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In 1825, he was sent to [[Khandesh]], where he trained a [[light infantry]] corps, formed of the [[Bhil]]s, a tribe native to the densely forested hills of that region. He gained over them a marvellous personal influence, and employed them with great success in checking outrages and plunder. Their loyalty to him had its principal source in their admiration of his hunting achievements, which in cool daring and hairbreadth escapes have perhaps never been equalled. Originally a puny lad, and for many years after his arrival in [[India]] subject to constant attacks of sickness, Outram seemed to gain strength by every new illness, eventually acquiring a strong constitution and "nerves of steel, shoulders and muscles worthy of a six-foot [[Gaels|Highlander]]."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | In 1825, he was sent to [[Khandesh]], where he trained a [[light infantry]] corps, formed of the [[Bhil]]s, a tribe native to the densely forested hills of that region. He gained over them a marvellous personal influence, and employed them with great success in checking outrages and plunder. Their loyalty to him had its principal source in their admiration of his hunting achievements, which in cool daring and hairbreadth escapes have perhaps never been equalled. Originally a puny lad, and for many years after his arrival in [[India]] subject to constant attacks of sickness, Outram seemed to gain strength by every new illness, eventually acquiring a strong constitution and "nerves of steel, shoulders and muscles worthy of a six-foot [[Gaels|Highlander]]."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | ||
==Gujarat and | ==Gujarat and Sindh campaigns== | ||
In 1835 he was sent to [[Gujarat]] to make a report on the [[Mahi Kantha]] district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Afghan War]] in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane|John Keane]], and went to [[Afghanistan]], where he conducted various raids against [[Afghans|Afghan]] tribes and performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing a banner of the enemy before [[Ghazni]]. In 1839, he was promoted to [[Major]] and appointed political agent in Lower Sindh, later being moved to [[Upper Sind Frontier District|Upper Sindh]] (at this time, Gujarat and Sindh were both under the [[Bombay Presidency]]). While in Sindh, he strongly opposed the policy of his superior, Sir [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]], which led to the annexation of | In 1835 he was sent to [[Gujarat]] to make a report on the [[Mahi Kantha]] district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Afghan War]] in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane|John Keane]], and went to [[Afghanistan]], where he conducted various raids against [[Afghans|Afghan]] tribes and performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing a banner of the enemy before [[Ghazni]]. In 1839, he was promoted to [[Major]] and appointed political agent in Lower Sindh, later being moved to [[Upper Sind Frontier District|Upper Sindh]] (at this time, Gujarat and Sindh were both under the [[Bombay Presidency]]). While in Sindh, he strongly opposed the policy of his superior, Sir [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]], which led to the annexation of Sindh into British India. However, when war broke out, he heroically defended the residency at [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] against 8000 [[Baloch people|Baluchis]], causing Sir Charles Napier to describe him as the "[[Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard|Bayard]] of India." On his return from a short visit to England in 1843, he was, with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, appointed to a command in the [[Maharashtra|Mahratta]] country, and in 1847 he was transferred from [[Satara (city)|Satara]] to [[Baroda]], where he incurred the resentment of the Bombay government by his fearless exposure of corruption.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | ||
==Lucknow - 1854== | ==Lucknow - 1854== | ||
[[File:SirJamesOutram.jpg|thumb]] | [[File:SirJamesOutram.jpg|thumb]] | ||
In 1854 he was appointed resident at [[Lucknow]], in which capacity two years later he carried out the annexation of [[Oudh]] and became the first chief commissioner of that province. Appointed in 1857, with the rank of lieutenant-general, to command an expedition against [[Persia]] during the [[Anglo-Persian War]], he defeated the | In 1854 he was appointed resident at [[Lucknow]], in which capacity two years later he carried out the annexation of [[Oudh]] and became the first chief commissioner of that province. Appointed in 1857, with the rank of lieutenant-general, to command an expedition against [[Persia]] during the [[Anglo-Persian War]], he defeated the Persian forces in February 1857 after an attempted ambush by their commander [[Khanlar Mirza]] at [[Battle_of_Khushab|Khushab]]. Outram conducted the campaign with such rapid decision that peace was concluded by the [[Treaty_of_Paris_(1857)|Treaty of Paris]] in March 1857, his services being rewarded by the grand cross of the Bath.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Later that year, the Governor-General's wife, [[Charlotte_Canning,_Countess_Canning|Lady Canning]] was unimpressed with him when he stayed at Government House in August 1857: she recorded that ‘he is a very common looking little dark Jewish bearded man, with a desponding slow hesitating manner, very unlike descriptions — or rather the idea raised in one’s mind by the old Bombay name the “Bayard of the East” . . . He is not the least my idea of a hero.’<ref>{{cite book |last1=David |first1=Saul |title=The Indian Mutiny : 1857 |date=2002 |publisher=Viking |location=London |isbn=0670911372}}</ref> | ||
From Persia he was summoned in June to India, with the brief explanation "We want all our best men here". It was said of him at this time that a fox is a fool and a lion a coward by the side of Sir J. Outram. Immediately on his arrival in [[Calcutta]] he was appointed to command the two divisions of the Bengal army occupying the country from Calcutta to [[Cawnpore]]; and to the military control was also joined the commissionership of Oudh. Already hostilities had assumed such proportions as to compel [[Henry Havelock]] to fall back on Cawnpore, which he held only with difficulty, although a speedy advance was necessary to save the garrison at Lucknow. On arriving at Cawnpore with reinforcements, Outram, in admiration of the brilliant deeds of General Havelock, conceded to him the glory of relieving Lucknow, and, waiving his rank, tendered his services to him as a volunteer. During the advance he commanded a troop of volunteer cavalry, and performed exploits of great brilliancy at [[Mangalwar]], and in the attack at the [[Alambagh]]; and in the final conflict he led the way, charging through a very tempest of fire. The volunteer cavalry unanimously voted him the [[Victoria Cross]], but he refused the choice on the grounds that he was ineligible as the general under whom they served. Resuming supreme command, he then held the town till the arrival of Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]], after which he conducted the evacuation of the residency so as completely to deceive the enemy. In the second capture of Lucknow, on the commander-in-chief's return, Outram was entrusted with the attack on the side of the [[Gomti]], and afterwards, having recrossed the river, he advanced through the [[Chattar Manzil]] to take the residency, thus, in the words of Colin Campbell, putting the finishing stroke on the enemy. After the capture of Lucknow he was gazetted lieutenant-general.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | From Persia he was summoned in June to India, with the brief explanation "We want all our best men here". It was said of him at this time that a fox is a fool and a lion a coward by the side of Sir J. Outram. Immediately on his arrival in [[Calcutta]] he was appointed to command the two divisions of the Bengal army occupying the country from Calcutta to [[Cawnpore]]; and to the military control was also joined the commissionership of Oudh. Already hostilities had assumed such proportions as to compel [[Henry Havelock]] to fall back on Cawnpore, which he held only with difficulty, although a speedy advance was necessary to save the garrison at Lucknow. On arriving at Cawnpore with reinforcements, Outram, in admiration of the brilliant deeds of General Havelock, conceded to him the glory of relieving Lucknow, and, waiving his rank, tendered his services to him as a volunteer. During the advance he commanded a troop of volunteer cavalry, and performed exploits of great brilliancy at [[Mangalwar]], and in the attack at the [[Alambagh]]; and in the final conflict he led the way, charging through a very tempest of fire. The volunteer cavalry unanimously voted him the [[Victoria Cross]], but he refused the choice on the grounds that he was ineligible as the general under whom they served. Resuming supreme command, he then held the town till the arrival of Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]], after which he conducted the evacuation of the residency so as completely to deceive the enemy. In the second capture of Lucknow, on the commander-in-chief's return, Outram was entrusted with the attack on the side of the [[Gomti]], and afterwards, having recrossed the river, he advanced through the [[Chattar Manzil]] to take the residency, thus, in the words of Colin Campbell, putting the finishing stroke on the enemy. After the capture of Lucknow he was gazetted lieutenant-general.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} | ||
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==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
[[File:Statue of Sir James Outram in Calcutta by Francis Frith.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Sir James Outram at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], now in garden of [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]], Kolkata]] | [[File:Statue of Sir James Outram in Calcutta by Francis Frith.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Sir James Outram at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], now in garden of [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]], Kolkata]] | ||
A memorial to Outram was erected in [[Westminster Abbey]] in 1863 to the designs of [[Matthew Noble]].<ref>Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis p.275</ref> | |||
*[[Autram Ghat]] is in the [[Satmala Range]] in Khandesh, that connects [[Aurangabad]] and [[Chalisgaon]] in [[Maharashtra]]. | *[[Autram Ghat]] is in the [[Satmala Range]] in Khandesh, that connects [[Aurangabad]] and [[Chalisgaon]] in [[Maharashtra]]. | ||
*[[Outram Street]] is a street near [[Kings Park, Western Australia|King's Park]] in [[Perth]], Australia, named after Sir James Outram. Two other nearby streets (Colin Street and Havelock Street) are named in honour of Generals concerned in the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm |title= | *[[Outram Street]] is a street near [[Kings Park, Western Australia|King's Park]] in [[Perth]], Australia, named after Sir James Outram. Two other nearby streets (Colin Street and Havelock Street) are named in honour of Generals concerned in the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm |title=Perth for Everyone: Perth's City Street Names |access-date=2017-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134749/http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/Perth/perth_names_street.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Jamesabad]], [[Pakistan]] is a town in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of Pakistan which was named after Sir James Outram during the [[British Raj]]. | *[[Jamesabad]], [[Pakistan]] is a town in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of Pakistan which was named after Sir James Outram during the [[British Raj]]. | ||
* [[Outram, Singapore]] is an area of the city of [[Singapore]] named after [[Outram Road]] which was named in Sir James' honour in 1858. The nearby MRT station is [[Outram Park]]. | * [[Outram, Singapore]] is an area of the city of [[Singapore]] named after [[Outram Road]] which was named in Sir James' honour in 1858. The nearby MRT station is [[Outram Park]]. | ||
* [[Outram, New Zealand]] is a small town near [[Dunedin]]. It was named after Sir James by [[John Richardson (New Zealand politician)|Sir John Richardson]].<ref>Reed, A.W. ''Place Names of New Zealand'', Wellington, A.H. & A.W. Reed (1975)</ref> | * [[Outram, New Zealand]] is a small town near [[Dunedin]]. It was named after Sir James by [[John Richardson (New Zealand politician)|Sir John Richardson]].<ref>Reed, A.W. ''Place Names of New Zealand'', Wellington, A.H. & A.W. Reed (1975)</ref> | ||
* Outram Road in Croydon, south London, is named after Outram. The road is near [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] which trained officers for the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Addiscombe and the H.O.M.E Roads|url=http://www.home.addiscombe.net/#!history/cjn9|website=H.O.M.E. Residents' Association|access-date=2 February | * Outram Road in Croydon, south London, is named after Outram. The road is near [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] which trained officers for the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Addiscombe and the H.O.M.E Roads|url=http://www.home.addiscombe.net/#!history/cjn9|website=H.O.M.E. Residents' Association|access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> | ||
*The [[Outram Ghat]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, has been named after General Outram. | *The [[Outram Ghat]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, has been named after General Outram. | ||
* Outram Lines, [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, India | * Outram Lines, [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, India | ||
* Outram Road in Southsea, Hampshire, United Kingdom is named for Sir James Outram. | * Outram Road in Southsea, Hampshire, United Kingdom is named for Sir James Outram. | ||
* Outram Hall, named after Sir James Outram, is located across from the popular Murrays Bay beach on Auckland's North Shore in New Zealand | * Outram Hall, named after Sir James Outram, is located across from the popular Murrays Bay beach on Auckland's North Shore in New Zealand. | ||
* Outram Street, [[Ripley, Derbyshire]], United Kingdom, is a street in the neighbouring Village to where Sir James Outram was born, named in 1861 to honour his legacy. | |||
==Fictional portrayals== | ==Fictional portrayals== | ||