Muhammad Zafarullah Khan: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}

| birth_place      = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]<br />(now [[Sialkot, Pakistan]])

'''[[Chaudhry]] Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد ظفر اللہ خان}}}}&lrm;; 6 February 1893 – 1 September 1985) was a Pakistani [[jurist]] and [[diplomat]] who served as the first [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan]]. After serving as foreign minister he continued his international career and is the only [[Pakistani]] to preside over the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref name="icj-cij">{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=2&p3=2|title=All Members&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;International Court of Justice|publisher=icj-cij.org|access-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205041546/http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=2&p3=2|archive-date=5 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also served as the President of the [[UN General Assembly]]. He is the only person to date to serve as the President of both UN General Assembly and the International Court of Justice.

<ref name="alislam.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.alislam.org/library/zafar1.html | title=Brief Life Sketch of Chaudhry Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan | access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="un">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/president/index.shtml|title=Presidents of the General Assembly of the United Nations|publisher=un.org|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>

Khan became one of the most vocal proponents of Pakistan and led the case for the separate nation in the [[Radcliffe Commission]] which drew the countries of modern-day South Asia. He moved to [[Karachi]] in August 1947 and became a member of Pakistan's first cabinet serving as the country's debut foreign minister under the [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Liaquat administration]]. He remained Pakistan's top diplomat until 1954 when he left to serve on the [[International Court of Justice]] and remained on the court as a judge until 1958 when he became the court's vice president. He left the [[International Court of Justice|Hague]] in 1961 to become the [[Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations]], a position he served until 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chaudhry Sir Muhammad Zafaullah Khan - Nusrat Jahan College|url = http://njc.edu.pk/chaudhry-sir-muhammad-zafarullah-khan/|website = njc.edu.pk|access-date = 2016-02-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160223042131/http://njc.edu.pk/chaudhry-sir-muhammad-zafarullah-khan/|archive-date = 23 February 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>

During his time at the UN, he also represented the [[State of Palestine]] in a ''[[de facto]]'' capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A forgotten hero|url = http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/07/25/comment/a-forgotten-hero/|access-date = 2016-02-15}}</ref> He left the UN in 1964 to return to the [[International Court of Justice|ICJ]] and, in 1970, he became the first and only Pakistani to serve as the [[President of the International Court of Justice]], a position he maintained until 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|title = All Judges ad hoc {{!}} International Court of Justice|url = http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en|website = www.icj-cij.org|access-date = 2016-02-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220629/http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en|archive-date = 3 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> He returned to Pakistan and retired in [[Lahore]] where he died in 1985 at the age of 92. Khan is considered one of the leading [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|founding fathers of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = A nation that forgets its heroes will itself soon be forgotten – The Express Tribune Blog|url = http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/24636/a-nation-that-forgets-its-heroes-will-itself-soon-be-forgotten/|website = blogs.tribune.com.pk|access-date = 2016-02-15}}</ref> and a prominent figure in Pakistan.<ref name="FactsAreFacts">{{cite web | url=http://www.awaminationalparty.org/books/factsarefacts.pdf | title=Facts are Facts: The Untold Story of India's Partition | access-date=9 March 2011 | author=Khan, Wali | pages=40–42 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219220847/http://www.awaminationalparty.org/books/factsarefacts.pdf | archive-date=19 December 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He authored several books on Islam both in [[Urdu]] and English.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Muhammad Zafrulla Khan|url = https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/46377.Muhammad_Zafrulla_Khan|website = Goodreads|access-date = 2016-02-15}}</ref>

Chaudhry Zafarullah Khan was born on 6 February 1893 in the City of Sialkot in [[Sialkot District]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Mhammad Zafarullah|title=My Mother|publisher=The London Mosque|year=1981|location=16 Gressenhall Road London SW18|pages=1–3}}</ref> His family were [[Zamindar]]s of [[Sahi clan|Sahi]] [[Jat Muslim|Jat]] extraction based around [[Daska]] and were of the headman of their village the other being a Sahi [[Jat Sikh|Sikh Sardar]]. Khan's family had suffered a decline during the Sikh era due to government favoritism towards Sikhs and the early death of his Great Grandfather which resulted in his grandfather, Chaudhry Sikandar Khan to become the [[village head]]man in his adolescence.  However, over time, Chaudhry Sikander Khan regained much of the family's status and became a widely respected around Daska.<ref name=":0" /> Sikandar Khan's son and Zafarullah Khan's father, Chaudhry Nasrullah Khan became part of the first wave of Landed Gentry of Sialkot to receive a western education and became one of the most prominent lawyers of Sialkot district. Both of his parents were deeply religious Qadianis (Ahmadis) and followers of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], founder of the [[Ahmadiyya Movement|Ahmadiyya movement]].

He studied at [[Government College, Lahore]] and received his L.L.B. from [[King's College London]], in 1914. He was called to the bar at [[Lincoln's Inn]], London. He practised law in Sialkot and Lahore, became a member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Legislative Council]] in 1926.<ref name="alislam.org" /><ref>'' The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrullah Khan by Columbia University p. 1,238'' {{cite web | url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Sir-Zafrulla-Khan-Interviews.pdf | title=THE REMINISCENCES OF SIR MUHAMMAD ZAFRULLA KHAN |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi in London meeting, 1931.jpg|thumb|The Second Round Table Conference, 7 September 1931, with Zafarullah Khan seated to the rear of the table (closest to the camera)]]

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan have practiced law in [[Colonial India]]. He was the counsel for [[Ahmadiyya]] cause in two landmark judgement in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-17|title=Ahmadis and an unsung hero|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ahmadis-and-an-unsung-hero-2979431/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The two case are the 1916, the [[Patna High Court]] gave a verdict on ''Hakim Khalil Ahmad Vs. Malik Israfil case''  this gave Ahamadis to use religious places of [[Islam]] for prayers.<ref>{{Citation|last=Parolin|first=Gianluca P.|title=Notes|date=2009|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46ms9p.11|work=Citizenship in the Arab World|pages=131–142|series=Kin, Religion and Nation-State|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|jstor=j.ctt46ms9p.11|isbn=978-90-8964-045-1|access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Naveeda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-HfCgAAQBAJ|title=Beyond Crisis: Re-evaluating Pakistan|date=2012-04-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51759-4|language=en}}</ref> and the 1922, [[Madras High Court]] verdict on ''Narantakath Avullah v. Parakkal Mammu case'' in which court remarked [[Ahmadiyya]] as a part of [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De|first=Rohit|date=November 2010|title=The Two Husbands of Vera Tiscenko: Apostasy, Conversion, and Divorce in Late Colonial India|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/two-husbands-of-vera-tiscenko-apostasy-conversion-and-divorce-in-late-colonial-india/155F099E59012CB08514B2B5A2740E61|journal=Law and History Review|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|pages=1011–1041|doi=10.1017/S0738248010000751|s2cid=145719142|issn=1939-9022}}</ref>

From 1935 to 1941, he was a member of the Executive Council of the [[Viceroy of India]]. [[Lord Linlithgow|Sir Zafarullah Khan]] prepared a note on future of dominion status of India analyzing the future prospects of "Dominion Status".<ref name="note1">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6LsF-c2Z-WlQjZKU19yVjhuVWM/view Note]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Note by Sir Zafarullah Khan on Dominion Status|series=MSS EUR F125/135|publisher=British Library|pages=117–150|publication-date=6 March 1940}}</ref> It took into account concerns of Muslims and ultimately proposed a plan for division of subcontinent. This note was sent to [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lord Zetland]], [[Secretary of State for India]], as referred in a letter<ref>[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OxMBfg7FQk8fYioJq9BOtJX5gCkZP9tU/view letter]</ref> by [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]] dated 12 March1940.

{{Quotation|It is a matter of great sorrow that, mainly through mistaken notions of zeal, the Muslims have during the period of decline earned for themselves an unenviable reputation for intolerance. But that is not the fault of Islam. Islam has from the beginning proclaimed and inculcated the widest tolerance. For instance, so far as freedom of conscience is concerned the Quran says "There shall be no compulsion" of faith...<ref>{{cite web | url=http://arunshourie.voiceofdharma.com/articles/19970721.htm | title=Surely, the Basic Lesson Flows from the Basic Premise | access-date=10 March 2011 | author=Shourie, Arun}}</ref>|Muhammad Zafarullah Khan||addressing the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, c. 1949}}

{{Quotation|"He was indeed a champion of the Arab cause and his ceaseless efforts whether among the Muslim and non-aligned countries or at the International Court of Justice will remain forever a shining example of a great man truly dedicated to our faith and civilization."|''Review of Religions'', September/October 1986, pg. 6}}

{{Quotation|"In fact, it was not possible for any Arab, however capable and competent he may be, to serve the cause of Palestine in a manner in which this distinguished and great man dedicated himself. What was the result of the debate in the United Nations is another matter. But, it must be acknowledged that Mohammad Zafrulla Khan occupies a pre-eminent position in defending the Palestinians in this dispute. We expect from all Arabs and followers of Islam that they will never forget this great Muslim fighter. After Palestine, the services of this man for the independence of Libya also deserves admiration. In the United Nations, his struggle for the rights of Arabs formed the basis of firm and lasting friendship between us."|''Al-Sabah'', 10 October 1985}}

{{Quotation|"He earned the abiding respect and admiration of the Arab and other Muslim nations as a defender of their interests."| ''Dawn'' editorial, 3 September 1985}}

*{{cite book|title = Hazrat Maulvi Nooruddeen Khalifatul Masih I |publisher = Islam International Publications|year = 2006|pages = 350|isbn = 1-85372-848-9 |url = http://www.alislam.org/library/books/HazratMaulviNooruddeen.pdf |access-date=19 February 2014}}

*{{cite book|title = Islam and Human Rights |publisher = Islam International Publications|year = 1967|pages = 79|isbn = 1-85372-040-2 |url = http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Islam-HR.pdf |access-date=19 February 2014}}

*{{cite web|url=http://www.zafrullahkhan.weebly.com/|title=Sir Chaudhry Muhammad&nbsp;Zafrullah Khan (ra) – Home|publisher=zafrullahkhan.weebly.com|access-date=4 September 2014}}

[[Category:Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India]]