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{{Infobox weapon | {{Infobox weapon | ||
| name = ''Vijayanta'' | | name = ''Vijayanta'' | ||
| image = File: | | image = File:Yoddhasthal Permanent Exhibition Southern command Indian Army Bhopal (80).jpg | ||
| image_size = 300 | | image_size = 300 | ||
| caption = ''Vijayanta'' MBT on static display in Bhopal | | caption = ''Vijayanta'' MBT on static display in Bhopal | ||
| origin = [[United Kingdom]]/[[India]] | | origin = [[United Kingdom]]/[[India]] | ||
| type = [[Main battle tank]] | | type = [[Main battle tank]] | ||
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| is_UK = yes | | is_UK = yes | ||
<!-- Service history --> | <!-- Service history --> | ||
| service = | | service = 1965–present | ||
| used_by = [[India]] | | used_by = [[India]] | ||
| wars = [[Indo-Pakistani War of | | wars = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] <br> [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] <br> [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff]] | ||
<!-- Production history --> | <!-- Production history --> | ||
| designer = | | designer = | ||
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| manufacturer = [[Vickers-Armstrongs]] (Initial Production)<br/>[[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] (Indian Production) | | manufacturer = [[Vickers-Armstrongs]] (Initial Production)<br/>[[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] (Indian Production) | ||
| unit_cost = | | unit_cost = | ||
| production_date = 1963 (Vickers Mk. | | production_date = 1963 (Vickers Mk.1 prototype)<br/>1965–1986 (''Vijayanta'' production) | ||
| number = | | number = 2,200 | ||
| variants = | | variants = | ||
<!-- General specifications --> | <!-- General specifications --> | ||
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In 2016, the Vijayanta was seen in commemorative postage stamps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/2605-the-pride-of-india-vijayanta|title=The Pride of India - Vijayanta on Postage Stamp|date=December 12, 2016|website=Mintage World}}</ref> | In 2016, the Vijayanta was seen in commemorative postage stamps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/2605-the-pride-of-india-vijayanta|title=The Pride of India - Vijayanta on Postage Stamp|date=December 12, 2016|website=Mintage World}}</ref> | ||
Retired Vijayanta tanks have been used as static artillery, and utilized in engagements along the line of control during the [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff|2019 Indo-Pakistani standoff]].<ref>{{cite | Retired Vijayanta tanks have been used as static artillery, and utilized in engagements along the line of control during the [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff|2019 Indo-Pakistani standoff]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/6-pakistan-army-soldiers-killed-in-loc-firing-by-indian-troops-1475613-2019-03-11|title=6 Pakistan Army soldiers killed in LoC firing by Indian troops|author=Manjeet Singh Negi |date=March 11, 2019 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/transformers-retired-tanks-functioning-as-bunkers-975973-2017-05-09|title=Transformers: Retired tanks functioning as bunkers|website=India Today}}</ref> | ||
==Upgrades== | ==Upgrades== | ||
* 70 '''Vijayanta Mark 1''' tanks were later fitted with [[Marconi Company|Marconi]]'s SFCS 600 fire control system; an option for 70 additional systems was not exercised.<ref name="Elfnet">{{cite web|url=http://www.elfnet.hu/haditechnika/harckocsik/vickersmark1.php|title=Vickers Mark 1 - Elfnet.hu|website=www.elfnet.hu}}</ref> Under the "Bison" project, there have been several attempts to upgrade the Vijayanta fleet with additional armour (the [[Kanchan armour|Kanchan]] advanced [[composite armour]] as found on the [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] tank), a new engine (the [[T-72]]'s V-84 of 780 hp), a new fire control system (the SUV-T55A), a land navigation system etc.<ref name="TE">{{cite web|url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/India/Vijayanta.php|title=Vijayanta|date=November 14, | * 70 '''Vijayanta Mark 1''' tanks were later fitted with [[Marconi Company|Marconi]]'s SFCS 600 fire control system; an option for 70 additional systems was not exercised.<ref name="Elfnet">{{cite web|url=http://www.elfnet.hu/haditechnika/harckocsik/vickersmark1.php|title=Vickers Mark 1 - Elfnet.hu|website=www.elfnet.hu}}</ref> Under the "Bison" project, there have been several attempts to upgrade the Vijayanta fleet with additional armour (the [[Kanchan armour|Kanchan]] advanced [[composite armour]] as found on the [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] tank), a new engine (the [[T-72]]'s V-84 of 780 hp), a new fire control system (the SUV-T55A), a land navigation system etc.<ref name="TE">{{cite web|url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/India/Vijayanta.php|title=Vijayanta|date=November 14, 2022}}</ref> It was planned to upgrade some 1,100 tanks but it appears that eventually only a small number was upgraded, only partially.<ref name="globalsecurity1"/> | ||
* '''Vijayanta Mark 1A''': Has the Bharat Electronics Tank Fire-Control System AL 4420 with improved sight mounts and muzzle reference system.<ref name="globalsecurity1"/> Plans called for 1100 Mark 1s to the Mark 1A standard.<ref name="Elfnet"/> | * '''Vijayanta Mark 1A''': Has the Bharat Electronics Tank Fire-Control System AL 4420 with improved sight mounts and muzzle reference system.<ref name="globalsecurity1"/> Plans called for 1100 Mark 1s to the Mark 1A standard.<ref name="Elfnet"/> | ||
* '''Vijayanta Mark 1B''': Outfitted with the AL 4421 system which incorporates a British [[Barr and Stroud|Barr & Stroud]] Tank Laser Sight and a computer to increase first round hit probability.<ref name="TE"/> | * '''Vijayanta Mark 1B''': Outfitted with the AL 4421 system which incorporates a British [[Barr and Stroud|Barr & Stroud]] Tank Laser Sight and a computer to increase first round hit probability.<ref name="TE"/> | ||
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*'''[[M-46 Catapult|Catapult SPA]]''' – [[Self-propelled artillery]]. A Russian [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]] field gun was mounted on a lengthened Vijayanta hull in an open-topped armoured box superstructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/arjun_catapult.htm|title=Arjun Catapult 130 mm Self-Propelled Gun | Military-Today.com|website=www.military-today.com}}</ref> The variants consists of the Catapult Mark I and Mark II, the latter having STANAG Level II ballistic protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defexpo_2014_show_daily_news_-_coverage_-_report/catapult_mk-ii_130mm_tracked_self-propelled_howitzer_based_on_arjun_mk-i_tank_unveiled_defexpo_10021.html |title=Catapult Mk-II 130mm tracked self-propelled howitzer based on Arjun Mk-I tank unveiled Defexpo 10021 |publisher=Armyrecognition.com |access-date=2020-03-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was developed by Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2014/TF_April_2014_WEB.pdf | publisher =DRDO | title =Tech Focus | pages =20 |date =2014-05-01 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140513134222/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2014/TF_April_2014_WEB.pdf |access-date=2014-05-01 | archive-date =2014-05-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> | *'''[[M-46 Catapult|Catapult SPA]]''' – [[Self-propelled artillery]]. A Russian [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]] field gun was mounted on a lengthened Vijayanta hull in an open-topped armoured box superstructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/arjun_catapult.htm|title=Arjun Catapult 130 mm Self-Propelled Gun | Military-Today.com|website=www.military-today.com}}</ref> The variants consists of the Catapult Mark I and Mark II, the latter having STANAG Level II ballistic protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defexpo_2014_show_daily_news_-_coverage_-_report/catapult_mk-ii_130mm_tracked_self-propelled_howitzer_based_on_arjun_mk-i_tank_unveiled_defexpo_10021.html |title=Catapult Mk-II 130mm tracked self-propelled howitzer based on Arjun Mk-I tank unveiled Defexpo 10021 |publisher=Armyrecognition.com |access-date=2020-03-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was developed by Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2014/TF_April_2014_WEB.pdf | publisher =DRDO | title =Tech Focus | pages =20 |date =2014-05-01 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140513134222/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2014/TF_April_2014_WEB.pdf |access-date=2014-05-01 | archive-date =2014-05-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Kartik BLT|Kartik AVLB]]''' – [[Armoured vehicle-launched bridge]]. | *'''[[Kartik BLT|Kartik AVLB]]''' – [[Armoured vehicle-launched bridge]] designed and developed by [[CVRDE]] and [[Research and Development Establishment]], [[Pune]]. Uses the same elongated hull as the Catapult, with seven bogie wheel stations. The Kartik uses a hydraulically operated scissors-style bridge of [[Eastern European]] design, and was first introduced in 1989. The basic vehicle is powered by indigenously manufactured 6-cylinder, opposed piston, vertical in line, water cooled, two stroke CI engine with uni-flow scavenging coupled to a semiautomatic transmission with 6 forward and 2 reverse speed. Suspension is provided by trailing arm type torsion bar with all road wheel stations the vehicle also has secondary torsion bars and double acting telescope shock absorbers in the two front and rear stations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://forceindia.net/cover-story/first-in-last-out/ |title =First In, Last Out | access-date=17 May 2021 |url-status= live}}</ref> As of 2003, 34 Kartiks were produced.<ref name="Forecast">{{cite web|url=https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=401 |title=Vickers Tanks report |publisher=www.forecastinternational.com |date=2005 |access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Mod/Logistics/Engineers/0362.jpg.html | title =Kartik Bridge Layer Tank | website = Bharat Rakshak | access-date= 17 May 2021 |url-status =live}}</ref> | ||
*'''Vijayanta ARV''' – [[Armoured recovery vehicle]] based on the Vijayanta hull. The design was optimised to keep the weight within 40 tons to achieve a lifting capacity of 10 tons and pulling capacity of 25 tons. Around 200 numbers them have been purchased by Indian army to replace the obsolete Sherman and Centurion ARVs. | *'''Vijayanta ARV''' – [[Armoured recovery vehicle]] based on the Vijayanta hull. The design was optimised to keep the weight within 40 tons to achieve a lifting capacity of 10 tons and pulling capacity of 25 tons. Around 200 numbers them have been purchased by Indian army to replace the obsolete Sherman and Centurion ARVs. | ||
*'''CEASE''' - The Canal Embankment ASsault Equipment (CEASE) is a special type of bridging system developed by the Research & Development Establishment (Engineers) (R&DE(Engrs)), Pune. It is suitable for high bank canals up to 4.5m. as encountered in India's western borders. The project was sanction in April 1989 and cost of Rs 12.20 crores was incurred on it. Six tracked vehicles of CEASE were developed as variants of Vijayanta. As of 1998, user assisted technical evaluation of the system was completed successfully. Since the tanks on which the system had been developed became obsolescent, the Indian Army decided to opt for [[DRDO Sarvatra]] bridge.<ref name="TE"/> | *'''CEASE''' - The Canal Embankment ASsault Equipment (CEASE) is a special type of bridging system developed by the Research & Development Establishment (Engineers) (R&DE(Engrs)), Pune. It is suitable for high bank canals up to 4.5m. as encountered in India's western borders. The project was sanction in April 1989 and cost of Rs 12.20 crores was incurred on it. Six tracked vehicles of CEASE were developed as variants of Vijayanta. As of 1998, user assisted technical evaluation of the system was completed successfully. Since the tanks on which the system had been developed became obsolescent, the Indian Army decided to opt for [[DRDO Sarvatra]] bridge.<ref name="TE"/> | ||