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{{short description|Indian independence leader}} | {{short description|Indian independence leader}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = Rash Behari Bose | | name = Rash Behari Bose | ||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|5|25|df=y}}<ref name="Bose"/><ref name="samsad486"/> | | birth_date = {{birth date|1886|5|25|df=y}}<ref name="Bose"/><ref name="samsad486"/> | ||
| birth_place = | | birth_place = Subaldaha, | ||
[[Burdwan]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="Bose">{{Cite book |last=Bose|first=Bejon Behari|title=Karmabir Rash Behari|language=bn|date=1959|publisher=Ila Bose|page=48}}</ref><ref name="samsad486">{{Cite book |last1=Sengupta|first1=Subodhchandra|last2=Bose|first2=Anjali|title=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan|date=1976|location=Calcutta|publisher=Sishu Sahitya Samsad|page=486}}</ref><br />{{small|(present-day [[West Bengal]], India)}} | |||
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|1|21|1886|5|25|df=y}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|1945|1|21|1886|5|25|df=y}} | ||
| death_place = [[Tokyo]], [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] | | death_place = [[Tokyo]], [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] | ||
| image = Rash Behari Bose 02.jpg | | image = Rash Behari Bose 02.jpg | ||
| caption = | | caption = Bose before 1945 | ||
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]], [[Ghadar Revolution]], [[Indian National Army]] | | movement = [[Indian Independence movement]], [[Ghadar Revolution]], [[Indian National Army]] | ||
| spouse = Toshiko Bose <small>(1916–1924; her death)</small><ref name=r1/> | | spouse = Toshiko Bose <small>(1916–1924; her death)</small><ref name=r1/> | ||
| children = 2<ref name=r1/> | | children = 2<ref name=r1/> | ||
| nationality = Indian | | nationality = Indian | ||
| citizenship = [[British Raj]] (1886–1915)<br> [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1915–1923)<br> [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] (1923–1945; his death) | | citizenship = [[British Raj]] (1886–1915)<br /> [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1915–1923)<br /> [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] (1923–1945; his death) | ||
| organisation = [[Jugantar | | organisation = [[Jugantar]], [[Indian Independence League]], [[Indian National Army]] | ||
| relatives = [[Aizō Sōma]] (father-in-law)<br/>[[Kokkō Sōma]] (mother-in-law) | | relatives = [[Aizō Sōma]] (father-in-law)<br />[[Kokkō Sōma]] (mother-in-law) | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Anushilan Samiti}} | {{Anushilan Samiti}} | ||
'''Rash Behari Bose''' ({{audio|Rasbihar Bose.ogg|pronunciation}}; 25 May 1886 | '''Rash Behari Bose''' ({{audio|Rasbihar Bose.ogg|pronunciation}}; 25 May 1886 – 21 January 1945) was an Indian revolutionary leader against the [[British Raj]]. He was one of the key organisers of the [[Ghadar Mutiny]] and founded the [[First Indian National Army]] during [[World War 2]]. The Indian National Army(INA) was formed in 1942 under Bose which he later handed over as the [[Indian National Army]] to [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CNN |first=Emiko Jozuka |title=The Indian revolutionary who fought to overthrow British rule from 3,700 miles away |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/09/asia/japan-indian-freedom-fighter-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=CNN}}</ref> | ||
==Birth and ancestry== | ==Birth and ancestry== | ||
Rash Behari Bose was born on 25 May 1886 in a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sahai|first=Krishna N.|title=Ambasth Kayastha |year=2001|publisher=Commonwealth Publisher|page=5|quote= During the upsurge of national movement for freedom of India, Kayasthas were in the forefront. The great revolutionary Rash Behari Bose, Netaji Subhash Bose}}</ref> | Rash Behari Bose was born in parala-bighati village of [[Hooghly district|Hoogly district]] of west Bengal, on 25 May 1886 in a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sahai|first=Krishna N.|title=Ambasth Kayastha |year=2001|publisher=Commonwealth Publisher|page=5|quote= During the upsurge of national movement for freedom of India, Kayasthas were in the forefront. The great revolutionary Rash Behari Bose, Netaji Subhash Bose}}</ref><ref name="Bose"/><ref name="samsad486"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Uma |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100166 |title=Two Great Indian Revolutionaries |date=1966 |pages=97}}</ref> Bose grew up during the [[British Raj#Famines, epidemics, public health|severe pandemics and famines of the British Raj]]. It nutured his dislike for [[British Raj|British Rule]].<ref name="Bose"/><ref name="samsad486"/> His father's name was Binod Behari Bose and mother was Bhubaneswari Devi. Tinkori Dasi was Rashbehari Bose's foster mother. Rash Behari Bose passed his childhood in his paternal home at his native village of Subaldaha under the care of his grandparents Kali Charan Bose and Bidhumukhi Debi. | ||
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
Rashbehari Bose and his sister Sushila (later, Sushila Sarkar) spent their childhood in the village of Subaldaha. They lived in the house of madam Bidhumukhi and his paternal house. Bidhumukhi was a widow from her early life. Bidhumukhi was the sister-in-law of Kalicharan Bose. So that his grandson would arrive safely to them. So his grandson was given by another name of Lord Krishna. His early education was completed under the supervision of his grandfather, Kalicharan Bose, at village Pathsala (Presently "[[Subaldaha Rashbehari Bose F.P School]]"). Rash Behari Bose got an education of Lathi Khela in his child at Subaldaha, primarily under the guidance of his grandfather. He got the inspiration of revolutionary movement hearing stories from his grandfather and teacher (Bakkeswar) at his birthplace Subaldaha. He was the cynosure of all villagers. His nickname was Rasu. He was stubborn and the villagers loved him very much. It is heard from villagers that he was at Subaldaha till he was 12 or 14 years old. His father, Binod Behari Bose, was stationed in Hooghly district for few years. During this time, Rashbehari had to move to his maternal house in Chandernagar. | Rashbehari Bose and his sister Sushila (later, Sushila Sarkar) spent their childhood in the village of Subaldaha. They lived in the house of madam Bidhumukhi and his paternal house. Bidhumukhi was a widow from her early life. Bidhumukhi was the sister-in-law of Kalicharan Bose. So that his grandson would arrive safely to them. So his grandson was given by another name of Lord Krishna. His early education was completed under the supervision of his grandfather, Kalicharan Bose, at village Pathsala (Presently "[[Subaldaha Rashbehari Bose F.P School]]"). Rash Behari Bose got an education of Lathi Khela in his child at Subaldaha, primarily under the guidance of his grandfather. He got the inspiration of revolutionary movement hearing stories from his grandfather and teacher (Bakkeswar) at his birthplace Subaldaha. He was the cynosure of all villagers. His nickname was Rasu. He was stubborn and the villagers loved him very much. It is heard from villagers that he was at Subaldaha till he was 12 or 14 years old. His father, Binod Behari Bose, was stationed in Hooghly district for few years. During this time, Rashbehari had to move to his maternal house in Chandernagar. | ||
In Chandernagar, Rashbehari Bose studied at Dupleix College with his cousin and friend [[Shrish Chandra Ghosh]]. The principal Charu Chandra Roy inspired them into revolutionary politics. Later he joined "Morton school" in Kolkata. Bose later earned degrees in the medical sciences as well as in Engineering from France and Germany. | In Chandernagar, Rashbehari Bose studied at Dupleix College with his cousin and friend [[Shrish Chandra Ghosh]]. The principal Charu Chandra Roy inspired them into revolutionary politics. Later he joined "Morton school" in Kolkata. Bose later earned degrees in the medical sciences as well as in Engineering from France and Germany. | ||
==Revolutionary activities== | ==Revolutionary activities== | ||
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==Indian National Army== | ==Indian National Army== | ||
Bose fled to Japan in 1915, under the alias of Priyanath Thakur, a relative of Rabindranath Thakur.<ref name=r1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/remembering-rash-behari-bose-and-his-wife-toshiko-bose-in-their-marriage-anniversary-1.828592|title=বাংলা থেকে রান্না-শাড়ি পরা, জাপানি বউকে শিখিয়েছিলেন রাসবিহারী বসু|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=পারিজাত|work=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn|access-date=27 July | Bose fled to Japan in 1915, under the alias of Priyanath Thakur, a relative of Rabindranath Thakur.<ref name=r1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/remembering-rash-behari-bose-and-his-wife-toshiko-bose-in-their-marriage-anniversary-1.828592|title=বাংলা থেকে রান্না-শাড়ি পরা, জাপানি বউকে শিখিয়েছিলেন রাসবিহারী বসু|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=পারিজাত|work=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> There, Bose found shelter with various [[Pan-Asianism|Pan-Asian]] groups. From 1915 to 1918, he changed residences and identities numerous times, as the British kept pressing the Japanese government for his extradition. He married the daughter of [[Aizō Sōma]] and [[Kokkō Sōma]], the owners of Nakamuraya bakery in Tokyo and noted Pan-Asian supporters in 1918, and became a Japanese citizen in 1923, living as a journalist and writer. It is also significant that he was instrumental in introducing Indian-style curry in Japan. Though more expensive than the usual "British-style" curry, it became quite popular, with Rash Bihari becoming known as "Bose of Nakamuraya". | ||
Bose along with [[A M Nair]] was instrumental in persuading the Japanese authorities to stand by the Indian patriots and ultimately to officially actively support the Indian independence struggle abroad. Bose convened a conference [[Tokyo Conference|in Tokyo]] on 28–30 March 1942, which decided to establish the ''[[Indian Independence League]]''. At the conference, he moved a motion to raise an army for Indian independence. He convened the second conference of the League [[Bangkok Conference|at Bangkok]] on 22 June 1942. It was at this conference that a resolution was adopted to invite [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] to join the League and take its command as its president. | Bose along with [[A M Nair]] was instrumental in persuading the Japanese authorities to stand by the Indian patriots and ultimately to officially actively support the Indian independence struggle abroad. Bose convened a conference [[Tokyo Conference|in Tokyo]] on 28–30 March 1942, which decided to establish the ''[[Indian Independence League]]''. At the conference, he moved a motion to raise an army for Indian independence. He convened the second conference of the League [[Bangkok Conference|at Bangkok]] on 22 June 1942. It was at this conference that a resolution was adopted to invite [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] to join the League and take its command as its president. | ||
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Bose met Toshiko Soma when he was hiding at her house in [[Shinjuku|Shinjuku City]]. She was the daughter of [[Aizō Sōma]] and [[Kokkō Sōma]], the owners of Nakamuraya bakery ([[:ja:中村屋]]) in Tokyo and noted Pan-Asian supporters in 1918. At that time, Bose was a fugitive with the British searching for him. Their initial contact was during those intense moments of hiding though without any interactions. In 1916, when Bose was a fugitive no more, he invited the Soma family to his house as a gesture of gratitude. That was the first instance of their interaction in a social context.<ref name=r1/> | Bose met Toshiko Soma when he was hiding at her house in [[Shinjuku|Shinjuku City]]. She was the daughter of [[Aizō Sōma]] and [[Kokkō Sōma]], the owners of Nakamuraya bakery ([[:ja:中村屋]]) in Tokyo and noted Pan-Asian supporters in 1918. At that time, Bose was a fugitive with the British searching for him. Their initial contact was during those intense moments of hiding though without any interactions. In 1916, when Bose was a fugitive no more, he invited the Soma family to his house as a gesture of gratitude. That was the first instance of their interaction in a social context.<ref name=r1/> | ||
However, Bose stuck out like a sore thumb in Japan. People would consider them with suspicion. [[Tōyama Mitsuru|Mitsuru Toyama]], as a solution proposed to the Soma's a marriage between Toshiko and Rashbehari. He thought that marriage with a Japanese citizen would make it easy for Bose to apply for citizenship. Despite their initial reservations, the | However, Bose stuck out like a sore thumb in Japan. People would consider them with suspicion. [[Tōyama Mitsuru|Mitsuru Toyama]], as a solution proposed to the Soma's a marriage between Toshiko and Rashbehari. He thought that marriage with a Japanese citizen would make it easy for Bose to apply for citizenship. Despite their initial reservations, the Somas agreed to the match. When asked, Toshiko took three weeks to give her consent.<ref name=r1/> | ||
They had a happy marriage | They had a happy marriage lasting eight years. Bose taught Toshiko Bengali and how to wear a sari. Bose got Japanese citizenship in 1923. Toshiko's health declined soon after and it claimed her life in 1924. After her death, he never remarried. They were buried together after Bose's death.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Richard|date=12 March 2021|title=Changing Nations: The Japanese Girl With a Book|url=https://www.redcircleauthors.com/news-and-views/changing-nations-the-japanese-girl-with-a-book/|url-status=live|website=Red Circle Authors}}</ref> | ||
They had two children together. Masahide Bose (Bharatchandra) was born in 1920. He died in World War II aged 24. Their daughter Tetsuko was born in 1922.<ref name=r1/> | They had two children together. Masahide Bose (Bharatchandra) was born in 1920. He died in World War II aged 24. Their daughter Tetsuko was born in 1922.<ref name=r1/> | ||
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Rash Behari Bose and his supporters.jpg|Bose and his Japanese supporters in 1916 | Rash Behari Bose and his supporters.jpg|Bose and his Japanese supporters in 1916 | ||
Rash Behari Bose and his wife Toshiko.jpg|Bose with wife c. 1918 | Rash Behari Bose and his wife Toshiko.jpg|Bose with wife c. 1918 | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
== Legacy == | == Legacy == | ||
In the year of 1943, the Japanese government honoured him with the highest title given to a foreigner – ''The Second Order of Merit of the Rising Sun''.<ref name=r5>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/remembering-heroes-of-indian-freedom-struggle-rash-behari-bose-26001.html/page/8|title=Remembering heroes of Indian freedom struggle: Rash Behari Bose|access-date=13 October | In the year of 1943, the Japanese government honoured him with the highest title given to a foreigner – ''The Second Order of Merit of the Rising Sun''.<ref name=r5>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/remembering-heroes-of-indian-freedom-struggle-rash-behari-bose-26001.html/page/8|title=Remembering heroes of Indian freedom struggle: Rash Behari Bose|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
[[File: Rash Behari Bose 1967 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|Rash Behari Bose on a 1967 stamp of India]] | [[File: Rash Behari Bose 1967 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|Rash Behari Bose on a 1967 stamp of India]] | ||
On 26 December 1967, the Posts and Telegraphs Department of India issued a special postage stamp in honour of Rash Behari Bose.<ref name=r4>{{cite web|url=https://www.istampgallery.com/rashbehari-basu/|title=A commemorative postage stamp on Rash Behari Bose|publisher=istampgallery|access-date=13 October | On 26 December 1967, the Posts and Telegraphs Department of India issued a special postage stamp in honour of Rash Behari Bose.<ref name=r4>{{cite web|url=https://www.istampgallery.com/rashbehari-basu/|title=A commemorative postage stamp on Rash Behari Bose|date=23 January 2015|publisher=istampgallery|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Rashbehari Basu commemorative stamp">{{cite web|url=http://indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/R/RASHBEHARI%20BASU%20(1886-1945)|title=Rashbehari Basu commemorative stamp|publisher=Indian Post|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
In the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, a street (Rash Behari Avenue) is named in his honour. | |||
=== In popular culture === | === In popular culture === | ||