Western tourists in Kashmir in July 1995; one, [[Hans Christian Ostrø]], was killed in August 1995 and the other four reportedly were killed in December of the same year. | ||
In 1997, the [[United States]] designated Harkat-ul-Ansar as terrorist organization in response it renamed itself to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.<ref name='satp'/> | In 1997, the [[United States]] designated Harkat-ul-Ansar as a terrorist organization, and in response it renamed itself to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.<ref name='satp'/> | ||
In 1999, Sajjad was killed during a jailbreak which led to the hijacking, by the group, of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] in December, which led to the release of [[Maulana Masood Azhar]], [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] and [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]] by the Indian Government. Azhar did not, however, return to the HUM, choosing instead to form the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JEM), a rival militant group expressing a more radical line than the HUM, in early 2000. | In 1999, Sajjad was killed during a jailbreak which led to the hijacking, by the group, of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] in December, which led to the release of [[Maulana Masood Azhar]], [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] and [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]] by the Indian Government. Azhar did not, however, return to the HUM, choosing instead to form the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JEM), a rival militant group expressing a more radical line than the HUM, in early 2000. | ||
==Post 9/11 | ==Post 9/11 attacks== | ||
The group again came to the attention of the US after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]], leading President [[George W. Bush]] to ban the group, this time under its Harkat-ul-Mujahideen moniker, on 25 September 2001.<ref name='satp'/> | The group again came to the attention of the US after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]], leading President [[George W. Bush]] to ban the group, this time under its Harkat-ul-Mujahideen moniker, on 25 September 2001.<ref name='satp'/> | ||
The long-time leader of the group, [[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]], in mid-February 2000 stepped down as HUM ''emir'', turning the reins over to the popular Kashmiri commander and his second-in-command, Farooq Kashmiri. Khalil assumed the position of HUM Secretary General. | |||
HUM is thought to have several thousand armed supporters located in Pakistani Kashmir, and India's southern Kashmir and Doda regions. It uses light and heavy | HUM is thought to have several thousand armed supporters located in Pakistani Kashmir, and India's southern Kashmir and Doda regions. It uses light and heavy machine guns, assault rifles, mortars, explosives, and rockets. HUM lost some of its membership due to defections to the Jaish-e-Mohammed. | ||
The group is based in [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], and several other towns in Pakistan and Afghanistan, but members conduct insurgent and terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir. | The group is based in [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], and several other towns in Pakistan and Afghanistan, but members conduct insurgent and terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir. | ||
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The group's current leader, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, lives openly in the [[Islamabad]] suburb of [[Golra Sharif]]. He has denied having any contact with Osama bin Laden.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2011/06/16/terror-leader-lives-freely-near-pakistani-capital.html Terror leader lives freely near Pakistani capital], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)]]'', 16 June 2011</ref> | The group's current leader, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, lives openly in the [[Islamabad]] suburb of [[Golra Sharif]]. He has denied having any contact with Osama bin Laden.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2011/06/16/terror-leader-lives-freely-near-pakistani-capital.html Terror leader lives freely near Pakistani capital], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)]]'', 16 June 2011</ref> | ||
According to ''The New York Times'', Osama Bin Laden's seized cellphones attest Harkat-ul-Mujahideen's continued contact with Osama Bin Laden and its bases and fighters shared with the [[Taliban]] over the years following the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].<ref name=cellphone>{{cite news|title=Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin | According to ''The New York Times'', Osama Bin Laden's seized cellphones attest Harkat-ul-Mujahideen's continued contact with Osama Bin Laden and its bases and fighters shared with the [[Taliban]] over the years following the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].<ref name=cellphone>{{cite news|title=Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin Laden's Pakistani Links|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24pakistan.html?pagewanted=1&hp|access-date=24 June 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 June 2011|author=Carlotta Gall|author2=Pir Zubair Shah|author3=Eric Schmitt}}</ref> | ||
==Designation as | ==Designation as terrorist organization== | ||
The countries and organizations below have officially listed the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) as a terrorist organization. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|{{flag|Canada}} | |{{flag|Canada}} | ||
|27 | |27 November 2002 | ||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|title=About the listing process|publisher=Public Safety Canada|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|title=About the listing process|publisher=Public Safety Canada|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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==Harkat ul-Ansar== | ==Harkat ul-Ansar== | ||
{{Redirect|Harakat al-Ansar|former Baloch jihadist group also known as “Harakat al-Ansar”|Harakat Ansar Iran}} | |||
'''Harkat ul-Ansar''' ('''HuA''') was an [[Islam]]ic terrorist organization founded by [[Abdelkader Mokhtari]] in 1993. It was the result of a merger between Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] (HuJI). Many of its operations were conducted in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=satp-hua>{{cite web | '''Harkat ul-Ansar''' ('''HuA''') was an [[Islam]]ic terrorist organization founded by [[Abdelkader Mokhtari]] in 1993. It was the result of a merger between Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] (HuJI). Many of its operations were conducted in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=satp-hua>{{cite web | ||
| title = Harkat ul-Ansar | | title = Harkat ul-Ansar | ||
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Soon after its founding, several members of its leadership were arrested by [[Indian Security Forces]]. In November 1993, the former head of HuM, Nasrullah Mansur Langrayal, was arrested.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} In February 1994, the HuA general secretary, [[Maulana Masood Azhar]] and chief commander, [[Sajjad Afghani]], were captured in the Chattargul area of [[Anantnag district]].<ref name=rediff1999/> | Soon after its founding, several members of its leadership were arrested by [[Indian Security Forces]]. In November 1993, the former head of HuM, Nasrullah Mansur Langrayal, was arrested.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} In February 1994, the HuA general secretary, [[Maulana Masood Azhar]] and chief commander, [[Sajjad Afghani]], were captured in the Chattargul area of [[Anantnag district]].<ref name=rediff1999/> | ||
It was labeled a terrorist organization in 1997 by the [[United States]] because of its connections with [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] terrorist [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name=satp-hua/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1123996|title= US puts Harakat and its affiliates on terror list|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Dawn news}}</ref> The ban severely limited the funding of the group, and as a result HuA was reorganized as a reincarnated Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. At the time, Azhar split from the group to form [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name=satp-hua/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Recast-Harkat-ul-Ansar-stoking-anti-India-sentiments-in-Kashmir/articleshow/19206329.cms|title=Recast Harkat-ul-Ansar stoking anti-India sentiments in Kashmir|access-date=26 May 2013|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> In 1998, U.S.'s [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in its report stated, "HuA, an Islamic terrorist organisation that Pakistan supports in its proxy war against Indian forces in Kashmir, increasingly is using terrorist tactics against Westerners and random attacks on civilians that could involve Westerners to promote its pan-Islamic agenda." CIA also stated that Hua had abducted at least 13 persons of which 12 were from western countries in the period from early 1994 to 1998.<ref name="The Hindu India fortifying">{{cite news |title=India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-fortifying-case-to-put-jaish-on-ban-list/article26426600.ece |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=4 March 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Afridi's cousin">{{cite news |title=Afridi's cousin killed in J&K: BSF |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/12jk.htm |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=rediff.com |date=12 September 2003}}</ref> | It was labeled a terrorist organization in 1997 by the [[United States]] because of its connections with [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] terrorist [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name=satp-hua/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1123996|title= US puts Harakat and its affiliates on terror list|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Dawn news}}</ref> The ban severely limited the funding of the group, and as a result HuA was reorganized as a reincarnated Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. At the time, Azhar split from the group to form [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name=satp-hua/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Recast-Harkat-ul-Ansar-stoking-anti-India-sentiments-in-Kashmir/articleshow/19206329.cms|title=Recast Harkat-ul-Ansar stoking anti-India sentiments in Kashmir|access-date=26 May 2013|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> In 1998, U.S.'s [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in its report stated, "HuA, an Islamic terrorist organisation that Pakistan supports in its proxy war against Indian forces in Kashmir, increasingly is using terrorist tactics against Westerners and random attacks on civilians that could involve Westerners to promote its pan-Islamic agenda." CIA also stated that Hua had abducted at least 13 persons, of which 12 were from western countries in the period from early 1994 to 1998.<ref name="The Hindu India fortifying">{{cite news |title=India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-fortifying-case-to-put-jaish-on-ban-list/article26426600.ece |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=4 March 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Afridi's cousin">{{cite news |title=Afridi's cousin killed in J&K: BSF |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/12jk.htm |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=rediff.com |date=12 September 2003}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | |||
* [[List of Deobandi organisations]] | |||
*[[1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir]] | |||
*[[Ansar Al-Mujahideen]] | |||
*[[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] | |||
*[[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
{{Kashmir separatist movement}} | {{Kashmir separatist movement}} | ||
{{Terror outfits}} | {{Terror outfits}} | ||
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[[Category:Jihadist groups in Jammu and Kashmir]] | [[Category:Jihadist groups in Jammu and Kashmir]] | ||
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Pakistan]] | [[Category:Jihadist groups in Pakistan]] | ||
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist | [[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]] | ||
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]] | [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]] | ||
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]] | [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]] | ||