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{{short description|British Army command defending India}} | {{short description|British Army command defending India}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} | ||
Following the [[Kitchener Reforms]] of 1903 during the [[British Raj]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], enjoyed control of the [[Army of India]] and answered to the civilian [[Viceroy of India]]. The Commander-in-Chief's staff was overseen by the [[Chief of the General Staff (India)|Chief of the General Staff]].{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=11}} General Headquarters India (GHQ India) was based in [[Calcutta]] and [[Simla]] (the winter capital of the Raj) until the seat of power moved to [[New Delhi]] in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/India/Survey.htm |title=Britain's Small Wars |access-date=9 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114083136/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/India/Survey.htm |archive-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Following the [[Kitchener Reforms]] of 1903 during the [[British Raj]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], enjoyed control of the [[Army of India]] and answered to the civilian [[Viceroy of India]]. The Commander-in-Chief's staff was overseen by the [[Chief of the General Staff (India)|Chief of the General Staff]].{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=11}} General Headquarters India (GHQ India) was based in [[Calcutta]] and [[Simla]] (the winter capital of the Raj) until the seat of power moved to [[New Delhi]] in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/India/Survey.htm |title=Britain's Small Wars |access-date=9 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114083136/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/India/Survey.htm |archive-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
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The [[Commander-in-Chief, India]],<ref name=journal>[http://www.defencejournal.com/jan99/defence.htm Pakistan's higher defence organisation] Defence Journal, January 1999</ref> had some 2,000 officers and 2.5 million troops under his command in 1945.<ref>[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1945/nov/29/india-army-ghq#S5CV0416P0_19451129_CWA_183 India Army GHQ] Hansard, 29 November 1945</ref> GHQ India was redesignated ''Army HQ'' in 1947 when India was [[Partition of India|partitioned]].<ref name=journal/> | The [[Commander-in-Chief, India]],<ref name=journal>[http://www.defencejournal.com/jan99/defence.htm Pakistan's higher defence organisation] Defence Journal, January 1999</ref> had some 2,000 officers and 2.5 million troops under his command in 1945.<ref>[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1945/nov/29/india-army-ghq#S5CV0416P0_19451129_CWA_183 India Army GHQ] Hansard, 29 November 1945</ref> GHQ India was redesignated ''Army HQ'' in 1947 when India was [[Partition of India|partitioned]].<ref name=journal/> | ||
== World War | ==Second World War== | ||
Following a review by the British Chiefs of Staff in late 1939, operational control of troops in Iraq passed in early 1940 to [[Middle East Command]] although the provision of troops and their maintenance remained for the most part GHQ India's responsibility.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=63 & 66}} In March 1941, in the period before the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]], the C-in-C Middle East General [[Archibald Wavell]], who was preoccupied with existing problems in his theatre, gained approval for Iraq to come under India's operational control again{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|p=178}} but once hostilities commenced in May Wavell was obliged by London reluctantly to reassume responsibility.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=184 & 185}} In June 1941, after cessation of hostilities, control reverted once more to GHQ India.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|p=250}} India finally relinquished responsibility for Persia and Iraq in August 1942 when a separate [[Persia and Iraq Command]] was created.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=375 & 376}} | Following a review by the British Chiefs of Staff in late 1939, operational control of troops in Iraq passed in early 1940 to [[Middle East Command]] although the provision of troops and their maintenance remained for the most part GHQ India's responsibility.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=63 & 66}} In March 1941, in the period before the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]], the C-in-C Middle East General [[Archibald Wavell]], who was preoccupied with existing problems in his theatre, gained approval for Iraq to come under India's operational control again{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|p=178}} but once hostilities commenced in May Wavell was obliged by London reluctantly to reassume responsibility.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=184 & 185}} In June 1941, after cessation of hostilities, control reverted once more to GHQ India.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|p=250}} India finally relinquished responsibility for Persia and Iraq in August 1942 when a separate [[Persia and Iraq Command]] was created.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=375 & 376}} | ||
In December 1941 [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], which had been under the operational control of [[British Far East Command|Far East Command]] in Singapore, was transferred to India Command.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|p=8}} After the dissolution of [[ABDACOM]] in February 1942 the C-in-C [[India]] also became responsible for [[Ceylon]]. During this period, some Chinese and American units also came under the operational control of the India Command.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=11}} These responsibilities remained unchanged until the creation of [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) in August 1943. | In December 1941 [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], which had been under the operational control of [[British Far East Command|Far East Command]] in Singapore, was transferred to India Command.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|p=8}} After the dissolution of [[ABDACOM]] in February 1942 the C-in-C [[India]] also became responsible for [[Ceylon]]. During this period, some Chinese and American units also came under the operational control of the India Command.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=11}} These responsibilities remained unchanged until the creation of [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) in August 1943. | ||
With the creation of SEAC there were three separate operational commands. The China Theatre was under the command of [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. SEAC was an Anglo-American command under a Supreme Allied Commander, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], who was responsible for operations in Burma, Ceylon, Malaya and Sumatra. | With the creation of SEAC there were three separate operational commands. The China Theatre was under the command of [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. SEAC was an Anglo-American command under a Supreme Allied Commander, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], who was responsible for operations in Burma, Ceylon, Malaya and Sumatra. India Command, under General [[Claude Auchinleck|Auchinleck]] [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], was responsible for the development of India as a base, for internal security in India and the defence of India's [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier]]. India Command's base responsibility included the training, equipping, maintenance and movement of operational forces assigned to SEAC.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|p=3}} | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://www.britain-at-war.org.uk/WW2/London%5FGazette/Far%5FEast/ OPERATIONS IN THE FAR EAST From 17 October, 1940 To 27 December 1941] | * [http://www.britain-at-war.org.uk/WW2/London%5FGazette/Far%5FEast/ OPERATIONS IN THE FAR EAST From 17 October, 1940 To 27 December 1941] | ||
{{British armies, commands, and corps during the Second World War}} | |||
[[Category:Military of British India|Command]] | [[Category:Military of British India|Command]] | ||
[[Category:Commands of the British Army]] | [[Category:Commands of the British Army]] | ||
[[Category:Military history of India during World War II|Com]] | [[Category:Military history of India during World War II|Com]] | ||