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The name '''''Dasam Granth''''' is given to a collection of various manuscripts in [[Sikhi]] containing compositions attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name="hss54" /><ref name="britdasam">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dasam-Granth Dasam Granth], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014p136">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=136–138 }}</ref><ref name="McLeod1990">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-226-56085-4|author-link=W. H. McLeod}}, pages 2, 67</ref> Guru Gobind Singh ordained the sacred text Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, eternally ending the line of human Gurus. It is the only holy scripture of the Sikhs and regarded by Sikhs as the living embodiment of Ten Gurus.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Kashmir|date=2004|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib - A Juristic Person|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/22527650/kashmir-singh-sri-guru-granth-sahib-a-juristic-person|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Samachar|first=Asia|date=August 21, 2020|title=Reignition of Dasam Granth controversy|work=Asia Samachar|url=https://asiasamachar.com/2020/08/21/reignition-dasam-granth-controversy/|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref> Bachiter Natak is a part of ("Dasam Granth") composition<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Jugraj|date=6 Jan 2013|title=Bibi Jugraj Kaur - Dasam Granth Interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LsSnCbZ6O4|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh Aulakh|first=Dr Ajith|title=Bachitar Natak|publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh Amritsar|year=1980|isbn=|location=India|pages=}}</ref> | The name '''''Dasam Granth''''' is given to a collection of various manuscripts in [[Sikhi]] containing compositions attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name="hss54" /><ref name="britdasam">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dasam-Granth Dasam Granth], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014p136">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=136–138 }}</ref><ref name="McLeod1990">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-226-56085-4|author-link=W. H. McLeod}}, pages 2, 67</ref> Guru Gobind Singh ordained the sacred text Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, eternally ending the line of human Gurus. It is the only holy scripture of the Sikhs and regarded by Sikhs as the living embodiment of Ten Gurus.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Kashmir|date=2004|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib - A Juristic Person|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/22527650/kashmir-singh-sri-guru-granth-sahib-a-juristic-person|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Samachar|first=Asia|date=August 21, 2020|title=Reignition of Dasam Granth controversy|work=Asia Samachar|url=https://asiasamachar.com/2020/08/21/reignition-dasam-granth-controversy/|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref> Bachiter Natak is a part of ("Dasam Granth") composition<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Jugraj|date=6 Jan 2013|title=Bibi Jugraj Kaur - Dasam Granth Interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LsSnCbZ6O4|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh Aulakh|first=Dr Ajith|title=Bachitar Natak|publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh Amritsar|year=1980|isbn=|location=India|pages=}}</ref> | ||
The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.<ref name=" | The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.<ref name="hss54" /><ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /> These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the [[Braj Bhasha|Braj language]] (Old western Hindi),<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /> with some parts in Avadhi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name="hss54" /> The script is written almost entirely in Gurmukhi, except for the Guru Gobind Singh's letters to [[Aurangzeb]]—''[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]]'' and the ''[[Hikaaitaan]]''—written in the [[Persian alphabet]].<ref name="hss54">{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H. S.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}, pp. 53–54</ref> | ||
The ''Dasam Granth'' contains hymns, from mythological [[Hindu texts]],<ref name="britdasam" /> which are a retelling of the feminine in the form of goddess [[Durga]],<ref name="Nesbitt2016p107">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-106277-3|pages=107–109}}</ref | The ''Dasam Granth'' contains hymns, from mythological [[Hindu texts]],<ref name="britdasam" /> which are a retelling of the feminine in the form of goddess [[Durga]],<ref name="britdasam" /><ref name="Nesbitt2016p107">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-106277-3|pages=107–109}}</ref> an autobiography, letters to others such as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /> The scripture was recited in full within Nirmala Sikhs in the contemporary era.<ref name="McLeod1990" /><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=92–94}}</ref> Parts of it are popularly retold from Hindu Purans, for the benefit of the common man, who had no access to Hindu texts of the time.<ref name="McLeod1990" /> Compositions of the Dasam ''Granth'' include [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye]] and [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Benti Chaupai]] which are part of the [[Nitnem]] or daily prayers and also part of the [[Amrit Sanchar]] or initiation ceremony of Khalsa Sikhs.<ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2012p233">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |year=2012|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1387-0 |pages=233–234}}</ref> | ||
''Zafarnama'' and ''Hikayats'' in a different style and format appended to it in the mid 18th century.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" /> Other manuscripts are said to include the '''Patna bir''' and the '''Mani Singh Vali bir''' all originated in mid to late 18th century. These manuscripts include the Indian mythologies that are questioned by most Sikhs in the contemporary era, as well as sections such as the ''[[Ugardanti|Ugradanti]]'' and ''Sri Bhagauti Astotra''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" /> | ''Zafarnama'' and ''Hikayats'' in a different style and format appended to it in the mid 18th century.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" /> Other manuscripts are said to include the '''Patna bir''' and the '''Mani Singh Vali bir''' all originated in mid to late 18th century. These manuscripts include the Indian mythologies that are questioned by most Sikhs in the contemporary era, as well as sections such as the ''[[Ugardanti|Ugradanti]]'' and ''Sri Bhagauti Astotra''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" /> | ||
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== Structure == | == Structure == | ||
The standard print edition of the ''Dasam Granth'', since 1902, has 1,428 pages.<ref name= | The standard print edition of the ''Dasam Granth'', since 1902, has 1,428 pages.<ref name=hss54/><ref name="SinghFenech2014p136"/> However, many printed versions of the text in the contemporary era skip a major section (40%) because it is controversial.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |year=2012|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1387-0 |pages=232–235}}</ref> | ||
The standard official edition contains 17,293 verses in 18 sections.<ref name= | The standard official edition contains 17,293 verses in 18 sections.<ref name=hss54/><ref name="SinghFenech2014p136"/> These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the [[Braj Bhasha]] (Old western Hindi),<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136"/> with some parts in Avadhi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Persian language]].<ref name=hss54/> The script is almost entirely the Gurmukhi script except for the letter of the Sikh Guru to [[Aurangzeb]] – ''Zafarnama'', and the ''Hikayat'' in the [[Persian script]].<ref name=hss54/> | ||
=== Contents === | === Contents === | ||
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|[[Kalki|Kalki Avatar]] | |[[Kalki|Kalki Avatar]] | ||
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|The Kalki avatar appears in the historic [[Sikh]] texts, most notably in | |The Kalki avatar appears in the historic [[Sikh]] texts, most notably in Dasam Granth as Nihakalanki, a text that is traditionally attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The ''Chaubis Avatar'' (24 avatars) section mentions sage Matsyendra describing the appearance of Vishnu avatars to fight evil, greed, violence and ignorance. It includes Kalki as the twenty-fourth incarnation to lead the war between the forces of righteousness and unrighteousness, states Dhawan. | ||
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|13 | |13 | ||