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==Management strategies== | ==Management strategies== | ||
[[File:Loktak Lake1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Circular phumdis, called ''athampum'', were artificially built for fishing in Loktak Lake; their removal is now proposed.]] | [[File:Loktak Lake1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Circular phumdis, called ''athampum'', were artificially built for fishing in Loktak Lake; their removal is now proposed.]] | ||
A detailed study has been conducted by the Loktak Development Authority (LDA) in collaboration with [[Wetlands International]]–[[South Asia]], supported by the India–Canada Environment Facility, implementing a project on Sustainable Development and Water Resources Management of the Loktak Lake. The project addresses the issues relating to water management, [[sustainable fisheries]] development, community participation and development, catchment area treatment and conservation of wildlife.<ref name=udha/> The Planning Commission of the Government of India, decided in September 2008 that these policies would be implemented over a period of 5–6 years at an estimated cost of over Rs500 crores (US$100 million), and extended the area under management to also incorporate the water of Nambul and other rivers and their tributaries, which are primarily responsible for polluting the Loktak Lake.<ref name=vigil>{{Cite web|url=http://ne.icrindia.org/2008/09/22/lda-under-tight-pc-vigil-project-likely-to-be-reviewed/#more-721|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422163239/http://ne.icrindia.org/2008/09/22/lda-under-tight-pc-vigil-project-likely-to-be-reviewed/#more-721|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-04-22|title=LDA under tight PC vigil-Project likely to be reviewed|accessdate=2009-04-04|publisher=Sangai Express}} </ref> | A detailed study has been conducted by the Loktak Development Authority (LDA) in collaboration with [[Wetlands International]]–[[South Asia]], supported by the India–Canada Environment Facility, implementing a project on Sustainable Development and Water Resources Management of the Loktak Lake. The project addresses the issues relating to water management, [[sustainable fisheries]] development, community participation and development, catchment area treatment and conservation of wildlife.<ref name=udha/> The Planning Commission of the Government of India, decided in September 2008 that these policies would be implemented over a period of 5–6 years at an estimated cost of over Rs500 crores (US$100 million), and extended the area under management to also incorporate the water of Nambul and other rivers and their tributaries, which are primarily responsible for polluting the Loktak Lake.<ref name=vigil>{{Cite web|url=http://ne.icrindia.org/2008/09/22/lda-under-tight-pc-vigil-project-likely-to-be-reviewed/#more-721|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422163239/http://ne.icrindia.org/2008/09/22/lda-under-tight-pc-vigil-project-likely-to-be-reviewed/#more-721|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-04-22|title=LDA under tight PC vigil-Project likely to be reviewed|accessdate=2009-04-04|publisher=Sangai Express}}</ref> | ||
In order to resolve the problem of the excessive growth of phumdis that affects the lake ecosystem and local community, a study sponsored by the India–Canada Environment Facility was undertaken by the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) to examine efficient ways of converting phumdis into [[briquette]]s as fodder and fuel [[Wood pellet|pellets]], which could be used to meet both energy demands within the region.<ref name=briqutte>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teriin.org/upfiles/projects/ES/ES2002BE44.pdf|title=Feasibility of developing processing technique to convert phumdis waste of Loktak Lake into wealth, sponsored by India–Canada Environment Facility|accessdate=2009-04-04|publisher=The Energy and Resources Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424051435/http://www.teriin.org/upfiles/projects/ES/ES2002BE44.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two options for the [[biomass]] conversion were studied. The first involved making briquettes of vegetative part of phumdis for use as fodder while the second proposed to pelletise the lower part of phumdis for use as fuel. The study observed that phumdis have nutritional potential as feed material due to its higher crude fibre and crude protein content, but the [[Inorganic compound|inorganic]] content in the root and mat zone was found to be unsuitable for the purpose. The second option of making briquettes from the upper vegetative portion of the phumdis by mixing 12% de-oiled [[Bran|rice bran]] was found to be feasible for using them as fodder.<ref name=briqutte/> The lower portion, which was densified to make fuel pellets, was found to be suitable for use as fuel. Such pellets were found to have an average [[Heat of combustion|calorific value]] of 3,400 calories per kilogram (14,200 kJ/kg) with ash content of 27%. Cost economics were worked out and the study had found it to be "an economically viable and an attractive proposition for the benefit of local population."<ref name=briqutte /> The study concluded that extraction of phumdi from the lake could also generate income for the local people who are dependent on the lake for their livelihood. Such a step would protect the lake from the adverse effects of proliferation of phumdis and maintain the ecological balance of the lake, thus converting the waste into wealth.<ref name=briqutte/> The Planning Commission has also concurred with project proposals to engage interested individuals and private enterprises to begin the commercial venture of manufacturing compost from the phumdis and thus improve the environment of the Keibul Lamjao National Park. The project also envisages removal of 3630 artificial phumdis and compensation to their owners; this is reported to have been implemented.<ref name=vigil/> | In order to resolve the problem of the excessive growth of phumdis that affects the lake ecosystem and local community, a study sponsored by the India–Canada Environment Facility was undertaken by the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) to examine efficient ways of converting phumdis into [[briquette]]s as fodder and fuel [[Wood pellet|pellets]], which could be used to meet both energy demands within the region.<ref name=briqutte>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teriin.org/upfiles/projects/ES/ES2002BE44.pdf|title=Feasibility of developing processing technique to convert phumdis waste of Loktak Lake into wealth, sponsored by India–Canada Environment Facility|accessdate=2009-04-04|publisher=The Energy and Resources Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424051435/http://www.teriin.org/upfiles/projects/ES/ES2002BE44.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two options for the [[biomass]] conversion were studied. The first involved making briquettes of vegetative part of phumdis for use as fodder while the second proposed to pelletise the lower part of phumdis for use as fuel. The study observed that phumdis have nutritional potential as feed material due to its higher crude fibre and crude protein content, but the [[Inorganic compound|inorganic]] content in the root and mat zone was found to be unsuitable for the purpose. The second option of making briquettes from the upper vegetative portion of the phumdis by mixing 12% de-oiled [[Bran|rice bran]] was found to be feasible for using them as fodder.<ref name=briqutte/> The lower portion, which was densified to make fuel pellets, was found to be suitable for use as fuel. Such pellets were found to have an average [[Heat of combustion|calorific value]] of 3,400 calories per kilogram (14,200 kJ/kg) with ash content of 27%. Cost economics were worked out and the study had found it to be "an economically viable and an attractive proposition for the benefit of local population."<ref name=briqutte /> The study concluded that extraction of phumdi from the lake could also generate income for the local people who are dependent on the lake for their livelihood. Such a step would protect the lake from the adverse effects of proliferation of phumdis and maintain the ecological balance of the lake, thus converting the waste into wealth.<ref name=briqutte/> The Planning Commission has also concurred with project proposals to engage interested individuals and private enterprises to begin the commercial venture of manufacturing compost from the phumdis and thus improve the environment of the Keibul Lamjao National Park. The project also envisages removal of 3630 artificial phumdis and compensation to their owners; this is reported to have been implemented.<ref name=vigil/> | ||