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Aslam Khan (Pakistani brigadier): Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Pakistani military officer}} | {{short description|Pakistani military officer}} | ||
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April | {{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2022}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox military person | {{Infobox military person | ||
|name = Muhammad Aslam Khan | |name = Muhammad Aslam Khan | ||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1918|8|27}} | | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1918|8|27}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] {{small|(now [[India]])}} | | birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] {{small|(now [[India]])}} | ||
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1994|10|12}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|10|12|1918|8|27}} | ||
|death_place= [[Skardu]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Pakistan]] | |death_place= [[Skardu]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Pakistan]] | ||
|image=Aslam Khan (Pakistani brigadier).jpg | |image=Aslam Khan (Pakistani brigadier).jpg | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
|relations= father: [[Rehmatullah Khan (Jammu and Kashmir)|Rehmatullah Khan]]<br/> | |relations= father: [[Rehmatullah Khan (Jammu and Kashmir)|Rehmatullah Khan]]<br/> | ||
brother: [[Asghar Khan]] | brother: [[Asghar Khan]] | ||
|allegiance=[[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953). | |allegiance=[[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|23px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br/>{{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]]<br/>{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] | ||
|branch=[[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953). | |branch=[[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|23px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]<br/>{{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]]<br/>{{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]] | ||
|serviceyears= 1939–1963 | |serviceyears= 1939–1963 | ||
|rank=[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] | |rank=[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
*[[Burma Campaign 1944]] | *[[Burma Campaign 1944]] | ||
[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947]] | [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947]] | ||
*[[Siege of Skardu]] | |||
|awards=[[Military Cross]]<br>[[Hilal-e-Jurat]] | |awards=[[Military Cross]]<br>[[Hilal-e-Jurat]] | ||
|laterwork= [[Shangrila Resort]] | |laterwork= [[Shangrila Resort]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Brigadier]] '''Muhammad Aslam Khan''' (1918–1994<ref name=Nation>Muqeet Malik, [https://nation.com.pk/21-Aug-2015/the-legend-of-baltistan-brigadier-muhammad-aslam-khan The Legend of Baltistan: Brigadier Muhammad Aslam Khan], The Nation, 21 August 2015.</ref>) was a Pakistani military officer, who led the [[Gilgit Scouts]] and Azad rebels in the [[First Kashmir War]]. Using the ''nom de guerre'' of 'Colonel Pasha', he organised a force of 1200 rebels and local recruits in [[Gilgit]], and led an attack on the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces|State Forces]] from the north, conquering [[Skardu]] and [[Kargil]] and advancing within 30 miles of [[Leh]].{{sfn|India, 1947–50: External Affairs|1959|p=493}} Even though the Indian Army eventually repulsed the attack beyond Kargil, Skardu remained part of the rebel territory, coming under [[Pakistan]]i control at the end of the war. | [[Brigadier]] '''Muhammad Aslam Khan''' (1918–1994<ref name=Nation>Muqeet Malik, [https://nation.com.pk/21-Aug-2015/the-legend-of-baltistan-brigadier-muhammad-aslam-khan The Legend of Baltistan: Brigadier Muhammad Aslam Khan], The Nation, 21 August 2015.</ref>) was a Pakistani military officer, who led the [[Gilgit Scouts]] and Azad rebels in the [[First Kashmir War]]. Using the ''nom de guerre'' of ''''Colonel Pasha'''<nowiki/>', he organised a force of 1200 rebels and local recruits in [[Gilgit]], and led an attack on the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces|State Forces]] from the north, conquering [[Skardu]] and [[Kargil]] and advancing within 30 miles of [[Leh]].{{sfn|India, 1947–50: External Affairs|1959|p=493}} Even though the Indian Army eventually repulsed the attack beyond Kargil, Skardu remained part of the rebel territory, coming under [[Pakistan]]i control at the end of the war. | ||
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
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Aslam Khan was commissioned into the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces in 1939. He was part of the 4th Jammu and Kashmir Infantry battalion (also called the "Fateh Shibji" battalion) He was posted at [[Rattu]] in the Gilgit Wazarat for two years.{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001|p=359}} | Aslam Khan was commissioned into the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces in 1939. He was part of the 4th Jammu and Kashmir Infantry battalion (also called the "Fateh Shibji" battalion) He was posted at [[Rattu]] in the Gilgit Wazarat for two years.{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001|p=359}} | ||
With the outbreak of the [[World War II]], the 4th Jammu and Kashmir Infantry, was sent to [[Burma]] to fight the Japanese as part of the [[British Imperial Forces]]. Aslam Khan distinguished himself in the attack on the [[Kennedy Peak (Myanmar)|Kennedy Peak]] and was awarded a [[Military Cross]].{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001|p=359}}{{sfn|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|pp=189–190}} The victory celebrations were held jointly with the First Punjabis of the British Indian Army, and Aslam Khan danced with Major Daler Singh Bajwa of the State Forces and Major Gul Rehman of First Punjabis. The camaraderie between the men of all religions was taken for granted in 1945.<ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=Nothing But!: Book Two: the Long Road to Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj-VAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |year=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing | | With the outbreak of the [[World War II]], the 4th Jammu and Kashmir Infantry, was sent to [[Burma]] to fight the Japanese as part of the [[British Imperial Forces]]. Aslam Khan distinguished himself in the attack on the [[Kennedy Peak (Myanmar)|Kennedy Peak]] and was awarded a [[Military Cross]].{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001|p=359}}{{sfn|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|pp=189–190}} The victory celebrations were held jointly with the First Punjabis of the British Indian Army, and Aslam Khan danced with Major Daler Singh Bajwa of the State Forces and Major Gul Rehman of First Punjabis. The camaraderie between the men of all religions was taken for granted in 1945.<ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=Nothing But!: Book Two: the Long Road to Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj-VAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |year=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1474-3 |pages=455–}}</ref> | ||
After returning from the war, Aslam Khan was posted to [[Jammu]] with the rank of a Major. Captain [[Mirza Hassan Khan]] at [[Bhimber]], another winner of Military Cross, mentions the formation of a 'revolutionary council' among the army officers, of which he was the chairman. Its members planned to overthrow the Maharaja's government after the departure of the British by attacking the local garrisons. Major Aslam Khan was said to have been part of the group, meant to take charge in Jammu.{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001|p=366}} | After returning from the war, Aslam Khan was posted to [[Jammu]] with the rank of a Major. Captain [[Mirza Hassan Khan]] at [[Bhimber]], another winner of Military Cross, mentions the formation of a 'revolutionary council' among the army officers, of which he was the chairman. Its members planned to overthrow the Maharaja's government after the departure of the British by attacking the local garrisons. Major Aslam Khan was said to have been part of the group, meant to take charge in Jammu.{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001|p=366}} | ||
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Soon afterwards, Aslam Khan decided to move to the [[British Indian Army]]. He was posted to [[Ranchi]] as G-II. During the [[Partition of India|Partition]], he opted for Pakistan.{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001|p=359}} | Soon afterwards, Aslam Khan decided to move to the [[British Indian Army]]. He was posted to [[Ranchi]] as G-II. During the [[Partition of India|Partition]], he opted for Pakistan.{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001|p=359}} | ||
== Pakistan army and | == Pakistan army and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir == | ||
=== Tribal invasion of Kashmir === | === Tribal invasion of Kashmir === | ||
[[File:J&K02low.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Indian defence of the Kashmir Valley 27 October 1947 – 17 November 1947]] | [[File:J&K02low.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Indian defence of the Kashmir Valley 27 October 1947 – 17 November 1947]] | ||
| Line 52: | Line 53: | ||
In the [[Gilgit Agency]] at the north of Jammu and Kashmir, the [[Gilgit Scouts]] under the command of [[William Brown (British Army officer)|Major William Brown]] rebelled on 1 November 1947 and imprisoned the State's governor Brigadier Ghansara Singh. The Muslim troops of the [[Bunji, Pakistan|Bunji]] garrison under the command of [[Mirza Hassan Khan]] joined them, and the non-Muslims were eliminated. On 16 November, Pakistan sent a Political Agent Khan Mohammad Alam Khan to take control, bringing Gilgit under the effective control of Pakistan.{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001}} | In the [[Gilgit Agency]] at the north of Jammu and Kashmir, the [[Gilgit Scouts]] under the command of [[William Brown (British Army officer)|Major William Brown]] rebelled on 1 November 1947 and imprisoned the State's governor Brigadier Ghansara Singh. The Muslim troops of the [[Bunji, Pakistan|Bunji]] garrison under the command of [[Mirza Hassan Khan]] joined them, and the non-Muslims were eliminated. On 16 November, Pakistan sent a Political Agent Khan Mohammad Alam Khan to take control, bringing Gilgit under the effective control of Pakistan.{{sfn|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001}} | ||
On 10 January 1948, Aslam Khan arrived in Gilgit to take command of the Gilgit Scouts. He presented the credentials the [[ | On 10 January 1948, Aslam Khan arrived in Gilgit to take command of the Gilgit Scouts. He presented the credentials the [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] government.{{sfn|F. M. Khan, The Story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral|2002|p=84}} Writer F. M. Khan states: | ||
{{blockquote|He was very shrewd and intelligent officer. He was blunt and direct in his approach. In his first meeting with the political agent at the Agency House, he had made it very clear that he [would] not tolerate any interference from the political agent in the military matters. Sardar Alam and Major Brown looked at each other; their dreams had been shattered.{{sfn|F. M. Khan, The Story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral|2002|p=84}}}} | {{blockquote|He was very shrewd and intelligent officer. He was blunt and direct in his approach. In his first meeting with the political agent at the Agency House, he had made it very clear that he [would] not tolerate any interference from the political agent in the military matters. Sardar Alam and Major Brown looked at each other; their dreams had been shattered.{{sfn|F. M. Khan, The Story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral|2002|p=84}}}} | ||
The British High Commission in India immediately connected the name Aslam Khan with the erstwhile second-in-command of the tribal invasion.{{sfn|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=27}} | The British High Commission in India immediately connected the name Aslam Khan with the erstwhile second-in-command of the tribal invasion.{{sfn|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=27}} | ||
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== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
* {{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing | | * {{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1625-9 |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharya, NOTHING BUT!, Book Three|2022}}}} | ||
* {{citation |first=William |last=Brown |title=Gilgit Rebellion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53BtBQAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword | | * {{citation |first=William |last=Brown |title=Gilgit Rebellion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53BtBQAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-4112-3 |ref={{sfnref|Brown, Gilgit Rebellion|2022}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Cheema |first=Brig Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers | | * {{citation |last=Cheema |first=Brig Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 |pages=51– |ref={{sfnref|Cheema, Crimson Chinar|2022}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |authorlink=Ahmad Hasan Dani |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications | | * {{citation |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |authorlink=Ahmad Hasan Dani |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1231-1 |ref={{sfnref|Dani, History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|2001}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=India |first=Government of |title=India, 1947-50: External affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tsw5AQAAIAAJ |year=1959 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|India, 1947–50: External Affairs|1959}}}} | * {{citation |last=India |first=Government of |title=India, 1947-50: External affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tsw5AQAAIAAJ |year=1959 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|India, 1947–50: External Affairs|1959}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |title=The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press | | * {{cite book |last=India |first=Government of |title=White Paper on Jammu & Kashmir |date=1948 |publisher=Government of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obwBAAAAMAAJ |ref=CITEREFGovernment_of_India,_White_Paper_on_Jammu_&_Kashmir1948}} | ||
** {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |authorlink=Prem Shankar Jha |title=Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBORQgAACAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press | | * {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |title=The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566486-7 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2022}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Khan |first=F. M. |title=The Story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral: A short history of two millenniums AD 7-1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0BuAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Eejaz |ref={{sfnref|F. M. Khan, The Story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral| | ** {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |authorlink=Prem Shankar Jha |title=Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBORQgAACAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563766-3 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Khan |first=F. M. |title=The Story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral: A short history of two millenniums AD 7-1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0BuAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Eejaz |ref={{sfnref|F. M. Khan, The Story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral|2022}}}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Palit |first=D. K. |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |year=1972 |publisher=Palit & Dutt |ref={{sfnref|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972}}}} | * {{citation |last=Palit |first=D. K. |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |year=1972 |publisher=Palit & Dutt |ref={{sfnref|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |authorlink=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |origyear=First published in 2000 | | * {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |authorlink=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |origyear=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2022}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |origyear=first published Lancer International 1990 | | * {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |origyear=first published Lancer International 1990 |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2022}} |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195332/http://brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead }} | ||
* {{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Kashmir: The Incredible Freedom-fight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFtuAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Jang Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Suharwardy, Kashmir: The Incredible Freedom-fight|1991}}}} | * {{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Kashmir: The Incredible Freedom-fight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFtuAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Jang Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Suharwardy, Kashmir: The Incredible Freedom-fight|1991}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Whitehead |first=Andrew |title=A Mission in Kashmir |url=http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/full-text-a-mission-in-kashmir.html |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin | | * {{cite book |last1=Suharwardy |first1=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |date=1983 |publisher=Wajidalis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |ref=CITEREFSuharwardy,_Tragedy_in_Kashmir1983}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Whitehead |first=Andrew |title=A Mission in Kashmir |url=http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/full-text-a-mission-in-kashmir.html |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-08127-1 |ref={{sfnref|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2022}}}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Zaheer |first1=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577892-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |ref=CITEREFZaheer,_The_Times_and_Trial_of_the_Rawalpindi_Conspiracy1998}} | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||