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{{EngvarB|date=April | {{Short description|Pakistani general}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{EngvarB|date=April 2022}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} | |||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
|honorific-prefix | | honorific-prefix = '''[[General (Pakistan)|General]]''' | ||
|name | | name = Jehangir Karamat<br />جہانگیر کرامت | ||
|native_name | | native_name = | ||
|native_name_lang | | native_name_lang = | ||
|honorific-suffix | | honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]]  [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]  [[Tamgha-e-Basalat|TBt]]  [[Legion of Merit|LoM]]}} | ||
| | | image = Jehangir Karamata.png | ||
| | | imagesize = | ||
| | | smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | ||
| | | alt = | ||
| | | caption = | ||
| | | order2 = [[List of ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States|Pakistani Ambassador to the United States]] | ||
| term_start2 = 17 November 2004 | |||
| | | term_end2 = 3 June 2006 | ||
| | | predecessor2 = [[Ashraf Qazi]] | ||
| | | successor2 = [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]] | ||
| | | president2 = [[Pervez Musharraf]] | ||
| | | primeminister2 = [[Shaukat Aziz]] | ||
| | | order1 = 9th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] | ||
|office1 | | office1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|term_start1 | | term_start1 = 9 November 1997 | ||
|term_end1 | | term_end1 = 7 October 1998 | ||
|alongside1 | | alongside1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|vicepresident1 | | vicepresident1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|viceprimeminister1 = | | viceprimeminister1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|deputy1 | | deputy1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|lieutenant1 | | lieutenant1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|monarch1 | | monarch1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|president1 | | president1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|primeminister1 | | primeminister1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|governor1 | | governor1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|succeeding1 | | succeeding1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|predecessor1 | | predecessor1 = [[Air chief marshal|ACM]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan]] | ||
|successor1 | | successor1 = [[General|Gen.]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] | ||
|constituency1 | | constituency1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|mmajority1 | | mmajority1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | ||
|office | | office = 6th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] | ||
|term_start | | term_start = 12 January 1996 | ||
|term_end | | term_end = 6 October 1998 | ||
|predecessor | | predecessor = [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]] | ||
|successor | | successor = [[Pervez Musharraf]] | ||
| | | president = [[Farooq Leghari]]<br/>[[Wasim Sajjad]] {{small|(acting)}}<br/>[[Rafiq Tarar]] | ||
| primeminister = [[Benazir Bhutto]]<br/>[[Nawaz Sharif]] | |||
| | | prior_term = | ||
| | | birth_date = {{birth date and age |1941|02|20|df=y}} | ||
| | | birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(Now, [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]])}} | ||
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|df=yes|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> | |||
| | | death_place = | ||
| | | restingplace = | ||
| | | restingplacecoordinates = | ||
| | | birthname = | ||
| | | nationality = [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] | ||
| | | party = | ||
| | | otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> | ||
| | | spouse = | ||
| | | partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> | ||
| | | relations = | ||
| children = | |||
| | | residence = | ||
| | | alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]]<br />[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]<br />[[Command and General Staff College]]<br />[[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] | ||
| | | occupation = | ||
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| religion = | |||
| signature = | |||
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| footnotes = | |||
| | | blank1 = Institutions | ||
| | | data1 = [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU)<br />Armed Forces War College (afwc) | ||
| | | blank2 = Field(s) | ||
| | | data2 = [[Political science]] | ||
| | | blank3 = Notable students | ||
| | | data3 = [[Pervez Musharraf]]<br />[[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]]<br />[[Abdul Aziz Mirza|Aziz Mirza]]<br />[[Fasih Bokhari]] | ||
| | | blank4 = Notable work(s) | ||
| | | data4 = Work in [[civil-military relations]] and [[Decentralization]] | ||
| blank5 = | |||
| | | data5 = <!--Military service--> | ||
| | | nickname = Spearhead<br />''JK'' | ||
| allegiance = | |||
| branch = {{Army|PAK}} | |||
| serviceyears = 1958–1998 | |||
| | | rank = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|30px]] [[General]] | ||
| | | unit = [[File:13 Lancers2.jpg|20px]] [[13th Lancers]], [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]], <b>PA-6399</b> | ||
| commands = [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]], [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]]<br />[[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Strike Corps]], [[Multan]]<br />[[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]<br />[[Director general|DG]] [[Pakistan Army Rangers|Army Rangers]]<br />[[Directorate-General|DG]] for Military Operations<br />[[Pakistan Armed Forces International deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command]] | |||
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] | |||
| | | mawards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]]{{small|[[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}<br />[[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}<br />[[File:Tamgha-e-Basalat.png|40px]] {{small|[[Tamgha-i-Basalat|Tamgha-e-Basalat]]}}<br />[[File:Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|40px]] {{small|[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King AbdulAziz]]}}<br />[[File:Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|40px]] {{small|[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|Order of Military Merit]]}}<br />[[File:Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Merit.png|40px]] {{small|[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Turkey|Turkish Legion of Merit]]}}<br />[[File:US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|40px]] {{small|[[Legion of Merit|The Legion of Merit]]}}<br />[[File:Sword of Honor.png|50px]]{{small|[[Sword of Honour (Pakistan)|Sword of Honour]]}} | ||
| | | military_blank1 = | ||
| military_data1 = | |||
| | | military_blank2 = | ||
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| military_blank3 = | |||
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| military_data4 = | |||
|military_data5 | | military_blank5 = | ||
| military_data5 = | |||
}} | }} | ||
General '''Jehangir Karamat''' {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Tamgha-e-Basalat|TBt]] [[Legion of Merit|LoM]]}} ({{lang-ur|{{nq|جہانگیر کرامت}}}} ; born 20 February 1941) best known as '''JK''', is a senior [[Pakistan Army]] officer who served as the 6th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of [[Pakistan Army]], from 12 January 1996 to 6 October 1998. [[Foreign Service of Pakistan|diplomat]], [[public intellectual]], and a former [[professor]] of [[political science]] at the [[National Defense University, Islamabad|National Defense University]].<ref name="ISPR (Army)" /> He also served as the 9th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] from 1997 to 1998.<ref name="Free Press">{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Pervez|title=In the line of fire : a memoir|date=2006|publisher=Free Press|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=074-3283449|url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush}}</ref> | |||
After joining the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1958, he entered in the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] at [[Kakul]], and [[Passing out (military)|passed out]] in 1961 to later serve in the combat in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|conflicts]] with [[India]] in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]]. In 1995, he came into national prominence after he notably exposed the [[1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt|attempted ''coup d'état'']] against [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], and eventually appointed as an [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] and later [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]]. His tenure is regarded as his pivotal role in enhancing the [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]] and the [[Civilian control of the military|civilian control]] when he staunchly backed Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s authorisation of [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|atomic-testing programme]] in 1998.<ref name="Stanford University Press" /> | After joining the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1958, he entered in the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] at [[Kakul]], and [[Passing out (military)|passed out]] in 1961 to later serve in the combat in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|conflicts]] with [[India]] in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]]. In 1995, he came into national prominence after he notably exposed the [[1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt|attempted ''coup d'état'']] against [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], and eventually appointed as an [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] and later [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]]. His tenure is regarded as his pivotal role in enhancing the [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]] and the [[Civilian control of the military|civilian control]] when he staunchly backed Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s authorisation of [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|atomic-testing programme]] in 1998.<ref name="Stanford University Press" /> | ||
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===Early and education=== | ===Early and education=== | ||
Jehangir Karamat was born on 20 February 1941 in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh#Colonial period|Sindh]] in British Indian Empire, into a [[Kakazai | Jehangir Karamat was born on 20 February 1941 in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh#Colonial period|Sindh]] in British Indian Empire, into a [[Kakazai]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/465587|title=اسپیشل ایڈیشن – باجوہ ڈاکٹرائن : قومی چیلنجز کا حل کیسے؟ – Magazine {{!}} Daily Jang|access-date=2018-06-09}}</ref> family who initially hailed from [[Montgomery (Pakistan)|Montgomery]] in [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]] (now [[Sahiwal]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]).<ref name="Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996">{{cite journal|last1=Staff writer|title=General Karamat appointed new army chief|journal=Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996|date=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qa25AAAAIAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat++February+1941}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Beaumont|first1=edited by Christophe Jaffrelot; translated by Gillian|title=A history of Pakistan and its origins|date=2004|publisher=Anthem|location=London|isbn=1843311496|edition=New|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=jehangir+karamat++born+Karachi&pg=PA36|chapter=§No National Integration Yet?}}</ref>{{rp|59}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Daily Report: Near East & South Asia|date=1995|publisher=The Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiQNiAhipC4C&q=Jehangir+Karamat+born|access-date=27 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> | ||
His father, Karamat Ahmad, was an [[Civil Services of India|officer]] in the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] with the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Indian government]] who would later embarked his career as a [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan|bureaucrat]] in the [[Government of Pakistan]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="Economist Publications, 1995">{{cite journal|last1=Staff writers and editors|title=Pakistan & Gulf Economist: Jehangir Karamat COAS|journal=Economist Publications, 1995|date=1995|volume=14|issue=40–52}}</ref><ref name="The News International, 1996">{{cite news|last1=editorial|title=Jehangir Karamat, COAS|url=http://thenews.com.pk/|work=Biographical work published by the News International's editorial section in 1996|agency=The News International, 1996|publisher=The News International, 1996|date=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karamat Ahmed|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Karamat-Ahmed/6000000033821731653|website=geni_family_tree|access-date=27 November | His father, Karamat Ahmad, was an [[Civil Services of India|officer]] in the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] with the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Indian government]] who would later embarked his career as a [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan|bureaucrat]] in the [[Government of Pakistan]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="Economist Publications, 1995">{{cite journal|last1=Staff writers and editors|title=Pakistan & Gulf Economist: Jehangir Karamat COAS|journal=Economist Publications, 1995|date=1995|volume=14|issue=40–52}}</ref><ref name="The News International, 1996">{{cite news|last1=editorial|title=Jehangir Karamat, COAS|url=http://thenews.com.pk/|work=Biographical work published by the News International's editorial section in 1996|agency=The News International, 1996|publisher=The News International, 1996|date=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karamat Ahmed|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Karamat-Ahmed/6000000033821731653|website=geni_family_tree|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> | ||
After educating and graduating from the [[St Patrick's High School, Karachi|St. Patrick's High School]] in [[Karachi]] in 1958, Karamat joined the [[Pakistan Army]] when accepting at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] (PMA) in [[Kakul]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name="St Patrick's High School">{{cite web|title=Distinguished old Patricians|url=http://theoldpatricians.org/illustrious.htm|publisher=St Patrick's High School|access-date=7 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092734/http://www.theoldpatricians.org/illustrious.htm|archive-date=29 November | After educating and graduating from the [[St Patrick's High School, Karachi|St. Patrick's High School]] in [[Karachi]] in 1958, Karamat joined the [[Pakistan Army]] when accepting at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] (PMA) in [[Kakul]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name="St Patrick's High School">{{cite web|title=Distinguished old Patricians|url=http://theoldpatricians.org/illustrious.htm|publisher=St Patrick's High School|access-date=7 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092734/http://www.theoldpatricians.org/illustrious.htm|archive-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> His mother moved with him in [[Kakul]] to overlook his education, and [[Passing out (military)|graduated]] with a class of 24th PMA Long Course, standing as a top-ranking cadet at Kakul when he conferred with the [[Sword of Honour (Pakistan)|Sword of Honor]] in 1961.<ref name="Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996"/><ref name="Pakistan Herald, 2015">{{cite news|last1=staff editor|title=A profile of a General|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/general-retd-jehangir-karamat-610|access-date=7 January 2015|agency=Pakistan Herald|publisher=Pakistan Herald, 2022}}</ref> | ||
In 1961, Karamat gained [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as [[Second Lieutenant|2nd-Lt]] in the [[13th Lancers]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Corps of Armoured]].<ref name="Pakistan Army Museum">{{cite web|last1=Pakistan Army Museum|title=General Jehangir Karamat|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-jehangir-karamat-2/|publisher=Pakistan Army Museum|access-date=7 January | In 1961, Karamat gained [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as [[Second Lieutenant|2nd-Lt]] in the [[13th Lancers]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Corps of Armoured]].<ref name="Pakistan Army Museum">{{cite web|last1=Pakistan Army Museum|title=General Jehangir Karamat|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-jehangir-karamat-2/|publisher=Pakistan Army Museum|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> | ||
In 1969, [[Captain (army)|Capt.]] Karamat was directed to attend the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in [[Quetta]] where he was noted for his intellect and competence at every level of courses he took as required in the [[curriculum]].{{rp|533–534}}<ref name="Partridge Pub"/> In 1971, Capt. Karamat graduated and qualified as the [[psc (Military)|psc]].<ref name="ISPR (Army)">{{cite web|title=General Jehangir Karamat|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=154|website= | In 1969, [[Captain (army)|Capt.]] Karamat was directed to attend the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in [[Quetta]] where he was noted for his intellect and competence at every level of courses he took as required in the [[curriculum]].{{rp|533–534}}<ref name="Partridge Pub"/> In 1971, Capt. Karamat graduated and qualified as the [[psc (Military)|psc]].<ref name="ISPR (Army)">{{cite web|title=General Jehangir Karamat|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=154|website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk|publisher=ISPR (Army)|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034937/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=154|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|third war]] with India in 1971, Major Karamat was | After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|third war]] with India in 1971, Major Karamat was one of the last military officers who were sent to the [[United States]] to study at the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]] in [[Kansas]].{{rp|92–93}}<ref name="Springer, Aslan (2017)">{{cite book|last1=Aslan|first1=Ömer|title=The United States and Military Coups in Turkey and Pakistan: Between Conspiracy and Reality|date=2017|publisher=Springer|location=New York, U.S.|isbn=9783319660110|pages=270|edition=1st|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TK4-DwAAQBAJ&q=karamat++Command+and+General+Staff+College&pg=PA92|access-date=28 November 2017|language=en|chapter-format=google books|chapter=External Support}}</ref> | ||
Upon his graduation from the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[Command and General Staff College]], [[Major]] Karamat was then directed to attend the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] where he graduated and gained the [[Master of Science|MSc]] in the [[International Relations]] in 1976–77.<ref>Constance Hale. [http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Indexes/v.23_1/hale.pdf "International Hallway Dedication Ceremony"] ''U.S. Army Command and General Staff College'', 14 September 2000</ref> In 1976, Karamat completed his MSc in [[International Relations]] from there; and following his return, Karamat completed his master's programme at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]].<ref name=Spearhead>{{cite web|last1=Spearhead|title=Panel of Experts|url=http://spearheadresearch.org/SR_CMS/index.php/panel-of-experts|publisher=Spearhead|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107040413/http://spearheadresearch.org/SR_CMS/index.php/panel-of-experts|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=dead | Upon his graduation from the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[Command and General Staff College]], [[Major]] Karamat was then directed to attend the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] where he graduated and gained the [[Master of Science|MSc]] in the [[International Relations]] in 1976–77.<ref>Constance Hale. [http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Indexes/v.23_1/hale.pdf "International Hallway Dedication Ceremony"] ''U.S. Army Command and General Staff College'', 14 September 2000</ref> In 1976, Karamat completed his MSc in [[International Relations]] from there; and following his return, Karamat completed his master's programme at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]].<ref name=Spearhead>{{cite web|last1=Spearhead|title=Panel of Experts|url=http://spearheadresearch.org/SR_CMS/index.php/panel-of-experts|publisher=Spearhead|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107040413/http://spearheadresearch.org/SR_CMS/index.php/panel-of-experts|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1978–80, Major Karamat attained the [[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[War studies]] where his master's thesis argued and enlightened on the failure of performance of armed forces in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India 1971.<ref name="Macmillan [u.a.]">{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan-Askari|title=Military, state and society in Pakistan|date=2000|publisher=Macmillan [u.a.]|location=Basingstoke [u.a.]|isbn=0312231938}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn Institute">{{cite web|last1=staff writer|title=Former Chairman of the Pakistani Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Jehangir Karamat, arrives at Brookings|url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/media-relations/news-releases/2000/20000505karamat|publisher=Brooklyn Institute|access-date=7 January 2015|date=5 May 2000}}</ref><ref name="Partridge Pub">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=Nothing But!|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Pub|isbn=978-1482817874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+lancer&pg=PA553}}</ref> | ||
===During the Indo-Pakistani wars=== | ===During the Indo-Pakistani wars=== | ||
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He progressed well in the army, eventually promoted to [[Captain (army)|captain]] in 1966; and elevated as [[major]] in 1971.<ref name="Oup Pakistan"/> In 1971, [[Major]] Karamat commanded the [[Company (military unit)|company]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Aromoured Corps]] on the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Western Front]] of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India, defending the territories of [[Punjab, Pakistan]] against the approaching [[Indian Army]].<ref name="Oup Pakistan">{{cite book|last1=Qureshi|first1=Hakeem Arshad|title=1971 indo-pak war : a soldier's narrative.|date=2013|publisher=Oup Pakistan|location=[S.l.] Pakistan|isbn=978-0199067145}}</ref> | He progressed well in the army, eventually promoted to [[Captain (army)|captain]] in 1966; and elevated as [[major]] in 1971.<ref name="Oup Pakistan"/> In 1971, [[Major]] Karamat commanded the [[Company (military unit)|company]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Aromoured Corps]] on the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Western Front]] of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India, defending the territories of [[Punjab, Pakistan]] against the approaching [[Indian Army]].<ref name="Oup Pakistan">{{cite book|last1=Qureshi|first1=Hakeem Arshad|title=1971 indo-pak war : a soldier's narrative.|date=2013|publisher=Oup Pakistan|location=[S.l.] Pakistan|isbn=978-0199067145}}</ref> | ||
During this time, [[Major|Maj.]] Karamat was the [[commanding officer]] in the [[15th Lancers]] attached to the [[Baloch Regiment]], | During this time, [[Major|Maj.]] Karamat was the [[commanding officer]] in the [[15th Lancers]] attached to the [[Baloch Regiment]], along with the [[13th Lancers]] that was fighting in the [[Shakargarh]] area of [[Sialkot|Sialkot Sector]], which is now known as [[Battle of Basantar|Battle of Barapind]].<ref name="Strategicus and Tacticus">{{cite book|last1=Amin|first1=Agha Humayun|title=India Pakistan Wars-1947 to 1971-A Strategic and Operational Analysis|date=2010|publisher=Strategicus and Tacticus|location=London|isbn=9780557519842|pages=723}}</ref> The regiment was awarded battle honour of ''Bara Pind 1971''.<ref name="Work published by then-Brigadier J. Karamat at the Inspector General Training and Evaluation Branch, General Headquarters">{{cite journal|last1=Karamat|first1=J.|title=The Tank that Failed|journal=Hilal Magazine|date=1984|volume=2|issue=8|pages=69|publisher=Work published by then-Brigadier J. Karamat at the Inspector General Training and Evaluation Branch, General Headquarters}}</ref>{{rp|<ref>{{cite book|last1=ehgal|first1=Ikram ul-Majeed|title=Defence Journal: With Former COAS Watching Live-Fire Demonstration|date=2003|publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal|language=en}}</ref>}} | ||
===Staff and war appointments=== | ===Staff and war appointments=== | ||
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In 1979–80, [[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lt-Col.]] Karamat was posted as an [[Professor|instructor]] at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|Armed Forces War College]] (afwc) of the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU), instructing on courses [[War studies]].{{rp|432}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98pPAQAAMAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+lt+col|access-date=16 December 2017|language=en|author1=Pakistan }}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Army Museum" /> In 1981–83, [[Colonel|Col.]] Karamat was moved at the [[PAF Air War College|Air War College]], and did not take participation in the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet intervention]] in [[Afghanistan]] during his teaching assignments beforing promoting as [[One star general|one-star]] rank army general in the Pakistan Army.<ref name="Penguin Press">{{cite book|last1=Coll|first1=Steve|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Press|location=New York|isbn=1-59420-007-6}}</ref> | In 1979–80, [[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lt-Col.]] Karamat was posted as an [[Professor|instructor]] at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|Armed Forces War College]] (afwc) of the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU), instructing on courses [[War studies]].{{rp|432}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98pPAQAAMAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+lt+col|access-date=16 December 2017|language=en|author1=Pakistan }}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Army Museum" /> In 1981–83, [[Colonel|Col.]] Karamat was moved at the [[PAF Air War College|Air War College]], and did not take participation in the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet intervention]] in [[Afghanistan]] during his teaching assignments beforing promoting as [[One star general|one-star]] rank army general in the Pakistan Army.<ref name="Penguin Press">{{cite book|last1=Coll|first1=Steve|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Press|location=New York|isbn=1-59420-007-6}}</ref> | ||
In 1983–88, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Karamat was appointed [[officer commanding]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command]], consisting of the [[Pakistani military|joint armed branches]] in the [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|last1=Hassner|first1= | In 1983–88, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Karamat was appointed [[officer commanding]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command]], consisting of the [[Pakistani military|joint armed branches]] in the [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|editor-last1=Hassner|editor-first1=Ron E.|title=Religion in the military worldwide|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-1-107-03702-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtoaAgAAQBAJ&q=Karamat+saudi+troops&pg=PA98}}</ref> Initially stationed to cover the [[area of responsibility]] of [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and [[Khamis Mushait]] in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Karamat [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Arab Contingent]] during the height of the [[Iran–Iraq War]], protecting the territorial sovereignty of the [[Saudi Arabia]].{{rp|xxiv}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sehgal|first1=Ikram ul-Majeed|title=Defence Journal|date=2006|publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W67fAAAAMAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> {{rp|356–357}}<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, Cohen">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen P.|title=The Idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-9761-3|url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/357 357]|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 1988, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Karamat returned from his combat duty, promoting to the [[two-star rank]] assignment at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].{{rp|232}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing, Bhattacharya">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1732-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+DG+MO&pg=PA232|language=en}}</ref> From 1988 to 1991, [[Major-General]] Karamat served as the [[Director-General|DGl]] of the [[Directorate-General]] of the [[Military operations|Military Operations]] (DGMO), where he was credited with playing a crucial role in advancing the fighting capabilities of the Pakistan Army while he planned numerous military exercises for Pakistan Army, and reviewed the contingency operations in [[Kargil]] sector.{{rp|77}}<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Lavoy">{{cite book|last1=Lavoy|first1=Peter R.|title=Asymmetric warfare in South Asia : the causes and consequences of the Kargil Conflict|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-76721-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC&q=jehangir+karamat+DG+MO&pg=PA77|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en|chapter-format=googlebooks|chapter=Pakistan's motivations and calculations.}}</ref> | ||
In 1991, [[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] Karamat was appointed as [[Director-General]] of the [[Pakistan Army Rangers]] in [[Sindh]] but this appointment was short-lived when he was promoted to the [[three-star rank]] in 1992.<ref name="Strategicus and Tacticus" /><ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies">{{cite web|title=A Profile on Educated General|url=http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/ECSSR/print/prf.jsp?lang=en&prfId=/Profile/Profiles_0856.xml|publisher=Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies|access-date=7 January | In 1991, [[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] Karamat was appointed as [[Director-General]] of the [[Pakistan Army Rangers]] in [[Sindh]] but this appointment was short-lived when he was promoted to the [[three-star rank]] in 1992.<ref name="Strategicus and Tacticus" /><ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies">{{cite web|title=A Profile on Educated General|url=http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/ECSSR/print/prf.jsp?lang=en&prfId=/Profile/Profiles_0856.xml|publisher=Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> | ||
In 1992, [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat was appointed as field command of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Strike Corps]], stationed in [[Multan]], which he commanded until 1994.<ref name="Tranquebar Press">{{cite book|last1=Mir|first1=Amir|title=The Bhutto Murder Trail: from Waziristan to GHQ|date=2010|publisher=Tranquebar Press|location=Chennai |isbn=978-9380658612 }}</ref> In 1994, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Karamat was eventually elevated as the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] (CGS) at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] under then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> From | In 1992, [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat was appointed as field command of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Strike Corps]], stationed in [[Multan]], which he commanded until 1994.<ref name="Tranquebar Press">{{cite book|last1=Mir|first1=Amir|title=The Bhutto Murder Trail: from Waziristan to GHQ|date=2010|publisher=Tranquebar Press|location=Chennai |isbn=978-9380658612 }}</ref> In 1994, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Karamat was eventually elevated as the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] (CGS) at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] under then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> From 1993 to 1996, Karamat continued to serve as honorary [[Colonel Commandant]], and then [[Colonel-in-Chief]]—both ceremonial posts—of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] from 1996 to 1998.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Staff|title=COLONEL IN CHIEF-ARMOURED CORPS-01|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-armoured-corps-01/|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=COLONEL COMMANDANTS- ARMOURED CORPS|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-commandants-armoured-corps/|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> | ||
In 1995, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Karamat rose to public prominence when he had the [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]] (MI) to infiltrate within the [[Pakistan Army]] to apprehend the rogue culprits for [[1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt|attempting]] a [[Military coups in Pakistan|coup d'état]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> Acting under orders from the General Karamat, [[Director-General|DG]][[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]] [[Major-General]] [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]] monitored the activities of [[Major-General]] [[Zaheerul Islam Abbasi]] who himself was posted at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> The [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]] tapped the conversations and tracked down the culprits behind the coup.<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> Upon revelation, [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat forwarded the case and facilitated the high-ranking joint [[Judge Advocate General Branch|JAG court]] hearings at the specified military courts, and convened many proceedings while the hearings were heard by the military judges led by a [[Vice-Admiral]].<ref name="Routledge. 2007">{{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Mazhar|title=Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State|date=2007 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07410-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuPfooVvD48C&q=Karamat+military+control&pg=PA81}}</ref> His actions were widely perceived in the country, and for his efforts, General Karamat was conferred with national honours in public conventions and state gatherings.<ref name="Routledge. 2007" /> | In 1995, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Karamat rose to public prominence when he had the [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]] (MI) to infiltrate within the [[Pakistan Army]] to apprehend the rogue culprits for [[1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt|attempting]] a [[Military coups in Pakistan|coup d'état]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> Acting under orders from the General Karamat, [[Director-General|DG]] [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]] [[Major-General]] [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]] monitored the activities of [[Major-General]] [[Zaheerul Islam Abbasi]] who himself was posted at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> The [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]] tapped the conversations and tracked down the culprits behind the coup.<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> Upon revelation, [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat forwarded the case and facilitated the high-ranking joint [[Judge Advocate General Branch|JAG court]] hearings at the specified military courts, and convened many proceedings while the hearings were heard by the military judges led by a [[Vice-Admiral]].<ref name="Routledge. 2007">{{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Mazhar|title=Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State|date=2007 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07410-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuPfooVvD48C&q=Karamat+military+control&pg=PA81}}</ref> His actions were widely perceived in the country, and for his efforts, General Karamat was conferred with national honours in public conventions and state gatherings.<ref name="Routledge. 2007" /> | ||
==Chief of Army Staff== | ==Chief of Army Staff== | ||
After approving the retirement papers of General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar|Kakar]], [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat was appointed the Chief of Army Staff by Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]] who approved the paperwork for this appointment on 18 December 1995.<ref name="A.P.H. Publ.">{{cite book|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|title=Pakistan, Islamisation, army and foreign policy|date=2004|publisher=A.P.H. Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176485489}}</ref> | After approving the retirement papers of General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar|Kakar]], [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat was appointed the Chief of Army Staff by Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]] who approved the paperwork for this appointment on 18 December 1995.<ref name="A.P.H. Publ.">{{cite book|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|title=Pakistan, Islamisation, army and foreign policy|date=2004|publisher=A.P.H. Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176485489}}</ref> As per [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s approval, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Farooq Ahmed Leghari|Farooq Leghari]] confirmed the promotion of Lieutenant-General Karamat to the [[four star rank|four-star]] rank and was appointed as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] when General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar|Kakar]] was due to retire on 12 January 1996.<ref name="A.P.H. Publ."/> | ||
At the time of his promotion, he was the senior most general at that time, and therefore at promotion to four-star general, he superseded no one.<ref>Ihtashamul Haque. [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/21Dc95.html#kara "Karamat named COAS"] ''Daily Dawn'', 12 December 1995</ref> At the time of his promotion, there were four senior generals in the race to replace Kakar as Chief of Army Staff: Lieutenant-General Jehangir Karamat, chief of general staff (CGS); Lieutenant-General Nasir Akhtar, [[quartermaster general]] (QMG); Lieutenant-General Muhammad Tariq, [[inspector-general]] training and evaluation (IGT&E) at the GHQ; and Lieutenant-General [[Javed Ashraf Qazi]], commander [[XXX Corps (Pakistan)|XXX Corps]] stationed in [[Gujranwala]].<ref>Shuja Nawaz. ''Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within'' (Oxford University Press, 2008)</ref> As Chief of Army Staff, General Karamat tried to work with the Prime minister and President at once, but soon came to understand that the misconducts of politicians and [[bureaucrats]] would eventually lead to the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's final government.<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library">{{cite book|last=Mazhar Aziz|title=Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state|year=2008|publisher=Taylor and Francis-e-Library|location=Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK|isbn=978-0-415-43743-1|pages=80–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&q=dismissal+of+general++karamat&pg=PA81}}</ref> | At the time of his promotion, he was the senior most general at that time, and therefore at promotion to four-star general, he superseded no one.<ref>Ihtashamul Haque. [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/21Dc95.html#kara "Karamat named COAS"] ''Daily Dawn'', 12 December 1995</ref> At the time of his promotion, there were four senior generals in the race to replace Kakar as Chief of Army Staff: Lieutenant-General Jehangir Karamat, chief of general staff (CGS); Lieutenant-General Nasir Akhtar, [[quartermaster general]] (QMG); Lieutenant-General Muhammad Tariq, [[inspector-general]] training and evaluation (IGT&E) at the GHQ; and Lieutenant-General [[Javed Ashraf Qazi]], commander [[XXX Corps (Pakistan)|XXX Corps]] stationed in [[Gujranwala]].<ref>Shuja Nawaz. ''Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within'' (Oxford University Press, 2008)</ref> As Chief of Army Staff, General Karamat tried to work with the Prime minister and President at once, but soon came to understand that the misconducts of politicians and [[bureaucrats]] would eventually lead to the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's final government.<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library">{{cite book|last=Mazhar Aziz|title=Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state|year=2008|publisher=Taylor and Francis-e-Library|location=Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK|isbn=978-0-415-43743-1|pages=80–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&q=dismissal+of+general++karamat&pg=PA81}}</ref> | ||
General Karamat reached to then-[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]] of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and "leaked" an intelligence information and tried convincing Benazir Bhutto and President Leghari to resolve their issues, and emphasised | General Karamat reached to then-[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]] of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and "leaked" an intelligence information and tried convincing Benazir Bhutto and President Leghari to resolve their issues, and emphasised to focus on [[good governance]]. At one point, General Karamat wrote: | ||
{{ | {{blockquote|text=In my opinion, if we have to repeat past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressurize only up to a certain point. Beyond that, their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all a mirror image of the society from which it is drawn. |sign=General Jehangir Karamat commenting on Benazir's dismissal |source=<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library"/>}} | ||
==Chairman of Joint Chiefs== | ==Chairman of Joint Chiefs== | ||
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In 1997, [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan]] was due retirement. On immediate basis, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] appeared in [[News channels in Pakistan|news channels]] to confirmed General Karamat as the new [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]].<ref name="Authorhouse">{{cite book|last1=Hasanie|first1=Ali Abbas|title=Democracy in pakistan : crises, conflicts and hope for a change.|date=2013|publisher=Authorhouse|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-1481790680}}</ref> The appointment was met no resistance in the [[Pakistani military|military]], and General Karamat appointed as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]]; he supersedes no one. | In 1997, [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan]] was due retirement. On immediate basis, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] appeared in [[News channels in Pakistan|news channels]] to confirmed General Karamat as the new [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]].<ref name="Authorhouse">{{cite book|last1=Hasanie|first1=Ali Abbas|title=Democracy in pakistan : crises, conflicts and hope for a change.|date=2013|publisher=Authorhouse|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-1481790680}}</ref> The appointment was met no resistance in the [[Pakistani military|military]], and General Karamat appointed as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]]; he supersedes no one. | ||
General Karamat drove [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] to focus on more professional duties rather than playing politics.<ref name="Authorhouse"/> Karamat worked on integrating Pakistan's military on a common platform, and had his staff worked on inter-services coordination in the battlefield.<ref name="Kalpaz Publ.">{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Keshav|title=Rapprochement across the Himalayas : emerging India-China relations in post Cold War period (1947–2003)|date=2004|publisher=Kalpaz Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=817835294X}}</ref> Karamat strengthened the joint work coordination and joint logistics of the military at the war time situations, resolving many issues that would | General Karamat drove [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] to focus on more professional duties rather than playing politics.<ref name="Authorhouse"/> Karamat worked on integrating Pakistan's military on a common platform, and had his staff worked on inter-services coordination in the battlefield.<ref name="Kalpaz Publ.">{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Keshav|title=Rapprochement across the Himalayas : emerging India-China relations in post Cold War period (1947–2003)|date=2004|publisher=Kalpaz Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=817835294X}}</ref> Karamat strengthened the joint work coordination and joint logistics of the military at the war time situations, resolving many issues that would hamper the performances of the inter-services in the war or peacetime situations.<ref name="Yale University Press"/><ref name="Brookings Inst. Press">{{cite book|last1=Talbott|first1=Strobe|title=Engaging India : diplomacy, democracy, and the bomb|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Inst. Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0815783000|edition=[Advance uncorrected manuscript].|url=https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb}}</ref> | ||
As an aftermath of India's [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in 1998, General Karamat acted as principal military adviser to the government, aiding the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] on military platform.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace">{{cite book|last1=Schaffer|first1=Howard B.|last2=Schaffer|first2=Teresita C.|title=How Pakistan negotiates with the United States : riding the roller coaster|date=2011|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1601270757|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axT9i-FhO0UC&q=Jehangir+Karamat&pg=PA103|chapter=§Pakistan's politicians|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/howpakistannegot0000scha}}</ref> At the telephonic meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] offered lucrative aid to Pakistan for not testing its [[Nuclear device|devices]]; [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]]'s response was inconclusive. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] described the meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] to [[Strobe Talbott]]: "You can almost hear the guy [Sharif] wringing his hands and sweating."<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> | As an aftermath of India's [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in 1998, General Karamat acted as principal military adviser to the government, aiding the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] on military platform.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace">{{cite book|last1=Schaffer|first1=Howard B.|last2=Schaffer|first2=Teresita C.|title=How Pakistan negotiates with the United States : riding the roller coaster|date=2011|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1601270757|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axT9i-FhO0UC&q=Jehangir+Karamat&pg=PA103|chapter=§Pakistan's politicians|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/howpakistannegot0000scha}}</ref> At the telephonic meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] offered lucrative aid to Pakistan for not testing its [[Nuclear device|devices]]; [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]]'s response was inconclusive. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] described the meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] to [[Strobe Talbott]]: "You can almost hear the guy [Sharif] wringing his hands and sweating."<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> | ||
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{{Main|Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat}} | {{Main|Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat}} | ||
As the [[nuclear test]]s were conducted, there was a strong feelings in the military all together that any concession to India on Kashmir policy and other related issues would lead to a decline in the prestige and standing of the [[Pakistani military|armed forces]]. After the failure to pass the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|fifteenth amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], there were concerns raised by [[Benazir Bhutto]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] on [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] Nawaz Sharif's absolute control over the [[Politics in Pakistan|politics]], [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|national security]], and [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|foreign policy]].<ref name="Tribune India,1998">{{cite news|last1=Jaisingh|first1=Hari|title=Beleaguered Sharif wins first round|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/head5.htm|access-date=7 January 2015| | As the [[nuclear test]]s were conducted, there was a strong feelings in the military all together that any concession to India on Kashmir policy and other related issues would lead to a decline in the prestige and standing of the [[Pakistani military|armed forces]]. After the failure to pass the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|fifteenth amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], there were concerns raised by [[Benazir Bhutto]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] on [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] Nawaz Sharif's absolute control over the [[Politics in Pakistan|politics]], [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|national security]], and [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|foreign policy]].<ref name="Tribune India,1998">{{cite news|last1=Jaisingh|first1=Hari|title=Beleaguered Sharif wins first round|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/head5.htm|access-date=7 January 2015|work=The Tribune|location=Chandigarh|date=9 October 1998}}</ref> | ||
On 6 October 1998, General Karamat who lectured at the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Karachi]] on the [[Civil military relations|civic-military relations]] and presented the idea on reestablishing the official [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] (NSC) where [[Pakistani military|military]] could have representation in the country's politics.<ref name="Times Megazine, 1998">{{cite news|last1=McGrik|first1=Tim|title=The General Speaks Out|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054276,00.html|access-date=7 January 2015|agency=Times Magazine|publisher=Times Magazine, 1998|date=19 October 1998}}</ref> General Karamat openly spoke on the role of the [[Internal security|internal intelligences]], such as [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]] and [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|IB]], carrying out vendettas-like operations against political opponents and insecurity-driven and expedient policies while Pakistan capsized, at the behest of the politicians.<ref name="Times Megazine, 1998"/> Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]] and his cabinet members perceived this idea as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]]'s interference in [[Politics in Pakistan|national politics]], therefore Sharif forced to resign Karamat when he criticised Pakistan's political leadership and advocated a National Security Council that would give the military a constitutional role in running the country, similar to Turkey's.<ref name="Owen Bennett-Jones">.{{cite news|last1=Bennett-Jones|first1=Owen|title=Analysis:Resignation shifts balance of power|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/189233.stm | | On 6 October 1998, General Karamat who lectured at the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Karachi]] on the [[Civil military relations|civic-military relations]] and presented the idea on reestablishing the official [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] (NSC) where [[Pakistani military|military]] could have representation in the country's politics.<ref name="Times Megazine, 1998">{{cite news|last1=McGrik|first1=Tim|title=The General Speaks Out|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054276,00.html|access-date=7 January 2015|agency=Times Magazine|publisher=Times Magazine, 1998|date=19 October 1998}}</ref> General Karamat openly spoke on the role of the [[Internal security|internal intelligences]], such as [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]] and [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|IB]], carrying out vendettas-like operations against political opponents and insecurity-driven and expedient policies while Pakistan capsized, at the behest of the politicians.<ref name="Times Megazine, 1998"/> Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]] and his cabinet members perceived this idea as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]]'s interference in [[Politics in Pakistan|national politics]], therefore Sharif forced to resign Karamat when he criticised Pakistan's political leadership and advocated a National Security Council that would give the military a constitutional role in running the country, similar to Turkey's.<ref name="Owen Bennett-Jones">.{{cite news|last1=Bennett-Jones|first1=Owen|title=Analysis:Resignation shifts balance of power|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/189233.stm |publisher=BBC News|date=8 October 1998|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif decided to relieve General Karamat from the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|chairmanship]] of [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|joint chiefs]], eventually having him tender his resignation at the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]]. | ||
The relief of the famous and famed general by the popular politician led to a storm of public controversy.<ref name="Owen Bennett-Jones"/><ref name="Oxford University Press, 2009">Aziz, PhD (Economics), Sartaj (2009) [2009], Between dreams and realities: some milestones in Pakistan's history (Illustrated ed.), Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 408, {{ISBN|978-0-19-547718-4}}</ref> Many influential ministers and advisers in Prime Minister Sharif's circle saw this decision as "ill-considered" and "blunder" made by the Prime Minister.<ref name="Stanford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroze|title=Eating Grass: the making of Pakistan's atomic bomb|date=2010|publisher=§Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif. [u.s.]|isbn=978-0804784801|chapter=CIvil-military relations and problems}}</ref> At the military, Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]] ([[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] at that time) criticized General Karamat for resigning but Karamat defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost the confidence of a constitutionally and [[Elections in Pakistan|popularly elected]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, 2004">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen Philip|title=The idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press, 2004|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0815797613|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/150 150]|quote=Jehangir Karamat National Security Council.}}</ref> | The relief of the famous and famed general by the popular politician led to a storm of public controversy.<ref name="Owen Bennett-Jones"/><ref name="Oxford University Press, 2009">Aziz, PhD (Economics), Sartaj (2009) [2009], Between dreams and realities: some milestones in Pakistan's history (Illustrated ed.), Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 408, {{ISBN|978-0-19-547718-4}}</ref> Many influential ministers and advisers in Prime Minister Sharif's circle saw this decision as "ill-considered" and "blunder" made by the Prime Minister.<ref name="Stanford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroze|title=Eating Grass: the making of Pakistan's atomic bomb|date=2010|publisher=§Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif. [u.s.]|isbn=978-0804784801|chapter=CIvil-military relations and problems}}</ref> At the military, Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]] ([[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] at that time) criticized General Karamat for resigning but Karamat defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost the confidence of a constitutionally and [[Elections in Pakistan|popularly elected]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, 2004">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen Philip|title=The idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press, 2004|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0815797613|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/150 150]|quote=Jehangir Karamat National Security Council.}}</ref> | ||
| Line 189: | Line 191: | ||
==Ambassador to the United States== | ==Ambassador to the United States== | ||
In 2004, Karamat was first mentioned and named for the appointment as the [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]]. His nomination came after the outgoing [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]], [[Ashraf Qazi|Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]], termed was due expired. On 23 September 2004, [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]] [[Ashraf Qazi|Qazi]] was appointed by then-[[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary General of the United Nations]], [[Kofi Annan]], as [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General]] for the [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq]].<ref name="The Hindu, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Jehangir Karamat is new Pakistan envoy to U.S.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092404551100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117113317/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092404551100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September | In 2004, Karamat was first mentioned and named for the appointment as the [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]]. His nomination came after the outgoing [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]], [[Ashraf Qazi|Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]], termed was due expired. On 23 September 2004, [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]] [[Ashraf Qazi|Qazi]] was appointed by then-[[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary General of the United Nations]], [[Kofi Annan]], as [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General]] for the [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq]].<ref name="The Hindu, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Jehangir Karamat is new Pakistan envoy to U.S.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092404551100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117113317/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092404551100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> On 10 December 2004, Karamat presented his [[Diplomatic credentials|credentials]] to [[President of the United States|President]] [[President George W Bush|George W. Bush]].<ref name="Daily Times, Washington">{{cite news|last1=APP |title=Gen Karamat meets Bush |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/10-Dec-2004/gen-karamat-meets-bush |access-date=9 January 2015 |agency=Daily Times, Washington |publisher=Daily Times, Washington |date=10 December 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109041348/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/10-Dec-2004/gen-karamat-meets-bush |archive-date= 9 January 2015 }}</ref> | ||
On 23 March 2006, Pakistani [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] reported that Ambassador Karamat was to be replaced by retired [[Major General]] [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]]. The reports further stated Ambassador Karamat, who took his post on a two-year contract, would be returning home after only a year and a half.<ref>Khalid Hasan. [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C03%5C23%5Cstory_23-3-2006_pg7_4 'Durrani in, Karamat out'] ''Daily Times'', 23 March 2006</ref> These speculations were confirmed by the [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] (FO) and noted that "Karamat will not be in the reception line at the [[Chaklala Airbase]] to welcome President George Bush.<ref name="Dawn News, 2006">{{cite news|last1=QA|title=Jehangir-Karamat-to-miss-bush-visit|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/181324/jehangir-karamat-to-miss-bush-visit|access-date=9 January 2015|agency=Dawn News, 2006|publisher=Dawn News|date=3 March | On 23 March 2006, Pakistani [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] reported that Ambassador Karamat was to be replaced by retired [[Major General]] [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]]. The reports further stated Ambassador Karamat, who took his post on a two-year contract, would be returning home after only a year and a half.<ref>Khalid Hasan. [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C03%5C23%5Cstory_23-3-2006_pg7_4 'Durrani in, Karamat out'] ''Daily Times'', 23 March 2006</ref> These speculations were confirmed by the [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] (FO) and noted that "Karamat will not be in the reception line at the [[Chaklala Airbase]] to welcome President George Bush.<ref name="Dawn News, 2006">{{cite news|last1=QA|title=Jehangir-Karamat-to-miss-bush-visit|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/181324/jehangir-karamat-to-miss-bush-visit|access-date=9 January 2015|agency=Dawn News, 2006|publisher=Dawn News|date=3 March 2022}}</ref> | ||
While his stint as [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]], Karamat made the [[pro-democracy]] statements at the different [[Pakistani American]] gatherings, while passing critics to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]]'s style of running the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]].<ref name="Pakistan Weekly, 2006"/> In private, Karamat confided in Washington based U.S. journalist that "General [[Musharraf]] had made up [[Pervez Musharraf#Nuclear scandals|this story to create wedge]] between [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and him to get him fired in 1998."<ref name="Pakistan Weekly, 2006">{{cite news|last1=Editorial|title=Why General Jehangir Karamat Falls From Grace?|url=http://www.pakistanweekly.com/Archive1/Ashraf45.htm|access-date=9 January 2015|agency=Pakistan Weekly|publisher=Pakistan Weekly, 2006|date=24 October | While his stint as [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]], Karamat made the [[pro-democracy]] statements at the different [[Pakistani American]] gatherings, while passing critics to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]]'s style of running the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]].<ref name="Pakistan Weekly, 2006"/> In private, Karamat confided in Washington based U.S. journalist that "General [[Musharraf]] had made up [[Pervez Musharraf#Nuclear scandals|this story to create wedge]] between [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and him to get him fired in 1998."<ref name="Pakistan Weekly, 2006">{{cite news|last1=Editorial|title=Why General Jehangir Karamat Falls From Grace?|url=http://www.pakistanweekly.com/Archive1/Ashraf45.htm|access-date=9 January 2015|agency=Pakistan Weekly|publisher=Pakistan Weekly, 2006|date=24 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
==Founding think tank== | ==Founding think tank== | ||
After his ambassadorship, General Karamat founded a socio-political policy and analysis institute, ''Spearhead Research'', which focuses on social, economic, military and political issues concerning Pakistan and Afghanistan. General Karamat is the director and contributor to the Spearhead Research Institute. | After his ambassadorship, General Karamat founded a socio-political policy and analysis institute, ''Spearhead Research'', which focuses on social, economic, military and political issues concerning Pakistan and Afghanistan. General Karamat is the director and contributor to the Spearhead Research Institute. | ||
==See also== | == Awards and Decorations == | ||
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Basalat.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Baqa (1998).png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=10 years Service Medal.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=20 years Service Medal.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=30 years Service Medal.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha 1988.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal, 2006.svg|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Merit.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" | |||
|'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]''' | |||
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]''' | |||
''(Order of Excellence)'' | |||
|'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]''' | |||
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]''' | |||
''(Crescent of Excellence)'' | |||
|'''[[Tamgha-i-Basalat|Tamgha-e-Basalat]]''' | |||
''(Medal of Good Conduct)'' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]''' | |||
''(War Star 1965)'' | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]''' | |||
''(War Star 1971)'' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]''' | |||
''(War Medal 1965)'' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]''' | |||
''(War Medal 1971)'' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative%20medals|Tamgha-e-Baqa]]''' | |||
''([[Chagai-I|Nuclear Test Medal]])'' | |||
'''1998''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|10 Years Service Medal]]''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|20 Years Service Medal]]''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|30 Years Service Medal]]''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]''' | |||
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]''' | |||
''(100th Birth Anniversary of'' | |||
''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])'' | |||
'''1976''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]''' | |||
''(Hijri Medal)'' | |||
'''1979''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Jamhuriat Tamgha]]''' | |||
''(Democracy Medal)'' | |||
'''1988''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha]]''' | |||
''(Resolution Day'' | |||
''Golden Jubilee Medal)'' | |||
'''1990''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan]]''' | |||
''(Independence Day'' | |||
''Golden Jubilee Medal)'' | |||
'''1997''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King Abdul Aziz]]''' | |||
'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|(1st Class)]]''' | |||
'''([[Saudi Arabia]])''' | |||
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|The Order of Military Merit]]''' | |||
[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|'''(Grand Cordon)''']] | |||
'''([[Jordan]])''' | |||
|[[Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey|'''Turkish Legion of Merit''']] | |||
'''([[Turkey]])''' | |||
|[[Legion of Merit|'''The Legion of Merit''']] | |||
[[Legion of Merit|'''(Degree of Commander)''']] | |||
'''([[United States|USA]])''' | |||
|} | |||
=== Foreign Decorations === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards''' | |||
|- | |||
!{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | |||
|'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King Abdul Aziz]]''' '''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|(1st Class)]]''' | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
!{{flag|Jordan}} | |||
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|The Order of Military Merit (Grand Cordon)]]''' | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
!'''{{flag|Turkey}}''' | |||
|[[Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey|'''The Legion of Merit Turkey''']] | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Merit.png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
!'''{{flag|USA}}''' | |||
|[[Legion of Merit|'''The Legion of Merit (Degree of Commander)''']] | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=130}} | |||
|} | |||
== See also == | |||
*[[Civilian control of the military]] | *[[Civilian control of the military]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| Line 234: | Line 360: | ||
[[Category:1941 births]] | [[Category:1941 births]] | ||
[[Category:Punjabi people]] | [[Category:Punjabi people]] | ||
[[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]] | [[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]] | [[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistan | [[Category:Pakistan Armoured Corps officers]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] | [[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] | ||
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]] | [[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]] | ||
| Line 247: | Line 372: | ||
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]] | [[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]] | ||
[[Category:Political philosophers]] | [[Category:Political philosophers]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani political scientists]] | [[Category:Pakistani political scientists]] | ||
[[Category:Stanford University faculty]] | [[Category:Stanford University faculty]] | ||