HAL Tejas: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

| caption =  

| introduced = 17 January 2015<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-32-years-india-finally-gets-lca-tejas-aircraft/articleshow/45921356.cms?imageid=45757544#slide1 |title=After 32 years, India finally gets LCA Tejas aircraft |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |last=PTI |newspaper=Economic Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234640/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-32-years-india-finally-gets-lca-tejas-aircraft/articleshow/45921356.cms?imageid=45757544#slide1 |archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>

| status = In production<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Smriti|date=2016-07-01|title=Tejas: IAF inducts HAL's 'Made in India' Light Combat Aircraft – 10 special facts about the LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816033246/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/|archive-date=16 August 2016|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

| number built = 40{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} as 30 October 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1783420|title=MIG-21 Aircraft|date= 20 December 2021|website=PIB|access-date=17 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=1 April 2013|title=Tejas LSP-8 makes its maiden flight|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217093449/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The '''HAL Tejas''' is an Indian [[multirole combat aircraft|multirole]] [[light fighter]] designed by the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC) of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2016-07-01|title=Indigenous Tejas joins IAF's fighter squadron|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108101311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It came from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, which began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] fighters but later became part of a general fleet modernisation programme.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2016-05-28|title=Tejas to replace MiG as key fighter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-to-replace-MiG-as-key-fighter/article14344179.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001023038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-to-replace-MiG-as-key-fighter/article14344179.ece|archive-date=1 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Tejas not being inducted as replacement of MIG-21 fighter jet: Defence Ministry|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tejas-not-being-inducted-as-replacement-of-mig-21-fighter-jet-defence-ministry/842180|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Times Now News|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202637/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tejas-not-being-inducted-as-replacement-of-mig-21-fighter-jet-defence-ministry/842180}}</ref> In 2003, the LCA was officially named "Tejas".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2016-07-06|title=Pokhran-II delayed Tejas project, says former scientist|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pokhran-II-delayed-Tejas-project-says-former-scientist/article14474390.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013231615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pokhran-II-delayed-Tejas-project-says-former-scientist/article14474390.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=13 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is the smallest and lightest in its class of contemporary supersonic combat aircraft.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2021-10-06 |title=LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force, says a source |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=The Financial Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063337/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Tejas currently has three production models – Tejas Mark 1, Mark 1A and trainer variant. The IAF currently placed an order for 40 Tejas Mark 1 and 83 Tejas Mark 1A, including Tejas trainer aircraft. The IAF plans to procure 324 aircraft in all variants, including the [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mark 2]] currently being developed by the HAL.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=16 April 2018|title=Tejas Fighter Jets Participate in India's Biggest Air Combat Exercise|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/tejas-fighter-jets-participate-in-indias-biggest-air-combat-exercise/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170627/https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/tejas-fighter-jets-participate-in-indias-biggest-air-combat-exercise/|archive-date=20 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be ready for series production by 2026–27.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2021-07-26|title=HAL ready to export LCA-Tejas, Mark-2 getting ready|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hal-ready-to-export-lca-tejas-mark-2-getting-ready/article35541408.ece|access-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902173155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hal-ready-to-export-lca-tejas-mark-2-getting-ready/article35541408.ece|archive-date=2 September 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of 2016 indigenous content in the Tejas Mark 1 was 59.7% by value and 75.5% by number of [[line replaceable unit]]s.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web|last=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=18 November 2016|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers The Minister of State for Defence, Subhash Bhamre, reported to Parliament|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152245/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|archive-date=9 December 2017|access-date=9 December 2017|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>

The origin of LCA programme can be traced back to the early 1980s. In 1983, the Government of India established the LCA project with the initial goal to develop a new light combat aircraft to replace the ageing IAF fighters, especially the MiG-21 variants,<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=8 August 2021|title=Tejas flying record world's best, criticism unfortunate, says IAF veteran who flew LCA at 78|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-flying-record-worlds-best-criticism-unfortunate-says-iaf-veteran-who-flew-lca-at-78/710466/|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031040444/https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-flying-record-worlds-best-criticism-unfortunate-says-iaf-veteran-who-flew-lca-at-78/710466/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> which had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=24 May 2021|title=11 down in 5 yrs, 3 in 2021, but many in IAF still swear by MiG-21s despite its 'safety record'|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/11-down-in-5-yrs-3-in-2021-but-many-in-iaf-still-swear-by-mig-21s-despite-its-safety-record/663813/|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031041009/https://theprint.in/defence/11-down-in-5-yrs-3-in-2021-but-many-in-iaf-still-swear-by-mig-21s-despite-its-safety-record/663813/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> At one point the IAF had operated as many as 874 MiG-21s.<ref name=":14"/> The "Long Term Re-Equipment Plan 1981" noted that most of these IAF fighters were approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Biswas|first1=Shreya|date=1 July 2016|title=Tejas Light Combat Aircraft: Here's how India created its first Flying Dagger|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tejas-light-combat-aircraft-history-indian-air-force-326777-2016-07-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008205808/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tejas-light-combat-aircraft-history-indian-air-force-326777-2016-07-01|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=2 November 2021|website=India Today}}</ref>

In 1984, the Government of India established [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) under the aegis of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to manage the LCA programme.<ref name=":15"/> The ADA was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while HAL was chosen as the principal contractor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Subramanian|first=T.S|date=11 March 2011|title=Technology giant|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30174759.ece|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228183931/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30174759.ece|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> The government's "self-reliance" goals for the LCA included the three most sophisticated and challenging systems: the [[Fly-by-wire]] (FBW) flight control system, multi-mode [[pulse-doppler radar]], and [[Afterburner|afterburning]] [[Turbofan|turbofan engine]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=C.Manmohan|date=16 September 2002|title=LCA economics|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=17 March 2009|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317030448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm}}</ref>

The [[Specification|project definition]] phase was commenced in October 1986<ref name=":15"/> with France's [[Dassault|Dassault-Breguet]] Aviation as consultant. Dassault-Breguet's expertise was mainly utilised in the design and system integration of the Tejas.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=24 October 1987 |title=Dassault wins Indian LCA contract |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202148.html |magazine=[[Flight International]] |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053019/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202148.html |archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> In 1988, Dassault had offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the LCA. It consists of three digital channels and one analogue channel, the French idea was to have a fourth analogue channel as a back up in case the digital channels fails. But the ADA was in favour of having a quadruplex digital FBW flight control system on LCA.<ref name=":16" />

The design of the Tejas was finalised in 1990 – a small tailless [[delta wing]] design with inherent [[relaxed static stability]] which necessitates the need for digital FBW flight control system ([[Fly-by-wire#Safety and redundancy|''control configured vehicle'']] concept) for enhanced manoeuvrability.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Rajkumar|first=Philip|title=Tejas Story: The Light Combat Aircraft Project|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|date=1 January 2007|isbn=978-8173047640|pages=47–49|language=en}}</ref> [[Kota Harinarayana]] was the Programme Director and Chief Designer of Tejas.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-08-22|title=Tejas chief designer felicitated|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tejas-chief-designer-felicitated/article14583452.ece|access-date=2021-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031144857/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tejas-chief-designer-felicitated/article14583452.ece|archive-date=31 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1992, a dedicated ''National Control Law (CLAW)'' team was set up by the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] to develop India's own state of the art FBW flight control system for the Tejas. Earlier [[Lockheed Martin]]'s consultancy was utilized for the development of fly by wire flight control system. However Lockheed Martin withdrew its assistance In 1998, owing to the US embargo in response to India's second [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in that year,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Michael J. H|title=Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999-2000|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=1 May 1999|isbn=978-1857532456|pages=29–30|language=en}}</ref> which delayed the programme.<ref name=":16" />

Another critical technology needed for LCA was the multi-mode radar (MMR). Initially, the [[Ericsson]]/[[Ferranti]] PS-05/A I/J-band multi-function radar, also used on [[Saab Group|Saab]]'s [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]], was intended to be used.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=John W.R|title="HAL Light Combat Aircraft" in "Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989-1990"|last2=Munson|first2=Kenneth|last3=Taylor|first3=Michael J.H|publisher=Jane's Information Group|year=1989|isbn=0-7106-0896-9|location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK|page=104}}</ref> However, DRDO decided to develop an indigenous multi-mode radar for the Tejas. HAL's Hyderabad division and the DRDO's [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]] (LRDE) laboratory were selected to jointly lead the MMR programme, and work commenced in 1997.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Aroor|first=Shiv|date=7 April 2006|title='Indigenous' aircraft needs foreign lift, for its radar|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-indigenous--aircraft-needs-foreign-lift-for-its-radar/2025/|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-indigenous--aircraft-needs-foreign-lift-for-its-radar/2025/|archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> The [[Centre for Airborne Systems]] (CABS) was responsible for the MMR's test programme. An [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748#Variants|HAL-748]] airborne surveillance aircraft was converted for this purpose.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Kapur|first=Vivek|title=Indian Aircraft Industry: Possible Innovations for Success in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=KW Publishers|date=1 January 2018|isbn=978-9386288684|pages=57–58|language=en}}</ref> The development of multi-mode was not smooth, as it suffered some setbacks. By 2005, only two radar modes – the air-to-air look-up and look-down were confirmed to have been successfully tested. The performance of several other modes that had been tested were suboptimal.<ref name=":17"/> The problem with the radar was mainly attributed to the lack of compatibility between the LRDE/HAL multi mode radar and the LRDE's advanced signal processor module.<ref name=":1"/> Using an "off-the-shelf" foreign radar as an interim option was considered.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2008-10-03|title=LCA to be fitted with Israeli multi-mode radar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/LCA-to-be-fitted-with-Israeli-multi-mode-radar/article15315625.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092153/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/03/stories/2008100356310900.htm|archive-date=6 October 2008|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

ADA met with success in the development of two of the five key technologies identified at the beginning of the LCA programme. The successful endeavours were the development and manufacturing of carbon-fibre composite structures and skins, and a modern [[glass cockpit]]. The ''Autolay'' [[computer-aided design]] software developed as part of the LCA programme has been licensed to [[Airbus]] for its [[Airbus A380|A380]] wide-body aircraft project.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandran|first=Rahul|date=27 February 2003|title=Arming The Dangerous|url=https://www.siliconindia.com/magazine-articles-in/arming-the-dangerous-QOI766674637.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512222544/https://www.siliconindia.com/magazine-articles-in/arming-the-dangerous-QOI766674637.html|archive-date=12 May 2021|access-date=2021-11-01|website=siliconindia}}</ref><ref name=":18"/> The development of a multi-mode pulse-doppler radar, once delayed<ref name=":19"/> was completed as the [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar and is currently undergoing flight trials.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=24 February 2021|title=At least half of the 123 Tejas fighters ordered by the IAF to have India-made fire control radar|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/at-least-half-of-the-123-tejas-fighters-ordered-by-the-iaf-to-have-india-made-fire-control-radar/article33919219.ece|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308001919/https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/at-least-half-of-the-123-tejas-fighters-ordered-by-the-iaf-to-have-india-made-fire-control-radar/article33919219.ece|archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> India's self-reliance goal oriented development for the LCA programme has considerably increased the indigenous components in Tejas and contributed to an aviation industry expansion in the country.<ref name="Tejas Mk1a">{{cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=13 January 2021|title=India clears deal to manufacture LCA Mk1A 'Tejas' fighter jets for the air force|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=The Times Group|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113130347/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=2021-01-13|title=Govt clears Rs 48,000-cr deal for 83 Tejas fighters — all you want to know about the aircraft|url=https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902070910/https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|archive-date=2 September 2021|access-date=2021-11-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 20 December 2021, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) in a written reply during winter session of [[Rajya Sabha]] clarified that the HAL Tejas is no longer considered as a replacement for the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], instead it is now part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Tejas Aircraft Not A Replacement For MIG-21 Fighters: Defence Ministry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-aircraft-not-a-replacement-for-mig-21-fighters-defence-ministry-2661734|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-20|website=NDTV|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202630/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-aircraft-not-a-replacement-for-mig-21-fighters-defence-ministry-2661734}}</ref>

The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007.<ref name=":7" /> A total of seven limited series production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving test firing of the [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|archive-date=20 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Python-5 close combat missiles, the [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]] beyond visual range air-to-air missile<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|last2=Dominguez|first2=Gabriel|date=28 April 2021|title=India test-fires Python 5 AAM from Tejas LCA|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-fires-python-5-aam-from-tejas-lca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717145349/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-fires-python-5-aam-from-tejas-lca|archive-date=17 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref> and guided–unguided munition releases.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2009-02-05|title=Tejas crosses a milestone|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560511000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064454/http://hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560511000.htm|archive-date=7 February 2009|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=29 May 2014|title=Advanced Weapon Trials of Tejas Fighter Completed|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed/2014/05/29/article2250943.ece|access-date=22 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516232504/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/may/29/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed-618586.html|archive-date=16 May 2021}}</ref> The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli [[Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multi-mode radar,<ref name="aviationweek.com">{{Cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=22 April 2010|title=LCA Set To Fly With Israeli Radar|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/04/22/awx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044225/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F04%2F22%2Fawx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|website=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]]}}</ref> Indian [[Uttam AESA Radar]]<ref name=":21"/> and Rafael [[Litening]] targeting pod.<ref name=":17"/> The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.<ref name=":21"/> The high altitude trials<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=5 February 2014|title=Tejas Set to Begin High-altitude Trials|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102082940/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|date=2010-06-13|title=Tejas undergoes second phase of hot weather trials|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials/story-kNJt4SXceTVZRx9z1dmh6K.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102083249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials/story-kNJt4SXceTVZRx9z1dmh6K.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and FOC configurations.<ref name=":22"/> These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures ranging from below -10 degree Celsius<ref name=":22"/> to more than +45 degrees Celsius.<ref name=":23"/>

Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes, at various altitudes were carried out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high [[angles of attack]] (AoA) to assess the structural integrity across the [[flight envelope]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=15 September 2010|title=Indian LCA Undergoing Sea Trials|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/09/15/awx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044145/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F09%2F15%2Fawx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]]}}</ref>

In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2012-11-27|title=After three months on ground, combat aircraft Tejas resumes test flight|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231156/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html|archive-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflight [[Flameout#Engine restart|engine relight]] test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=28 September 2013|title=Maiden engine relight test of Tejas held|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Maiden-engine-relight-test-of-Tejas-held/2013/09/28/article1807563.ece|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517000550/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/sep/28/Maiden-engine-relight-test-of-Tejas-held-519152.html|archive-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>

[[File:LCA Tejas maiden air-to-air refuelling.ogg|thumb|Tejas FOC on wet contact trial from [[Ilyushin Il-78]] tanker]]

In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA Induction Team" to manage the aircraft's service introduction.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2006-12-03|title=IAF team to oversee LCA induction and operation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/iaf-team-to-oversee-lca-induction-and-operation/article3028492.ece|access-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/iaf-team-to-oversee-lca-induction-and-operation/article3028492.ece|archive-date=8 January 2016|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance-I (IOC-I) in January 2011.<ref name="hindu_tejas">Prasad, K. V. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1077899.ece "Tejas gets Initial Operational Clearance."] ''The Hindu'', (Chennai, India), 10 January 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202232600/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1077899.ece |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> To ease up the process of FOC, an interim IOC-II was issued to Tejas in December 2013. The IOC-II expanded the g-limit, [[angle of attack]] and allowed the aircraft to carry precision guided munitions and close combat missiles. The IOC-II Tejas have an operational radius of 400–500&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=8 December 2013|title=Tejas Fires Missile, Clears Final Test; Big Step in Bangalore on December 20|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Tejas-Fires-Missile-Clears-Final-Test-Big-Step-in-Bangalore-on-December-20/2013/12/08/article1934339.ece|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223033405/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Tejas-Fires-Missile-Clears-Final-Test-Big-Step-in-Bangalore-on-December-20/2013/12/08/article1934339.ece|archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="thin9143">{{cite news|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=19 December 2013|title=Tejas all set to get certification for IAF induction|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-all-set-to-get-certification-for-iaf-induction/article5479143.ece|url-status=live|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220174030/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-all-set-to-get-certification-for-iaf-induction/article5479143.ece|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> The first squadron, consisting of Tejas in IOC-II configuration, became operational in 2016.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2">{{Cite news|last=Thomas|first=Wilson|date=2020-05-27|title=IAF operationalises second LCA squadron, inducts first LCA Tejas in FOC standard|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iaf-operationalises-second-lca-squadron-inducts-first-lca-tejas-in-foc-standard/article31685568.ece|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604121053/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iaf-operationalises-second-lca-squadron-inducts-first-lca-tejas-in-foc-standard/article31685568.ece|archive-date=4 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] based at [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Coimbatore]] was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=19 March 2020|title=Deal for 83 Tejas fighters passes bureaucratic hurdle|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/deal-for-83-tejas-fighters-passes-bureaucratic-hurdle/137396.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118011432/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/deal-for-83-tejas-fighters-passes-bureaucratic-hurdle/137396.article|archive-date=18 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

The FOC campaign began in December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=5 February 2014|title=Tejas Set to Begin High-altitude Trials|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102082940/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-03|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC-II to 28 degree in FOC and [[inflight refueling]] capability.<ref name="thin9143"/> In February 2018, as part of the FOC campaign, the Tejas carried out a "hot refuelling" - refuelling with engine running,<ref name=":24" /> which shortens the turnaround time<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=28 February 2018|title=India's Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Inches Closer to Final Operational Clearance|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-inches-closer-to-final-operational-clearance/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121061012/https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-inches-closer-to-final-operational-clearance/|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-03|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> by 30% and doubles the sortie rate.<ref name=":27" /> In September 2018, the Tejas successfully completed its mid-air refuelling trials required for the aircraft to obtain its FOC.<ref name=":24" /> In January 2019, HAL received permission from [[CEMILAC]] to start production of the FOC standard Tejas.<ref>{{cite news|last=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=4 January 2019|title=HAL gets nod to produce weaponised version of LCA Tejas|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-gets-nod-to-produce-weaponised-version-of-lca-tejas/articleshow/67379924.cms|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225225946/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-gets-nod-to-produce-weaponised-version-of-lca-tejas/articleshow/67379924.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2019-02-20|title=Finally, FOC certification for Mark I Tejas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/finally-foc-certification-for-mark-i-tejas/article26323511.ece|access-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000013/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/finally-foc-certification-for-mark-i-tejas/article26323511.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The second Tejas squadron – No.18 ''Flying Bullets'' was formed at [[Sulur Air Force Station]] on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-03-17|title=Wow! Tejas, 1st indigenous Light Combat Aircraft in Final Operational Clearance-standard, takes to skies|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/wow-tejas-1st-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-in-final-operational-clearance-standard-takes-to-skies/1900829/|access-date=2020-03-17|website=The Financial Express|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|language=en-US|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317174304/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/wow-tejas-1st-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-in-final-operational-clearance-standard-takes-to-skies/1900829/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2015, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) noted some shortcomings in the then-delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC standard aircraft, which according to the CAG would limit the survivability and operational deployability of the aircraft in actual combat.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2015-05-10|title=LCA Mark-I has limited capability: CAG|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/marki-tejas-induction-into-iaf-cag-observations/article7188984.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104062423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/marki-tejas-induction-into-iaf-cag-observations/article7188984.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>  A few of these shortcomings, including lack of [[combat endurance]] was addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration aircraft.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=7 July 2018|title=India's Tejas clears in-flight refuelling hurdle|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-tejas-clears-in-flight-refuelling-hurdle/129461.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023623/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-tejas-clears-in-flight-refuelling-hurdle/129461.article|archive-date=3 June 2021|access-date=4 November 2021|website=Flight Global}}</ref> Tejas Mark 1 FOC resolved the issue of onboard fuel monitoring with an integrated Environmental Control and Fuel Management (ECFM) system. It can now perform [[aerial refueling]] from [[Ilyushin Il-78]] and [[buddy refueling]] with [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]. Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air-to-air firing at HAL, [[Nashik]] facility with [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]].<ref name=":37">{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-12-29|title=Indian Air force clears Tejas Mark 2 design, production in 2023|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-air-force-clears-tejas-mark-2-design-production-in-2023-121122900035_1.html|access-date=2021-12-31|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231063733/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-air-force-clears-tejas-mark-2-design-production-in-2023-121122900035_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The shortcomings, such as the increased weight and reduced speed would be addressed in the upcoming Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic drag by using more aerodynamic pylons. The MK1A will also have AESA radar, a self-protection jammer,<ref name=":25" /> updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, among other improvements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Angad|date=2021-01-17|title=Tejas keeps India's capability gap with China under check. It is HAL's game to lose now|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/tejas-keeps-indias-capability-gap-with-china-under-check-it-is-hals-game-to-lose-now/587028/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104075128/https://theprint.in/opinion/tejas-keeps-indias-capability-gap-with-china-under-check-it-is-hals-game-to-lose-now/587028/|archive-date=4 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing internal fuel capacity, are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Saurav|date=31 January 2021|title=Tejas at the end of the tunnel|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/tejas-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-945482.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711125533/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/tejas-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-945482.html|archive-date=11 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

The Tejas Mark 1A, which has more than 40 improvements over the Mark 1 variant,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bali|first=Pawan|date=2021-01-14|title=Centre clears purchase of 83 Tejas Mk-1A for Indian Air Force|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140121/centre-clears-purchase-of-83-tejas-mk-1a-for-indian-air-force.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104075633/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140121/centre-clears-purchase-of-83-tejas-mk-1a-for-indian-air-force.html|archive-date=4 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> is expected to begin production in 2023–24.<ref name="auto3" /> The upgraded Mark 1A aircraft will retain basic Mark 1 airframe while featuring a new avionic suite centered on [[EL/M-2052]] AESA Radar and [[Uttam AESA Radar]], [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE Unified Electronic Warfare Suite]] (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for enhanced survivability, [[instrument flight rules]] (IFR) capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed by [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] (DEBEL) for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting of [[Astra (missile)|Astra BVRAAM]] and [[ASRAAM]].<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":26" /> HAL will install in-house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R&D Centre, an upgrade from older [[identification friend or foe]] system. To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is also reshaped.<ref name=":37"/> The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|author=Krishnan M.|first=Anantha|date=6 August 2020|title=Upgraded Tejas fighter, touted as 'real desi game-changer', to fly in 2022-23|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807175617/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html|archive-date=7 August 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Week}}</ref>

According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022 and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in second half of 2022. Delivery of the aircraft for the IAF will begin from March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Anish|date=19 November 2021|title=HAL to deliver first Light Combat Aircraft Tejas Mk-1A in March 2024|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/hal-to-deliver-first-light-combat-aircraft-tejas-mk-1a-in-march-2024-dnm-r2tmss|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Asianet News Network|language=en|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121103334/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/hal-to-deliver-first-light-combat-aircraft-tejas-mk-1a-in-march-2024-dnm-r2tmss}}</ref>

The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2, incorporating a more powerful [[General Electric F414|General Electric F414 INS6]] engine, [[Canard (aeronautics)|canards]] and other design changes. The Tejas Mark 2, which is expected to be rolled out in 2022, will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel capacity, more external hardpoints, improved combat range, a completely redesigned cockpit, and an integrated [[infrared search and track]] (IRST) system, in addition to the AESA radar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=20 February 2019|title=AERO INDIA: Tejas Mk2 gets canards, big payload boost|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/aero-india-tejas-mk2-gets-canards-big-payload-boost/131469.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806073602/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/aero-india-tejas-mk2-gets-canards-big-payload-boost/131469.article|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=8 February 2019|title=ANALYSIS: Tejas regaining its lustre|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-tejas-regaining-its-lustre/131059.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919193801/https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-tejas-regaining-its-lustre/131059.article|archive-date=19 September 2020|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> The [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]] (DIAT) is developing aircraft [[health and usage monitoring systems]] (HUMS) to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2011|title=DIAT system soon to monitor in-flight health of Tejas Mk-II - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diat-system-soon-to-monitor-inflight-health-of-tejas-mkii/831436/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-04|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104080140/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diat-system-soon-to-monitor-inflight-health-of-tejas-mkii/831436/}}</ref> The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-09-12|title=LCA-Mk2 to roll out next year, first flight in 2023, says scientist|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-mk2-to-roll-out-next-year-first-flight-in-2023-says-scientist/article36419325.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917072547/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-mk2-to-roll-out-next-year-first-flight-in-2023-says-scientist/article36419325.ece|archive-date=17 September 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The ''Naval LCA programme'' was commenced in 2003.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|date=11 January 2020|title=LCA does 1st carrier landing, but will Indian Navy ever buy it?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/11/lca-does-1st-carrier-landing-but-will-indian-navy-ever-buy-it.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702234747/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/11/lca-does-1st-carrier-landing-but-will-indian-navy-ever-buy-it.html|archive-date=2 July 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> According to ADA, the ''Naval LCA (N-LCA) Programme'' was envisaged to be completed in two phases, under Phase-1 two naval prototypes were developed - the two-seat ''NP-1'' and the single-seat ''NP-2'', based on the Tejas Mark 1 design, to carryout carrier suitability certification and weapons integration. Under Phase 2, two single-seat prototypes were planned to be built, based on the Tejas Mark 2 design, with further design optimisation and integration of the [[General Electric F414|General Electric F414 INS6]] engine.<ref name="auto10">{{cite web|title=ADA LCA Navy Programme|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/navy-mark1-mark2.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142428/https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/navy-mark1-mark2.html|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=4 November 2021|website=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]]}}</ref> The first naval prototype NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010,<ref name=":28" /> and made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref name="First flight">Kumar, Chethan. [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244815/lca-naval-variants-first-flight.html "LCA naval variant's first flight on Friday."] ''Deccan Herald'', 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202190045/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244815/lca-naval-variants-first-flight.html |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated during carrier take off and arrested recovery.<ref name=":29"/><ref name=":30">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2014-12-23|title=Naval LCA makes first flight from ski-jump|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-lca-makes-first-flight-from-skijump/article6717318.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609181958/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-lca-makes-first-flight-from-skijump/article6717318.ece|archive-date=9 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In December 2016, the Indian Navy (IN) opted out of the programme, owing to the long delay and technical reasons – such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N-LCA for carrier based combat operations,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=5 December 2016|title=Indian Navy rejects naval version of Tejas LCA, seeks alternative – IHS Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/65993/indian-navy-rejects-naval-version-of-tejas-lca-seeks-alternative|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075020/http://www.janes.com/article/65993/indian-navy-rejects-naval-version-of-tejas-lca-seeks-alternative|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=27 January 2017|work=janes.com}}</ref> and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi-role carrier borne fighters.<ref name="janes.com">{{Cite news|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|date=26 January 2017|title=India seeks new naval fighter to replace rejected Tejas LCA|work=IHS Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/67252/india-seeks-new-naval-fighter-to-replace-rejected-tejas-lca|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131630/http://www.janes.com/article/67252/india-seeks-new-naval-fighter-to-replace-rejected-tejas-lca|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

In 2019, an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at the [[Shore Based Test Facility|SBTF]] in Goa in day time<ref name=":31">{{Cite web|last=|date=15 January 2020|title=India's LCA makes arrested landing, as twin-engined fighter planned|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-lca-makes-arrested-landing-as-twin-engined-fighter-planned/136141.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124004216/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-lca-makes-arrested-landing-as-twin-engined-fighter-planned/136141.article|archive-date=24 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> and night time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 November 2019|title=DRDO does it again! Watch first-ever successful night-time landing of Naval version of LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-watch-first-ever-successful-night-time-landing-of-naval-version-of-lca/1763773/|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509100556/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-watch-first-ever-successful-night-time-landing-of-naval-version-of-lca/1763773/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2019, the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test flights,<ref name=":31"/> of these 50 were ski jump take-offs.<ref name=":32" />

In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy's ''multi-role carrier borne fighter requirement'' floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-07-13|title=Navy to get new carrier-based jet by 2032, to replace MiG-29K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-new-carrier-based-jet-by-2032-to-replace-mig-29k/article32070823.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112232036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-new-carrier-based-jet-by-2032-to-replace-mig-29k/article32070823.ece|archive-date=12 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In [[Aero India]] 2021 a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, the ''[[HAL TEDBF|Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter]]'' (TEDBF).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|date=4 February 2021|title=Aero India 2021: Indian TEDBF naval fighter showcased by HAL|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144616/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|archive-date=6 August 2021|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandra|first=Atul|date=9 February 2021|title=New Delhi forges ahead with new naval fighter, AMCA|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/new-delhi-forges-ahead-with-new-naval-fighter-amca/142338.article|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Flight Global|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604203653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/new-delhi-forges-ahead-with-new-naval-fighter-amca/142338.article|url-status=live}}</ref> The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2 December 2019|title=Light Combat Aircraft for Indian Navy: DRDO updates naval aircraft's progress|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/light-combat-aircraft-for-indian-navy-drdo-updates-naval-aircrafts-progess/1782008/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208093937/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/light-combat-aircraft-for-indian-navy-drdo-updates-naval-aircrafts-progess/1782008/|archive-date=8 February 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref>

* LCA Programme - {{INRConvert|9063.96|c|year=2020}} (up to March 2020)<ref name=":33">{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2020-03-04|title=₹11,096 cr. spent on LCA and Kaveri engine projects so far, says govt.|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11096-cr-spent-on-lca-and-kaveri-engine-projects-so-far-says-govt/article30982412.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624234703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11096-cr-spent-on-lca-and-kaveri-engine-projects-so-far-says-govt/article30982412.ece|archive-date=24 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|quote=Of the specified amount, ₹9063.96 crore was spent on LCA and ₹2032 crore on the Kaveri Engine.}}</ref>

* Kaveri engine programme - {{INRConvert|2032|c|year=2020}}<ref name=":33"/>

* {{INRConvert|1202|c|year=2021}} additional design and development (Jan 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Mayank|date=13 January 2021|title=Biggest indigenous procurement, CCS approves procurement of 83 HAL manufactured fighters costing Rs 45,000 crore|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/13/govt-clears-rs-48000-crore-deal-to-buy-83-tejas-fighters-for-iaf-2249687.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142017/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/13/govt-clears-rs-48000-crore-deal-to-buy-83-tejas-fighters-for-iaf-2249687.html|archive-date=17 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The New Indian Express|quote=Cabinet...approved procurement of 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter {{sic|aircrafts|nolink=y}} and 10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 Trainer {{sic|aircrafts|nolink=y}} at the cost of Rs. 45,696 crore along with Design and Development of Infrastructure sanctions worth Rs.1,202 crore.}}</ref>

* {{INRConvert|146.2|c|year=2014}} for IOC Mark 1 (2014)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|date=11 January 2014|title=HAL pegs price of Tejas fighter at Rs 162 crore|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hal-pegs-price-of-tejas-fighter-at-rs-162-crore-114011100829_1.html|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121221316/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hal-pegs-price-of-tejas-fighter-at-rs-162-crore-114011100829_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BS25Jan21">{{cite news |title=Several nations have shown interest in buying Tejas aircraft: HAL chairman |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/several-nations-have-shown-interest-in-buying-tejas-aircraft-hal-chairman-121012500056_1.html|author=Press Trust of India |date=25 January 2021|work=Business Standard|archive-url= https://archive.today/20210507202233/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/several-nations-have-shown-interest-in-buying-tejas-aircraft-hal-chairman-121012500056_1.html|archive-date= 7 May 2021 |url-status= live}}</ref>

* {{INRConvert|156|c|year=2010}} for FOC Mark 1 (2010)<ref name="BS25Jan21"/>

* {{INRConvert|303|c|year=2021}} for Mark 1A and {{INRConvert|309|c|year=2021}} for export variant (2021)<ref>{{cite news|author=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=18 January 2020|title=At $43 million each, the Tejas Mark 1A competes in export market|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/at-43-mn-each-hindustan-aeronautics-tejas-mark-1a-seeks-export-market-121011800019_1.html|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512232508/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/at-43-mn-each-hindustan-aeronautics-tejas-mark-1a-seeks-export-market-121011800019_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/business/expect-to-deliver-first-tejas-mark-1a-aircraft-in-36-months-from-signing-contract-hal-8036141.htm |title=Expect to deliver first Tejas Mark-1A aircraft in 36 months from signing contract: HAL |publisher=CNBC TV18 |date=18 January 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130034822/https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/business/expect-to-deliver-first-tejas-mark-1a-aircraft-in-36-months-from-signing-contract-hal-8036141.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Philip|first1=Snehesh Alex|date=4 February 2021|title=India looking at Tejas exports at Rs 309 crore per aircraft, HAL chairman says|work=The Print|publisher=|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-looking-at-tejas-exports-at-rs-309-crore-per-aircraft-hal-chairman-says/598642/|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303211110/https://theprint.in/defence/india-looking-at-tejas-exports-at-rs-309-crore-per-aircraft-hal-chairman-says/598642/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- ====Operational costs==== -->

The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless, [[compound delta|compound delta wing]] design with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out [[Interceptor aircraft|Interception]], [[air-to-surface missile|air-to-surface]] and [[anti-ship missile|anti-shipping]] roles in a single mission.<ref name=":34">{{Cite web|date=2016-07-01|title=This is what makes India's Tejas aircraft unique|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/hal-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-features-indian-air-force-2887091/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125202037/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/hal-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-features-indian-air-force-2887091/|archive-date=25 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The wind tunnel testing and [[computational fluid dynamics]] analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave [[Wave drag|drag]], as well low [[wing loading|wing-loading]].<ref name=":16" />

Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side [[intake|air-intake]], one under the [[fuselage]] (centreline station) and three hardpoints under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as [[Forward looking infrared|FLIR]], [[Infrared search and track|IRST]] or [[laser designator|laser rangefinder/designator]]. These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Paul|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2007-2008|publisher=Jane's Information Group|year=2007|isbn=9780710627926|page=246|language=en}}</ref> The Mark 1A has an [[aerial refuelling]] probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage.<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|last=Khera|first=Kishore Kumar|title=Combat Aviation: Flight Path 1968-2018|publisher=K W Publishers|date=28 October 2020|isbn=978-9389137446|location=India|pages=157–158|language=en}}</ref> The Tejas weapon suite consists of [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]] and [[Astra (missile)|Astra]] beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles.<ref name=":27" /> The Tejas has an internal 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]] twin-barreled [[autocannon]] under the starboard side air-intake.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandey|first=B.K|date=1 July 2016|title=Flying Daggers 45 takes wings|url=https://www.spsmai.com/experts-speak/?id=226&q=Flying-Daggers-45-takes-wings|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106075022/https://www.spsmai.com/experts-speak/?id=226&q=Flying-Daggers-45-takes-wings|archive-date=6 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.spsmai.com|publisher=SP Guide publications|issn=2230-9268}}</ref> The [[BrahMos#BrahMos-NG|BrahMos-NG]] supersonic [[cruise missile]] is being developed for the Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Smriti|date=2019-02-20|title=Aero India 2019: Lethal Make in India BrahMos NG integrated with Tejas! India eyes huge defence exports market|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/aero-india-2019-lethal-make-in-india-brahmos-ng-integrated-with-tejas-india-eyes-huge-defence-exports-market/1492901/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119054253/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/aero-india-2019-lethal-make-in-india-brahmos-ng-integrated-with-tejas-india-eyes-huge-defence-exports-market/1492901/|archive-date=19 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

Apart from [[aluminium-lithium alloy]]s and [[titanium alloy]]s,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Mathews|first=Neelam |date=17 July 2006 |title=Light Steps: India's LCA may be moving at a sedate pace, but it's progressing nonetheless |magazine=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=165|issue=3|page=126 |location=New York |issn=0005-2175}}</ref> [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|carbon-fibre composite]] materials are used in the construction of the Tejas. The composite materials constitute 45% of the airframe by weight and 90% by surface area,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=N. Eswara|title=Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies|last2=Wanhill|first2=R. J. H|publisher=Springer Singapore|date=11 November 2016|isbn=9789811021343|pages=335–336|language=en}}</ref> the highest among contemporary aircraft.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2005|title=Radiance of the Tejas: The Brawn and Brains of the Light Combat Aircraft (Special Edition)|journal=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review|volume=1|pages=2–3|oclc=62787146}}</ref> The upper and lower wing surfaces, [[wing spar]]s and [[wing rib]]s are also made out of carbon-fibre composites,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Dreger|first=Paul |date=February 2004 |title=SE Asia Indigenous Fighter Programmes |magazine=Military Technology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=28–30 |location=Bonne |issn=0722-3226}}</ref> while the fin tip is made out of [[Fiberglass|glass-fibre]].<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|isbn=978-0710631770|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|location=Couldson|pages=302–303|chapter=India|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim}}</ref> The extensive use of [[composite material]]s in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter but also gives high strength. This also reduces the number of [[joint]]s or [[rivet]]s, increases the aircraft's structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility to [[Fatigue (material)|fatigue]] cracks.<ref name=":34"/> The tailfin is a monolithic [[honeycomb structure]] structure, reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to traditional methods.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=B.G|date=16 February 2001|title=Dreams lighten in LCA.|url=http://www.stratmag.com/issueFeb-15/page03.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304212249/http://www.stratmag.com/issueFeb-15/page03.htm|archive-date=4 March 2008|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Strategic Affairs}}</ref> Initially the Tejas prototypes were equipped with a [[radome]] made out of [[Kevlar]] which was replaced with a quartz radome in the production aircraft.<ref name=":27" />

The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings. In addition to the elevons, the naval LCA have wing [[Leading–edge extension#Leading–edge vortex controller|leading–edge vortex controllers]] (LEVCON) control surfaces that extend from the wing-root leading edge, which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase lift and reduce airspeed during approach. The LEVCONs also provides better low-speed handling and increase controllability at high angles of attack (AoA).<ref name=":17"/>  The naval Tejas also has a strengthened undercarriage, stronger landing gear,<ref name=":30"/> and an [[arrestor hook]] system for carrier landings.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=3 August 2018|title=Naval Version of India's Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Successfully Tests Arrestor Hook Capability|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/naval-version-of-indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-successfully-tests-arrestor-hook-capability/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033125/https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/naval-version-of-indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-successfully-tests-arrestor-hook-capability/|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-05|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The two-seat LCA Navy variant (NP-1) have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-27|title=Tejas trainer jet makes smooth flight|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38145/tejas-trainer-jet-makes-smooth.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024072016/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38145/tejas-trainer-jet-makes-smooth.html|archive-date=24 October 2012|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

The Tejas has a [[night vision goggles]] compatible glass cockpit, equipped with a domestically developed head-up display (HUD), three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays by [[Central Scientific Instruments Organisation|Central Scientific Instruments Organization]] (CSIO). The Tejas has [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) arrangement to reduce pilot's workload.<ref name=":35"/><ref name=":17"/> The displays provide key information on a need-to-know basis, the pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multi-functional keyboard and several selection panels. The Tejas has a "get-you-home" panel coupled with an [[air data computer]] developed by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] to assist the pilot in case of an emergency. The cockpit is equipped with [[Martin-Baker]] 16LG [[zero-zero ejection seat]]<ref name="jawa-1617"/> and ''canopy severance system'' developed by the DRDO for safe ejection.<ref name=":35"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-23|title=Pune: DRDO facilities develop pilot escape path clearance system for combat aircraft|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-based-drdo-facilities-develop-pilot-escape-path-clearance-system-for-combat-aircraft-7370532/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623093613/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-based-drdo-facilities-develop-pilot-escape-path-clearance-system-for-combat-aircraft-7370532/|archive-date=23 June 2021|access-date=2021-11-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> For life support, Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system, while an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS) has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D’Souza|first=Pearl Maria|date=20 September 2019|title=LCA Tejas to level up with on-board oxygen system by early 2020, says DRDO|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/20/lca-tejas-to-level-up-with-on-board-oxygen-system-by-early-2020-says-drdo-2036300.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029144521/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/20/lca-tejas-to-level-up-with-on-board-oxygen-system-by-early-2020-says-drdo-2036300.html|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The ADA has developed [[virtual reality]] assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kadidal|first=Akhil|date=2019-02-23|title=Tejas virtual cockpit draws large crowds|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/tejas-virtual-cockpit-draws-720007.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184241/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/tejas-virtual-cockpit-draws-720007.html|archive-date=9 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> and N-LCA.<ref name=":30"/> Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit DASH IV [[helmet-mounted display]] system.<ref name=":17"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=9 November 2016|title=New Delhi signs off on 83 Tejas fighters|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/new-delhi-signs-off-on-83-tejas-fighters/122243.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108121907/https://www.flightglobal.com/new-delhi-signs-off-on-83-tejas-fighters/122243.article|archive-date=8 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar.<ref name=":27" /> Its digital flight control computer and air data computer are developed by BEL.<ref name=":36">{{Cite web|date=29 January 2013|title=BEL delivers critical systems for over 50 LCAs|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/bel-delivers-critical-systems-for-over-50-lcas-445451.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041556/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/bel-delivers-critical-systems-for-over-50-lcas-445451.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It has an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite domestically developed by [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment]] (DARE), which consists of a [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR), integrated [[Radar jamming and deception|self-protection jammer]],<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 January 2015|title=LCA equipped with electronic warfare suite|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lca-equipped-with-electronic-warfare-suite/article6775592.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084643/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lca-equipped-with-electronic-warfare-suite/article6775592.ece|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=7 November 2021|website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] and flare dispenser system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2010|title=LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=G.N|first=Prashanth|date=2013-10-17|title=Finally, Tejas gets electronic warfare systems|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/363477/finally-tejas-gets-electronic-warfare.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021095433/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/363477/finally-tejas-gets-electronic-warfare.html|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A, will have an AESA radar, new digital flight control computer, new EW suite and updated avionics.<ref name=":25" /> Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta [[EL/M-2052]] AESA radar,<ref name=":26" /> while rest are expected to fly with the domestically developed [[Uttam AESA Radar|Uttam]] AESA radar.<ref name=":21"/> The new EW system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE and known as the ''Unified Electronic Warfare suite'' (UEWS), will have electronic countermeasures and [[electronic counter-countermeasure]] capabilities, [[digital radio frequency memory]] based<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deepak|first=Jaison|title=A variety of Electronic Warfare platforms are now available to the IAF|url=https://forceindia.net/cover-story/future-of-war/|access-date=21 July 2021|website=Force Magazine|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527082229/https://forceindia.net/cover-story/future-of-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> jamming and deception capabilities.<ref name="auto3" /> The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod-mounted self-protection jammer<ref name=":27" /> – the Elta EL/L 8222WB.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=13 December 2018|title=India Selects Israeli Radar and Electronic Warfare Suite For Tejas Light Combat Aircraft|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607191130/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|archive-date=7 June 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The Mark 1A will have [[software-defined radio]]-based secure communications and [[Air Force Network|network]]-centric warfare capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-01-13|title=CCS okays 83 LCAs worth around ₹47,000 cr. for IAF|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ccs-approves-83-lca-mk-1a-jets-worth-over-48000-crore/article33568729.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210114019/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ccs-approves-83-lca-mk-1a-jets-worth-over-48000-crore/article33568729.ece|archive-date=10 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such as [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael [[Litening|Litening III]] targeting/reconnaissance pod,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ghaswalla|first=Amrita Nair|date=11 January 2018|title=Israel's Rafael eyes larger role in India's defence programme|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/israels-rafael-eyes-larger-role-in-indias-defence-programme/article9750654.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221857/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/israels-rafael-eyes-larger-role-in-indias-defence-programme/article9750654.ece|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Businessline|language=en}}</ref> while an advanced version named ''Litening 4I'' will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod, developed by the C4I systems division of Rafael, enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, in addition to target acquisition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Egozi|first=Arie|date=17 July 2017|title=Rafael targets Indian contract with Litening pod|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/rafael-targets-indian-contract-with-litening-pod/124805.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034614/https://www.flightglobal.com/rafael-targets-indian-contract-with-litening-pod/124805.article|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system.<ref name=":35"/>

The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include three-section [[Leading edge slats|slats]] on the wing's outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate [[vortex lift]] over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wing [[trailing edge]] fits two-segment [[elevon]]s to provide [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll control]]. The only [[empennage]]-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece [[Rudder#Aircraft rudders|rudder]] and two [[Air brake (aeronautics)|airbrakes]], located in the upper rear part of the [[fuselage]], one each on either side of the fin.<ref name=":2"/> Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority quadruplex digital [[fly-by-wire]] flight control system<ref name=":16" /> and an open architecture<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070629/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> digital flight control computer developed by BEL.<ref name=":36"/>  Its [[flight control surfaces]] are controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Krishnan|first1=P.S|title=Digital Flight Control Systems for Practising Engineers|last2=Narayanan|first2=K.G|year=2020|isbn=978-81-86514-65-8|language=en}}</ref> The fly-by-wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called ''auto low-speed recovery.'' This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature is ''disorientation recovery function'', once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by the [[IIT Bombay]] research university.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=10 November 2018|title=Tejas ready for auto low-speed recovery trials|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2018/11/10/tejas-ready-auto-low-speed-recovery-trials.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506182253/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2018/11/10/tejas-ready-auto-low-speed-recovery-trials.html|archive-date=6 May 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by the [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE) to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, the [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|Kaveri]], was launched as early as in 1986.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=15 December 2020|title=India Is Still Throwing Good Money at Hopeless Military Programmes|url=https://thewire.in/security/defence-spending-hal-drdo-military|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029123044/https://thewire.in/security/defence-spending-hal-drdo-military|archive-date=29 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Wire}}</ref> However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence the [[General Electric F404|General Electric F404-GE-F2J3]] [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburning]] turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution.<ref name=":12"/> Since 2004, uprated General Electric F404-GE-IN20 engines are powering Tejas variants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-08-17|title=HAL signs contract worth Rs 5,375 crore with GE Aviation, for supply of engines for Tejas aircraft|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-signs-contract-worth-rs-5375-crore-with-ge-aviation-for-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft/2312672/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030064422/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-signs-contract-worth-rs-5375-crore-with-ge-aviation-for-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft/2312672/|archive-date=30 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Tejas Mark 1 is currently powered by the F404 IN20 engine. The Mark 1A variant will be powered by the same powerplant,<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=18 August 2021|title=HAL orders 99 F404 engines to support Tejas production|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-orders-99-f404-engines-to-support-tejas-production/145127.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819085606/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-orders-99-f404-engines-to-support-tejas-production/145127.article|archive-date=19 August 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by a [[General Electric F414]] INS6 engine.<ref name=":13"/> On 17 August 2021, HAL placed an order of {{INRConvert|5375|c|year=2021}} for 99 F404-GE-IN20 engines.<ref name=":13"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2021|title=HAL signs contract worth Rs 5,375 crore for supply of engines for Tejas aircraft|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/17/hal-signscontract-worth-rs-5375-crorefor-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft-2346039.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817154718/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/17/hal-signscontract-worth-rs-5375-crorefor-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft-2346039.html|archive-date=17 August 2021|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[File:HAL Tejas (LSP-07) firing Python-5 missile better visibility.png|thumb|Tejas (LSP-07) firing [[Python-5]].]]

The formation of the first Tejas-equipped squadron started in July 2011. The first Tejas squadron—[[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] ''(Flying Daggers)'' became operational in July 2016,<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2"/> based at [[Sulur Air Force Station]] in Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=10 July 2011|title=IAF begins establishing first LCA squadron|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/175226/iaf-begins-establishing-first-lca.html|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220172310/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/175226/iaf-begins-establishing-first-lca.html|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> The second Tejas Mark 1 squadron, [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|Squadron 18]], was formed at [[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]] on 27 May 2020.<ref name="tejas2sq">{{cite web|last=Dinakar|first=Peri|date=19 May 2020|title=We hope to sign the deal for 83 LCA-Mk1A within next three months, says Bhadauria|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-hope-to-sign-the-deal-for-83-lca-mk1a-within-next-three-months-says-bhadauria/article31618828.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605155116/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-hope-to-sign-the-deal-for-83-lca-mk1a-within-next-three-months-says-bhadauria/article31618828.ece|archive-date=5 June 2021|access-date=19 May 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Tejas Mark 1 made its international debut on 21 January 2016, at the fourth [[Bahrain International Airshow]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hoyle|first=Craig|date=25 January 2016|title=Bahrain debut for export-ready Tejas fighter|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/bahrain-debut-for-export-ready-tejas-fighter/119434.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125133542/https://www.flightglobal.com/bahrain-debut-for-export-ready-tejas-fighter/119434.article|archive-date=25 January 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2018, the IAF's entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise. It was the IAF's largest air exercise, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 military personnel. During the exercise, the Tejas were deployed to forward bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability.<ref name=":11"/> In 2019, six Tejas fighter jets participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise, where it has demonstrated its "[[Multirole combat aircraft#Swing-role|swing role]]" capability.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=Vayu Shakti 2019: IAF's fire power will be demonstrated for the world on Saturday|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/vayu-shakti-2019-iafs-fire-power-will-be-demonstrated-for-the-world-on-saturday/1487845/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030025650/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/vayu-shakti-2019-iafs-fire-power-will-be-demonstrated-for-the-world-on-saturday/1487845/|archive-date=30 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

According to the commanding officer of [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] – Group Captain Samrath Dhankhar, DASH IV HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off-boresight [[Air-to-air missile#Fifth generation|close combat missiles]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=5 April 2019|title=How Lima Deployment Marked New High For India's Tejas|newspaper=FlightGlobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-how-lima-deployment-marked-new-high-for-in-457001/|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929000734/https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-how-lima-deployment-marked-new-high-for-indias-tejas/132030.article|archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> such as – Python-5 and R-73.<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2021-04-28|title=LCA Tejas adds 5th gen air-to-air missile to its weapons capability|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-adds-5th-gen-air-to-air-missile-to-its-weapons-capability/article34430456.ece|access-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022214843/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-adds-5th-gen-air-to-air-missile-to-its-weapons-capability/article34430456.ece|archive-date=22 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 27 April 2021, Tejas Mark 1 successfully test fired [[Python (missile)#Python-5|Python-5]] high off-boresight (HOBS) close combat missile and further validated enhanced capability of [[Python (missile)#Derby|I-Derby ER]] (extended range) BVR missile. Both missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial.<ref name=":10"/>

HAL proposed exporting the Tejas, with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries.<ref name=":9" /> It was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=9 March 2020|title=HAL planning to set up bases in four countries to push exports|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-planning-to-set-up-bases-in-four-countries-to-boosts-exports/articleshow/74545435.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824215018/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-planning-to-set-up-bases-in-four-countries-to-boosts-exports/articleshow/74545435.cms|archive-date=24 August 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

The [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA) has periodically indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the HAL Tejas, as part of its modernization initiative.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=17 October 2021|title=Argentina reveals talks with India on Tejas. Will ejection seat shoot down a deal?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/10/17/argentina-reveals-talks-with-india-on-tejas-will-ejection-seat-shoot-down-a-deal.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Week|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107182253/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/10/17/argentina-reveals-talks-with-india-on-tejas-will-ejection-seat-shoot-down-a-deal.html}}</ref> In October 2021, [[List of chiefs of the general staff of the Argentine Air Force|FAA chief-of-staff]] Brigadier Xavier Julian Isaac confirmed that [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] had offered the HAL Tejas to the FAA, amidst other offers of the [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] from [[China]] and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35]] from [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gonzalo|first=Mary|date=14 October 2021|title=X. Isaac (Argentina): "La prioridad absoluta está en la búsqueda de un avión de 4º generación"|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3233080/x-isaac-argentina-prioridad-absoluta-esta-busqueda-avion-4-generacion|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Infodefensa|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107182306/https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3233080/x-isaac-argentina-prioridad-absoluta-esta-busqueda-avion-4-generacion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dalal|first=Pazdin|date=17 October 2021|title=Argentina enquires about Tejas|url=https://iadnews.in/2021/10/17/argentina-enquires-about-tejas/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Indian Aerospace Defence News|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113135233/https://iadnews.in/2021/10/17/argentina-enquires-about-tejas/}}</ref> Multiple sources have also indicated that the HAL Tejas may likely be a good option for the FAA.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=6 October 2021|title=LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force, says a source|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Financial Express|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063337/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/}}</ref>

However, any potential sale of the HAL Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by [[Arms embargo|UK-imposed arms sanctions]]; the United Kingdom has barred any sale of military-equipment consisting of UK-manufactured parts to Argentina, ever since the British-Argentine [[Falklands War|Falklands War of 1982]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-11-17|title=Eye on export markets, Tejas debuts in Dubai|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eye-on-export-markets-tejas-debuts-in-dubai-121111700015_1.html|access-date=2022-01-13|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119185810/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eye-on-export-markets-tejas-debuts-in-dubai-121111700015_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, including the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to UK-diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK-origin parts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=3 November 2020|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Flight Global|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2021|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Merco Press|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo}}</ref>

Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the HAL Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-scrutiny, since it utilizes the British-origin [[Martin-Baker|MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat]] manufactured by [[Martin-Baker]], along with other British-origin components - including an [[Aerial refueling|aerial-refueling probe]] and a quartz radome, both supplied by [[Cobham (company)|Cobham Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Aritra|date=21 September 2021|title=Did Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder Beat Indian HAL Tejas To Win Argentine Fighter Jet Contract?|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/did-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-beat-indian-hal-tejas-to-win-argentine-fighter-jet-contract/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Eurasian Times|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120073934/https://eurasiantimes.com/did-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-beat-indian-hal-tejas-to-win-argentine-fighter-jet-contract/}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Nevertheless, HAL has reportedly offered a customised-variant of the HAL Tejas to the FAA, which includes a retrofit of about 50-specific components and the substitution of all major British-origin components - including the ejection seat and the aerial-refueling probe, with diplomatically suitable alternatives; however, any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 November 2021|title=India ofrece sus aviones LCA Tejas Mk1A a Argentina con la posibilidad de reemplazar componentes|url=https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/11/18/india-ofrece-sus-aviones-lca-tejas-mk1a-a-argentina-con-la-posibilidad-de-reemplazar-componentes/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Zonamilitar|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120033148/https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/11/18/india-ofrece-sus-aviones-lca-tejas-mk1a-a-argentina-con-la-posibilidad-de-reemplazar-componentes/}}</ref>

====Australia====

In July 2020, the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) had issued a tender, seeking a new jet trainer to replace its fleet of [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 127]] trainer aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2021|title=India offers LCA Tejas for RAAF trainer requirement|url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/india-offers-lca-tejas-for-raaf-trainer-requirement|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Times Aerospace|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114113437/https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/india-offers-lca-tejas-for-raaf-trainer-requirement}}</ref> According to HAL's "58th Annual Report" covering 2020–2021, HAL had offered the HAL Tejas in its "Lead in Fighter Trainer" (LIFT) configuration to Australia's [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] (DoD) in July 2020.<ref name=":39">{{Cite web|date=30 August 2021|title=58th Annual Report 2020-21|url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AR%2020-21.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=14 January 2022|website=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029132036/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AR%2020-21.pdf}}</ref>

Other aircraft also reported to be participating in the tender are the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk]], the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346 Master]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI T-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Satam|first=Parth|date=2021-09-10|title=India Pitches Its HAL Tejas Fighter Jets To Australia; Pins Hope On Malaysia For The 1st Elusive Contract|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-pitches-its-hal-tejas-fighter-jets-to-australia-pins-hope-on-malaysia-for-the-1st-elusive-contract/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115000958/https://eurasiantimes.com/india-pitches-its-hal-tejas-fighter-jets-to-australia-pins-hope-on-malaysia-for-the-1st-elusive-contract/}}</ref>

====Malaysia====

[[Malaysia]] has frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to early as 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=21 July 2021|title=HAL is all set to respond to Royal Malaysian Air Force's RfP for LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-is-all-set-to-respond-to-royal-malaysian-air-forces-rfp-for-lca/2295082/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113152245/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-is-all-set-to-respond-to-royal-malaysian-air-forces-rfp-for-lca/2295082/}}</ref>

In March 2019, the HAL Tejas made its international debut at the [[Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition]] (LIMA); its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest, especially amongst the RMAF and then-[[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohamad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 March 2019|title=IAF's LCA-Tejas fighter jets steal the show at LIMA 2019 in Malaysia|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/iafs-lca-tejas-fighter-jets-steal-the-show-at-lima-2019-in-malaysia-2190634.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Zee News|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113144343/https://zeenews.india.com/india/iafs-lca-tejas-fighter-jets-steal-the-show-at-lima-2019-in-malaysia-2190634.html}}</ref>

However, in mid-2019, HAL's prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished, owing to [[India–Malaysia relations|diplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia]] - most particularly Malaysia's contentious remarks over India's [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abrogation of Article 370]] and India's retaliatory move of boycotting Malaysian-produced palm oil.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=18 November 2019|title=HAL eyes first foreign sale of Tejas as Malaysian air force shortlists contenders|url=https://theprint.in/defence/hal-eyes-first-foreign-sale-of-tejas-as-malaysian-air-force-shortlists-contenders/322569/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=The Print|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213333/https://theprint.in/defence/hal-eyes-first-foreign-sale-of-tejas-as-malaysian-air-force-shortlists-contenders/322569/}}</ref> The diplomatic skirmishes ceased in 2020, following [[2020–22 Malaysian political crisis|Mahathir's resignation as PM]] and the restitution of the Indo-Malaysian palm oil trade.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Neo|first=Pearly|date=16 August 2020|title='Getting back to normal': Malaysia-India palm oil trade back on track due to better prices, food security needs|url=https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2020/08/16/Getting-back-to-normal-Malaysia-India-palm-oil-trade-back-on-track-due-to-better-prices-food-security-needs|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Food navigator-asia.com|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811034755/https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2020/08/16/Getting-back-to-normal-Malaysia-India-palm-oil-trade-back-on-track-due-to-better-prices-food-security-needs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jadhav|first1=Rajendra|last2=Thukral|first2=Naveen|date=19 May 2020|title=Exclusive: India resumes purchases of Malaysian palm oil - traders|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-malaysia-palmoil-exclusive-idUSKBN22V0QM|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Reuters|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118012729/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-malaysia-palmoil-exclusive-idUSKBN22V0QM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 May 2020|title=India resumes purchases of Malaysian palm oil: Traders|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-resumes-purchases-of-malaysian-palm-oil-traders/articleshow/75821854.cms|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825161250/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-resumes-purchases-of-malaysian-palm-oil-traders/articleshow/75821854.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 March 2019|title=Malaysian PM interacts with HAL, IAF teams at LIMA '19|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/malaysian-pm-interacts-with-hal-iaf-teams-at-lima-1920190327231530/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=ANI News|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328202556/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/malaysian-pm-interacts-with-hal-iaf-teams-at-lima-1920190327231530/}}</ref>

In 2021, an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL's manufacturing-facility at [[Bengaluru]] to assess the suitability of the HAL Tejas, possibly in anticipation of a possible order - reaffirming Malaysia's interest in the aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dar|first=Younis|date=2021-04-07|title=Tejas Jets: Malaysia Gets Serious About LCA Tejas; To Visit India for Full Evaluation|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/tejas-jets-malaysia-gets-serious-about-lca-tejas-to-visit-india-for-full-evaluation/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723104413/https://eurasiantimes.com/tejas-jets-malaysia-gets-serious-about-lca-tejas-to-visit-india-for-full-evaluation/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2019-01-09|title=Malaysia shows interest in India's Tejas fighter jets, may buy 30 of them|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/malaysia-shows-interest-in-india-s-tejas-fighter-jets-may-buy-30-of-them-119010900029_1.html|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924185605/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/malaysia-shows-interest-in-india-s-tejas-fighter-jets-may-buy-30-of-them-119010900029_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft - dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahadzir|first=Dzirhan|date=22 June 2021|title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Shephard Media|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121738/https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-22|title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender|url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=MilitaryLeak|language=en-US|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/|url-status=live}}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|last1=Barrock|first1=Jose|date=18 October 2021|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Edge Markets|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract}}</ref>

In October 2021, the RMAF confirmed that the HAL - offering the HAL Tejas MK1A, had submitted its bid for the FLT/LCA tender, along with five other international firms - [[Korea Aerospace Industries]] (KAI) (offering the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]]), [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) (offering the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]]), [[Leonardo S.p.A.]] (offering the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]]), [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]] (offering the [[TAI Hürjet]]) and [[Rosoboronexport]] (offering the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> Coincidentally, the [[PAC/CAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] - which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF, had not participated in the FLIT/LCA tender.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=19 October 2021|title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Aerotime Hub|language=en|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213235805/https://www.aerotime.aero/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2021|title=Six contenders for Royal Malaysian Air Force light combat aircraft tender|url=https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/october/7771-six-contenders-for-royal-malaysian-air-force-light-combat-aircraft-tender.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Air Recognition|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111094630/https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/october/7771-six-contenders-for-royal-malaysian-air-force-light-combat-aircraft-tender.html}}</ref>

Later that year, HAL signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with [[MMTC Ltd]] - a public sector firm, as a channelizing partner to facilitate the import of [[palm oil]] as a counter-trade to any potential sale of the HAL Tejas to the RMAF; this arrangement was initiated to fulfill a mandatory requirement of the RMAF - which stipulates that 50% of the total cost of the FLIT/LCA tender must be paid the winning contender through means of [[Barter|barter trade]].<ref name=":39" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Parkaran|first=K.|date=16 July 2021|title=Mandatory for 50% of aircraft deal to be in palm oil barter|work=Free Malaysia Today|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/16/mandatory-for-50-of-aircraft-deal-to-be-in-palm-oil-barter/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=H_32W8oPB0_rLeIXL2m1oz6lZ311ow5GHyCwKBoXTDg-1642256048-0-gaNycGzNCGU|access-date=15 January 2022|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115143512/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/16/mandatory-for-50-of-aircraft-deal-to-be-in-palm-oil-barter/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=H_32W8oPB0_rLeIXL2m1oz6lZ311ow5GHyCwKBoXTDg-1642256048-0-gaNycGzNCGU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dalal|first=Pazdin|date=7 September 2021|title=MMTC to buy Palm Oil for LCA-Tejas barter deal with Malaysia: HAL|url=https://iadnews.in/2021/09/07/mmtc-to-buy-palm-oil-for-lca-tejas-barter-deal-with-malaysia-hal/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Indian Aerospace Defence News|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106120721/https://iadnews.in/2021/09/07/mmtc-to-buy-palm-oil-for-lca-tejas-barter-deal-with-malaysia-hal/}}</ref> HAL also signed another MOU with [[Boustead Heavy Industries Corporation]] (BHIC) - a major Malaysia-based defense contractor, to fulfill another mandatory condition of the RMAF - stipulating that the winning contender must locally procure at least 30% of products or services from Malaysian companies in the deal; the HAL-BHIC [[joint venture]] would offer a provision of "Depot Level Maintenance" i.e. providing reliability, availability, maintainability and supportability (RAMS) to the RMAF, should HAL win the FLIT/LCA tender.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Socka|first=Sherman|date=1 December 2021|title=LETTER &#124; RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Malaysiakini|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 December 2021|title=LCA tender in Malaysia, new government requirement benefits HAL Tejas|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/12/malaysia-lca-tender-hal-tejas.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Blog Before Flight|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202100027/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/12/malaysia-lca-tender-hal-tejas.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 December 2021|title=HAL Tejas now has more chances than ever to win Malaysian LCA tender: Report|url=http://frontiervedette.com/hal-tejas-has-now-more-chances-than-ever-to-win-malaysian-lca-tender-report/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=The Frontier Vedette|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115143526/http://frontiervedette.com/hal-tejas-has-now-more-chances-than-ever-to-win-malaysian-lca-tender-report/}}</ref>

It has been reported that Sri Lanka has shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of [[IAI Kfir]] and [[Chengdu J-7]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=14 July 2018|title=Sri Lanka, Egypt evince interest in Tejas|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sri-lanka-egypt-evince-interest-in-tejas/articleshow/51880338.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522091149/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sri-lanka-egypt-evince-interest-in-tejas/articleshow/51880338.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> The programme is for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft and is to be pursued through a government-government basic agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grevatt|first=Jon|date=15 August 2016|title=Sri Lanka prepares to launch combat aircraft procurement program|url=http://www.janes.com/article/62956/sri-lanka-prepares-to-launch-combat-aircraft-procurement-programme|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318031848/http://www.janes.com/article/62956/sri-lanka-prepares-to-launch-combat-aircraft-procurement-programme|archive-date=2017-03-18|access-date=2017-02-09|website=[[Janes Information Services]]}}</ref> In 2021, it was decided to overhaul the Kfirs, instead of buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling the five Kfirs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref>

 

The Tejas has attracted interest from the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE), with some discussions held during a visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence, Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, during a state visit in October 2018, as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE. Although, as of November 2021, there has been little follow-up on the aforementioned interest, there is a higher likelihood of UAE's acceptance of the LCA Tejas, and its array of Israeli-origin avionics since the Abraham Accords.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gurung|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|date=17 October 2018|title=UAE 'interested' in HAL-made light combat aircraft Tejas|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/uae-interested-in-hal-made-light-combat-aircraft-tejas/articleshow/66253936.cms|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042336/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/uae-interested-in-hal-made-light-combat-aircraft-tejas/articleshow/66253936.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2020, in response to a [[Request for Information]] (RFI) from the [[Naval Air Systems Command|United States Naval Air Systems Command]] (NAVAIR), HAL offered the "Lead In Fighter Trainer" variant of the HAL Tejas - classified as the "HAL Tejas LIFT", to the [[United States Navy]] (USN), as part the latter's initiative to replace its fleet of [[McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk|T-45 Goshawk]] trainer aircraft, dubbed the "Undergraduate Jet Training System".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=9 December 2020|title=Role reversal: India offers US fighter jet trainer in 1st major defence sales pitch|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/role-reversal-india-offers-us-fighter-jet-trainer-in-1st-major-defence-sales-pitch/articleshow/79635249.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143728/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/role-reversal-india-offers-us-fighter-jet-trainer-in-1st-major-defence-sales-pitch/articleshow/79635249.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":38">{{Cite web|date=9 December 2020|title=India offers LCA Tejas trainer variant to US Navy: Report|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624123958/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html}}</ref> Other aircraft participating in the UJTS, are the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk|T-7 Red Hawk]] - offered by [[Boeing]] in partnership with [[Saab AB|Saab]], and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI T-50A Golden Eagle]] - offered by [[Korea Aerospace Industries]] (KAI), in partnership with [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Aakriti|date=2020-12-10|title=LCA Tejas For The US Navy - India Pitches Its Light Combat Aircraft To The US To Replace Its Ageing T-45 Goshawks|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/will-indias-indigenous-lca-lift-replace-t-45-goshawk-as-jet-trainer-for-the-us-navy/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211172120/https://eurasiantimes.com/will-indias-indigenous-lca-lift-replace-t-45-goshawk-as-jet-trainer-for-the-us-navy/}}</ref>

Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reputedly slim, according to multiple sources.<ref name=":38" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalita|first=Jayanta|date=2021-08-12|title=HAL Tejas Fails To Impress US Navy; Washington Likely To Sideline Indian Jet For Boeing, Lockheed Trainer Aircraft|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-tejas-fails-to-impress-us-navy-washington-likely-to-sideline-indian-jet-for-boeing-lockheed-trainer-aircraft/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813110551/https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-tejas-fails-to-impress-us-navy-washington-likely-to-sideline-indian-jet-for-boeing-lockheed-trainer-aircraft/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Newdick|first=Thomas|date=10 August 2021|title=These Contenders Are Vying To Replace The Navy's T-45 Goshawk With A New Jet Trainer|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41935/these-contenders-are-vying-to-replace-the-navys-t-45-goshawk-with-a-new-jet-trainer|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Drive|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143717/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41935/these-contenders-are-vying-to-replace-the-navys-t-45-goshawk-with-a-new-jet-trainer}}</ref> Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the UJTS are attributed to the fact that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the consortiums of [[Boeing]]-[[Saab AB|Saab]] and [[Korea Aerospace Industries|KAI]]-[[Lockheed Martin]], offering the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk|T-7]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|T-50A]], respectively), a lack of export orders for the type, its rejection by the [[Indian Navy]] earlier in 2016 and its delta-wing design - which makes it less-suitable for low-speed landing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 September 2021|title=After US Navy, LCA trainer variant offered to Australia: HAL|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/after-us-navy-lca-trainer-variant-offered-to-australia-hal.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143654/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/after-us-navy-lca-trainer-variant-offered-to-australia-hal.html}}</ref>

* '''TD-1''' (KH2001) – 4 January 2001.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last1=Schillings|first1=Melissa|title=Strategic Management of Technological Innovation|last2=Shankar|first2=Ravi|publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]]|date=1 August 2019|isbn=978-9353168315|edition=6|pages=333–334|chapter=Case 3: Tejas - A Dream LCA Project for the Indian Armed Forces}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sagar|first=Pradip R|date=5 January 2021|title=20 years since LCA Tejas's first flight: What's next for India's indigenous fighter programme?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/01/05/20-years-since-lca-tejass-first-flight-whats-next-for-indias-indigenous-fighter-programme.html|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Week|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305225530/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/01/05/20-years-since-lca-tejass-first-flight-whats-next-for-indias-indigenous-fighter-programme.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''PV-6''' (KH-T2010) – First flight on 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer variant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2014|title=Tejas trainer PV6 completes first flight|url=https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=3302&q=Tejas-trainer-PV6-completes-first-flight|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.spsmai.com|publisher=SP Guide publications|language=en|issn=2230-9268|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019075115/https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=3302&q=Tejas-trainer-PV6-completes-first-flight}}</ref>

* '''NP-1''' (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July 2010.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Radhakrishna|date=7 July 2010|title=PICTURE: India rolls out naval version of Tejas fighter|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/picture-india-rolls-out-naval-version-of-tejas-fighter/94442.article|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katoch|first=P.C|date=18 June 2020|title=Indigenous Fighter Jet for Navy|url=https://www.sps-aviation.com/experts-speak/?id=466&h=Indigenous-Fighter-Jet-for-Navy|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.sps-aviation.com|publisher=SP Guide Publications|issn=2230-9225|oclc=70225772|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193123/http://sps-aviation.com/experts-speak/?id=466&h=Indigenous-Fighter-Jet-for-Navy}}</ref>

* '''NP-2''' (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval variant. First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski-jump take-off and arrested landing required in [[STOBAR]] carrier.<ref>{{cite news|last=Press Trust of India|date=7 February 2015|title=Maiden flight by 2nd prototype of LCA Tejas' naval variant|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maiden-flight-by-2nd-prototype-of-lca-tejas-naval-variant/articleshow/46156784.cms|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html|archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

* '''LSP-1''' (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered by F404-F2J3 Engine.<ref name="abh1">{{Cite web|last=Warwick|first=Graham|date=19 June 2008|title=India flies another Tejas|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Af5946a2e-922b-4a19-a48b-87f5c9bc65eb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044148/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Af5946a2e-922b-4a19-a48b-87f5c9bc65eb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

* '''LSP-4''' (KH2014) – June 2010. The first aircraft that was flown in the (Mark 1) configuration that will be delivered to the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|archive-date=20 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The aircraft flew with the Hybrid MMR, a [[Countermeasure]] Dispensing System, and an [[identification friend or foe|identify friend or foe]] electronic system.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2010-06-05|title=Tejas boosts test programme|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tejas-boosts-test-programme-110060500045_1.html|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614021628/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tejas-boosts-test-programme-110060500045_1.html|archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

* '''LSP-5''' (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=1 November 2010|title=India To Fly Tejas LSP-5 Soon|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/asd/2010/10/29/04.xml&headline=India%20To%20Fly%20Tejas%20LSP-5%20Soon|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044140/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fasd%2F2010%2F10%2F29%2F04.xml&headline=India%20To%20Fly%20Tejas%20LSP-5%20Soon|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

* '''LSP-7''' (KH2017) – First flight on 9 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=9 March 2012|title=Tejas LSP-7 does its maiden flight|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tejas-lsp-7-does-its-maiden-flight/articleshow/12202169.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-10-19|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019065749/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tejas-lsp-7-does-its-maiden-flight/articleshow/12202169.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''LSP-8''' (KH2018) – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the final version upon which production is based.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=1 April 2013|title=Tejas LSP-8 makes its maiden flight|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217093449/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[File:HAL Tejas (LA-5020) of SQ18 Flying Bullets during Air Force Day 2021.jpg|thumb|HAL Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard]]

*'''Tejas Mark 1'''&nbsp;− Single-seat operational variant for the Indian Air Force. 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC standard constituting [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]]. Delivery of the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|18 Squadron]] (''Flying Bullets'') was equipped with the first aircraft in May 2020.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /> Delivery of balance 15 aircraft to No. 18 Squadron is expected to be completed by September 2021.<ref name="Unnithan">{{Cite web |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=31 July 2020 |title=Orders for 83 LCA Tejas Mark 1A jets likely before December |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/orders-for-83-lca-tejas-mark-1a-jets-likely-before-december-1706204-2020-07-31 |access-date=31 July 2020 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731033840/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/orders-for-83-lca-tejas-mark-1a-jets-likely-before-december-1706204-2020-07-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 are [[BVRAAM]] capable, with general flight envelope expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 g,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Anil|title=Indian Defence Review|date=30 November 2020|publisher=[[Lancer Books|Lancer Publishers LLC]]|isbn=9781940988535|volume=35|location=New York|pages=37–38|chapter=Turnaround of the IAF fighter fleet|issue=4}}</ref> updated avionics and flight control software suite, as well as capable of hot refueling and [[aerial refueling]].<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" />

*'''Tejas Mark 1A'''&nbsp;- an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped with [[EL/M-2052]] and [[Uttam AESA]] radar, [[Radar jamming and deception|self-protection jammer]], radar warning receiver, as well as being able to mount an external [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] pod.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-18|title=Advanced version of Tejas light combat aircraft makes its debut flight|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/advanced-version-of-lca-tejas-makes-its-debut-flight/story-eJx0pJ6hba3tCvZdNyYz4M.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430205442/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/advanced-version-of-lca-tejas-makes-its-debut-flight/story-eJx0pJ6hba3tCvZdNyYz4M.html|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3" />

*'''SPORT''' &nbsp;- Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer (SPORT) aircraft is a two-seater [[Lead-in fighter training|Lead-in Fighter Training]] [LiFT] aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes as [[light fighter]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=31 January 2021|title=India offers LCA Tejas trainer variant to US Navy: Report|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922230916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|archive-date=22 September 2021|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>

* '''[[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mark 2]]'''&nbsp;- or Medium Weight Fighter, is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=|date=31 January 2021|title=Tejas Mark II to roll out next year; high-speed trials in 2023: HAL Chief Madhavan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727153922/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|archive-date=27 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar, an on-board oxygen generation system and a built-in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|date=11 July 2018|title=Tejas Mk-II: India may avail consultancy from European manufacturers who bid for MMRCA deal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-mk-ii-india-may-avail-consultancy-from-european-manufacturers-who-bid-for-mmrca-deal/articleshow/48347892.cms|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328024416/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-mk-ii-india-may-avail-consultancy-from-european-manufacturers-who-bid-for-mmrca-deal/articleshow/48347892.cms|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> In January 2019, Air Chief Marshal [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar|date=31 January 2019|title=IAF chief flags delays in manufacture of equipment|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-chief-flags-delays-in-manufacture-of-equipment/article26142246.ece|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108032120/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-chief-flags-delays-in-manufacture-of-equipment/article26142246.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

*'''[[HAL TEDBF|Twin-engine deck based fighter]] (TEDBF)''' - A new twin-engine carrier based fighter variant, to be developed independently. It is a totally different program based on the requirements of the Indian Navy. The aircraft will operate from [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]] and [[INS Vishal]] and is expected to replace the current [[MiG-29K]] in service. The Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] approved the TEDBF project in June 2020. The aircraft is expected to start flight tests in 2026.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Joe|first=Rick|date=11 October 2021|title=A Tale of 2 Navies: India and China's Carrier Airwing Development|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/a-tale-of-2-navies-india-and-chinas-carrier-airwing-development/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024071213/https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/a-tale-of-2-navies-india-and-chinas-carrier-airwing-development/|archive-date=24 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

* '''[[Omni Role Combat Aircraft]] (ORCA)''' - An air force variant of the TEDBF for the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2021-01-15|title=More strength to the Indian Air Force; 83 indigenous fighters will soon join IAF|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/more-strength-to-the-indian-air-force-83-indigenous-fighters-will-soon-join-iaf/2171574/|access-date=2021-02-15|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226024709/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/more-strength-to-the-indian-air-force-83-indigenous-fighters-will-soon-join-iaf/2171574/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=5 January 2020|title=NDTV Exclusive: First Look At Futuristic Variant Of India's Tejas Fighter|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/if-developed-this-futuristic-variant-of-tejas-could-match-iafs-rafale-jets-2159016|access-date=2021-02-15|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111073434/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/if-developed-this-futuristic-variant-of-tejas-could-match-iafs-rafale-jets-2159016|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''CATS MAX''' - The main component of [[HAL Combat Air Teaming System]] (CATS), CATS MAX will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of CATS components. The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer (WSO), with the later controlling the CATS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chandra|first=Atul|date=4 February 2021|title=HAL unveils ambitious air-teaming system centred on Tejas|work=Flight Global|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-unveils-ambitious-air-teaming-system-centred-on-tejas/142280.article|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211035/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-unveils-ambitious-air-teaming-system-centred-on-tejas/142280.article|archive-date=3 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jane's">{{Cite web|last=Parakala|first=Akshara|date=5 February 2021|title=Aero India 2021: HAL's loyal wingmen break cover|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-hals-loyal-wingmen-break-cover|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607074259/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-hals-loyal-wingmen-break-cover|archive-date=7 June 2021|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Janes|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Tejas Trainer''' - NP-5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy, with IFR-probe. Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL's proposal to reestablish a "Carrier Training Squadron" with 18 Naval Tejas, that would be posted on both of India's carriers and additionally serve as point defence interceptors.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://idrw.org/lca-navy-mk1-navy-considering-establishing-carrier-training-squadron/ |title= LCA-Navy Mk1: Navy considering establishing carrier training squadron |date= 19 August 2021 |access-date= 2021-11-19 |website= irdw.org |language= en-US |archive-date= 19 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211119051654/https://idrw.org/lca-navy-mk1-navy-considering-establishing-carrier-training-squadron/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

*'''Tejas Mark 1 Navy'''&nbsp;- Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine. Cancelled in favour of the new twin-engine naval fighter [[HAL TEDBF]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|last=|date=2 December 2016|title=Navy rules out deploying 'overweight' Tejas on aircraft carriers|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221212318/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|archive-date=21 February 2020|access-date=21 July 2021|work=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref>

[[Indian Air Force]] – 123 aircraft to be built.<ref>{{cite web|title=MIG-21 Aircraft|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1783420|access-date=2021-12-21|publisher=PIB|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220105610/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1783420|url-status=live}}</ref> 40 Tejas Mark 1 ordered in March 2006 with deliveries beginning in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2021-02-02|title=Boost for Made in India! 2nd production line for LCA inaugurated; Will speed up production of fighter jets|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/boost-for-made-in-india-2nd-production-line-for-lca-inaugurated-will-speed-up-production-of-fighter-jets/2185853/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506160327/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/boost-for-made-in-india-2nd-production-line-for-lca-inaugurated-will-speed-up-production-of-fighter-jets/2185853/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":27" /> (16 Mk1 IOC and 16 Mk1 FOC single-seater aircraft, 8 Mk1 FOC twin-seat trainers). 83 aircraft ordered in February 2021<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2021-02-03|title=Govt formally seals ₹48,000 crore deal to procure 83 Tejas LCA from HAL|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-formally-seals-48000-crore-deal-to-procure-83-tejas-lca-from-hal/article33737432.ece|access-date=2021-02-03|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221141944/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-formally-seals-48000-crore-deal-to-procure-83-tejas-lca-from-hal/article33737432.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> (73 Mk1A single-seater aircraft, 10 Mk1 FOC trainers).

**[[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] (''Flying Daggers'')<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sathish|first=Deepak|date=27 May 2020|title=Second squadron of Tejas fighter jets inducted into Indian Air Force at Sulur air base|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/may/27/second-squadron-of-tejas-fighter-jets-inducted-into-indian-air-force-at-sulur-air-base-2148617.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019053950/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/may/27/second-squadron-of-tejas-fighter-jets-inducted-into-indian-air-force-at-sulur-air-base-2148617.html}}</ref>

**[[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]] (''Flying Bullets'')<ref name="Tejas SQ18">{{cite news|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=22 November 2017|title=PVC recipient Sekhon's squadron to fly again|work=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/pvc-recipient-sekhon-s-squadron-to-fly-again/502125.html|access-date=23 November 2017|archive-date=23 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123011647/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/pvc-recipient-sekhon-s-squadron-to-fly-again/502125.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=27 February 2020|title=We will Air Chief Marshal Bhadauria interview: 'We will expand operational utility of Tejas'tional utility of Tejas: Air Chief Marshal Bhadauria|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2020/02/27/iaf-chief-rks-bhadauria-tejas-operational-utility.html|access-date=2021-07-21|website=OnManorama|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721063313/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2020/02/27/iaf-chief-rks-bhadauria-tejas-operational-utility.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" />

|ref=tejas.gov.in,<ref name="lca-tejas1">[http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html "Leading particulars and performance."] tejas.gov.in. Retrieved 19 December 2017. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221014017/http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html |date=21 December 2017}}</ref> DRDO Techfocus,<ref name="DRDO Techfocus">[http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf "DRDO TechFocus."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322031428/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf |date=22 March 2011}} ''DRDO'', February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</ref> Jane's All the World's Aircraft,<ref name="jawa-1617"/>

|fuel capacity={{cvt|2458|kg}} internal; 2 × {{cvt|1200|l}}, {{cvt|800|l}} drop tank inboard, {{cvt|725|l}} drop tank under fuselage

|more power=<ref>{{Cite web|title=F404 turbofan engines|url=https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2021|website=[[GE Aviation]]|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112175538/https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf}}</ref>

|max speed kmh=2220

|range miles=1150

|range nmi=459

|combat range note=with internal fuel<ref name="fg-2013">{{cite news |title=Pictures: India's Tejas receives initial operational clearance |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-indias-tejas-receives-initial-operational-clearance-394420/|agency=FlightGlobal.com |date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113929/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-indias-tejas-receives-initial-operational-clearance-394420/|archive-date=13 November 2017}}</ref>

|endurance=4 hours{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

|ceiling ft=52500

|hardpoint capacity= 5,300 kg

***[[Air-to-air missile]]s:

****[[Astra (missile)|Astra Mark 1]] (planned)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=2020-12-15|title=India working on next 'Astra' missile with 160 km range as Mk1 is integrated in IAF & Navy|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-working-on-next-astra-missile-with-160-km-range-as-mk1-is-integrated-in-iaf-navy/566699/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-16|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116130550/https://theprint.in/defence/india-working-on-next-astra-missile-with-160-km-range-as-mk1-is-integrated-in-iaf-navy/566699/}}</ref>

*** [[Air-to-surface missile]]

****[[Kh-59|Kh-59ME]], [[Kh-59|Kh-59L]], [[Kh-59|Kh-59T]]

****[[BrahMos#BrahMos-NG|BrahMos-NG]] [[Air-launched cruise missile|ALCM]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html |title=BrahMos to make a generational leap, become lighter, faster and more lethal supersonic cruise missile |date=22 February 2019 |website=Zee News |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511091626/https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html |url-status=live }}</ref>(planned)

*** [[Anti-radiation missile]]

*** [[Anti-ship missile]]

****[[Kh-59|Kh-59MK]]

*** [[Precision-guided munition]]

**** [[Spice (bomb)|Spice]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html |title=Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations |date=19 March 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729072744/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

*** [[Laser-guided bomb]]

*** [[Cluster munition]]

*** [[Unguided bomb]]

*[[Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] hybrid multi-mode [[fire control radar]]<ref name=":27" />

*[[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] [[Litening|Litening III]]<ref name=":0" />

*DARE [[Targeting pod]]

*[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]] Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS) for Tejas Mk1A (planned)<ref name="auto3"/>

*[[Elta]] [[EL/M-2052|EL/M 2052]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA Radar]] for the first batch of 20 Tejas Mark 1A (planned)<ref name=":26" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|title=India Selects Israeli Radar and Electronic Warfare Suite For Tejas Light Combat Aircraft|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-02|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906035822/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="approval for Tejas fighter">{{cite news|author=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=25 October 2015|title=Cutting-edge Israeli radar wins air force approval for Tejas fighter|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cutting-edge-israeli-radar-wins-air-force-approval-for-tejas-fighter-115102500749_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027231855/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cutting-edge-israeli-radar-wins-air-force-approval-for-tejas-fighter-115102500749_1.html|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=28 October 2015|work=business-standard.com}}</ref>

*[[LRDE]] [[Uttam AESA Radar]] will be integrated from 21st Tejas Mark 1A (planned)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=2021-01-13|title=Govt clears Rs 48,000-cr deal for 83 Tejas fighters — all you want to know about the aircraft|url=https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104101853/https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|archive-date=4 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-08|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Reflist|group=N}} Save for suture use. -->

{{Reflist}}

* {{citation |last1=Hoh |first1=Roger H. |last2=Mitchell |first2=David G. |title=Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft – Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft |url=http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA128758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115422/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA128758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2008 |date=September 1983}}

* [http://www.tejas.gov.in/ Official Government of India Tejas site]

* [https://tejas.gov.in/ADA-Tejas%20Brochure-2015.pdf TEJAS The Indian Light Combat Aircraft, official brochure 2015]