INS Vikramaditya: Difference between revisions

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

{|{{Infobox ship begin

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| Ship image = [[File:INS Vikramaditya (R33) with a Sea Harrier.jpg|300px|frameless|center]]

| Ship caption = ''Vikramaditya'' during her delivery voyage in 2014

| Ship identification = *[[Pennant number]]: R33<ref>{{cite web|title=Aircraft Carrier: INS Vikramaditya|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C1|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=4 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004145613/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C1|archive-date=4 October 2014}}</ref>

| Ship motto = ''Strike Far, Strike Sure''<ref name=inty17n>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya motto is 'Strike Far, Strike Sure'|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-motto--strike-far-strike-sure/1/325205.html|access-date=17 November 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=17 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117100814/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-motto--strike-far-strike-sure/1/325205.html|archive-date=17 November 2013}}</ref>

| Ship badge = [[File:INS Vikramaditya emblem.png|150px]]

| Ship displacement = {{displacement|45,400|unknown|first=loaded}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/193-INS-Vikramaditya.html |title=NAVY – Project 1143 |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |date=17 November 2008 |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710061819/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/193-INS-Vikramaditya.html |archive-date=10 July 2012  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120608/DEFREG03/306080005/Indian-Carrier-Begins-Sea-Trials?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616061848/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120608/DEFREG03/306080005/Indian-Carrier-Begins-Sea-Trials?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Indian Carrier Begins Sea Trials &#124; Defense News |publisher=defensenews.com |access-date=29 July 2012}}</ref>

| Ship length = {{Convert|284|m|ft}} (overall)<ref>{{cite web|title=Navy's largest ship 'INS Vikramaditya' Commissioned|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/navys-largest-ship-ins-vikramaditya-commissioned|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=26 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128052801/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/navys-largest-ship-ins-vikramaditya-commissioned|archive-date=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INS VIKRAMADITYA VR TOUR HD - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msPnEnCqdH8&feature=youtu.be |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/msPnEnCqdH8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-12|website=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

| Ship beam = {{convert|61|m|ft}}<ref name=indrus>{{cite web|title=Vikramaditya to be handed to the Indian Navy on November 16|url=http://indrus.in/news/2013/10/24/vikramaditya_to_be_handed_to_the_indian_navy_on_november_16_30359.html|publisher=India & Russia Report|access-date=27 October 2013}}</ref>

| Ship propulsion = 8 turbo-pressurised boilers, 4 shafts, 4 geared steam turbines, generating {{convert|180000|hp|kW|0}}<ref name=indnavy1>{{cite web|title='Vikramaditya' to be Commissioned on 16 Nov 13|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/about-ins-vikramaditya-newest-largest-ship-indian-navy|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=16 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920192909/http://indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/about-ins-vikramaditya-newest-largest-ship-indian-navy|archive-date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=modpib14/>

| Ship sensors = Long range Air Surveillance Radars, LESORUB-E, Resistor-E radar complex, CCS MK II communication complex and Link II tactical data system<ref name=indnavy1/>

*[[Barak 1]] ''ex-{{INS|Godavari|F20|6}}''<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya to get its own missile shield soon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Vikramaditya-to-get-its-own-missile-shield-soon/articleshow/46952999.cms|access-date=3 May 2015|newspaper=Times of India|date=17 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420103339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Vikramaditya-to-get-its-own-missile-shield-soon/articleshow/46952999.cms|archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref>

*[[Barak 8 (missile)|Barak 8]] (LRSAM)in 48 VLS cells<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya won't have air defence system for now|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vikramaditya-wont-have-air-defence-system-for-now/1150500/|access-date=26 November 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=3 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213093734/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vikramaditya-wont-have-air-defence-system-for-now/1150500|archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya will serve Navy for 30 years|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-will-serve-navy-for-30-years/article4996525.ece|access-date=26 November 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 August 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=S.|last=Anandan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127223353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-will-serve-navy-for-30-years/article4996525.ece|archive-date=27 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Misses, waits & progress in naval missiles|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/misses-waits-progress-in-naval-missiles-113080101197_1.html|access-date=26 November 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222046/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/misses-waits-progress-in-naval-missiles-113080101197_1.html|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

| Ship aircraft = *Maximum of 36 aircraft including<ref name=modpib14>{{cite news|title=Prime Minister Spends A Day Onboard INS Vikramaditya|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=105645|access-date=14 June 2014|agency=MOD|publisher=PIB|date=14 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180351/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=105645|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

**26 × [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]] multi-role fighters<ref name="DefenseIndustryDaily">{{cite web|title=INS Vikrant: India's New Carrier-Gorshkov-Vikramaditya: Aerial Complement|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/|date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125170657/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/|archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

'''INS ''Vikramaditya''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ''{{IAST|Vikramāditya}}'', {{literally|Brave as the [[Surya|Sun]]}})<ref group=note>Literally ''Vikramaditya'' translates as being "Sun (Aditya) of valour" (Vikram). The component ''"āditya"'' ([[sun]]) literally means "he who belongs to [[Aditi]]". It was the title  of the most famous Indian king in Indian history, [[Chandragupta II|Vikramaditya]] of [[Ujjain]], famed as a noble ruler and a mighty warrior. The ruler ruled between 380-413/15 AD. .</ref> is a modified {{sclass|Kiev|aircraft carrier}} and the flagship of the [[Indian Navy]] which entered into service in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About INS Vikramaditya - The newest & largest ship of Indian Navy {{!}} Indian Navy|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/about-ins-vikramaditya-newest-largest-ship-indian-navy|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>  

Originally built as [[Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov|''Baku'']] and commissioned in 1987, the carrier served with the [[Soviet Navy]] and later with the [[Russian Navy]] (as ''Admiral Gorshkov'') before being decommissioned in 1996.{{sfn|Bharat Verma|2011|pp=45–46}}{{sfn|Terry Brien|2012|p=1145}}<ref name="Know INS Vikramaditya">{{cite news|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/06/INS-vikramaditya-everything-you-need-to-know-about-warship.html|title=INS Vikramaditya: Everything you Need to about warship|publisher=www.theindianhawk.com |access-date=22 June 2020 }} </ref> The carrier was invested by India on 20 January 2004 after years of negotiations at a final arms sales price of $2.35 billion.<ref name="thehindu1"/> The transformed ship successfully completed her sea trials in July 2013<ref name="seatrialhindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-sea-trials-successful/article4963564.ece|title=INS Vikramaditya sea trials successful|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 July 2013|access-date=31 July 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Vinay|last=Kumar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731181837/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-sea-trials-successful/article4963564.ece|archive-date=31 July 2013}}</ref> and first [[STOBAR]] aviation trials in September 2013.<ref name="airtrialhindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vikramaditya-likely-to-be-delivered-in-midnovember/article5138544.ece|title=Vikramaditya likely to be delivered in mid-November|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 September 2013|access-date=17 September 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Vinay|last=Kumar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110814/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vikramaditya-likely-to-be-delivered-in-midnovember/article5138544.ece|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

She was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at [[Severodvinsk]], [[Russia]].<ref name=ibnlive>{{cite web|title=Aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya inducted into Indian Navy|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-inducted-into-indian-navy/434490-3.html|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=16 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118010905/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-inducted-into-indian-navy/434490-3.html|archive-date=18 November 2013}}</ref> On 14 June 2014 the [[Prime Minister of India]] formally inducted INS ''Vikramaditya'' into the Indian Navy and dedicated her to the nation.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi inducts INS Vikramaditya into Navy, dedicates it to nation|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-on-board-india-s-largest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/article1-1229318.aspx|access-date=14 June 2014|work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614091659/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-on-board-india-s-largest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/article1-1229318.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|title=PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance|date=14 June 2014|work=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614213622/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>

''Baku'' entered service in 1987, and was renamed ''Admiral Gorshkov'' in 1991, but was deactivated in 1996 because she was too expensive to operate on a post-Cold War budget. This attracted the attention of India, which was looking for a way to expand its carrier aviation capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20100603.aspx |title=Naval Air: Go For Gorshkov |publisher=Strategypage.com |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616183146/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20100603.aspx |archive-date=16 June 2011  }}</ref> On 20 January 2004, after years of negotiations, Russia and India signed a deal for the sale of the ship. The ship would be free, while India would pay US$800 million for the upgrade and refit of the ship, as well as an additional US$1 billion for the aircraft and weapons systems. The navy looked at equipping the carrier with the [[E-2 Hawkeye#Variants|E-2C Hawkeye]], but decided not to.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadefence.com/Aero%202005.htm|title=WHAT'S HOT? ANALYSIS OF RECENT HAPPENINGS – Aero India 2005 – Naval Interests – An IDC Report|website=IndiaDefence.com|date=9 February 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201002012/http://www.indiadefence.com/Aero%202005.htm |archive-date=1 February 2009 }}</ref> In 2009, Northrop Grumman offered the advanced [[Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye#E-2D Advanced Hawkeye|E-2D Hawkeye]] to the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=aerospacedaily&id=news/INDIA090209.xml |title=Indian Navy Mulls Northrop Advanced Hawkeye |publisher=Aviationweek.com |date=2 September 2009 |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref>

The announced delivery date for INS ''Vikramaditya'' was August 2008, which would allow the carrier to enter service just as the Indian Navy's only light carrier [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] retired. While ''Viraat'''s retirement had been pushed out to 2010–2012,<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/ Defense Industry Daily] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125170657/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/ |date=25 January 2013 }} INS ''Vikramaditya Hits Delay'', Cost Increases</ref> it underwent a final refit which enabled her to serve through 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/major-repairs-for-the-ins-viraat-its-replacement-delayed-again-by-russia-339905 | work=NDTV | title=Major repairs for the INS Viraat, its replacement delayed again by Russia | date=8 March 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112045619/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/major-repairs-for-the-ins-viraat-its-replacement-delayed-again-by-russia-339905 | archive-date=12 November 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The issue with the delays was compounded by ongoing cost overruns, leading to high-level diplomatic exchanges. India finally agreed to pay an additional US$1.2 billion for the project, doubling the original cost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBVtP1roIPA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/PBVtP1roIPA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=India to pay more for Gorshkov|publisher=NDTV|date=25 February 2008|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, ongoing difficulty with the ''Vikramaditya's'' delivery schedule, pushed the expect delivery to 2013. Also, the indigenous [[Vikrant class aircraft carrier|''Vikrant''-class aircraft carrier]] was delayed by at least a year and was expected to be commissioned in 2013 from the proposed 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anandan|first=S. |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092955681400.htm |title=Keel-laying of indigenous aircraft carrier in December |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725081847/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092955681400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=25 July 2010  }}</ref>

In July 2008, it was reported that Russia needed to increase the price by about US$2 billion, blaming unexpected cost overruns on the deteriorated condition of the ship and citing a "market price" for a new mid-size carrier of US$3–4 bn.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081113/118299115.html |title=Russian aircraft carrier ready in 2012 if India pays $2 bln more |agency=RIA Novosti |date=13 November 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605150532/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081113/118299115.html |archive-date=5 June 2011 }}</ref> India had paid US$400 million as of November 2008. However, Russia even threatened to cancel the deal completely if India did not pay the increased amount.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|date=January 2009|page=PD/January/2009/1140}}</ref> In December 2008, government sources in India stated that the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) had finally decided in favour of purchasing ''Admiral Gorshkov'' as the best option available.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta |first=Shishir |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gorshkov-medvedev-on-his-way-centre-okays-price-renegotiation/393524/ |title=Gorshkov: Medvedev on his way, Centre okays price renegotiation |work=The Indian Express |date=3 December 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429015911/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gorshkov-medvedev-on-his-way-centre-okays-price-renegotiation/393524/ |archive-date=29 April 2009  }}</ref> The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) criticised the fact that ''Vikramaditya'' would be a second-hand warship with a limited [[service life|life-span]], which would be 60% costlier than a new one, and there was a risk of further delay in its delivery.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Second-hand-Gorshkov-costlier-than-new-warship-CAG-/articleshow/4817109.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 July 2009|title='Second-hand' Gorshkov costlier than new warship: CAG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727021043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Second-hand-Gorshkov-costlier-than-new-warship-CAG-/articleshow/4817109.cms |archive-date=27 July 2009 }}</ref>

The [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy|Indian Navy Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Sureesh Mehta]] defended the price for the warship saying, "I can't comment on the CAG. But you all are defence analysts, can you get me an aircraft carrier for less than USD 2 billion? If you can, I am going to sign a cheque right now".

The statement from the Chief of Naval Staff at that time indicated that the final deal could be in excess of US$2 billion. When asked about CAG's finding that the navy had not done its risk analysis before going in for the ship, he was quoted as saying, "I can ensure you that there is no such thing. There is no question, we have been looking at the ship since the late 90s."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/202829_Navy-chief-defends-price-paid-for-Admiral-Gorshkov|title=Site Under Construction|work=ptinews.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802140224/http://www.ptinews.com/news/202829_Navy-chief-defends-price-paid-for-Admiral-Gorshkov|archive-date=2 August 2009}}</ref>

On 2 July 2009, Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] said that the refit of the carrier should be completed as soon as possible so she could be delivered to India in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20090702/155413447.html |title=Medvedev urged the completion of aircraft carrier for India |agency=RIA Novosti |date=2 July 2009|access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012730/http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20090702/155413447.html |archive-date=6 June 2011  }}</ref> On 7 December 2009, Russian sources indicated that final terms had been agreed on, but no delivery date was set.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dyomkin |first=Denis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44530420091207 |title=Russia agrees carrier delivery terms with India |work=Reuters |date=7 December 2009 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904013755/http://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44530420091207 |archive-date=4 September 2017  }}</ref> On 8 December 2009, it was reported that India and Russia ended the stalemate over ''Admiral Gorshkov'' price deal by agreeing on a price of US$2.2 billion. Moscow was asking for US$2.9 billion for the aircraft carrier, nearly three times the price that was originally agreed between the two sides in 2004. On the other hand, New Delhi wanted the price to be scaled back to US$2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-08/india/28100512_1_admiral-gorshkov-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya | title=India, Russia end stalemate over Gorshkov price deal | date=8 December 2009 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html | archive-date=28 February 2017 | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/usd-2.2billion/551431/ |title=India, Russia end stalemate over Gorshkov's price deal |work=Indianexpress|date=8 December 2009 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212154408/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/usd-2.2billion/551431/ |archive-date=12 December 2009  }}</ref> Both governments finalised the price of ''Admiral Gorshkov'' at US$2.35 billion on 10 March, a day ahead of Russian Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]]'s two-day visit to India.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

The hull work was completed by 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/18/stories/2008101851791800.htm |title=Repair of Gorshkov's hull completed |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916055036/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/18/stories/2008101851791800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 September 2011  }}</ref> and ''Vikramaditya'' was launched on 4 December 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russian Carrier Conversion Moves Forward | date=8 December 2008 | author=Christopher P. Cavas | url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3854813&c=SEA&s=TOP | access-date=10 December 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html | archive-date=28 February 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Around 99% of the structural work and almost 50% of the cabling work had been completed by June 2010. Almost all of the large equipment, including engines and diesel generators, was installed.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-01/india/28297052_1_refit-sevmash-shipyard-admiral-gorshkov | title=Gorshkov to be handed over to India by Dec '12 | date=1 June 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html | archive-date=28 February 2017 | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> A naval MiG-29K prototype aircraft was used to test the deck systems of ''Vikramaditya'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fish|first=Tim|url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jni/jni100622_1_n.shtml |title=Indian carrier's deck systems tested with MiG-29K prototype |publisher=Janes.com |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626114352/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jni/jni100622_1_n.shtml |archive-date=26 June 2010  }}</ref>

All reconfiguration work was completed at [[Severodvinsk]], Russia; however it was delayed by three years due to underestimation of the amount of cabling needed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/772agroh.asp |title=The U.S. tries to shut Russia out of India's defense market |publisher=Weeklystandard.com |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html |archive-date=28 February 2017  }}</ref> An expert level discussion on technical and financial matters was held between India and Russia to sort out the issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/5F699B9C1D1C7972652573F600543C3B?OpenDocument|title=Only few technical, financial issues pending on Gorshkov deal}}</ref> The MiG-29K entered operational service with India in February 2010. A compromise was finalised and India was to pay an extra undisclosed amount. Russia was to install new systems instead of repairing the old ones.<ref>{{cite web |author=(AFP) – 27 February 2008 |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g02hyHGJx4dNFNV270sFKxBNtH4Q |title=India, Russia end spat over Soviet-era aircraft carrier |date=27 February 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g02hyHGJx4dNFNV270sFKxBNtH4Q |archive-date=20 May 2011  }}</ref>

On 1 June 2010, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported a naval officer saying: "With India earlier this year agreeing to the revised refit cost of $2.33 billion for ''Gorshkov'' after three years of bitter wrangling since the earlier agreement inked in January 2004 had earmarked only $974 million for it, Russia has appointed a high-level apex committee to oversee the work on the carrier". The ship was to go for harbour trials by early 2011 to ensure it could be handed over to India by December 2012 or so.<ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1062 |title=Defence News – Indian Aircraft Carrier in Barents Sea Trials |publisher=Defencenews.in |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620031413/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1062 |archive-date=20 June 2012  }}</ref> Dock trials began on 1 March 2011. The focus of these trials was on the main power generation units and the radio-electronic armament systems, manufactured in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/warship-trials-finally-begin/432214.html |title=INS Vikramaditya Trials Finally Begin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064656/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/warship-trials-finally-begin/432214.html |archive-date=13 March 2011  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia Postpones Sea Trials for Aircraft Carrier Admiral Gorshkov for Next Year |url=http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2011/10/17/russia-prolongs-sea-trials-for-aircraft-carrier-admiral-gorshkov-for-six-months/ |publisher=Shipbuilding Tribune |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030212100/http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2011/10/17/russia-prolongs-sea-trials-for-aircraft-carrier-admiral-gorshkov-for-six-months/ |archive-date=30 October 2011 |date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Indian Navy personnel began training on ''Vikramaditya'' in April 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/Navy-personnel-begin-training-on-Admiral-Gorshkov/6801/1/10.html |title=Navy personnel begin training on Admiral Gorshkov |publisher=Brahmand.com |date=14 April 2011 |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705010921/http://www.brahmand.com/news/Navy-personnel-begin-training-on-Admiral-Gorshkov/6801/1/10.html |archive-date=5 July 2012  }}</ref> On 19 April 2012, it was announced that all internal systems were functioning, and the ship was entirely self-contained. Measurement of the ship's magnetic field and centre of gravity were performed before sea trials began.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2012/04/19/russia-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-becomes-entirely-self-contained/ | title=Russia: Aircraft Carrier INS Vikramaditya Becomes Entirely Self-Contained | date=19 April 2012 | access-date=21 April 2012 | publisher=Shipbuilding Tribune | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016044405/http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2012/04/19/russia-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-becomes-entirely-self-contained/ | archive-date=16 October 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

As completed, ''Vikramaditya'' has a larger full load displacement than when the ship was originally launched in 1982 as ''Baku''. 1,750 out of 2,500 compartments of the ship were re-fabricated, and extensive re-cabling was done to support new radars and sensors. The elevators were upgraded, and two restraining stands were fitted, allowing combat aircraft to reach full power before making a ski jump-assisted short take-off. Three arresting gears were fitted on the aft part of the angled deck, and navigation and carrier-landing aids were added to support fixed-wing "short take-off but arrested recovery" (STOBAR) operations.<ref name=indnavy1/><ref name="gs">{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/r-vikramaditya.htm |title=R Vikramaditya [ex-Gorshkov&#93; |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228050411/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/r-vikramaditya.htm |archive-date=28 December 2010  }}</ref><ref name=pib17n13>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya – Game changer|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=100649|access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=PIB|date=17 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206062349/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=100649|archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

The major modifications were to allow ''Admiral Gorshkov'' to operate as a [[STOBAR]] aircraft carrier in Indian service, as opposed to the [[STOVL]] configuration the ship was built as. This involved removal of all the armament, including the [[P-500 Bazalt|P-500 ''Bazalt'']] cruise missile launchers and the four Antey Kinzhal surface-to-air missile bins fitted on ship's bow, to make way for a 14.3°, full-width [[Aircraft ski-jump|ski-jump]]. The 20-ton capacity aircraft lift beside the ship's island superstructure was unchanged, but the aft lift was enlarged and its lift capacity increased to 30 tons. For STOBAR operations, three 30&nbsp;m [[arrestor wires]] and three restraining gears on the stern of the angled deck were fitted. [[Sponson|Sponsons]] were installed to increase the area of the flight deck, to allow the ski-jump to be fitted, for strengthening of arresting gear and runway area, and to lengthen the after end, which allowed an increase to the length of the landing strip aft of the arresting gear. 234 new hull sections were installed to achieve the desired shape, and the total steel added to carry out these modifications amounted to 2500 tons.<ref name=indnavy1/><ref name="gs"/><ref name=pib17n13/>

The superstructure profile was designed to accommodate the fixed [[Passive electronically scanned array|phased array]] scanners of the Soviet Navy's Mars-Passat [[3D radar|3D]] air search radar system, along with extensive [[command and control]] facilities to conduct an aerial campaign. Extensive revamp of sensors was carried out, with long range air-surveillance radars and advanced [[electronic warfare]] suites fitted, which enable the maintenance of a surveillance bubble of over 500&nbsp;km around the ship. An aft mast was installed to accommodate various communication antennae. These changes needed 2,300&nbsp;km of new cables, and 3,000&nbsp;km of new pipes.<ref name=indnavy1/><ref name=pib17n13/><ref name=hin15n13>{{cite news|title=Navy to get refurbished Vikramaditya tomorrow|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-refurbished-vikramaditya-tomorrow/article5350931.ece|access-date=16 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428131444/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-refurbished-vikramaditya-tomorrow/article5350931.ece|archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>

The eight original boilers were replaced by new generation, high-pressure boilers, converted to take diesel fuel utilising LSHSD instead of [[furnace fuel oil]], each providing a steam capacity of 100 tonnes per hour.<ref name=inpressrel>{{cite news|title='Vikramaditya' to be Commissioned on 16 Nov 13|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/vikramaditya-be-commissioned-16-nov-13|access-date=17 November 2013|newspaper=Indian Navy|date=16 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120004906/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/vikramaditya-be-commissioned-16-nov-13|archive-date=20 November 2013}}</ref> The new boilers are highly efficient and have high levels of automation. They power four propellers in four shaft configuration, producing a total thrust of {{convert|180000|hp|kW|0}} at the [[Horsepower#Shaft horsepower|shaft]], providing a top speed of over 30 knots. Six turbo alternators and six diesel alternators generate 18 MW of electricity to power various equipment. Modern oil-water separators as well as a sewage treatment plant were incorporated to meet international standards. Six new Finnish [[Wärtsilä]] 1.5 MW diesel generators, a Global Marine communications system, [[Sperry Corporation|Sperry]] Bridgemaster navigation radar, a new telephone exchange, new data link and an IFF Mk XI system were added. Residential services were improved with the addition of two [[reverse osmosis]] plants producing 400 tons of fresh water per day, as well as updated refrigeration and air conditioning. A new galley was installed together with improved domestic services and accommodation for 10 female officers.<ref name="gs"/><ref name=pib17n13/><ref>{{cite news|title=Prime Minister's Day at Sea|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/prime-ministers-day-sea|access-date=17 June 2014|publisher=Indian Navy|date=16 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630073401/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/prime-ministers-day-sea|archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>

The combat systems on board the carrier are controlled by LESORUB-E, the computer-aided action information system. It gathers data from the ship's sensors and data links and creates comprehensive [[situation awareness]]. The CCS Mk II communication complex is installed for external communications and the Link II tactical data system enables integration into the Indian Navy's [[Network-centric warfare|network-centric operations]]. Modern launch and recovery systems are installed for handling different aircraft – the LUNA landing system for MiG-29Ks and the DAPS Landing system for [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier|Sea Harriers]]. The Resistor-E automated air-traffic control system has been installed, which provides assistance during approach, landing and short range navigation down to a distance of 30 metres short of flight deck to the pilots. Along with various other sub-systems, it provides navigation and flight data to ship-borne aircraft operating at long distances from the carrier.<ref name=indnavy1/><ref name=j7m14/>

When delivered, ''Vikramaditya'' had yet to be fitted with any on-board armament, leaving her dependent on her battle group for self-defence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://defenceradar.com/2014/12/04/ins-vikramaditya-yet-to-be-fitted-with-close-in-weapon-system/ |title=INS Vikramaditya yet to be fitted with close-in weapon system |date=4 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205205701/http://defenceradar.com/2014/12/04/ins-vikramaditya-yet-to-be-fitted-with-close-in-weapon-system/ |archive-date=5 December 2014  }}</ref><ref name=tt16j14>{{cite news|title=Close-In Warfare System on INS Vikramaditya next year|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140616/main6.htm|access-date=16 June 2014|work=The Tribune|date=16 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620231317/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140616/main6.htm|archive-date=20 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vikramaditya-wont-have-air-defence-system-for-now/1150500/|title=INS Vikramaditya won't have air defence system for now|work=indianexpress.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214656/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vikramaditya-wont-have-air-defence-system-for-now/1150500/|archive-date=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140311/DEFREG03/303110023/Indian-Navy-Open-Search-Carrier-Air-Defense-System |title=Indian Navy To Open Search for Carrier Air Defense System |last1=Raghuvanshi|first1=Vivek |date=11 March 2014 |website=www.defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=12 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html |archive-date=28 February 2017  }}</ref> This was rectified during the ship's short refit of April–June 2015, when she was fitted with four license-built [[AK-630]] [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]], and a [[Barak 1]] SAM system stripped from the decommissioned {{INS|Godavari|F20|6}}. During the ship's first scheduled major refit in 2017, the Barak 1 system will be replaced with the newly developed [[Barak 8 (missile)|Barak 8]] long-range air-defence system (LR-SAM), which is currently being tested. It is launched from vertical launch cells, and has an operational range of 0.5–100&nbsp;km<ref name="The higherTelegraph">{{cite news|last=Dutta|first=Sujan|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151128/jsp/nation/story_55591.jsp#.VoO8K0vraSE|title=Israel ship missile test for India

|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104040421/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151128/jsp/nation/story_55591.jsp|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gen-Next-missile-defence-shield-built-by-Israel-and-India-clears-first-hurdle/articleshow/49955127.cms |title=Gen Next missile defence shield built by Israel and India clears first hurdle |work=The Times of India |date=28 November 2015 |access-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817105046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//india/Gen-Next-missile-defence-shield-built-by-Israel-and-India-clears-first-hurdle/articleshow/49955127.cms |archive-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> The carrier will carry up to 48 missiles.<ref name=j7m14/><ref name=tt16j14/>

The official expected [[service life|life span]] of the ship is 40 years, and is unlikely to require any major repair work for at least a decade.<ref name=hin15n13/><ref>{{cite news|last=Aroor|first=Shiv|title=INS Vikramaditya joins Indian Navy: Shiv Aroor on why India is relieved that the battleship is finally here|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-india-relieved-indian-navy-russia-shiv-aroor/1/325188.html|access-date=17 November 2013|work=India Today|date=17 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117095626/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-india-relieved-indian-navy-russia-shiv-aroor/1/325188.html|archive-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> Over 70% of the ship and her equipment is new and the remainder has been refurbished.<ref name="gs"/> [[Sevmash|Sevmash Shipyard]], which upgraded the carrier, will provide warranty servicing including maintenance for the next 20 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sevmash chosen for INS Vikramaditya post-warranty servicing|url=http://indrus.in/economics/2014/03/13/sevmash_chosen_for_ins_vikramaditya_post-warranty_servicing_33707.html|access-date=16 March 2014|newspaper=Russia & India Report|date=13 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

''Vikramaditya'' has been designed as a STOBAR carrier capable of operating both conventional fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, with up to 34 aircraft<ref name=modpib14/> capable of being accommodated. Its primary embarked aircraft type is the [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]], a navalised version of the [[Mikoyan MiG-29M]]. The MiG-29K is an advanced, all weather multi-role fighter capable of undertaking both the fleet air defence, low level strike and anti-shipping roles. The primary ASW platform is the venerable [[Westland Sea King]], while AEW is undertaken by the [[Kamov Ka-31]]. Carriage ranges given for the ship seem to converge around 16–24 MiG-29K and 10 Kamov Ka-31 or Dhruv helicopters; however ''Vikramaditya'' is not capable of operating fixed-wing AEW aircraft owing to her configuration as a STOBAR carrier.<ref name="DefenseIndustryDaily"/> Utility and plane guard duties are undertaken by the [[HAL Chetak]] (or [[HAL Dhruv]]).<ref name=indnavy1/>

Russia was scheduled to hand over ''Vikramaditya'' to India on 4 December 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://navaltoday.com/2012/01/19/russia-to-deliver-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-on-december-2012/ |title=Russia will hand over modernized aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya (former Admiral Gorshkov) to India on Dec 4, 2012 |publisher=Navaltoday.com |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123073017/http://navaltoday.com/2012/01/19/russia-to-deliver-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-on-december-2012/ |archive-date=23 January 2012  }}</ref> with sea trials scheduled to begin on 29 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2012/03/07/indian-navy-to-take-over-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-in-december/ | title=Indian Navy to Take Over Aircraft Carrier INS Vikramaditya in December | publisher=shipbuildingtribune.com | date=7 March 2012 | access-date=8 March 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043204/http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2012/03/07/indian-navy-to-take-over-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-in-december/ | archive-date=16 October 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The sea trials in fact began on 8 June. The ship sailed out for pre-delivery trials from the berth of the Sevmash shipyard in Russia's northern city of [[Severodvinsk]]. These trials were to include landing and take-off of fighter jets from the deck of the carrier.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3582219.ece| title=INS Vikramaditya undergoing sea trials| date=29 June 2012| location=Chennai, India| work=The Hindu| first=Vinay| last=Kumar| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702074252/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3582219.ece| archive-date=2 July 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3503982.ece?homepage=true | title=INS Vikramaditya begins sea trials | date=8 June 2012 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Vladimir | last=Radyuhin | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711193250/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3503982.ece?homepage=true | archive-date=11 July 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-06-15/indias-new-russian-carrier-finally-goes-sea |title=India's New Russian Carrier Finally Goes To Sea |publisher=ainonline.com |date=15 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619000948/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-06-15/indias-new-russian-carrier-finally-goes-sea |archive-date=19 June 2012  }}</ref>

On 17 September 2012, malfunctions were detected during trials. According to an official report, seven out of eight steam boilers of the propulsion machinery were out of order. Due to this, the deadline of the hand over this ship to the Indian Navy was postponed again until October 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/india/33902040_1_ins-vikramaditya-sea-trials-handover |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115123537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/india/33902040_1_ins-vikramaditya-sea-trials-handover |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=INS Vikramaditya trial malfunctions to delay handover to India |date=17 September 2012 }}</ref> Later investigation has determined that the cause for the engine failure was due to poor workmanship and supervision.<ref>[http://strategypage.com/htmw/htproc/20121014.aspx Russia Copes With The Vikramaditya Disaster] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019141934/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htproc/20121014.aspx |date=19 October 2012 }} – Strategypage.com, 14 October 2012</ref> The ''Gorshkov'' and other ships of the 1143.4 class had a history of multiple boiler failures,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20130201/179169083/Russia-Completes-Indian-Carrier-Engine-Repairs.html |title=Russia Completes Indian Carrier Engine Repairs |agency=RIA Novosti |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204042454/http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20130201/179169083/Russia-Completes-Indian-Carrier-Engine-Repairs.html |archive-date=4 February 2013  }}</ref> however Russian shipbuilders claimed that the source of the problem was the low-grade Chinese-made fire-bricks which had been bought by the Indian Navy that were used in the boiler insulation instead of [[asbestos]].<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI|date=1 February 2013|title=Engine problems in INS Vikramaditya fixed, sea trial to start in June – Economic Times|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/engine-problems-in-ins-vikramaditya-fixed-sea-trial-to-start-in-june/articleshow/18293935.cms|url-status=live|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080958/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-01/news/36684517_1_nikolayev-south-sea-trials-admiral-gorshkov|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

On 3 July 2013, Igor Sevastyanov, deputy head of Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport, announced that the warship had departed for sea trials with a mix of Russian and Indian crew.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130703/182032744/Indian-Carrier-Sails-From-Russia-for-Final-Sea-Trials.html | title=Indian Carrier Sails From Russia for Final Sea Trials | agency=[[RIA Novosti]] | date=3 July 2013 | access-date=7 July 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706182820/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130703/182032744/Indian-Carrier-Sails-From-Russia-for-Final-Sea-Trials.html | archive-date=6 July 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 28 July 2013, it was reported that ''Vikramaditya'' had successfully completed her sea trials and was able to reach her maximum speed of 32 knots. She then proceeded to the [[White Sea]] for aviation trials,<ref name="seatrialhindu"/> which were carried out by Russia's [[Northern Fleet]] aviation and completed in September 2013.<ref name="airtrialhindu" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/russia-to-hand-over-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-in-november-113022200328_1.html|title=Russia to hand over INS Vikramaditya to India in November|author=Press Trust of India|date=22 February 2013|work=business-standard.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622112606/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/russia-to-hand-over-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-in-november-113022200328_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> Aircraft and helicopters flew around and over the ship to check the performance of its radar, air defence, communication and control systems, and MiG specialists praised the ski-jump ramp.<ref name=ir31335/>

The sea trials lasted three months. The carrier's electronic warfare and jamming capability was demonstrated when [[Sukhoi Su-33|Sukhoi-33]]s, Kamovs, MiG-29s and [[Beriev A-50|A-50]] early warning aircraft failed to "paint" the carrier using their radars, whereas the incoming aircraft were detected by the ship at a distance of {{convert|350|–|400|km}}. In total, the ship sailed for {{convert|19,500|mi|km|order=flip}} during both the trials, controlled 778 aircraft and helicopter flights, and conducted 88 landings by Russian pilots.<ref name=hin15n13/><ref name=ir31335/> During the second sea trial, it sailed for {{convert|8,600|mi|km|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|1,700|mi|km|order=flip}} were under the command of the ship's Indian captain Commodore Suraj Berry.<ref name=tiex15d/>

During sea trials, a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] patrol aircraft observed ''Vikramaditya''. While in international waters, it flew close to the ship to take photographs, and also dropped [[sonobuoys]] to record the ship's [[acoustic signature]]. The aircraft left the area when a Russian [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]] fighter arrived. A Norwegian ship was also seen to observe ''Vikramaditya''.<ref name=Spy>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-was-spied-upon-by-nato-aircraft-and-ship-last-year/1/325335.html|title=INS Vikramaditya was spied upon by NATO aircraft and ship last year but the matter was hushed up|work=intoday.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111174654/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-was-spied-upon-by-nato-aircraft-and-ship-last-year/1/325335.html|archive-date=11 January 2014}}</ref>{{dubious|date=January 2022}}

[[File:Vikramaditya 1.JPG|thumb|right|The Indian Navy ensign is hoisted aboard ''Vikramaditya'' as it is commissioned at Sevmash Shipyard in Russia.]]

The ship was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at [[Severodvinsk]], [[Russia]].<ref name="ibnlive"/> The ceremony was attended by the then Indian defence minister [[A. K. Antony]] and the Russian deputy prime minister [[Dmitry Rogozin]]. The ship is now patrolling the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="ndtv news">{{cite web |editor-last=Asrar|editor-first=Nadim|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/russia-delivers-super-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-446910 |title=Russia delivers super aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya to India |date=16 November 2013 |publisher=NDTV|access-date=17 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117225506/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/russia-delivers-super-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-446910 |archive-date=17 November 2013  }}</ref>

[[File:Indian warships visit Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2016 (3).jpg|thumb|''Vikramaditya'' comes alongside during a port visit to [[Colombo]] in January 2016]]

After commissioning, the carrier began a continuous 26-day journey of 10,212 nautical miles to its [[homeport|home-port]] at {{INS|Kadamba}}, [[Karwar]], from [[Severodvinsk]] on 27 November 2013, with a short stopover in [[Lisbon]].<ref name=thehindu226>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya enters Indian Navy's area of operation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-enters-indian-navys-area-of-operation/article5538226.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2014|location=Chennai, India|date=4 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205608/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-enters-indian-navys-area-of-operation/article5538226.ece|archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya completes transoceanic voyage, arrives in India|url=http://indrus.in/economics/2014/01/10/ins_vikramaditya_completes_transoceanic_voyage_arrives_in_india_32175.html|access-date=11 January 2014|newspaper=IndRus|date=10 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> It was under the command of Commodore Suraj Berry, her first Indian captain.<ref name=ir31335>{{cite news|title=Commodore Suraj Berry's finest hour|url=http://indrus.in/economics/2013/12/04/commodore_suraj_berrys_finest_hour_31335.html|access-date=8 December 2013|newspaper=IndRus|date=4 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Apart from her Indian crew, she also carried 177 Russian specialists from Sevmash, who would remain on board for one year, as part of the 20-year post-warranty services contract with the shipyard. During the journey, it encountered a storm in the [[Barents Sea]] where she linked up with her escorts frigate {{INS|Trikand}} and fleet tanker {{INS|Deepak|A50|6}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya sets sail for India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-sets-sail-for-india/article5394676.ece|access-date=8 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 November 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=S.|last=Anandan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208154615/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-sets-sail-for-india/article5394676.ece|archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> The group was escorted by the Royal Navy frigate {{HMS|Monmouth|F235|6}} while passing through the [[English Channel]],<ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Monmouth Helps Mammoth Aircraft Carrier Through Channel|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/December/16/131216-HMS-Monmouth-Indian|access-date=22 December 2013|newspaper=Royal Navy|date=16 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221204625/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/December/16/131216-HMS-Monmouth-Indian|archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> and was joined by destroyer {{INS|Delhi|D61|6}} near [[Gibraltar]].<ref name=thehindu226/>

The flotilla sailed in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], passed through the [[Suez Canal]]<ref name=tiex15d>{{cite news|title=Navy set to get its largest aircraft carrier tomorrow|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/navy-set-to-get-its-largest-aircraft-carrier-tomorrow/1195147/0|access-date=8 December 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=15 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219150310/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/navy-set-to-get-its-largest-aircraft-carrier-tomorrow/1195147/0|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya approaches Murmansk for refuelling|url=http://indrus.in/news/2013/12/03/ins_vikramaditya_approaches_murmansk_for_refuelling_31325.html|access-date=8 December 2013|newspaper=IndRus|date=3 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> and entered the [[Arabian Sea]] near the [[Gulf of Aden]] on 1 January 2014. It was received nearly {{convert|1200|nmi|km}} away from Indian shores by a large flotilla of the [[Western Naval Command|Western fleet]],<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya to Reach by Mid-January|url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=2851|access-date=5 January 2014|newspaper=Defence News|date=5 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031530/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=2851|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> which was composed of the aircraft carrier {{INS|Viraat}}, two {{sclass|Delhi|destroyer|1}}s, three {{sclass|Talwar|frigate|1}}s, the frigate {{INS|Godavari|F20|6}}, and a couple of offshore patrol vessels including {{INS|Subhadra|P51|6}}.<ref name=thehindu226/> The event was significant as the Indian Navy was operating two aircraft carriers simultaneously for the first time in 20 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=India operates two aircraft carriers after 20 years|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140107/news-current-affairs/article/india-operates-two-aircraft-carriers-after-20-years|access-date=7 January 2014|newspaper=The Deccan Chronicle|date=7 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624165008/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140107/news-current-affairs/article/india-operates-two-aircraft-carriers-after-20-years|archive-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> After conducting basic sea exercises with the fleet,<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya to sail to Mumbai & Vizag|url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=WbV96X08FCE=|access-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=SP Publications|date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602105617/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=WbV96X08FCE%3D|archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> ''Vikramaditya'' reached Karwar on 7 January 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya reaches home base in Karwar|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-home-base-in-karwar-1327671.html|access-date=7 January 2014|newspaper=First Post|date=7 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107214048/http://www.firstpost.com/india/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-home-base-in-karwar-1327671.html|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya reaches Karnataka port|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-karnataka-port/1216609/0|access-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=8 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya reaches Karwar|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/379190/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-karwar.html|access-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=8 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109035158/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/379190/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-karwar.html|archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>

Navy pilots of [[INAS 303]] "Black Panthers" operating the MiG-29K practised carrier operations at the [[Shore-based test facility|shore based test facility]] (SBTF) in [[INS Hansa]], [[Dabolim]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco-da-Gama]]. The first aircraft piloted by an Indian Navy pilot landed on the carrier on 8 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Indian MiG-29K Fighter Jet Lands on Vikramaditya|url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=hLEgIi9SGbI%3D|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=Defence News, RIA Novosti|date=8 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208151722/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=hLEgIi9SGbI=|archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> Since then, the pilots and air controllers have been certified for operating the MiG-29K fighters from the carrier deck, including night landings. The carrier's air wing will consist of 16 MiG-29Ks including four KUB trainers, six airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) Kamov Ka-31 and Kamov Ka-28 anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters.<ref name=j7m14>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy chief: Vikramaditya deployed with MiG-29s embarked|url=http://www.janes.com/article/37623/indian-navy-chief-vikramaditya-deployed-with-mig-29s-embarked|access-date=9 May 2014|newspaper=Jane's|date=7 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512110934/http://www.janes.com/article/37623/indian-navy-chief-vikramaditya-deployed-with-mig-29s-embarked|archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref>

In May 2014, the carrier was declared operationally deployed along with its embarked air group comprising MiG-29Ks and had taken part in a war game conducted by the [[Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya operationally deployed: Navy chief|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-operationally-deployed-navy-chief/article5985569.ece|access-date=7 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508075722/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-operationally-deployed-navy-chief/article5985569.ece|archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/naval-exercises-goa-coast-today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225658/http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/naval-exercises-goa-coast-today|url-status=dead|title=Naval exercises off Goa coast today|archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> On 14 June 2014, the [[Prime Minister of India]] dedicated the carrier to the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi dedicates INS Vikramaditya to nation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/PM-Narendra-Modi-dedicates-INS-Vikramaditya-to-nation/videoshow/36562915.cms|work=The Times of India|date=14 June 2014|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071331/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/PM-Narendra-Modi-dedicates-INS-Vikramaditya-to-nation/videoshow/36562915.cms|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

On 8 December 2015, Indian Defence-Ministry sources stated that the INS ''Vikramaditya'' would receive its first major overhaul in September 2016 as part of the "Make in India" initiative. The state-owned Cochin Shipyards and the Pipavav shipyards will overhaul the carrier once it is in dry dock.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Pranav|title=''INS Vikramaditya set for first overhaul in September''|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ins-vikramaditya-set-for-first-overhaul-in-september/|date=8 December 2015|work=IndianExpress|access-date=30 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111053938/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ins-vikramaditya-set-for-first-overhaul-in-september/|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref>

On 21–22 January 2016, ''Vikramaditya'' accompanied by {{INS|Mysore|D60|6}} made her first overseas port visit when the ship visited [[Colombo]] in [[Sri Lanka]], making the first visit of an Indian warship to the city in 30 years, and the first by an aircraft carrier in more than 40 years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=21 January 2016 |title=INS Vikramaditya's maiden overseas port call to Colombo |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ins-vikramadityas-maiden-overseas-port-call-to-colombo/article8135697.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=22 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121175403/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ins-vikramadityas-maiden-overseas-port-call-to-colombo/article8135697.ece |archive-date=21 January 2016  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = INS Vikramaditya, India's Largest Naval Ship, Arrives in Sri Lanka|url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-vikramaditya-indias-largest-naval-ship-arrives-in-sri-lanka-1268437|website = NDTV.com|access-date = 14 February 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160224163853/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-vikramaditya-indias-largest-naval-ship-arrives-in-sri-lanka-1268437|archive-date = 24 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

A [[State Bank of India]] ATM was opened onboard ''Vikramaditya'' on 21 January 2017, making it the first Indian Navy ship to have an ATM.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Largest Bank Teams up with The Nation's Largest Warship|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indias-largest-bank-teams-nations-largest-warship|website=Indian Navy|access-date=26 February 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062727/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indias-largest-bank-teams-nations-largest-warship|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

In January 2020, ''Vikramaditya'' was used to undertake the first carrier trials of the naval version of the [[HAL Tejas]] Light Combat Aircraft. Over the course of eight to ten days, the Tejas was launched and recovered a number of times as part of the aircraft's initial test phase. The Tejas was the first indigenous Indian aircraft to both land on and take-off from an Indian aircraft carrier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/naval-light-combat-aircraft-takes-off-from-ins-vikramaditya-for-first-time/story-8mfMD9bvwPBj6KqrB20UnI.html|title=With ski jump, naval light combat aircraft takes off from INS Vikramaditya for 1st time|date=2020-01-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>

The expected official life of INS Vikramaditya is 40 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/mediawiki/index.php/INS_Vikramaditya-Class_Indian_Aircraft_Carrier|title=INS Vikramaditya-Class Indian Aircraft Carrier| website=Odin US Army TRADOC |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-will-serve-navy-for-30-years/article4996525.ece|title=“INS Vikramaditya will serve Navy for 30 years”|date=7 August 2013|author=S. Anandan|access-date=31 August 2022|publisher=The Hindu Online}}</ref>

|Current Chief of Staff, [[Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aircraft-carrier-INS-Vikramaditya-gets-a-new-commanding-officer/articleshow/49638095.cms|title=Aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya gets a new commanding officer|website=The Times of India|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

|Current Flag Officer Commanding Gujarat Naval Area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/1000581081215655938|title=Capt Puruvir Das assumes command of India's only aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya|last=SpokespersonNavy|date=26 May 2018|website=@indiannavy|language=en|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

On 17 January 2018, ''Vikramaditya'' was ceremonially affiliated to the following formations:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/affiliation-ins-vikramaditya-bihar-regiment-and-no-6-squadron-indian-air-force|title=Indian Navy Press Release, dated 18 January 2018.|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>  

On 10 June 2016, while undergoing a scheduled major refit of INS ''Vikramaditya'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Vikramaditya-aircraft-carrier-accident-2-killed/articleshow/52693139.cms|title=Accident on aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya, 2 killed|website=The Times of India|date=10 June 2016|access-date=14 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160612133212/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Vikramaditya-aircraft-carrier-accident-2-killed/articleshow/52693139.cms|archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> two people were killed by a toxic gas leak that occurred during maintenance work in the Sewage Treatment Plant compartment of INS ''Vikramaditya'' at [[Karwar, Karnataka|Karwar]]. Two other people were injured and taken to the naval hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-killed-in-toxic-gas-leak-on-board-ins-vikramaditya/story-l3XDbxZ5WgO3kjB9FPh9iI.html|title=Two killed in toxic gas leak on board INS Vikramaditya|date=10 June 2016|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614032708/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-killed-in-toxic-gas-leak-on-board-ins-vikramaditya/story-l3XDbxZ5WgO3kjB9FPh9iI.html|archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ins-vikramaditya-gas-leak-two-dead-2846078/|title=Two killed on board INS Vikramaditya after toxic gas leak |date=10 June 2016|website=The Indian Express |access-date=14 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613101733/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ins-vikramaditya-gas-leak-two-dead-2846078/|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

On 26 April 2019, one naval officer died of smoke inhalation at Karwar's naval hospital [[INHS Patanjali]] and seven others were injured after fighting a fire that erupted in the boiler room of ''Vikramaditya'' on her course to INS Kadamba.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/26/naval-officer-dies-while-fighting-fire-on-board-ins-vikramaditya-probe-ordered-1969318.html|title=Naval officer dies while fighting fire on board INS Vikramaditya, probe ordered |date=26 April 2019|work=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

On 20 July 2022, a fire broke out during a planned sortie for conduct of sea trials off Karwar in Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka, no casualties are reported. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Naik |first1=Yogesh |title=Incident of fire reported onboard aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fire-incident-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-8042182/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |agency=The Indian Express |date=20 July 2022}}</ref>

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