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{{Short description|Training institute of the Indian Armed Forces}} | {{Short description|Training institute of the Indian Armed Forces}} | ||
{{redirect|National Defence Academy}} | {{redirect|National Defence Academy}} | ||
{{More citations needed|date=October | {{More citations needed|date=October 2022}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date = June | {{Use Indian English|date = June 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox university | {{Infobox university | ||
| name = National Defence Academy | | name = National Defence Academy | ||
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The '''National Defence Academy''' ('''NDA''') is the joint [[Military|defence service]] training institute of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], where [[cadet]]s of the three services i.e. the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force]] train together before they go on to respective service academy for further pre-commission training. The NDA is located in Khadakwasla, [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is the first tri-service academy in the world. | The '''National Defence Academy''' ('''NDA''') is the joint [[Military|defence service]] training institute of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], where [[cadet]]s of the three services i.e. the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force]] train together before they go on to respective service academy for further pre-commission training. The NDA is located in Khadakwasla, [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is the first tri-service academy in the world. | ||
The alumni of NDA include 3 [[Param Vir Chakra]] recipients and 12 [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] recipients. NDA has also produced 27 service Chiefs of Staff till date. The current Chiefs of Staff of the [[Indian Army|Army]], the [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] are all NDA alumni from the same course.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/for-second-time-in-history-all-three-chiefs-to-be-from-same-nda-course-13193|title=For second time in history, all three Chiefs to be from same NDA course|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=17 December 2019|website=Tribune India|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref Name="NDA">{{cite web|url=http://nda.nic.in/chief-of-staff.html |title=:: Welcome to National Defence Academy ::|publisher=nda.nic.in|access-date=10 December | The alumni of NDA include 3 [[Param Vir Chakra]] recipients and 12 [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] recipients. NDA has also produced 27 service Chiefs of Staff till date. The current Chiefs of Staff of the [[Indian Army|Army]], the [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] are all NDA alumni from the same course.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/for-second-time-in-history-all-three-chiefs-to-be-from-same-nda-course-13193|title=For second time in history, all three Chiefs to be from same NDA course|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=17 December 2019|website=Tribune India|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref Name="NDA">{{cite web|url=http://nda.nic.in/chief-of-staff.html |title=:: Welcome to National Defence Academy ::|publisher=nda.nic.in|access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> The 137th course graduated on 30 November 2019, consisting of 188 Army cadets, 38 Naval cadets, 37 Air Force cadets and 20 cadets from friendly foreign countries.<ref name="battle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/284-cadets-pass-out-from-national-defence-academy-2141305|title=284 Cadets Pass Out From National Defence Academy|date=30 November 2019|website=NDTV|others=PTI|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] passed an order in August 2021 that allowed female candidates to appear for the all upcoming NDA entrance examination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2021-08-18|title=Supreme Court allows women to appear for NDA exam|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/supreme-court-allows-women-to-appear-for-nda-exam-11629268208560.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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After the [[independence of India]] in August 1947, the Chiefs of Staff Committee immediately implemented the recommendations of the Auchinleck report. The committee initiated an action plan in late 1947 to commission a permanent defence academy and began the search for a suitable site. It also decided to set up an interim training academy, known as the ''Joint Services Wing'' (JSW), which was commissioned on 1 January 1949 at the ''Armed Forces Academy'' (now known as the [[Indian Military Academy]]) in [[Dehradun]].{{Sfn|Ramunny|1997|p=88}}<ref name="nda-history" /> Initially, after two years of training at the JSW, Army cadets went on to the Military wing of the ''Armed Forces Academy'' for two years of further pre-commission training, while the Navy and Air Force cadets were sent to [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Britannia Royal Naval College Dartmouth]] and [[Royal Air Force College Cranwell]] in the United Kingdom for further training.<ref name="nda-history" /> | After the [[independence of India]] in August 1947, the Chiefs of Staff Committee immediately implemented the recommendations of the Auchinleck report. The committee initiated an action plan in late 1947 to commission a permanent defence academy and began the search for a suitable site. It also decided to set up an interim training academy, known as the ''Joint Services Wing'' (JSW), which was commissioned on 1 January 1949 at the ''Armed Forces Academy'' (now known as the [[Indian Military Academy]]) in [[Dehradun]].{{Sfn|Ramunny|1997|p=88}}<ref name="nda-history" /> Initially, after two years of training at the JSW, Army cadets went on to the Military wing of the ''Armed Forces Academy'' for two years of further pre-commission training, while the Navy and Air Force cadets were sent to [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Britannia Royal Naval College Dartmouth]] and [[Royal Air Force College Cranwell]] in the United Kingdom for further training.<ref name="nda-history" /> | ||
In 1941, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], the then [[Viceroy of India]], received a gift of £100,000 from a grateful [[Sudan]]ese Government towards building a war memorial in recognition of the sacrifices of Indian troops in the liberation of Sudan in the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] during [[World War II]]. Following [[partition of India|partition]], India's share amounted to £70,000 (Rs 14 Lakh at the time; the remaining £30,000 went to Pakistan).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/sudan-ambassador-visits-historic-block-at-nda/articleshow/57456675.cms|title=Sudan ambassador visits historic block at NDA|date=4 March 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> The Indian Army decided to use these funds to partly cover the cost of construction of the NDA.<ref name=":3" /> The foundation stone for the academy was laid by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 6 October 1949.<ref name=":3" /> Construction started in October 1949. The revised estimated cost for the whole project was Rs 6.45 crores respectively.<ref>PARLIAMENT SECRETARIAT (2 March 1954) [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE, OFFICIAL REPORT (Part Il—Proceedings other than Questions and Answers) VOLUME 1-1954]. page 14. New Delhi</ref><ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf page 15</ref> The [[National Defence Academy]] was formally commissioned on 7 December 1954, with an inauguration ceremony held on 16 January 1955.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="bharat">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/maharashtra/travel/pune/national-defence-academy.html |title=National Defence Academy Khadakwasla, Pune, India |publisher=Bharatonline.com |access-date=13 August | In 1941, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], the then [[Viceroy of India]], received a gift of £100,000 from a grateful [[Sudan]]ese Government towards building a war memorial in recognition of the sacrifices of Indian troops in the liberation of Sudan in the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] during [[World War II]]. Following [[partition of India|partition]], India's share amounted to £70,000 (Rs 14 Lakh at the time; the remaining £30,000 went to Pakistan).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/sudan-ambassador-visits-historic-block-at-nda/articleshow/57456675.cms|title=Sudan ambassador visits historic block at NDA|date=4 March 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> The Indian Army decided to use these funds to partly cover the cost of construction of the NDA.<ref name=":3" /> The foundation stone for the academy was laid by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 6 October 1949.<ref name=":3" /> Construction started in October 1949. The revised estimated cost for the whole project was Rs 6.45 crores respectively.<ref>PARLIAMENT SECRETARIAT (2 March 1954) [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE, OFFICIAL REPORT (Part Il—Proceedings other than Questions and Answers) VOLUME 1-1954]. page 14. New Delhi</ref><ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf page 15</ref> The [[National Defence Academy]] was formally commissioned on 7 December 1954, with an inauguration ceremony held on 16 January 1955.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="bharat">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/maharashtra/travel/pune/national-defence-academy.html |title=National Defence Academy Khadakwasla, Pune, India |publisher=Bharatonline.com |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2021}} The 10th JSW program was transferred from Clement Town, Dehradun to NDA Khadagwasla.It is the first tri-service academy in the world. | ||
==Campus== | ==Campus== | ||
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===Procedure for the selection of Cadets=== | ===Procedure for the selection of Cadets=== | ||
Applicants to the NDA are selected via a written exam conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] every year, followed by extensive interviews by the [[Services Selection Board]] covering [[Logical reasoning|general aptitude]], [[psychological testing]], team skills as well as [[Social skills|physical and social skills]], along with [[medical test]]s. Incoming classes are accepted twice a year for semesters starting in July and January. About 4,00,000 applicants sit for each written exam every year. Typically, about 6,300 of these are invited to interview. The minimum age should be 16 and half years and maximum age should be 19 and half years. The number of students who were admitted to the Joint Services Wing of the National Defence Academy during 1953-54 is 572. Total application received in UPSC 6,061.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf Page 24</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2021}} | Applicants to the NDA are selected via a written exam conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] every year, followed by extensive interviews by the [[Services Selection Board]] covering [[Logical reasoning|general aptitude]], [[psychological testing]], team skills, leadership qualities as well as [[Social skills|physical and social skills]], along with [[medical test]]s. Incoming classes are accepted twice a year for semesters starting in July and January. About 4,00,000 applicants sit for each written exam every year. Typically, about 6,300 of these are invited to interview and finally 300-350 are selected to attend the course. The minimum age should be 16 and half years and maximum age should be 19 and half years. The number of students who were admitted to the Joint Services Wing of the National Defence Academy during 1953-54 is 572. Total application received in UPSC 6,061.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf Page 24</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
Applicants who join the Air Force through the flying branch also go through a test called Computerized Pilot Selection System or CPSS for short.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPSS (Computerized Pilot selection System) {{!}} Minerva Academy - SSB Interview & Written Examination Coaching|url=https://www.minervaacademy.com/cpss-computerized-pilot-selection-system|access-date=2022-02-14|website=www.minervaacademy.com}}</ref> | Applicants who join the Air Force through the flying branch also go through a test called Computerized Pilot Selection System or CPSS for short.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPSS (Computerized Pilot selection System) {{!}} Minerva Academy - SSB Interview & Written Examination Coaching|url=https://www.minervaacademy.com/cpss-computerized-pilot-selection-system|access-date=2022-02-14|website=www.minervaacademy.com}}</ref> | ||
Cadets who are accepted and successfully complete the program are sent to their respective training academies for one year of training before granting of commission: army cadets go to [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) at [[Dehradun]], air force cadets to [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] (AFA) at [[Dundigal]], Hyderabad, and naval cadets to [[Indian Naval Academy]] (INA) at [[Ezhimala]], Kerala.<ref name=ia-join>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/nda-joining-instruction.pdf|date=4 May 2009|title=MISSION OF NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY|access-date=10 December | Cadets who are accepted and successfully complete the program are sent to their respective training academies for one year of training before granting of commission: army cadets go to [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) at [[Dehradun]], air force cadets to [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] (AFA) at [[Dundigal]], Hyderabad, and naval cadets to [[Indian Naval Academy]] (INA) at [[Ezhimala]], Kerala.<ref name=ia-join>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/nda-joining-instruction.pdf|date=4 May 2009|title=MISSION OF NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY|access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | ||
==Squadrons and Battalions== | ==Squadrons and Battalions== | ||
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Each squadron has approximately 100 to 120 cadets drawn from senior as well as junior courses under training in the Academy. | Each squadron has approximately 100 to 120 cadets drawn from senior as well as junior courses under training in the Academy. | ||
As the number of cadets joining the NDA increased annually, the Defence Ministry of India sanctioned the raising of 16th, 17th and 18th squadrons in 2012, with the initial letter of their names being "P", "Q" and "R" respectively. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/with-quebec-&-romeo-nda-squadron-strength-up-to-18/919796/|title=With Quebec & Romeo, NDA squadron strength up to 18|date=4 March 2012|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=13 August | As the number of cadets joining the NDA increased annually, the Defence Ministry of India sanctioned the raising of 16th, 17th and 18th squadrons in 2012, with the initial letter of their names being "P", "Q" and "R" respectively. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/with-quebec-&-romeo-nda-squadron-strength-up-to-18/919796/|title=With Quebec & Romeo, NDA squadron strength up to 18|date=4 March 2012|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/new-squadron-wins-honours-in-nda-cross-country-race/914212/0|title=New squadron wins honours in NDA cross country race|date=20 February 2012|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> | ||
The prestigious Inter Squadron Championship Trophy is awarded to the best Squadron. The champion squadron has the proud tradition of possession of the Champion banner for one term, which is carried during the parade and other sports meets. Each Squadron has its own nickname, an individual identity with a richly textured history and mascot. The rudimentary import of the NDA's motto "Service before Self" is first taught in the environs of the Squadron, where a cadet learns the importance of putting the Squadron's requirements well above his own.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} | The prestigious Inter Squadron Championship Trophy is awarded to the best Squadron. The champion squadron has the proud tradition of possession of the Champion banner for one term, which is carried during the parade and other sports meets. Each Squadron has its own nickname, an individual identity with a richly textured history and mascot. The rudimentary import of the NDA's motto "Service before Self" is first taught in the environs of the Squadron, where a cadet learns the importance of putting the Squadron's requirements well above his own.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
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===Training=== | ===Training=== | ||
All the cadets joining the NDA after their 10+2 Examination are trained in the Academy for three years culminating in graduation with BA(or)BSc or BCs (Computer Science) degree of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] & [[University of Delhi]]; the first course to be awarded degrees was the 46th course in 1974.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=NDA cadets conferred with JNU degrees |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nda-cadets-conferred-jnu-degrees-5472780/ |access-date=23 October 2019 |agency=The Indian Express |date=30 November | All the cadets joining the NDA after their 10+2 Examination are trained in the Academy for three years culminating in graduation with BA(or)BSc or BCs (Computer Science) degree of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] & [[University of Delhi]]; the first course to be awarded degrees was the 46th course in 1974.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=NDA cadets conferred with JNU degrees |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nda-cadets-conferred-jnu-degrees-5472780/ |access-date=23 October 2019 |agency=The Indian Express |date=30 November 2022}}</ref> Apart from academic training they are also trained in outdoor skills, like [[Military parade|Drill]], [[Physical training|PT]] and games; apart from one of the foreign languages up to the lower B1 level (according to the international standards).{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
===Joint service training=== | ===Joint service training=== | ||
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The cadet who went solo with the lowest number of launches was usually awarded the Best In Gliding Trophy on the Guest Dining-in Night, one night prior to the Passing Out Parade. The Air Force cadet who stood first in Ground Subjects was awarded the Sqn Ldr Vasudev Memorial Book Prize that same night. | The cadet who went solo with the lowest number of launches was usually awarded the Best In Gliding Trophy on the Guest Dining-in Night, one night prior to the Passing Out Parade. The Air Force cadet who stood first in Ground Subjects was awarded the Sqn Ldr Vasudev Memorial Book Prize that same night. | ||
The induction of [[Diamond HK36 Super Dimona|Super Dimona]] in 2001 is a watershed moment in the history of AFTT introducing a huge jump in the quality of training. A [[Aerodrome|"gliderdrome]]" runway was widened to 100’ and extended to 5000’ from earlier dimensions of 50’X 3000’ which is maintained within the premises of the NDA by the AFTT. The Air Force cadets of the academy now learn the basics of flying training at this facility on the [[Diamond HK36 Super Dimona|Diamond Super Dimona HK36]] aircraft.<ref name="Air Force Training Team">{{cite web|url=http://www.nda.nic.in/aftt.html|title=Air Force Training Team|website=www.nda.nic.in|access-date=2 July | The induction of [[Diamond HK36 Super Dimona|Super Dimona]] in 2001 is a watershed moment in the history of AFTT introducing a huge jump in the quality of training. A [[Aerodrome|"gliderdrome]]" runway was widened to 100’ and extended to 5000’ from earlier dimensions of 50’X 3000’ which is maintained within the premises of the NDA by the AFTT. The Air Force cadets of the academy now learn the basics of flying training at this facility on the [[Diamond HK36 Super Dimona|Diamond Super Dimona HK36]] aircraft.<ref name="Air Force Training Team">{{cite web|url=http://www.nda.nic.in/aftt.html|title=Air Force Training Team|website=www.nda.nic.in|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2021}} | ||
==== Army ==== | ==== Army ==== | ||
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==In the media== | ==In the media== | ||
''The Standard Bearers'', a [[Documentary film|documentary]] directed and written by Dipti Bhalla and Kunal Verma provides an inside look into the history and operations of the NDA. Another documentary film, ''My Flag, My Life'', written by Ambarnath Sinha and directed by Nandan Khuhyadi and Sanjay Dabke, provides details about the life of NDA cadets, and is intended to create awareness about a career in the armed forces among the young generation.<ref name="ps.c">{{cite web|title='My Flag My Life', a Film insipers Youth to Join the Forces|url=http://www.punesite.com/my-flag-my-life-a-film-to-inspire-youth-to-join-the-forces.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829124749/http://www.punesite.com/my-flag-my-life-a-film-to-inspire-youth-to-join-the-forces.html|archive-date=29 August 2018|access-date=13 August 2012|publisher=punesite.com}}</ref><ref name=toij28>{{cite news|title=Now, a film to inspire youth to join the forces|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-28/pune/28209420_1_film-defence-forces-career-options|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618064917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-28/pune/28209420_1_film-defence-forces-career-options|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2013|access-date=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 July | ''The Standard Bearers'', a [[Documentary film|documentary]] directed and written by Dipti Bhalla and Kunal Verma provides an inside look into the history and operations of the NDA. Another documentary film, ''My Flag, My Life'', written by Ambarnath Sinha and directed by Nandan Khuhyadi and Sanjay Dabke, provides details about the life of NDA cadets, and is intended to create awareness about a career in the armed forces among the young generation.<ref name="ps.c">{{cite web|title='My Flag My Life', a Film insipers Youth to Join the Forces|url=http://www.punesite.com/my-flag-my-life-a-film-to-inspire-youth-to-join-the-forces.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829124749/http://www.punesite.com/my-flag-my-life-a-film-to-inspire-youth-to-join-the-forces.html|archive-date=29 August 2018|access-date=13 August 2012|publisher=punesite.com}}</ref><ref name=toij28>{{cite news|title=Now, a film to inspire youth to join the forces|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-28/pune/28209420_1_film-defence-forces-career-options|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618064917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-28/pune/28209420_1_film-defence-forces-career-options|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2013|access-date=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 July 2022}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=August 2021}} Books depicting NDA include the [[Fiction|fictional]] "''Boots Belts Berets''" by Tanushree Podder, which is also being adapted into a [[web series]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/boots-belts-berets-to-be-turned-into-web-series-119061201124_1.html|title='Boots Belts Berets' to be turned into web series|last=IANS|date=2019-06-12|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] reported that over 1200 cadets quit NDA in ten years between January 2008 and November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/more-than-1200-cadets-quit-nda-in-last-10-years-due-to-ragging-torture-excessive/306441|title=More Than 1,200 Cadets Quit NDA In Last 10 Years Due To Ragging, Torture, Excessive Punishment: Report|date=5 January 2018|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||