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 {{italic title}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
 {{Anushilan Samiti}}
 '''''Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others''''', colloquially referred to as the '''Alipore Bomb Case''', the '''Muraripukur conspiracy''', or the '''Manicktolla bomb conspiracy''', was a [[criminal case]] held in India in 1908. The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the [[Anushilan Samiti]]  in [[Calcutta]], under charges of "Waging war against the Government" of the [[British Raj]]. The trial was held at Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta, between May 1908 and May 1909. The trial followed in the wake of the attempt on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur by Bengali nationalists [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] in April 1908, which was recognised by the Bengal police as linked to attacks against the Raj in the preceding years, including attempts to derail the train carrying Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser in December 1907.
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 Political consciousness and opposition to [[British raj]] in Bengal had grown steadily over the last decades of the 1800s. By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. These included the ''[[Anushilan Samity]]'', founded by a Calcutta student named Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of the Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by a Bengalee lady by the name of [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], and a third one founded by [[Aurobindo Ghosh]]. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant nationalism at the time.<ref name="Sen244">{{Harvnb|Sen|2010|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghosh and a society started by Sarala Devi.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Having forsaken a potential career in the [[Indian Civil Service]], Ghosh had returned to India and taken up an academic post under the patronage of the Maharaja of [[Baroda state|Baroda]]. Here he came to develop a close relationship with Indian Maratha nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and through him the nationalist network in Maharashtra. Inspired by the histories of Italian and Irish nationalism, Aurobindo began preparing the grounds and network for an Indian nationalist revolution, in which he found support in Tilak. Aurobindo sought for source of military training to prepare for a revolution in the future.  His younger brother [[Barin Ghosh|Barin]] joined Aurobindo in Baroda. Baroda offered Barin to obtain training in military strategies and armed conflicts. In 1903, Aurobindo Ghosh sent his younger brother [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] to Calcutta to rally the nascent organisation. By 1905, the controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]] had a widespread political impact: it stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in the ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community in Bengal, and helped ''Anushilan'' acquire a support base among of educated, politically conscious and disaffected young in local youth societies throughout Bengal. The works of Aurobindo and his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] allowed ''Anushilan Samity'' to spread through Bengal.  ''Anushilan'' began a program of slowly building a support base, preparing slowly and steadily for a nationalist uprising, on the lines of the Italian ''[[Carbonari]]''.<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=133}}</ref>
-Aurobindo returned to Bengal in 1906, and with the assistance of [[Subodh Mallik]] and  [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of ''[[Jugantar (publication)|Jugantar]]'' and its English counterpart ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. After a slow start, the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes. Aurobindo, active in nationalist politics in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], increasingly became the prominent voice of radical nationalists including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Pal]] who advocated break-away from Britain and justified violent revolution as a means to this end. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and his brother Barin included ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]'', ''[[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar]]'' had a widespread impact among the youth of Bengal. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message, aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India, and justification of political violence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|pp=90–91}} "[Sanyal translates from ''Jugantar'':] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The ''Jugantar'' challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental ''critique'' of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The ''Jugantar'' ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</ref> The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined ''Anushilan Samiti'' cited the influence of ''Jugantar'' in their decisions.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} In 1907, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo faced prosecution for the message emanating from ''Bande Mataram'', with Pal being convicted. Meanwhile, ''Jugantar'' was also subject to close scrutiny.
+Aurobindo returned to Bengal in 1906, and with the assistance of [[Subodh Mallik]] and  [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of ''[[Jugantar (publication)|Jugantar]]'' and its English counterpart ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. After a slow start, the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes. Aurobindo, active in nationalist politics in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], increasingly became the prominent voice of radical nationalists including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Pal]] who advocated break-away from Britain and justified violent revolution as a means to this end. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and his brother Barin included ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]'', ''[[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar]]'' had a widespread impact among the youth of Bengal. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message, aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India, and justification of political violence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|pp=90–91}} "[Sanyal translates from ''Jugantar'':] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The ''Jugantar'' challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental ''critique'' of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The ''Jugantar'' ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</ref> The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined ''Anushilan Samiti'' cited the influence of ''Jugantar'' in their decisions.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} In 1907, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo faced prosecution for the message emanating from ''Bande Mataram'', with Pal being convicted. Meanwhile, ''Jugantar'' was also subject to close scrutiny.
 ===32 Muraripukur Garden House===
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 On 18 May, the accused were formally charged in the first hearing of ''Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others''. The charges included "organising to wage war against the government" and charging each individual accused with "waging war against the King". The prosecution was headed by Eardley Norton, a leading barrister of the then presidency of [[Madras]]. The hearing was assigned to the court of additional district magistrate, Leonard Birley, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|ICS]]. Birley started hearing evidence from the 222 witnesses even before formal charges had been pressed. Nearly 2000 material and documentary exhibits formed the evidence. In total, ultimately 49 stood accused. They were held separately from other prisoners. In the middle of June, the accused were transferred to a three-roomed wing at Alipore Jail, from where they were later moved to Ward 23 of Alipore jail.
-The hearings against the accused had continued through May with intermittent recesses. However, despite a considerable body of evidence against most of the accused, very little evidence existed against Aurobindo himself. The structure of ''Anushilan Samiti'' prevented the higher echelons of the organisation from becoming familiar to the junior ranks, and Aurobindo's involvement in the organisation and its activities were hard to pinpoint, except for a few letters and correspondences confiscated at Barin's Manicktolla garden house. These included letters Barin had written in 1907, initialled "A.G." proclaiming the time for distributing "sweets" across India, an euphemism for bombs of which the technology Hem Chandra had learnt in Paris. On the other hand, much of the aim of the prosecution was to gain conviction against Aurobindo, who was seen as the most dangerous individual driving the ''Samiti'' against the Raj.
+The hearings against the accused had continued through May with intermittent recesses. However, despite a considerable body of evidence against most of the accused, very little evidence existed against Aurobindo himself. The structure of ''Anushilan Samiti'' prevented the higher echelons of the organisation from becoming familiar to the junior ranks, and Aurobindo's involvement in the organisation and its activities were hard to pinpoint, except for a few letters and correspondences confiscated at Barin's Manicktolla garden house. These included letters Barin had written in 1907, initialled "A.G." proclaiming the time for distributing "sweets" across India, a euphemism for bombs of which the technology Hem Chandra had learnt in Paris. On the other hand, much of the aim of the prosecution was to gain conviction against Aurobindo, who was seen as the most dangerous individual driving the ''Samiti'' against the Raj.
 ===Murder of Naren Goswami===
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 On 19 October 1908, the hearing for the trial began at the court of Charles Poten Beachroft who served as the additional sessions judge of the District 24 Paraganas. Beechcroft and Aurobindo had previously entered the Indian Civil Service Examinations in England in the same year, where Aurobindo had ranked ahead of Beechcroft. The defence team was composed of 15 lawyers, barristers and pleaders. Aurobindo was initially represented by Byomkesh Chakravarty, a leading Calcutta barrister. In addition to the 1500 documents and material evidence, defence team entered further 54 items. However, Chakravarty was successfully able to challenge Norton's attempts to enter Goswami's testimony as evidence, and able to obtain Beachcroft's ruling that Birley broke the law in refusing to allow defence to cross-examine Goswami. The trial continued for a year (1908-1909). In all, 206 witnesses were called, around 400 documents were filed with the court, and more than 5000 exhibits were produced including bombs, revolvers, and acids. However, Chakravarty soon pulled out of Ghosh's defence team, as the funds failed to meet his fees. On the desperate appeal of Ghosh's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, the defence was taken over by [[Chittaranjan Das]], then still a [[junior barrister]]. Early in the trial, Barin and his fellow detainees from the Manicktolla ashram withdrew their confessions. Despite this, the scope lay to use their evidences against themselves. However, the prosecution's efforts to link Aurobindo to the group and to implicate him as the leader of the conspiracy began to unravel. With assassination of Naren Goswami, precious little remained to  link Aurobindo to the works of Barin's group other than his published views in ''Bande Mataram'' and ''Jugantar''. Das successfully argued that Aurobindo's thoughts and writings on independence were consistent with philosophical thoughts on liberty and freedom held by the English intelligentsia. On material evidences, Das alleged outright fabrication of documents by the police where these linked Aurobindo to the conspiracy.<ref name=Heehs2008p176>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=176}}</ref>
-Significantly, as the hearings proceeded through 1908 into 1909, the government of Bengal came to fear that ''Anushilan Samiti'' would mount a rescue mission to break out the undertrials. A noted rise in militant actions and assassinations linked to ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' in wider Bengal began to be reported, reaching the premises of the Alipore court as the hearings drew to a close. In November 1908, two assassinations were attempted in Calcutta two days apart, one targeting Chief of Police Andrew Fraser and the second where Nandalal Bannerjee --- the police officer who had arrested Prafulla Chaki --- was gunned down, both in public. That same month, a police informant was killed and mutilated in Dacca. A shaken Bengal government arrested and deported a number of ''Anushilan'' leaders, including [[Raja Subodh Mallik]], Aurobindo's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, and ''Bande Mataram'' editor Shyamsunder Chakravarty to Rangoon. In response, in March 1909, ''Anushilan'' assassinated public prosecutor Ashutosh Biswas when he was gunned down by Charu Bose in the very steps of the Alipore High court where the hearings were beginning to draw to a close.<ref name=Heehs2008p180>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=180}}</ref> The final arguments for prosecution and defence began amidst tight security at the end of March 1909. Das, closing his argument for defense, famously stated:{{blockquote|"''My appeal to you is this, that long after the controversy will be hushed in silence, long after this turmoil, the agitation will have ceased, long after he is dead and gone, he will be looked upon as the poet of patriotism, as the prophet of nationalism and the lover of humanity. Long after he is dead and gone, his words will be echoed and re-echoed, not only in India but across distant seas and lands. Therefore, I say that the man in his position is not only standing before the bar of this Court, but before the bar of the High Court of History. <br/> The time has come for you, sir, to consider your judgment and for you, gentlemen, to consider your verdict...''"}}
+Significantly, as the hearings proceeded through 1908 into 1909, the government of Bengal came to fear that ''Anushilan Samiti'' would mount a rescue mission to break out the undertrials. A noted rise in militant actions and assassinations linked to ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' in wider Bengal began to be reported, reaching the premises of the Alipore court as the hearings drew to a close. In November 1908, two assassinations were attempted in Calcutta two days apart, one targeting Chief of Police Andrew Fraser and the second where Nandalal Bannerjee --- the police officer who had arrested Prafulla Chaki --- was gunned down, both in public. That same month, a police informant was killed and mutilated in Dacca. A shaken Bengal government arrested and deported a number of ''Anushilan'' leaders, including [[Raja Subodh Mallik]], Aurobindo's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, and ''Bande Mataram'' editor Shyamsunder Chakravarty to Rangoon. In response, in March 1909, ''Anushilan'' assassinated public prosecutor Ashutosh Biswas when he was gunned down by [[Charu Chandra Bose]] in the very steps of the Alipore High court where the hearings were beginning to draw to a close.<ref name=Heehs2008p180>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=180}}</ref> The final arguments for prosecution and defence began amidst tight security at the end of March 1909. Das, closing his argument for defense, famously stated:{{blockquote|"''My appeal to you is this, that long after the controversy will be hushed in silence, long after this turmoil, the agitation will have ceased, long after he is dead and gone, he will be looked upon as the poet of patriotism, as the prophet of nationalism and the lover of humanity. Long after he is dead and gone, his words will be echoed and re-echoed, not only in India but across distant seas and lands. Therefore, I say that the man in his position is not only standing before the bar of this Court, but before the bar of the High Court of History. <br/> The time has come for you, sir, to consider your judgment and for you, gentlemen, to consider your verdict...''"}}
 ===The verdict===
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 The point is whether his writings & speeches, which in themselves seem to advocate nothing more than the regeneration of his country, taken with the facts proved against him in this case are sufficient to show that he was a member of the conspiracy. And taking all the evidence together I am of opinion that it falls short of such proof as would justify me in finding him guilty of so serious a charge.''"}}
-In his verdict, [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh|Barin Ghosh]] and Ullaskar Dutt were found guilty, and sentenced to death by hanging (later commuted to life imprisonment). Thirteen others, Upendra Nath Banerjee, Bibhuti Bhusan Sarkar, Hrishikesh Kanjilal, Birendra Sen, Sudhir Sarkar, Indra Nundy, Abinash Bhattacharjee, Soilendra Bose, Hem Chunder Das, Indu Bhusan Roy, Poresh Mullick, Sishir Ghosh, Nirapado Roy were sentenced to transportation for life and forfeiture of all property. Three others, Poresh Mullick, Sishir Ghosh, Nirapado Roy were sentenced to ten years incarceration along with forfeiture of property. A further three Asoke Nundy, Balkrishna Kane, Susil Sen were sentenced to seven years jail terms. Seventeen, including Aurobindo, were found not guilty. One defendant, Kristo Jibon Sanyal, was sentenced to one-year rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=SAA/> Two of the 17 acquitted, Dharaninath Gupta & Nagendranath Gupta, were already undergoing a 7-year sentence for conviction in the Harrison Road case, so they were not released.<ref name=SAA/> Probash Chunder Dey was re-arrested on a [[sedition]] charge under Section 124A, in connection with the publication of the book "Desh Acharjya".<ref name=SAA/> The verdict on Aurobindo was passed last. Beechcroft highlighted the lack of concrete evidence linking Aurobindo to the conspiracy in the lack of crown-witness Naren Goswami.<ref name=upen>{{harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|1921}}</ref>
+In his verdict, [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh|Barin Ghosh]] and Ullaskar Dutt were found guilty, and sentenced to death by hanging (later commuted to life imprisonment). Thirteen others, Upendra Nath Banerjee, Bibhuti Bhusan Sarkar, Hrishikesh Kanjilal, Birendra Sen, Sudhir Sarkar, Indra Nundy, Abinash Bhattacharjee, Soilendra Bose, Hem Chunder Das, Indu Bhusan Roy, Poresh Mullick, Sishir Ghosh, Nirapado Roy were sentenced to transportation for life and forfeiture of all property. Three others, Poresh Mullick, Sishir Ghosh, Nirapado Roy were sentenced to ten years incarceration along with forfeiture of property. A further three Asoke Nundy, Balkrishna Kane, Susil Sen were sentenced to seven years jail terms. Seventeen, including Aurobindo, were found not guilty. One defendant, [[ Krishna Jiban Sanyal]], was sentenced to one-year rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=SAA/> Two of the 17 acquitted, Dharaninath Gupta & Nagendranath Gupta, were already undergoing a 7-year sentence for conviction in the Harrison Road case, so they were not released.<ref name=SAA/> Probash Chunder Dey was re-arrested on a [[sedition]] charge under Section 124A, in connection with the publication of the book "Desh Acharjya".<ref name=SAA/> The verdict on Aurobindo was passed last. Beechcroft highlighted the lack of concrete evidence linking Aurobindo to the conspiracy in the lack of crown-witness Naren Goswami.<ref name=upen>{{harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|1921}}</ref>
 The verdict was disappointing to the Government of India, who had hoped to obtain a conviction against Aurobindo. Further fears were raised that those acquitted may have already received instructions from Hem on constructing the bombs. Aurobindo further was seen as the most dangerous adversary to the Raj whilst he remained free.<ref name=Heehs195>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=195}}</ref> Consulted on the prospects of a successful appeal against the verdict on Aurobindo, the advocate general of Bombay the chance of obtaining a conviction "fair", but was unable to provide more reassuring prospects. In August 1909, the government took the decision not to launch an appeal.
 Of the two sentenced to death by hanging (but released in 1920), Ullaskar Dutt, a young man of 22, described his occupation as a cow keeper.<ref name=hoda/>
-Barindra Kumar Ghosh, younger brother of [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], was a key player in the Alipore trial. It was in their house that the revolutionaries carried out their activities. Barindra had been born in England and came to India at the age of one. According to British Indian law, he was asked whether he preferred being tried as a British citizen. Barin, as a patriot, refused. Those two were sentenced to death, with the sentence later commuted to life imprisonment in the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andamans]], where they remained until a general amnesty, in 1920.<ref name=hoda>{{Harvnb|Hoda|2008}}</ref>
+Barindra Kumar Ghosh, younger brother of [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], was a key player in the Alipore trial. It was in their house that the revolutionaries carried out their activities. Barindra had been born in England and came to India at the age of one. According to British Indian law, he was asked whether he preferred being tried as a British citizen. Barin, as a patriot, refused. Those two were sentenced to death, with the sentence later commuted to life imprisonment in the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andamans]], where they remained until a general amnesty, in 1920.<ref name=hoda>{{Harvnb|Hoda|2022}}</ref>
 ==Popular perception==
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 ==Aftermath==
-[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo Ghosh]] was acquitted of the charges (among 17 acquitted)<ref name=SAA/> and came out of the affair with a new outlook on life and spirituality (see [[Aurobindo Ghosh#Conversion from politics to spirituality|final conversion]]). He recused himself from active politics, ultimately settling to his ''ashram'' in [[Pondicherry]]. Barin was interred till 1920, and after being released from jail he worked as a journalist, including ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''. He died in 1959.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Aurobindo retired from active politics after he was acquitted.<ref name="Roy6">{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|p=6}} Aurobihdo’s retirement from
+[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo Ghosh]] was acquitted of the charges (among 17 acquitted)<ref name=SAA/> and came out of the affair with a new outlook on life and spirituality (see [[Aurobindo Ghosh#Conversion from politics to spirituality|final conversion]]). He recused himself from active politics, ultimately settling to his ''ashram'' in [[Pondicherry]]. Barin was interred till 1920, and after being released from jail he worked as a journalist, including ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''. He died in 1959.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Aurobindo retired from active politics after he was acquitted.<ref name="Roy6">{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|p=6}} Aurobihdo’s retirement from
 active politics after his acquittal ...</ref> This was followed by a 1909 Dhaka conspiracy case, which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan to trial.<ref name="Popplewell111">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=111}}</ref><ref name="Roy105">{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=105}}</ref>
@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 ==References==
 * {{Citation |last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Upendranath |date=1921 |title=''নির্বাসিতের আত্মকথা''|publisher= Arya Publications |place=Pondicherry }}.
-* {{Citation |last=Datta|first=Ullaskar |date=1923 |title=কারাজীবনী|publisher= Arya Publishing House |place=Calcutta | url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/bn/0/0c/4990010044571_-_Kara_Jibani_Ed._2nd,_Dutta,Ullashkar,_119p,_LANGUAGE._LINGUISTICS._LITERATURE,_bengali_(1923).pdf}}.
+* {{Citation |last=Datta|first=Ullaskar |date=1923 |title=কারাজীবনী|publisher= Arya Publishing House |place=Calcutta | url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/9/98/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_-_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4.pdf}}.
 * {{Citation |last=Datta|first=Ullaskar |date=1924 |title=Twelve Years of Prison Life|publisher= Arya Publications |place=Pondicherry | url=https://archive.org/details/12YearsOfPrisonLifeUllaskarDUTT}}.
 * {{Citation |last=Ghosh|first=Barindra Kumar |date=1922 |title=The tale of my exile - twelve years in Andamans|publisher= Arya Publications |place=Pondicherry | url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031246410/cu31924031246410_djvu.txt}}.