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{{short description|Capital and largest city of Indonesia}}
{{other uses|Jakarta (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Jacatra|the genus of cicada|Jacatra (cicada){{!}}''Jacatra'' (cicada)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Jakarta
| name                           = Jakarta
| settlement_type         = [[Capital districts and territories|Special Capital Region]]
| official_name                  = Special Capital Region of Jakarta<br>{{nobold|''Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta''}}
| image_skyline           = {{multiple image
| native_name                     =
| border                  = infobox
| settlement_type                 = [[Capital districts and territories|Special Capital Region]]
| total_width              = 300
| image_skyline                  = Jakarta Pictures-4.jpg
| image_style              = border:1;
| image_caption                   = From top, left to right: [[Jakarta Old Town]], [[Hotel Indonesia|Hotel Indonesia Roundabout]], Jakarta Skyline, [[Gelora Bung Karno Stadium]], [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[National Monument (Indonesia)|Monumen Nasional]], [[Merdeka Palace]], [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal Mosque]] and [[Jakarta Cathedral]]
| perrow                  = 1/2/2/2
| image_shield                    = Jakarta COA.svg
| image1                   = Jakarta CBD.jpg
| image_flag                      = Flag of Jakarta (vectorised).svg
| image2                  = Museum fatahillah.jpg
| seal_alt                        = Provincial emblem
| image3                  = Istana-Merdeka.jpg
| nickname                        = [[Durian|The Big Durian]],<ref name="Jakartapost">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10|title=Jakarta: A city we learn to love but never to like|author=Suryodiningrat, Meidyatama|work=The Jakarta Post|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080221030541/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10|archivedate= 21 February 2008|date=22 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldstepper-daworldisntenough.blogspot.com/2008/04/go-jakarta-how-to-appreciate-big-durian.html|title=Travel Indonesia Guide – How to appreciate the 'Big Durian' Jakarta|publisher=Worldstepper-daworldisntenough.blogspot.com|date=8 April 2008|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> J-Town<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/|title=A Day on the J-Town|last=Sungkar|first=Aulia R.|work=Jetstar Magazine|date= April 2012|accessdate=2 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1|archivedate=1 August 2013}}</ref>
| image4                  = Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg
| motto                          = ''Jaya Raya'' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]])<br />(meaning: ''Victorious and Great'')
| image5                  = Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Asia Cup 2007.jpg
| image_map                      = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=9}}
| image6                  = Busway in Bundaran HI.jpg
| image_map1                      = {{#property:p242}}
| image7                   = Monas flags 1a.JPG
| map_caption1                    = Location of Jakarta in Indonesia
}}
| pushpin_map                     = Indonesia Java#Indonesia#Asia
| image_caption            = From top, left to right: Skyline of Jakarta CBD viewed from South Jakarta, [[Jakarta History Museum]] in the [[Jakarta Old Town]], [[Merdeka Palace]], [[National Museum of Indonesia]], [[Gelora Bung Karno Stadium]], Car-free day in Bundaran HI, [[National Monument (Indonesia)|Monas]]
| pushpin_label_position         = right
| image_map                = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=8|type=point|title=Jakarta|marker=city|frame-lat=-6.17|frame-long=106.86|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080|}}
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in [[Java]] and [[Indonesia]]
| map_caption              = Interactive map of Jakarta
| coordinates                    = {{coord|6|12|S|106|49|E|region:ID|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates              = {{coord|6|12|S|106|49|E|region:ID|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| image_shield            = Jakarta COA.svg
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| image_flag              = Flag of Jakarta (vectorised).svg
| established_title               = Established
| seal_alt                = Provincial emblem
| established_date               = 397 AD<ref name="mije">{{cite book|last1=Iguchi|first1=Masatoshi|title=Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country|date=2017|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd.|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=rFvsBQAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-1-78462-885-7}}</ref>{{rp|116}}
| pushpin_map             = Indonesia Java#Indonesia#Southeast Asia#Asia#World
| established_title2             = As Jayakarta
| pushpin_label_position   = right
| established_date2               = 22 June 1527<ref name="mije"/>{{rp|154}}
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in [[Java]] and [[Indonesia]]
| established_title3             = As [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]
| subdivision_type        = Country
| established_date3               = 4 March 1621<ref name="trt"/>
| subdivision_name        = [[Indonesia]]
| established_title4              = As Jakarta
| subdivision_type1        = Administrative cities and regencies
| established_date4              = 8 August 1942<ref name="trt">{{cite news|last1=Matanasi|first1=Petrik|title=Pada Tanggal Inilah Batavia Menjadi Jakarta|url=https://tirto.id/pada-tanggal-inilah-batavia-menjadi-jakarta-cc6G|accessdate=15 October 2017|work=tirto.id|date=30 December 2016|language=id}}</ref>
| subdivision_name1        = {{Collapsible list
| established_title5              = As DKI
| title = List
| established_date5              = 28 August 1961<ref>{{cite web |title=PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH KHUSUS IBUKOTA JAKARTA RAYA |url=http://www.jdih.pn-bangkinang.go.id/admin/penpres/download_penpres.php?id=202 |accessdate=2 January 2019 |language=id}}</ref>
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| government_type                = [[Administrative divisions of Indonesia|Special administrative area]]
| title_style =
| leader_title                    = [[List of Governors of Jakarta|Governor]]
| list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
| leader_name                    = [[Heru Budi Hartono]]
| 1 = [[Central Jakarta]]
| area_total_km2                  = 661.5
| 2 = [[North Jakarta]]
| area_metro_km2                  = 6392
| 3 = [[South Jakarta]]
| area_rank                      = [[Provinces of Indonesia|34th]]
| 4 = [[West Jakarta]]
| elevation_m                    = 8
| 5 = [[East Jakarta]]
| elevation_ft                    = 26
| 6 = [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)|Thousand Islands]]
| population_total                = 10,562,088
}}
| population_as_of               = 2020
| established_title       = Founded
| population_footnotes           = <ref name="sensus">{{cite web |title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf |publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]] |page=9 |date=21 January 2021 |trans-title=2020 Population Census Results |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=id}}</ref>
| established_date         = 22 June 1527<ref name="kemendagri">{{cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|title=Provinsi - Kementerian Dalam Negeri - Republik Indonesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219073545/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta |archive-date=19 February 2013 |access-date=14 August 2019 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |trans-title=Province - Ministry of Home Affairs - Republic of Indonesia |language=id |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_density_km2          = 15,906.5
| established_title2       = [[City status in Indonesia|City status]]
| established_date2       = 4 March 1621<ref name="kemendagri" />
| established_title3       = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province status]]
| established_date3       = 28 August 1961<ref name="kemendagri" />
| government_type          = [[Subdivisions of Indonesia#First level|Special administrative area]]
| governing_body          = ''DKI'' Jakarta Provincial Government
| leader_title            = [[Governor of Jakarta|Governor]]
| leader_name              = [[Anies Baswedan]]
| leader_title2            = [[Vice Governor of Jakarta|Vice Governor]]
| leader_name2            = [[Ahmad Riza Patria]]
| area_total_km2          = 664.01
| area_metro_km2          = 7,062.5
| area_urban_km2          = 3,540
| area_urban_sq_mi        = 1,367
| area_rank                = [[Provinces of Indonesia|34th in Indonesia]]
| population_urban        = 34,540,000
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Demog16th">{{cite web |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |edition=16th annual |date=February 2020|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 9,756
| elevation_m              = 8
| elevation_ft            = 26
| population_total        = 10,562,088
| population_rank          = [[Provinces of Indonesia|6th in Indonesia]]
| population_density_km2  = 15,906.5
| population_as_of         = 2020
| population_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite web |title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf |publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]] |page=9 |date=21 January 2021 |trans-title=2020 Population Census Results |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=id}}</ref>
| population_metro        = 33,430,285
| population_metro        = 33,430,285
| population_density_metro_km2 = 4,733
| population_density_metro_km2 = 4,733
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3 |title=Basis Data Pusat Pengemangan Kawasan Perkotaan |trans-title=Urban Area Development Center database |website=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id}}</ref>
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3 |title=Basis Data Pusat Pengemangan Kawasan Perkotaan |trans-title=Urban Area Development Center database |website=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id}}</ref>
| population_demonym      = Jakartan
| population_rank                = [[Provinces of Indonesia|6th]]
| population_density_blank1_km2 = <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
| population_density_blank1_km2   = <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
| demographics_type1      = Demographics
| population_demonyms              = Jakartan, {{lang-id|warga Jakarta, orang Jakarta}}
| demographics1_title1    = {{nowrap|Ethnic groups}}
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postal Code]]
| demographics1_info1      = 36.17% [[Javanese people|Javanese]]<br />28.29% [[Betawi people|Betawi]]<br />14.61% [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]<br />6.62% [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]]<br />3.42% [[Batak]]<br />2.85% [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]<br />0.96% [[Malay Indonesians|Malay]]<br />7.08% Others
| postal_code                    = 1xxx0
| demographics1_title2    = Religion (2021)
| area_code_type                  = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]]
| demographics1_info2      = 83.68% [[Islam]]<br />8.6% [[Protestantism]]<br />3.93% [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]<br />3.59% [[Buddhism]]<br />0.18% [[Hinduism]]<br />0.02% [[Confucianism]]
| area_code                      = (+62) 21
| leader_title3            = Legislative
| registration_plate              = [[Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia|B]]
| leader_name3            = [[Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council]]
| blank_name_sec1                = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| timezone                 = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]]
| blank_info_sec1                = {{increase}} 0.801({{fontcolor|Darkgreen|Very High}})
| utc_offset               = +07:00
| blank1_name_sec1                = HDI rank
| postal_code_type        = [[ZIP Code]]s
| blank1_info_sec1                = [[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|1st]] (2017)
| postal_code              = 10110–14540, 19110–19130
| website                        = [http://www.jakarta.go.id/ jakarta.go.id]
| blank_name              = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal)
| leader_title1                  = Deputy Governor
| blank_info              = 2019
| leader_name1                    = ''Vacant''
| blank1_name              = &nbsp;- Total
| leader_title2                  = Legislative
| blank1_info              = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 2,840.8&nbsp;trillion ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita|1st]])<br />[[USD|$]] 200.9&nbsp;billion<br />[[USD|$]] 660.3&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| leader_name2                    = [[Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council]]
| blank2_name              = &nbsp;- Per capita
| timezone                       = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]]
| blank2_info              = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 269,074&nbsp;thousand ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita|1st]])<br />[[USD|$]]&nbsp;19,029<br />[[USD|$]] 55,184&nbsp;([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| utc_offset                     = +7|
| blank3_name              = &nbsp;- Growth
| blank2_name                    = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP PPP]] (2016)
| blank3_info              = {{increase}} 5.9%
| blank2_info                    = {{Increase}}$483.4&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/4238|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20161113201922/http://www.bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/4238|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2016|title=Statistik Indonesia 2016|year=2016|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|location=Jakarta|language=Indonesian|format=PDF|access-date=2017-06-30|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| blank4_name              = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank3_name                    = Police
| blank4_info              = {{increase}} 0.807<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2020/02/18/1772/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi-metode-baru-2010-2019.html |title=Human Development Indices by Province, 2010-2019 (New Method) |language=id |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|1st]]) – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
| blank3_info                    = [[Jakarta Regional Metropolitan Police|Polda Metro Jaya]]
| blank5_name              = [[Geographic top-level domain|GeoTLD]]
| blank5_info              = [[.id]]
| blank6_name_sec1        = Major airports
| blank6_info_sec1        = [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|SHIA]] ([[IATA airport code|CGK]])<br />[[Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|HLP]])
| blank6_name_sec2        = [[Commuter rail]]
| blank6_info_sec2        = [[File:Logo_KAI_Commuter.svg|35px|link= KRL Commuterline]] [[File:Logo_KAI_Bandara.svg|35px|link= Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link]]
| blank7_name_sec2        = [[Rapid transit]]
| blank7_info_sec2        = [[File:MRT_Jakarta_logo.svg|35px|link= Jakarta MRT]]
| area_code                = +62 21
| iso_code                = ID-JK
| registration_plate      = B
| official_name            = Special Capital Region of Jakarta<br />{{nobold|''Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta''}}
| motto                    = {{native phrase|kaw|Jaya Raya}}<br>{{Small|"Victorious and Great"}}
| website                  = {{Official URL}}<!--Its a outdated url, needs to be updated on wikidata with permission access.-->
}}
<!--For future edits, avoid fill up the lead with unwanted, unreliable sources, because as per Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Order_of_article_elements, the lead will usually repeat information that is in the body, editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material.-->
 
'''Jakarta''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|k|ɑr|t|ə}}; {{IPA-id|dʒaˈkarta|3=Id-Jakarta.ogg}}), officially the '''Special Capital Region of Jakarta''' ({{lang-id|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}}), is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[list of Indonesian cities by population|largest city]] of [[Indonesia]]. Lying on the northwest coast of [[Java]], the world's [[list of islands by population|most populous island]], Jakarta is the [[list of cities in ASEAN by population|largest city]] in [[Southeast Asia]] and serves as the diplomatic capital of [[ASEAN]]. The city is the centre of the economy, culture, and politics of Indonesia. It has a [[province]] level status which has a population of 10,562,088 {{as of|2020|lc=y}}. Although Jakarta extends over only {{Convert|664.01|km2|}}, and thus has the smallest area of any [[Provinces of Indonesia|Indonesian province]], its [[Jakarta metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] covers {{convert|9,957.08|km2|}}, which includes the satellite cities [[Bogor]], [[Depok]], [[Tangerang]], [[South Tangerang]], and [[Bekasi]], and has an estimated population of 35&nbsp;million {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia|largest urban area in Indonesia]] and the [[List of largest cities|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Greater Tokyo Area|Tokyo]]). Jakarta ranks [[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|first among the Indonesian provinces]] in [[Human Development Index|human development index]]. Jakarta's business opportunities, and its ability to offer a potentially higher [[standard of living]] than is available in other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures.
 
Jakarta is one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia]]. Established in the fourth century as [[Sunda Kelapa]], the city became an important trading port for the [[Sunda Kingdom]]. At one time, it was the ''de facto'' capital of the [[Dutch East Indies]], when it was known as [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]. Jakarta was officially a city within [[West Java]] until 1960, when its official status was changed to a [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] with [[Capital districts and territories#Indonesia|special capital region]] distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)|administrative regency]]. Jakarta is an [[Global city#GaWC study|alpha world city]] and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat, Financial institutions such as the [[Bank Indonesia|Bank of Indonesia]], [[Indonesia Stock Exchange]], and corporate headquarters of numerous [[List of companies of Indonesia|Indonesian companies]] and [[multinational corporation]]s are located in the city. In 2017, the city's [[Gross regional product|GRP]] PPP was estimated at US$483.4&nbsp;billion.
 
Jakarta's primary challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and [[Floods in Jakarta|flooding]]. Jakarta is sinking up to 17&nbsp;cm (6.7&nbsp;inches) per year, which, coupled with the [[sea level rise|rising of sea levels]], has made the city more prone to flooding. It is one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. Because of these challenges, in August 2019, President [[Joko Widodo]] announced that the capital of Indonesia [[Capital of Indonesia#Move to Nusantara|would be moved]] from Jakarta to the planned city of [[Nusantara (planned city)|Nusantara]], in the province of [[East Kalimantan]] on the island of [[Borneo]].
 
==Name==
[[File:Replica of the Luso-Sundanese Padrão Monument 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Replica of the [[Luso Sundanese padrão|''Padrão'' of Sunda Kalapa]] (1522), a stone pillar with a [[cross]] of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] commemorating a treaty between the [[Portuguese Empire]] and the [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hindu]] [[Sunda Kingdom]], at [[Jakarta History Museum]].|left]]
Jakarta has been home to multiple [[Human settlement|settlements]]. Below is the list of names used during its existence.
* [[Sunda Kelapa]] (397–1527)
* [[Jayakarta]] (1527–1619)
* [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (1619–1942)
* Djakarta (1942–1972)
* Jakarta (1972–present)
 
Its name 'Jakarta' derives from the word ''Jayakarta'' ([[Devanagari]]: जयकर्त) which is ultimately derived from the [[Sanskrit]] जय ''jaya'' (victorious),<ref>{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=jaya|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043538/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|archive-date=31 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and कृत ''krta'' (accomplished, acquired),<ref>{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=krta|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731044135/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|archive-date=31 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> thus ''Jayakarta'' translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory'. It was named after Muslim troops of [[Fatahillah]] successfully defeated and drove out the Portuguese away from the city in 1527.<ref name="jakarta-news-2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |title=History of Jakarta |work=Jakarta News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820052725/http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |archive-date=20 August 2011 }}</ref> Before it was called Jayakarta, the city was known as 'Sunda Kelapa'. [[Tomé Pires]], a Portuguese apothecary during his journey to [[East Indies]], wrote the city name on [[Suma Oriental|his magnum opus]] as ''Jacatra'' or ''Jacarta''.{{sfn|Cortesão|1990|pp=27-32}}
 
In the 17th century, the city was known as ''Koningin van het Oosten'' (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of [[Kota, Jakarta|downtown Batavia's]] [[Gracht|canals]], mansions and ordered city layout.{{sfn|Kampen|1831|p=291}} After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. [[Menteng]] and the area around [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]]), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} "Batavia zoals het weent en lacht", (17 October 1939), ''Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië'', p. 6</ref> During the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation]], the city was renamed as {{nihongo||ジャカルタ特別市|''Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi''|Jakarta Special City}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/the-capitals-childhood-names.html|title=The capital's 'childhood' names|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191351/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/the-capitals-childhood-names.html|archive-date=28 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The official name used is ''Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta'', which literally means '''Jakarta Special Capital Region'''.
 
==History==
{{main|History of Jakarta}}
{{For timeline}}
 
===Precolonial era===
{{further|Sunda Kelapa}}
[[File:Prasasti tugu.jpg|thumb|upright|The 5th-century [[Tugu inscription]] discovered in Tugu district, North Jakarta|left]]
The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric [[Buni culture]] that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD.{{sfn|Zahorka|2007|p=?}} The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] kingdom of [[Tarumanagara]], one of the oldest [[Hindu]] kingdoms in Indonesia.{{sfn|Ayatrohaédi|2005|p=?}} The area of [[North Jakarta]] around [[Kampung Tugu|Tugu]] became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The [[Tugu inscription]] (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, [[Koja, Jakarta|Koja]], [[North Jakarta]], mentions that King [[Purnawarman]] of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital.{{sfn|Hellman|Thynell|Voorst|2018|p=182}} Following the decline of [[Tarumanagara]], its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu [[Sunda Kingdom|Kingdom of Sunda]]. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the [[Srivijaya]] maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, ''[[Zhu Fan Zhi|Chu-fan-chi]]'', written circa 1225, [[Zhao Rukuo|Chou Ju-kua]] reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula and western Java ([[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]]).{{sfn|Bunge|Vreeland|1983|p=3}} The source says the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, mentioning [[Black pepper|pepper]] from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles.{{sfn|Ayatrohaédi|2005|p=60}} The harbour area became known as [[Sunda Kelapa]], ([[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]: {{Sund|ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ}}) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom.
 
The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from [[Malacca]], arrived in 1513 while looking for a route for spices.{{sfn|Heuken|1999|p=?}} The Sunda Kingdom [[Luso Sundanese padrão|made an alliance treaty]] with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of [[Demak Sultanate]] from central Java.<ref name="jakarta-news-2011" /> In 1527, [[Fatahillah]], a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,<ref name="jakarta-news-2011" /> and became a fiefdom of the [[Banten Sultanate]], which became a major Southeast Asian trading centre.
 
Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of [[Banten Sultanate]], Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, the British [[East India Company]]'s first voyage, commanded by Sir [[James Lancaster]], arrived in [[Aceh]] and sailed on to [[Banten]] where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of British trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1981|p=?}} Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the British merchants, rivals of the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.{{sfn|Heuken|1999|p=?}}
 
===Colonial era===
{{see also|Batavia, Dutch East Indies|List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De stad Batavia TMnr 3728-537 (flopped).jpg|left|thumb|[[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] around 1780]]
When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and the British, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]]. The Dutch burned the British fort and forced them to retreat on their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city ''Batavia'' in 1619.
 
[[File:Batavia - Townhall 1770.jpg|thumb|The City Hall of Batavia (''Stadhuis van Batavia''), the seat of the governor-general of the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] in the late 18th century by [[Johannes Rach]] c. 1770. The building now houses the [[Jakarta History Museum]], [[Jakarta Old Town]].]]
Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were [[1740 Batavia massacre|massacred]] by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to [[Glodok]] outside the city walls.{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=138-39}} At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, ''[[batik]]'' and clothing worn by Arab communities.{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|p=145}}
 
The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The ''Koningsplein'', now [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]] was completed in 1818, the housing park of [[Menteng]] was started in 1913,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42|title=Menteng: Pelopor Kota Taman|date=3 November 2007|publisher=Badan Perencanaan Kotamadya Jakarta Pusat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42|archive-date=20 February 2009|language=id}}</ref> and [[Kebayoran Baru]] was the last Dutch-built residential area.{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=138-39}} By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,{{sfn|Henderson|1970|pp=81-82}} including 37,067 Europeans.{{sfn|Bakker|Kooy|Shofiani|Martijn|2008|p=1891}}
 
On 5 March 1942, the Japanese wrested [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta ({{Nihongo|Jakarta Special City|ジャカルタ特別市|Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi}}, under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.
 
===Independence era===
[[File:MonasConstruction2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|One of the most monumental projects launched by Sukarno was the demolition of government buildings in [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]] to make way for the [[National Monument (Indonesia)|National Monument]].]]
After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,{{sfn|Waworoentoe|2013}} and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], Indonesian Republicans withdrew from [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in [[Yogyakarta]].
 
After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=138-39}} With Jakarta selected to host the [[1962 Asian Games]], [[Sukarno]], envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and [[modernist architecture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kusno|2000|p=56}}; {{harvnb|Schoppert|Damais|1997|p=105?}}</ref> Projects included [[Semanggi Interchange|a cloverleaf interchange]], a major boulevard ([[Jalan MH Thamrin (Jakarta)|Jalan MH Thamrin]]-Sudirman), monuments such as [[Monas|The National Monument]], [[Hotel Indonesia]], a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of [[CONEFO]]. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of [[30 September Movement|an abortive coup]] attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66|a violent anti-communist purge]] which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm Why ethnic Chinese are afraid] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824095624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm |date=24 August 2017}}". [[BBC News]]. 12 February 1998.</ref> The event marked [[Transition to the New Order|the beginning of Suharto's New Order]]. The first government was led by a [[mayor]] until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a [[governor]]. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by [[Soemarno Sosroatmodjo]] as governor. Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, Jakarta was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.<ref name="Statistics-2008" />
 
In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (''Daerah Khusus Ibukota''), with a status equivalent to that of a province.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jakarta|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |access-date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917230948/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc|archive-date=17 September 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Lieutenant General [[Ali Sadikin]] served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,<ref>{{harvnb|Douglass|1989|pp=211–38}}; {{harvnb|Douglass|1992|pp=9–32}}</ref>— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.{{sfn|Turner|1997|p=315}} Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.{{sfn|Sajor|2003|pp=713–42}} The boom ended with the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring.
 
After three decades in power, support for President [[Suharto]] began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were [[Trisakti shootings|shot dead]] at [[Trisakti University]] by security forces. [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia|Four days of riots and violence]] in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign.{{sfn|Friend|2003|p=329}} Much of the rioting targeted [[Chinese Indonesian]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shari |first=Michael |date=2016-03-07 |title=Wages of Hatred |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |location=Kuta Gandeg, West Java |publication-place=New York City |url=http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100321/http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm |archive-date=2012-01-31}}</ref> In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.{{sfn|Friend|2003|p=?}} [[Jemaah Islamiah]]-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=138-39}} with [[2009 Jakarta bombings|another in 2009]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Minggu |date=19 July 2009 |url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta|title=Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta|publisher=Poskota|access-date=27 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta|archive-date=12 August 2009}}</ref> In August 2007, Jakarta held [[2007 Jakarta gubernatorial election|its first-ever election to choose a governor]] as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jakarta holds historic election |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm |url-status=live |date=8 August 2007 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=8 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101050015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
 
During the Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to [[East Kalimantan]].<ref name="kalimantan">{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/jakarta-sinks-as-indonesian-capital-and-borneo-takes-on-mantle-20190826-p52kvp.html|title=Jakarta sinks as Indonesian capital and Borneo takes on mantle|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826082811/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/jakarta-sinks-as-indonesian-capital-and-borneo-takes-on-mantle-20190826-p52kvp.html|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Jakarta|Floods in Jakarta|Jakarta Flood Canal|Giant Sea Wall Jakarta}}
 
Jakarta covers {{convert|699.5|km2|}}, the smallest among any [[Provinces of Indonesia|Indonesian provinces]]. However, its metropolitan area covers {{convert|6,392|km2|}}, which extends into two of the bordering provinces of [[West Java]] and [[Banten]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1|title=Publikasi Provinsi dan Kabupaten Hasil Sementara SP2010|publisher=Bps.go.id|access-date=7 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013091507/http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1|archive-date=13 October 2010}}</ref> The [[Jabodetabek|Greater Jakarta]] area includes three bordering regencies ([[Bekasi Regency]], [[Tangerang Regency]] and [[Bogor Regency]]) and five adjacent cities ([[Bogor]], [[Depok]], [[Bekasi]], [[Tangerang]] and [[South Tangerang]]).
 
{{wide image|View of Jakarta from Monas.jpg|1800px|Central Jakarta View from Monas}}
 
[[File:Aerial view of north jakarta.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of North Jakarta]]
[[File:Festival beach Ancol Jakarta.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ancol]] beach]]
Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of [[Java]], at the mouth of the [[Ciliwung River]] on [[Jakarta Bay]], an inlet of the [[Java Sea]].  It is strategically located near the [[Sunda Strait]]. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/|title=The Tides: Efforts Never End to Repel an Invading Sea|work=Jakarta Globe|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024056/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with [[East Timor]]'s [[Dili]]). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is {{convert|662|km2|0|abbr=on}} of land area and {{convert|6977|km2|0|abbr=on}} of sea area.<ref>Based on Governor Decree 2007, No. 171. taken from Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, ''Jakarta in Figures'', 2008, BPS, the province of [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|DKI]] Jakarta</ref> The [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)|Thousand Islands]], which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.
 
Jakarta lies in a low and flat [[alluvial plain]], ranging from {{convert|-2|to|50|m|0}} with an average elevation of {{convert|8|m|0}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of the city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur in around the area.{{sfn|Murray|Clemens|Phinn|Possingham|2014|pp=267–72}} Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are [[Ciliwung River]], Kalibaru, [[Pesanggrahan River|Pesanggrahan]], Cipinang, [[Angke River]], Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, [[Sunter River]] and [[Grogol River]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Simanjuntak |first=T. P. Moan |title=Maja River in Pegadungan Strewn with Water Hyacinth and Mud|date=16 July 2014|newspaper=Berita Resmi Pemprov|url=http://beritajakarta.com/en/read/2632/Maja_River_in_Pegadungan_Strewn_with_Water_Hyacinth_and_Mud|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318155453/http://beritajakarta.com/en/read/2632/Maja_River_in_Pegadungan_Strewn_with_Water_Hyacinth_and_Mud|archive-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elyda |first=Corry |title=BPK slams city's efforts to manage liquid waste|date=27 December 2014|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/27/bpk-slams-city-s-efforts-manage-liquid-waste.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191855/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/27/bpk-slams-city-s-efforts-manage-liquid-waste.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> They flow from the [[Puncak]] highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The [[Ciliwung River]] divides the city into the western and eastern districts.
 
These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to [[Flooding in Jakarta|flooding]]. This flooding is related to climate change.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cahya |first=Gemma Holliani |title=Climate change cause of Greater Jakarta floods, BMKG says |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/02/26/climate-change-behind-2020-floods-that-displaced-thousands-in-jakarta-agency-says.html|access-date=2020-11-24 |work=The Jakarta Post}}</ref>
 
Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about {{convert|5|to|10|cm|abbr=off}} each year, and up to {{convert|20|cm|abbr=off}} in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring [[Levee|dyke]] known as [[Giant Sea Wall Jakarta]] is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Esmeralda |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html|title=Dutch to study new dike for Jakarta Bay |access-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118120615/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html|archive-date=18 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a {{convert|1.2|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=off}} tunnel from [[Ciliwung River]] to [[Cisadane River]] to ease flooding in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/new-ciliwung-river-dams-planned-as-jakarta-struggles-with-latest-floods/|title=New Ciliwung River Dams Planned as Jakarta Struggles With Latest Floods|date=20 January 2014|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103037/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/new-ciliwung-river-dams-planned-as-jakarta-struggles-with-latest-floods/|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nowadays, a {{convert|1.2|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=off}}, with capacity {{convert|60|m3|abbr=off}} per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/20/jatinegara-residents-complain-about-underground-tunnel-project.html|title=Jatinegara residents complain about underground tunnel project|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134331/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/20/jatinegara-residents-complain-about-underground-tunnel-project.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cknet-ina.org/activities/read/jakarta-the-fastest-sinking-city-in-the-world/401 |title=Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world |date=16 Aug 2018}}</ref>
 
===Architecture===
{{see also|Colonial architecture in Jakarta|List of tallest buildings in Jakarta|Golden Triangle of Jakarta}}
 
[[File:Javasche Bank-2010.JPG|thumb|right|Facade of the [[Museum Bank Indonesia]] in [[Kota Tua]]]]
Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese and Dutch influences.{{sfn|Knörr|2014|p=?}} External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (''[[Jackfruit|Artocarpus integrifolia]]'') and comprise three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional [[Joglo|Javanese joglo]].{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|p=324}} Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/20/number-of-cultural-heritage-buildings-in-jakarta-increased.html |title=Number of cultural heritage buildings in Jakarta increased |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220141125/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/20/number-of-cultural-heritage-buildings-in-jakarta-increased.html |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: the [[Dutch Golden Age]] (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings and offices, mostly concentrated in the [[Jakarta Old Town]] and [[Central Jakarta]]. Architects such as J.C. Schultze and [[Eduard Cuypers]] designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include [[Gedung Kesenian Jakarta|Jakarta Art Building]], the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and [[Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)|Ministry of Finance]] Building, while Cuypers designed [[Museum Bank Indonesia|Bank Indonesia Museum]] and Bank Mandiri Museum.
[[File:BNI Building.JPG|thumb|right|upright|[[Wisma 46]] in post-modernist architecture, the fourth tallest building in Jakarta]]
 
In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Neo-Renaissance]] style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of [[Rationalism (architecture)|rationalism]] and [[modernism]], particularly [[Art Deco|art deco]] architecture. The elite suburb [[Menteng]], developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Willy |url=http://m.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/11/building-past.html |title=Building on the Past |work=The Jakarta Post |date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084422/http://m.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/11/building-past.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by [[Pieter Adriaan Jacobus Moojen|P.A.J. Moojen]].
 
After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The [[National Monument (Indonesia)|National Monument]] in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as [[Senayan Sports Stadium]]. The [[DPR/MPR Building|parliament building]] features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts.{{sfn|Bishop|Phillips|Yeo|2003|p=198}} Built-in 1996, [[Wisma 46]] soars to a height of {{convert|262|m|abbr=off}} and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy.
 
The urban construction booms continued during the 21st century. The [[Golden Triangle of Jakarta]] is one of the fastest evolving [[Central Business District|CBD]]'s in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jllrealviews.com/trends/fastest-evolving-central-business-districts-in-asia-pacific/|title=Where are the fastest evolving Central Business Districts in Asia Pacific?|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154405/https://www.jllrealviews.com/trends/fastest-evolving-central-business-districts-in-asia-pacific/|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat|CTBUH]] and [[Emporis]], there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed {{convert|150|m|abbr=off}}, which puts the city in the [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|top 10 of world rankings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/interactive-data/submit?type%5B%5D=building&status%5B%5D=COM&status%5B%5D=UC&status%5B%5D=UCT&status%5B%5D=STO&base_region=0&base_country=0&base_city=972&base_height_range=0&base_company=All&base_min_year=1900&base_max_year=9999&comp_region=0&comp_country=0&comp_city=0&comp_height_range=3&comp_company=All&comp_min_year=1960&comp_max_year=2016&skip_comparison=on&output%5B%5D=list&dataSubmit=Show+Results|title=CTBUH Tall Building Database|publisher=The Skyscraper Center|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155302/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/interactive-data/submit?type%5B%5D=building&status%5B%5D=COM&status%5B%5D=UC&status%5B%5D=UCT&status%5B%5D=STO&base_region=0&base_country=0&base_city=972&base_height_range=0&base_company=All&base_min_year=1900&base_max_year=9999&comp_region=0&comp_country=0&comp_city=0&comp_height_range=3&comp_company=All&comp_min_year=1960&comp_max_year=2016&skip_comparison=on&output%5B%5D=list&dataSubmit=Show+Results|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It has more buildings taller than 150&nbsp;metres than any other Southeast Asian or [[Southern Hemisphere]] cities.
 
===Landmarks===
[[File:Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Monument-02.jpg|thumb|left|view of [[National Monument (Indonesia)|Monas]], Jakarta's landmark]]
[[File:Jakarta Bundaran HI .jpg|thumb|left|[[Selamat Datang Monument|Bundaran HI]], a 1960s landmark of Jakarta located at the west end of [[Menteng]] District.]]
Most landmarks, monuments and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the [[Sukarno]] era, then completed in the [[Suharto]] era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the [[National Monument (Indonesia)|National Monument]], [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal mosque]], the [[DPR/MPR Building|Legislature Building]], and the [[Gelora Bung Karno]] stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in the capital city.{{sfn|Silver|2007|p=101}}
 
The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the {{convert|132|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off|-tall}} obelisk of the [[National Monument (Indonesia)|National Monument]] (''Monumen Nasional'' or ''Monas'') in the centre of [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]]. On its southwest corner stands a [[Mahabharata]]-themed [[Arjuna]] [[Victory|Wijaya]] chariot statue and fountain. Further south through [[Jalan M.H. Thamrin]], one of the main avenues, the [[Selamat Datang Monument|''Selamat Datang'' monument]] stands on the fountain in the centre of the [[Hotel Indonesia]] [[roundabout]]. Other landmarks include the [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal Mosque]], [[Jakarta Cathedral]] and the [[Immanuel Church, Jakarta|Immanuel Church]]. The former [[Jakarta History Museum|Batavia Stadhuis]], [[Sunda Kelapa]] port in [[Jakarta Old Town]] is another landmark. The [[Gama Tower]] building in [[South Jakarta]], at 310&nbsp;metres, is the [[List of tallest buildings in Indonesia|tallest building in Indonesia]].
 
Some of statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the [[West Irian Liberation Monument]], the [[Heroes Monument, Jakarta|Tugu Tani]], the [[Patung Pemuda Membangun|Youth statue]] and the [[:id:Patung Dirgantara|Dirgantara statue]]. Some statues commemorate [[National Hero of Indonesia|Indonesian national heroes]], such as the [[Diponegoro]] and [[Kartini]] statues in Merdeka Square. The [[Sudirman]] and [[Mohammad Husni Thamrin|Thamrin]] statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] at the Proclamation Monument at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.
 
===Parks and lakes===
[[File:Boat ride at TMII.jpg|thumb|right|Boat ride at Indonesian archipelago lake in [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]]]]
In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (''Ruang Terbuka Hijau''), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2011/06/25/ruang-terbuka-hijau-terus-ditambah|title=Ruang Terbuka Hijau Terus Ditambah|work=Poskotanews.com|date=25 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626213931/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2011/06/25/ruang-terbuka-hijau-terus-ditambah|archive-date=26 June 2011|language=id}}</ref> There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/jakarta-to-revive-rptras.html|title=Jakarta to revive RPTRAs|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110052934/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/jakarta-to-revive-rptras.html|archive-date=10 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/29/30-lakes-and-reservoirs-greater-jakarta-disappear.html|title=30 lakes and reservoirs in Greater Jakarta disappear|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211927/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/29/30-lakes-and-reservoirs-greater-jakarta-disappear.html|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]] ({{lang|id|Medan Merdeka}}) is an almost 1&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> field housing the symbol of Jakarta, [[Monas]] or ''Monumen Nasional'' (National Monument). Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General [[Herman Willem Daendels]] (1810) and was originally named ''Koningsplein'' (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features including a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/521-taman-medan-merdeka|title=Taman Medan Merdeka|language=id|work=deskominfomas|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523124534/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/521-taman-medan-merdeka|archive-date=23 May 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Lapangan Banteng]] (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta near [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal Mosque]], [[Jakarta Cathedral]], and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially, it was called ''Waterlooplein'' and functioned as a ceremonial square during the colonial period. Colonial monuments and memorials erected on the square during the colonial period were demolished during the Sukarno era. The most notable monument in the square is the ''Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat'' (Monument of the Liberation of West Irian). During the 1970s and 1980s, the park was used as a bus terminal. In 1993, the park was again turned into a public space. It became a recreation place for people and now serves as an exhibition place or for other events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/523-taman-lapangan-banteng|title=Taman Lapangan Banteng|language=id|work=deskominfomas|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524033529/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/523-taman-lapangan-banteng|archive-date=24 May 2010 }}</ref> 'Jakarta Flona' (''Flora dan Fauna''), a flower and decoration plants and pet exhibition, is held in this park around August annually.
[[File:Cable car Gondola Ancol Jakarta Bay City.jpg|thumb|[[Ancol]] Gondola]]
* [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] (Miniature Park of Indonesia), in [[East Jakarta]], has ten mini-parks.
* [[Taman Suropati|Suropati Park]] is located in [[Menteng]], [[Central Jakarta]]. The park is surrounded by Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as ''Burgemeester Bisschopplein'' during the colonial time. The park is circular-shaped with a surface area of {{convert|16,322|m2|abbr=off}}. Several modern statues were made for the park by artists of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] countries, which contributes to its nickname ''Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN'' ('Park of the ASEAN artists friendship').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/529-taman-suropati|title=Taman Suropati|language=id|work=deskominfomas|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523131155/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/529-taman-suropati|archive-date=23 May 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Menteng Park]] was built on the site of the former [[Persija]] football [[Menteng Stadium|stadium]]. [[Situ Lembang Park]] is also located nearby, which has a lake at the centre.
* [[Kalijodo Park]] is the newest park, in [[Penjaringan]] subdistrict, with {{convert|3.4|ha|abbr=off}} beside the Krendang River. It formally opened on 22 February 2017. The park is open 24 hours as green open space (''RTH'') and child-friendly integrated public space (''RPTRA'') and has international-standard skateboard facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/03/05/199852787/Kalijodo-Park-Expected-to-be-New-Tourism-Icon-in-IndonesiaXXX|title=Kalijodo Park Expected to be New Tourism Icon in Indonesia|author=Egi Adyatama|date=5 March 2017|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030443/https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/03/05/199852787/Kalijodo-Park-Expected-to-be-New-Tourism-Icon-in-IndonesiaXXX|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Muara Angke mangrove forest and wildlife sanctuary|Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Pantai Indah Kapuk|Angke Kapuk Nature Tourism Park]] at [[Penjaringan]] in [[North Jakarta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-3175553/taman-wisata-alam-angke-kapuk-permata-di-utara-jakarta|title=Taman Wisata Alam Angke Kapuk, Permata di Utara Jakarta|first=Wahyu Setyo|last=Widodo|website=detikTravel}}</ref>
* [[Ragunan Zoo]] is located in [[Pasar Minggu]], [[South Jakarta]]. It is the world's third-oldest zoo and is the second-largest with the most diverse animal and plant populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/09/21/206608538/Ragunan-Zoo-Mulls-Safari-Night|title=Ragunan Zoo Mulls Safari Night|author=Ninis Chairunnisa|date=21 September 2014|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062637/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/09/21/206608538/Ragunan-Zoo-Mulls-Safari-Night|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Setu Babakan]] is a 32-hectare lake surrounded by Betawi cultural village, located at [[Jagakarsa]], [[South Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/columns/metro-madness-a-day-of-betawi-culture-at-setu-babakan/356934#Scene_1|title=Metro Madness: A Day of Betawi Culture at Setu Babakan|newspaper=The Jakarta Globe|access-date=18 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001231616/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/columns/metro-madness-a-day-of-betawi-culture-at-setu-babakan/356934#Scene_1|archive-date=1 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dadap Merah Park is also found in this area.
* [[Ancol Dreamland]] is the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia. It is located along the bay, at [[Ancol]] in [[North Jakarta]].
* Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at [[Pluit]], [[North Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/16/hidden-parks-concrete-jungle.html|title=Hidden parks in the concrete jungle|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205521/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/16/hidden-parks-concrete-jungle.html|archive-date=9 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Tebet Honda Park]], Puring Park, Mataram Park, Taman Langsat, Taman Ayodya and Taman Swadharma in [[South Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/10/travel-must-visit-public-parks-capital.html|title=Travel: Must-visit public parks in the capital|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617171715/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/10/travel-must-visit-public-parks-capital.html|archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/09/city-allocates-rp-140-billion-to-revamp-five-parks.html|title=City allocates Rp 140 billion to revamp five parks|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109204930/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/09/city-allocates-rp-140-billion-to-revamp-five-parks.html|archive-date=9 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Jakarta
| 24.3 | 30.5 | 363
| 24.2 | 30.6 | 323
| 24.7 | 31.8 | 191
| 25.0 | 32.4 | 153
| 25.1 | 32.7 | 110
| 24.8 | 32.5 | 75
| 24.4 | 32.4 | 66
| 24.5 | 32.5 | 53
| 24.7 | 32.8 | 61
| 24.9 | 32.8 | 111
| 24.8 | 32.3 | 124
| 24.6 | 31.4 | 196
|source= BMKG<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.staklimtangsel.id/images/rataunsurcuaca/rataunsurcuaca10.jpg
| title = Climatological Average of Kemayoran Meteorological Station for 1981-2010
| publisher = Pondok Betung Climatological Station – Indonesian Bureau of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics
| accessdate = 19 April 2021
| language = id}}</ref>
|float = right
|clear = both
}}
 
Jakarta has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system. The wet season in Jakarta covers seven months: November to May. The remaining five months (June to October) constitute the city's drier season (save for June having an average monthly rainfall of less than {{convert|100|mm}}. August qualifies as the genuine dry season month, as it has less than {{convert|60|mm}} of rainfall. As across the western part of Java the wet season rainfall peaks in January and February with average monthly rainfall of {{convert|297.7|mm}}, and its dry season's low point is in August with a monthly average of {{convert|43.2|mm|abbr=on}}.
{{Weather box
|location=[[Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport]], Jakarta, Indonesia (temperature: 1924–1994, precipitation: 1931–1994)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C=33.3
|Feb record high C=32.8
|Mar record high C=33.3
|Apr record high C=33.3
|May record high C=33.3
|Jun record high C=33.3
|Jul record high C=34.4
|Aug record high C=35.6
|Sep record high C=35.6
|Oct record high C=35.6
|Nov record high C=35.6
|Dec record high C=33.9
|Jan high C=28.9
|Feb high C=28.9
|Mar high C=29.4
|Apr high C=30.0
|May high C=30.6
|Jun high C=30.0
|Jul high C=30.0
|Aug high C=30.6
|Sep high C=31.1
|Oct high C=31.1
|Nov high C=30.6
|Dec high C=29.4
|year high C=30.1
|Jan mean C=26.1
|Feb mean C=26.1
|Mar mean C=26.4
|Apr mean C=27.0
|May mean C=27.2
|Jun mean C=26.7
|Jul mean C=26.4
|Aug mean C=26.7
|Sep mean C=27.0
|Oct mean C=27.2
|Nov mean C=27.0
|Dec mean C=26.4
|year mean C=26.7
|Jan low C=23.3
|Feb low C=23.3
|Mar low C=23.3
|Apr low C=23.9
|May low C=23.9
|Jun low C=23.3
|Jul low C=22.8
|Aug low C=22.8
|Sep low C=22.8
|Oct low C=23.3
|Nov low C=23.3
|Dec low C=23.3
|year low C=23.3
|Jan record low C=20.6
|Feb record low C=20.6
|Mar record low C=20.6
|Apr record low C=20.6
|May record low C=21.1
|Jun record low C=19.4
|Jul record low C=19.4
|Aug record low C=19.4
|Sep record low C=18.9
|Oct record low C=20.6
|Nov record low C=20.0
|Dec record low C=19.4
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain mm=300.7
|Feb rain mm=294.7
|Mar rain mm=210.8
|Apr rain mm=147.3
|May rain mm=132.1
|Jun rain mm=96.5
|Jul rain mm=63.5
|Aug rain mm=43.2
|Sep rain mm=66.0
|Oct rain mm=110.8
|Nov rain mm=142.2
|Dec rain mm=208.2
|Jan rain days = 24
|Feb rain days = 23
|Mar rain days = 19
|Apr rain days = 15
|May rain days = 12
|Jun rain days = 9
|Jul rain days = 6
|Aug rain days = 5
|Sep rain days = 6
|Oct rain days = 10
|Nov rain days = 14
|Dec rain days = 18
|Jan humidity=85
|Feb humidity=85
|Mar humidity=83
|Apr humidity=82
|May humidity=82
|Jun humidity=81
|Jul humidity=78
|Aug humidity=76
|Sep humidity=75
|Oct humidity=77
|Nov humidity=81
|Dec humidity=82
|Jan sun=189
|Feb sun=182
|Mar sun=239
|Apr sun=255
|May sun=260
|Jun sun=255
|Jul sun=282
|Aug sun=295
|Sep sun=288
|Oct sun=279
|Nov sun=231
|Dec sun=220
|source 1=Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-halim.htm
|title=Indonesia – Halim Perdanakus
|publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas
|access-date=26 June 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155103/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-halim.htm
|archive-date=14 June 2021
|url-status=live}}</ref>
|source 2=[[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (humidity and sun only)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf
|title=Stations Number 96745
|publisher=Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate
|access-date=26 June 2016
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf
|archive-date=16 January 2013
}}</ref>
}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Jakarta
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.0<br />(82.0)
|style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.0<br />(82.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF0000;color:#FFFFFF;"|30.0<br />(86.0)
|style="background:#FF0000;color:#FFFFFF;"|30.0<br />(86.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;border-left-width:medium"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.0
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11+
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|10.8
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/jakarta-climate |title=Jakarta, Indonesia – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180027/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/jakarta-climate |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
 
==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|1870|65000
|1875|99100
|1880|102900
|1883|97000
|1886|100500
|1890|105100
|1901|115900
|1905|138600
|1918|234700
|1920|253800
|1925|290400
|1928|311000
|1930|435184
|1940|530000
|1945|600000
|1950|1800000
|1959|2814000
|1960|2678740
|1961|2906533
|1970|3915406
|1980|6700000
|1985|7900000
|1990|8174756
|2000|8389759
|2010|9625579
|2020|10562088
|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf|page=9|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020|language=id|date=21 January 2021|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/ |title=Jakarta population |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701054401/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/ |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|footnote={{nowrap|Note: Census figures (1950 and 1980) cover}} the actual and projected populations of the largest asian urban agglomerations.{{sfn|Ginsburg|Koppel|McGee|1991|p=71}} According to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics, 23 per cent of urban residents live in poverty. With a population of 7.9&nbsp;million in 1985, Jakarta accounted for 19 per cent of the total Indonesia urban population.{{sfn|Harpham|Tanner|1995|p=71}}}} Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.{{sfn|Cybriwsky|Ford|2001|pp=202-13}} Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.<ref name="Statistics-2008">{{Cite book |url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrbvfeve=ODdlY2I0NmZlYTJiZjM3ODJiYTE0ZGNj&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly9qYWthcnRhLmJwcy5nby5pZC9wdWJsaWNhdGlvbi8yMDE1LzA4LzE5Lzg3ZWNiNDZmZWEyYmYzNzgyYmExNGRjYy9zdGF0aXN0aWstcG90ZW5zaS1kZXNhLXByb3ZpbnNpLWRraS1qYWthcnRhLTIwMDguaHRtbA%3D%3D&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMS0xMS0xNiAxNTo1Nzo1MA%3D%3D |title=Statistik Potensi Desa Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2008 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]] |isbn=978-979-724-994-6 |volume=10 |location=Jakarta |language=id |trans-title=Village Potential Statistics of Province of DKI Jakarta 2008}}</ref>  Ministry of Home Affairs/Kemendagri tabulates its own data, which has improved since id card requirements in last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 in yearend 2021.
 
Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee15.htm |title=Jabotabek, the Jakarta metropolitan area |publisher=[[United Nations University|UNU]]}}</ref> The 2010 census counted some 9.58&nbsp;million people, well above government estimates.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Setiawati |first=Indah |title=After census city plans for 9.5&nbsp;million |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/28/after-census-city-plans-95-million.html |access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> The population rose from 4.5&nbsp;million in 1970 to 9.5&nbsp;million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while the population of [[Jabodetabek|Greater Jakarta]] rose from 8.2&nbsp;million in 1970 to 28.5&nbsp;million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10&nbsp;million,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html |title=BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327171524/https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> with a population density of 15,174 people/km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hook |first=Walter |title=BRT – Case Study 5 - Annex 5 Case Studies and Lessons - Module 2: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Toolkit for Feasibility Studies |url=https://sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org/mod2/se3/005_5.html |website=sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org |access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Hermanto|1998|p=?}} In 2014, the population of [[Jabodetabek|Greater Jakarta]] was 30&nbsp;million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Firman |first1=Tommy |title=Population growth of Greater Jakarta and its impact |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/26/population-growth-greater-jakarta-and-its-impact.html#sthash.bynCViBO.dpuf |website=The Jakarta Post |access-date=6 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929060917/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/26/population-growth-greater-jakarta-and-its-impact.html#sthash.bynCViBO.dpuf |archive-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is predicted to reach 35.6&nbsp;million people by 2030 to become the world's biggest [[megacity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/33429/jakarta-to-overtake-tokyo-as-most-populated-megacity-by-2030/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910132641/http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/33429/jakarta-to-overtake-tokyo-as-most-populated-megacity-by-2030/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2019|title=These are the megacities of the future|access-date=11 October 2018|date=9 October 2018}}</ref> The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=Data collection, analysis, visualization and sharing |url=https://knoema.com/ |website=Knoema |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825220550/https://knoema.com/ |archive-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 101.3 in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics of DKI Jakarta Province 2017|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html|access-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327171524/https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Ethnicity===
{{Bar box
|title=Ethnicities of Jakarta – 2010 Census{{sfn|Suryadinata|Arifin|Ananta|2003|p=?}}
|left1=Ethnic group
|right1=Percentage
|float=left
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Javanese people|Javanese]]|#89CFF0|36.17}}
{{Bar percent|[[Betawi people|Betawi]]|#FFA07A|28.29}}
{{Bar percent|[[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]|#FFCBA4|14.61}}
{{Bar percent|[[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]]|DarkGray|6.62}}
{{Bar percent|[[Batak]]|Black|3.42}}
{{Bar percent|[[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]|Magenta|2.85}}
{{Bar percent|[[Malay Indonesian|Malay]]|DarkViolet|0.96}}
{{Bar percent|Others|DarkRed|7.08}}
}}
Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were [[Javanese people|Javanese]], 28.29% [[Betawi people|Betawi]] (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61% [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], 6.62% [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]], 3.42% [[Batak]], 2.85% [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], 0.96% [[Ethnic Malays|Malays]], [[Indo people|Indo]] and others 7.08%.
 
[[File:Jin De Yuan, Chinese Indonesian.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Chinese in Jakarta praying during [[Chinese New Year]] in Glodok, Jakarta]]
The '[[Betawi people|Betawi]]' (''Orang Betawi'', or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant-descendants of the old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs.<ref>These cement the pluralism in ethnic and national identities found in contemporary Jakarta;{{harvnb|Knörr|2007|p=263}}</ref> They are thus a creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia and most over generations have intermarried with one or more Chinese, Arab and European ancestor.{{sfn|Sáenz|Embrick|Rodriguez|2015|p=?}} Most lived in the fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta.{{sfn|Iyer|2001|p=23}} It is thus a conundrum for certain highly Javanese people, especially the most multi-generational Jakartan residents, to identify as Javanese or Betawi, such as where living in a mainly Betawi district and speaking more of that creole as will be fluid or a matter of preference for such families.
 
A significant [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]] community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as [[Pinangsia]], [[Pluit]] and [[Glodok]] (Jakarta Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in the old [[Chinatown]]s of [[Senen]] and [[Jatinegara]]. As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% and which was thought under-reported;<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnston |first=Tim |title=Chinese diaspora: Indonesia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm |url-status=live |publisher=BBC News |date=3 March 2005 |access-date=30 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223170116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm |archive-date=23 December 2007}}</ref> which explains the 6.6% figure ten years later.
 
The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2010 census, roughly 346,000 [[Batak]], 305,000 [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] and 155,000 [[Ethnic Malays|Malays]] lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. [[Toba Batak people|Toba Batak]] is the largest subset in Jakarta.{{sfn|Reid|2010|p=170}} Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, peddlers, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists.<ref>Board of Editors, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography, 1987</ref>{{sfn|Naim|1971|p=?}}
 
===Language===
[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speak [[Dutch language|Dutch]] or [[Chinese language|Chinese]], depending on their upbringing. [[English language|English]] is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/26/world/asia/26indo.html|title=As English Spreads, Indonesians Fear for Their Language|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811160323/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/26/world/asia/26indo.html|archive-date=11 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such as [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], and [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]. The [[Betawi language]] is distinct from those of the [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] or [[Javanese people|Javanese]], forming itself as a [[language island]] in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the East [[Old Malay|Malay]] dialect and enriched by [[loan word]]s from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Hokkien language|Chinese]], and [[Arabic]].
 
===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Jakarta (2017)
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 83.43
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 8.63
|color2 = Blue
|label3 = [[Catholicism]]
|value3 = 4.00
|color3 = Purple
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 3.74
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Hinduism]]
|value5 = 0.19
|color5 = DarkOrange
|label6 = [[Confucianism]]
|value6 = 0.01
|color6 = red
}}
In 2017, Jakarta's religious composition was distributed over [[Islam]] (83.43%), [[Protestantism]] (8.63%), [[Catholicism]] (4.0%), [[Buddhism]] (3.74%), [[Hinduism]] (0.19%), and [[Confucianism]] (0.01%). About 231 people claimed to follow folk religions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia|work=[[Badan Pusat Statistik|BPS]]|year=2017|url=http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/jumlah-penduduk-dki-jakarta-berdasarkan-agama|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430063503/http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/jumlah-penduduk-dki-jakarta-berdasarkan-agama|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Most ''[[pesantren]]'' (Islamic boarding schools) in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist [[Nahdlatul Ulama]],<ref>Pemerintah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Ensiklopedi Jakarta: Culture & Heritage, Vol. 1, Dinas Kebudayaan dan Permuseuman, 2005</ref> modernist organisations mostly catering to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs and religious propagation.{{sfn|Porter|2002|p=39}} Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, including [[Nahdlatul Ulama]], [[Indonesian Ulema Council]], [[Muhammadiyah]], and [[Jaringan Islam Liberal]].
 
The [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] community has a [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|Metropolis]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jakarta|Archdiocese of Jakarta]] that includes [[West Java]] as part of the ecclesiastical province. There is also a [[Baháʼí Faith]] community.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bahá'í International Community|url=https://www.bic.org/offices/jakarta|date=21 April 2015|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003014602/https://www.bic.org/offices/jakarta|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="132">
Al_Azhar_Jakarta.jpg|[[Al-Azhar Great Mosque]], It was Jakarta's largest mosque when it was built until it was surpassed by the [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal Mosque]].
Jakarta Indonesia Jakarta-Cathedral-07.jpg|The [[St. Mary of the Assumption Cathedral, Jakarta|Jakarta Cathedral]], one of the oldest churches in Jakarta.
Klenteng Jin De Yuan, Glodok, Jakarta.jpg|[[Kim Tek Ie Temple|Kim Tek Ie]], the oldest Taoist and Buddhist temple in Jakarta.
Pura Aditya Jaya 1.jpg|Aditya Jaya [[Balinese Hinduism|Hindu]] temple, Rawamangun, East Jakarta.
</gallery>
 
==Economy==
{{Category see also|Category:Companies of Indonesia}}
 
[[File:Indonesia_Stock_Exchange.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[Indonesian Stock Exchange]] (Bursa Efek Indonesia) building in Jakarta, one of the oldest in [[Asia]].]]
 
Indonesia is the largest economy of [[ASEAN]], and Jakarta is the economic nerve centre of the Indonesian archipelago. Jakarta's nominal GDP was US$483.8&nbsp;billion in 2016, which is about 17.5% of Indonesia's.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/4238|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20161113201922/http://www.bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/4238|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2016|title=Statistik Indonesia 2016|date=2016|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|location=Jakarta|language=id|format=PDF}}</ref> Jakarta ranked at 21 in the list of ''Cities Of Economic Influence Index'' in 2020 by CEOWORLD magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ceoworld.biz/2020/02/13/most-economically-influential-cities-in-the-world-2020/|title=Most economically influential cities in the world, 2020|newspaper=CEO World|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> According to the ''Japan Center for Economic Research'', [[Gross regional product|GRP]] per capita of Jakarta will rank 28th among the 77 cities in 2030 from 41st in 2015, the largest in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Shenzhen-and-Jakarta-shine-in-city-economy-forecasts-for-2030|title=Shenzhen and Jakarta shine in city economy forecasts for 2030|newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206073115/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Shenzhen-and-Jakarta-shine-in-city-economy-forecasts-for-2030|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Savills]] Resilient Cities Index has predicted Jakarta to be within the top 20 cities in the world by 2028.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/06/27/jakarta-makes-top-20-for-resilient-cities-in-global-real-estate-index.html|title=Jakarta makes top 20 for resilient cities in global real estate index|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703115244/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/06/27/jakarta-makes-top-20-for-resilient-cities-in-global-real-estate-index.html|archive-date=3 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/2019/07/03/120000721/2028-jakarta-diperkirakan-masuk-daftar-kota-tangguh-dunia|title=2028, Jakarta Diperkirakan Masuk Daftar Kota Tangguh Dunia|newspaper=Kompas|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703064708/https://properti.kompas.com/read/2019/07/03/120000721/2028-jakarta-diperkirakan-masuk-daftar-kota-tangguh-dunia|archive-date=3 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Jakarta's economy depends highly on manufacturing and service sectors such as banking, trading and financial. Industries include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences. The head office of [[Bank Indonesia]] and [[Indonesia Stock Exchange]] are located in the city. Most of the [[State-owned Enterprise of Indonesia|SOEs]] include [[Pertamina]], [[Perusahaan Listrik Negara|PLN]], [[Angkasa Pura]], and [[Telkomsel]] operate head offices in the city, as do major [[List of companies of Indonesia|Indonesian conglomerates]], such as [[Salim Group]], [[Sinar Mas Group]], [[Astra International]], [[Gudang Garam]], [[Kompas Gramedia Group|Kompas-Gramedia]], and [[Media Nusantara Citra|MNC Group]]. The headquarters of the [[Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] and [[Indonesian Employers Association]] are also located in the city. As of 2017, the city is home to six [[Forbes Global 2000]], two [[Fortune 500]] and seven [[Unicorn (finance)|Unicorn]] companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/05/29/056879582/Six-Indonesian-Companies-Make-Forbes-Global-2000-List|title=Six Indonesian Companies Make Forbes Global 2000 List|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908110023/https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/05/29/056879582/Six-Indonesian-Companies-Make-Forbes-Global-2000-List|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/global500/list|title=Fortune 500|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630134150/http://fortune.com/global500/list|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-startups/indonesia-expects-to-have-more-than-5-unicorns-by-2019-minister-idUSKCN1G310J|title=Indonesia expects to have more than 5 unicorns by 2019: minister|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519074340/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-startups/indonesia-expects-to-have-more-than-5-unicorns-by-2019-minister-idUSKCN1G310J|archive-date=19 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Google]] and [[Alibaba group|Alibaba]] has regional cloud centers in Jakarta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/24/google-launches-first-cloud-region-in-indonesia.html|title=Google launches first Cloud region in Indonesia|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue in Jakarta.jpg|left|thumb|[[Bank Indonesia]] head office]]
As of 2018, Jakarta contributes about 17% of Indonesia's GRDP ([[Gross regional domestic product|Gross Regional Domestic Product]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/08/01/city-administration-launches-jakarta-investment-center.html|title=City administration launches Jakarta Investment Center|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801133306/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/08/01/city-administration-launches-jakarta-investment-center.html|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the economic growth was 6.22%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/06/jakarta-economy-grows-6-22-in-2017.html|title=Jakarta economy grows 6.22% in 2017|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192518/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/06/jakarta-economy-grows-6-22-in-2017.html|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the same year, the total value of investment was Rp 108.6&nbsp;trillion (US$8&nbsp;billion), an increase of 84.7% from the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economy.okezone.com/read/2018/02/02/320/1853947/realisasi-investasi-di-dki-jakarta-2017-capai-rp108-6-triliun|title=Realisasi Investasi di DKI Jakarta 2017 Capai Rp108,6 Triliun|newspaper=OKEZONE|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192259/https://economy.okezone.com/read/2018/02/02/320/1853947/realisasi-investasi-di-dki-jakarta-2017-capai-rp108-6-triliun|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, GDP per capita was estimated at Rp 194.87&nbsp;million (US$14,570).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2016/02/05/056742672/Jakarta-Economy-Slows-Down-in-2015|title=Jakarta Economy Slows Down in 2015|newspaper=Tempo|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212126/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2016/02/05/056742672/Jakarta-Economy-Slows-Down-in-2015|archive-date=27 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The most significant contributions to GRDP were by finance, ownership and business services (29%); trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and manufacturing industry sector (16%).<ref name="Statistics-2008" /> In 2007, the increase in per capita GRDP of Jakarta inhabitants was 11.6% compared to the previous year.<ref name="Statistics-2008" /> Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta, which was Rp 146&nbsp;million and Rp 81&nbsp;million, was higher than other municipalities in Jakarta.<ref name="Statistics-2008" />
 
The Wealth Report 2015 by [[Knight Frank]] reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth at least US$1&nbsp;billion and 18 live in Jakarta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://properti.kompas.com/read/2015/03/19/110000721/18.Konglomerat.Indonesia.Tinggal.di.Jakarta|title=18 Konglomerat Indonesia Tinggal di Jakarta|author=Hilda B Alexander|date=19 March 2015|access-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015115143/http://properti.kompas.com/read/2015/03/19/110000721/18.Konglomerat.Indonesia.Tinggal.di.Jakarta|archive-date=15 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The cost of living continues to rise. Both land price and rents have become expensive. [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'s ''2017 Cost of Living Survey'' ranked Jakarta as 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html|title=Mercer's annual Cost of Living Survey finds African, Asian, and European cities dominate the list of most expensive locations for working abroad|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113110140/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html|archive-date=13 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Industrial development and the construction of new housing thrive on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803224535/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Steve-Biko |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. [[Knight Frank]], a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gantan |first=Josua |date=2014-11-01 |title=Jakarta: The Luxury Property Capital of the World - The Jakarta Globe |work=Jakarta Globe |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/jakarta-the-luxury-property-capital-of-the-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=2014-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101075747/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/jakarta-the-luxury-property-capital-of-the-world/ |archive-date=2014-11-01}}</ref>
 
===Shopping===
{{see also|List of shopping malls in Jakarta}}
[[File:Indonesia-Korea_Culture_Exchange_2010_Ceramic_Show.JPG|thumb|[[Gandaria City]] Mall in [[South Jakarta]]]]
As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest [[List of malls in Jakarta|shopping mall floor area]] within a single city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2015/10/22/14262611/.Jakarta.Kota.dengan.Lahan.Mal.Terluas.di.Dunia|title=Jakarta, Kota dengan Lahan Mal Terluas di Dunia|date=22 October 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202504/http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2015/10/22/14262611/.Jakarta.Kota.dengan.Lahan.Mal.Terluas.di.Dunia.|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/31/jakarta-a-city-with-many-shopping-centers.html|title=Jakarta, a city with many shopping centers|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815110234/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/31/jakarta-a-city-with-many-shopping-centers.html|archive-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Malls include [[Plaza Indonesia]], [[Grand Indonesia]], [[Plaza Senayan]], [[Senayan City]], [[Pacific Place Jakarta|Pacific Place]], [[Gandaria City]], ÆON Mall Tanjung Barat, [[Mall Taman Anggrek]], and [[Pondok Indah Mall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expat.or.id/info/jakartamallsshoppingcenters.html|title=Jakarta Malls and Shopping Centers – luxury shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia|publisher=Expat.or.id|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728232215/http://www.expat.or.id/info/jakartamallsshoppingcenters.html|archive-date=28 July 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Fashion retail brands in Jakarta include [[Debenhams]], in [[Senayan City]] and [[Kemang Village|Lippo Mall Kemang Village]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=internationalfranchisestores|title=International Franchise Stores|year=2013|publisher=Debenhams plc|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612071803/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=internationalfranchisestores|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Japanese [[Sogo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sogo.co.id/stores/|title=SOGO|access-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723124127/http://sogo.co.id/stores/|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Seibu Department Stores|Seibu]] in Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, and French brand, [[Galeries Lafayette]], at [[Pacific Place Jakarta|Pacific Place]]. The new Satrio-Casablanca shopping belt includes centres such as [[Kuningan City]], Mal Ambassador, [[Kota Kasablanka]], and [[Ciputra World Jakarta|Lotte Shopping Avenue]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-06-20 |title=Jalan Satrio Dijadikan "Shopping Belt" Jakarta |url=http://properti.kompas.com/read/2009/03/20/06102484/Jalan.Satrio.Dijadikan.Shopping.Belt.Jakarta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620124625/http://properti.kompas.com/read/2009/03/20/06102484/Jalan.Satrio.Dijadikan.Shopping.Belt.Jakarta |archive-date=2013-06-20 |website=kompas.com}}</ref> Shopping malls are also located at [[Grogol]] and [[Puri Indah]] in [[West Jakarta]].
 
Traditional markets include [[Blok M]], [[Mayestik Market|Pasar Mayestik]], [[Tanah Abang]], [[Senen]], [[Pasar Baru]], [[Glodok]], [[Mangga Dua, Jakarta|Mangga Dua]], Cempaka Mas, and [[Jatinegara]]. Special markets sell [[antique]] goods at Surabaya Street and gemstones in Rawabening Market.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/07/20/special-transjakarta-buses-to-serve-city-shoppers.html|title=Special Transjakarta buses to serve city shoppers|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720094238/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/07/20/special-transjakarta-buses-to-serve-city-shoppers.html|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Tourism===
{{further|Tourism in Indonesia|List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia}}
[[File:Jakarta Indonesia Post-office-at-Fatahillah-Square-01.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Jakarta Old City Post Office at Fatahillah Square, Central Jakarta]]
Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/08/04/jakarta-named-the-most-popular-location-tag-on-instagram-stories.html|title=Jakarta named the most popular location tag on Instagram Stories|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193545/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/08/04/jakarta-named-the-most-popular-location-tag-on-instagram-stories.html|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and ranked eighth most-posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image-sharing site [[Instagram]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/12/04/jakarta-among-top-10-cities-on-instagram.html|title=Jakarta among top 10 cities on Instagram|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193427/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/12/04/jakarta-among-top-10-cities-on-instagram.html|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> it is not a top international tourist destination. The city, however, is ranked as the fifth fastest-growing tourist destination among 132 cities according to [[List of cities by international visitors|MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/09/27/jakarta-in-big-five-worlds-fastest-growing-destinations.html|title=Jakarta in big five world's fastest growing destinations|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927094749/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/09/27/jakarta-in-big-five-worlds-fastest-growing-destinations.html|archive-date=27 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Travel and Tourism Council]] also listed Jakarta as among the top ten fastest-growing tourism cities in the world in 2017<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/10/26/jakarta-among-10-fastest-growing-tourist-cities-in-the-world.html|title=Jakarta among 10 fastest growing tourist cities in the world|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124752/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/10/26/jakarta-among-10-fastest-growing-tourist-cities-in-the-world.html|archive-date=9 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and categorised it as an ''emerging performer'', which will see a significant increase in tourist arrivals in less than ten years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2019/07/08/jakarta-likely-to-see-tourist-influx-in-2027-study-says.html|title=Jakarta likely to see tourist influx in 2027, study says|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708072700/https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2019/07/08/jakarta-likely-to-see-tourist-influx-in-2027-study-says.html|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''Euromonitor International's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking'' of 2019, Jakarta ranked at 57th among 100 most visited cities of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/Euromonitor%20International_WTM%20London%202017_Top%20100%20City%20Destinations.pdf|title=Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412023032/http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/Euromonitor%20International_WTM%20London%202017_Top%20100%20City%20Destinations.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Map en.svg|thumb|Most visitors to Jakarta are domestic tourists, and [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] is aimed at supporting national identity and patriotism.]]Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists. As the gateway of [[Indonesia]], Jakarta often serves as a stop-over for foreign visitors on their way to other Indonesian tourist destinations such as [[Bali]], [[Lombok]], [[Komodo Island]] and [[Yogyakarta]]. Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourist by [[Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions|MICE]] tourism, by arranging increasing numbers of [[Convention (meeting)|conventions]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/05/06/jakarta-preps-mice-tourism-to-lure-more-tourists.html|title=Jakarta preps MICE tourism to lure more tourists|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610052514/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/05/06/jakarta-preps-mice-tourism-to-lure-more-tourists.html|archive-date=10 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/29/ministry-holds-national-convention-to-develop-mice-tourism.html|title=Ministry holds national convention to develop MICE tourism|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802131043/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/29/ministry-holds-national-convention-to-develop-mice-tourism.html|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the tourism sector contributed Rp. 2.6&nbsp;trillion (US$268.5&nbsp;million) to the city's total direct income of Rp. 17.83&nbsp;trillion (US$1.45&nbsp;billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011.
 
===Media and entertainment===
[[File:TVRITower.jpg|thumb|upright|The main TV tower of [[TVRI]] at its headquarters in Jakarta]]
 
{{see also|List of newspapers in Indonesia|List of radio stations in Jakarta|List of television stations in Indonesia}}
Jakarta is home to most of Indonesian national newspapers, besides some local-based newspapers. Daily local newspapers in Jakarta are ''[[Pos Kota]]'' and ''[[Warta Kota]]'', as well as the now-defunct ''[[Indopos]]''. National newspapers based in Jakarta include ''[[Kompas]]'', ''[[Koran Tempo]]'', ''[[Media Indonesia]]'' and ''[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]]'', most of them has a news segment covering the city. A bunch of business newspapers (''[[Bisnis Indonesia]]'', ''[[Investor Daily]]'' and ''[[Kontan]]'') and sports newspapers (''[[TopSkor]]'' and ''[[Tribun Network|Super Ball]]'') are also published.
 
Newspapers other than in Indonesian, mainly for a national and global audience, are also published daily. Examples are English-language newspapers ''[[The Jakarta Post]]'' and online-only ''[[Jakarta Globe|The Jakarta Globe]]''. [[Chinese language]] newspapers also circulate, such as ''[[Indonesia Shang Bao]]'' (印尼商报), ''[[Harian Indonesia]]'' (印尼星洲日报), and ''[[International Daily News|Guo Ji Ri Bao]]'' (国际日报). The only [[Japanese language]] newspaper is ''[[The Daily Jakarta Shimbun]]'' (じゃかるた新聞).
 
Around 75 radio stations broadcast in Jakarta, 52 on the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] band, and 23 on the [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] band. Radio entities are based in Jakarta, for example, national radio networks [[MNC Trijaya FM]], [[Prambors FM]], Trax FM, I-Radio, Hard Rock FM, Delta FM, Global FM  and the public radio [[Radio Republik Indonesia|RRI]]; as well as local stations [[Gen 98.7 FM|Gen FM]], [[Radio Elshinta]] and [[Z99,9]].
 
Jakarta is the headquarters for Indonesia's public television [[TVRI]] as well as private national television networks, such as [[Metro TV (Indonesian TV network)|Metro TV]], [[TvOne (Indonesian TV network)|tvOne]], [[Kompas TV]], [[RCTI]] and [[NET (Indonesian TV network)|NET]]. Jakarta has local television channels such as [[TVRI Jakarta]], [[JakTV]], Elshinta TV and KTV. Many TV stations are analogue [[PAL]], but some are now converting to digital signals using [[DVB-T2]] following a [[Digital terrestrial television in Indonesia|government plan to digital television migration]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvdigital.kominfo.go.id/berita/2-siaran-tv-digital.html |title=TV Digital Indonesia – Siaran TV Digital |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701193202/http://www.tvdigital.kominfo.go.id/berita/2-siaran-tv-digital.html |archive-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
==Education==
{{see also|List of universities in Indonesia|List of schools in Indonesia}}
[[File:Atma jaya.jpg|thumb|[[Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia]] campus at [[Semanggi Interchange|Semanggi]]]]
Jakarta is home to numerous educational institutions. The [[University of Indonesia]] (UI) is the largest and oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia. It is a public institution with campuses in Salemba (Central Jakarta) and in [[Depok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ui.ac.id/en/profile/page/overview|title=Profile &#124; Universitas Indonesia|publisher=Ui.ac.id|access-date=27 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419010540/http://www.ui.ac.id/en/profile/page/overview|archive-date=19 April 2010}}</ref> The three other public universities in Jakarta are [[Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta]], the State University of Jakarta  (UNJ),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unj.ac.id/ |title=State University of Jakarta |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917075024/http://unj.ac.id/ |archive-date=17 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the University of Pembangunan Nasional 'Veteran' Jakarta (UPN "Veteran" Jakarta).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upnvj.ac.id/id.html |title=University of Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004090012/http://www.upnvj.ac.id/id.html |archive-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some major private universities in Jakarta are [[Trisakti University]], [[The Christian University of Indonesia]], [[Mercu Buana University]], [[Tarumanagara University]], [[Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia]], [[Pelita Harapan University]], Pertamina University,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://universitaspertamina.ac.id/ |title=Pertamina University |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004055400/http://universitaspertamina.ac.id/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bina Nusantara University]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://binus.ac.id/ |title=Bina Nusantara University |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004055400/http://binus.ac.id/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jayabaya University,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jayabaya.ac.id/ |title=Jayabaya University |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085730/http://www.jayabaya.ac.id/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Pancasila University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.univpancasila.ac.id/ |title=Pancasila University |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004135658/http://www.univpancasila.ac.id/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
[[File:No_18_Rektorat_Universitas_Indonesia.jpg|thumb|left|[[University of Indonesia]] campus]]
[[STOVIA]] (''School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen,'' now ''Universitas Indonesia'') was the first high school in Jakarta, established in 1851.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.majalah-farmacia.com/rubrik/one_news_print.asp?IDNews=754|title=Print Artikel|publisher=Majalah-farmacia.com|access-date=27 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714022424/http://www.majalah-farmacia.com/rubrik/one_news_print.asp?IDNews=754|archive-date=14 July 2011 }}</ref> Jakarta houses many students from around Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. For basic education, a variety of primary and secondary schools are available, tagged with the public (''national''), private (''national and bi-lingual national plus'') and ''international'' labels. Four of the major international schools are the [[Gandhi Memorial International School]], IPEKA International Christian School,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iics.sch.id/ |title=IPEKA International Christian School |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011224053/http://www.iics.sch.id/ |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jakarta Intercultural School]] and the [[British School Jakarta]]. Other international schools include the [[Jakarta International Korean School]], [[Bina Bangsa School]], Jakarta International Multicultural School,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jimsch.org/|title=Jakarta International Multicultural School|publisher=Jimsch.org|access-date=14 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222010630/http://jimsch.org/|archive-date=22 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Australian International School, Indonesia|Australian International School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ais-indonesia.com/|title=Welcome to Australian International School Indonesia|publisher=Ais-indonesia.com|access-date=14 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303191008/http://www.ais-indonesia.com/|archive-date=3 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> New Zealand International School,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzis.net/|title=Welcome to New Zealand International School|publisher=Nzis.net|access-date=14 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216070318/http://nzis.net/|archive-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Singapore International School]], [[Jakarta Japanese School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jjs.or.id/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219150400/https://www.jjs.or.id/|url-status=live|archive-date=19 December 2021|title=赤道直下の国　インドネシアで　仲間とともに　思いっきり学ぶ|publisher=jjs.or.id|access-date=2 January 2022 }}</ref> and [[Sekolah Pelita Harapan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sph.edu/sph_edu/menu/index.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091020172648/http://www.sph.edu/sph_edu/menu/index.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2009|title=Sekolah Pelita Harapan|publisher=Sph.edu|access-date=14 March 2011 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
 
==Culture and contemporary life==
As the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta is the melting point of cultures of all ethnic groups of the country. Though [[Betawi people]] are an indigenous community of Jakarta, the city's culture represents many languages and ethnic groups, support differences regarding religion, traditions and linguistics, rather than any single and dominant culture.
 
===Arts and festivals===
[[File:Tanjidor, by M Jeffry Hanafiah.jpg|thumb|[[Tanjidor]] music of [[Betawi people|Betawi]] culture demonstrate [[Portuguese Indonesians|European]] influence]]
 
The [[Betawi people|Betawi]] culture is distinct from those of the [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] or [[Javanese people|Javanese]], forming a [[language island]] in the surrounding area. Betawi arts have a low profile in Jakarta, and most Betawi people have moved to the suburbs. The cultures of the Javanese and other Indonesian ethnic groups have a higher profile than that of the Betawi. There is a significant Chinese influence in Betawi culture, reflected in the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, [[firecracker]]s and Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.
 
Some festivals such as the ''Jalan Jaksa Festival'', ''Kemang Festival'', ''Festival Condet'' and ''Lebaran Betawi'' include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to display performances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/23/lebaran-betawi-an-event-maintain-bonds-and-traditions.html|title=Lebaran Betawi: An event to maintain bonds and traditions|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727113539/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/23/lebaran-betawi-an-event-maintain-bonds-and-traditions.html|archive-date=27 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/07/27/16343861/festival-condet-2019-upaya-untuk-lestarikan-budaya-betawi|title=Festival Condet 2019, Upaya untuk Lestarikan Budaya Betawi|newspaper=Kompas|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727111921/https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/07/27/16343861/festival-condet-2019-upaya-untuk-lestarikan-budaya-betawi|archive-date=27 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Knörr|2007}}</ref> Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, [[Taman Ismail Marzuki]] (TIM) art centre in Cikini, [[Gedung Kesenian Jakarta]] near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area, [[Bentara Budaya Jakarta]] in the Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in [[Ancol Dreamland|Ancol]], and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]]. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including [[Wayang]] and [[Gamelan]] performances. Javanese [[wayang wong|Wayang Orang]] performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theatre.
 
Arts and culture festivals and exhibitions include the annual ARKIPEL – Jakarta International Documentary and Experimental Film Festival, [[Jakarta International Film Festival]] (JiFFest), [[Djakarta Warehouse Project]], [[Jakarta Fashion Week]], [[Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival]] (JFFF), [[Jakarnaval]], Jakarta Night Festival, Kota Tua Creative Festival, [[Indonesia International Book Fair]] (IIBF), Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. [[Art Jakarta]] is a [[contemporary art]] [[fair]], which is held annually. ''Flona Jakarta'' is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at [[Lapangan Banteng]] Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. [[Jakarta Fair]] is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is mostly centred around a trade fair. However, this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians. [[Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival]] (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world, the biggest in the Southern hemisphere, and is held annually in March.
 
Several foreign art and culture centres in Jakarta promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries and art galleries. These include the Chinese [[Confucius Institute]], the Dutch [[Erasmus House (Jakarta)|Erasmus Huis]], the [[British Council]], the French [[Alliance Française]], the German [[Goethe-Institut]], the [[Japan Foundation]], and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Center]].
 
<gallery mode="packed">
Ondel-Ondel Betawi.jpg|[[Ondel-ondel|Ondel-Ondel]], often used as a symbol of [[Betawi people|Betawi]] culture
Mangga Dua Jakarta's Chinatown.jpg|Chinese ''[[paifang]]'' in Mangga Dua, Central Jakarta
Keong Emas.jpg|The Golden Snail IMAX theatre at [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]]
Gambir Expo Jakarta Fair.JPG|[[Jakarta Fair]] of 2007
Kodomo mikoshi, Ennichisai, Blok M, Jakarta.jpg|[[Japanese migration to Indonesia|Japanese]] community celebrating ''Ennichisai'' in [[Blok M, Jakarta|Blok M]], [[South Jakarta]]
Tari Yapong.jpg|Traditional Betawi dance, ''Tari Yapong''
</gallery>
 
===Cuisine===
{{Main|Betawi cuisine}}
[[File:Gado-gado in Jakarta.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Gado-gado]]'' is a popular [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian]] [[salad]] dish.]]
All varieties of [[Indonesian cuisine]] have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine is [[Betawi cuisine]], which reflects various foreign culinary traditions. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by [[Peranakan cuisine|Malay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine]], [[Sundanese cuisine|Sundanese]] and [[Javanese cuisine]], which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betawi cuisine is ''[[Soto (food)#Varieties|Soto]] [[Betawi people|Betawi]]'' which is prepared from chunks of beef and [[offal]] in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include ''[[Soto (food)|soto kaki]], [[nasi uduk]], [[kerak telor]]'' (spicy omelette), ''[[nasi ulam]], [[asinan]], [[Ketoprak (dish)|ketoprak]], [[Rojak#Rujak Juhi|rujak]]'' and ''[[gado-gado]]'' Betawi (salad in peanut sauce).
 
Jakarta cuisine can be found in modest street-side ''[[warung]]'' food stalls and ''kaki lima'' (five legs) travelling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tanjung |first=Intan |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/07/23/where-to-go-for-a-drink-and-to-dress-up-to-impress.html|title=Where to go for a drink and to dress up to impress|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210180351/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/07/23/where-to-go-for-a-drink-and-to-dress-up-to-impress.html|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Live music venues and exclusive restaurants are abundant.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parker |first=Simon |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/indonesia/jakarta/articles/36-hours-in-jakarta/|title=36 Hours in... Jakarta|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207164631/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/indonesia/jakarta/articles/36-hours-in-jakarta/|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional [[Padang cuisine#Padang restaurants|Padang restaurants]] and low-budget ''[[Warung#Varieties|Warteg]]'' (''Warung Tegal'') food-stalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include ''[[nasi goreng]]'' (fried rice), ''[[satay|sate]]'' (skewered meats), ''[[pecel lele]]'' (fried catfish), ''[[bakso]]'' (meatballs), ''[[Baozi|bakpau]]'' (Chinese bun) and ''[[siomay]]'' (fish dumplings).
 
[[Jalan Jaksa|Jalan Sabang]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Wira |first=Simon Ni Nyoman |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/13/jakpost-guide-to-jl-sabang.html|title=Jakpost guide to Jl. Sabang|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809172452/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/13/jakpost-guide-to-jl-sabang.html|archive-date=9 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Symington |first=Martin |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/jakarta-travel-tips-where-to-go-and-what-to-see-in-48-hours-9757018.html|title=Jakarta Travel Tips: Where to go and what to do in 48 hours|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232525/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/jakarta-travel-tips-where-to-go-and-what-to-see-in-48-hours-9757018.html|archive-date=23 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Jalan Sidoarjo, Jalan Kendal at [[Kebon Sirih, Menteng|Menteng]] area, [[Kota Tua Jakarta|Kota Tua]], [[Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta|Blok S]], [[Blok M]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/06/24/the-legendary-eateries-you-must-visit-in-blok-m.html|title=The legendary eateries you must visit in Blok M|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211115/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/06/24/the-legendary-eateries-you-must-visit-in-blok-m.html|archive-date=9 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tebet, South Jakarta|Jalan Tebet]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/12/20/7-tantalizing-eateries-in-tebet.html|title=7 tantalizing eateries in Tebet|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214024/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/12/20/7-tantalizing-eateries-in-tebet.html|archive-date=9 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> are all popular destinations for street-food lovers.
Trendy restaurants, cafe and bars can be found at [[Menteng]], [[Kemang, Jakarta|Kemang]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/30/jakpost-guide-to-jl-kemang-raya-part-1.html|title=JakPost guide to Jl. Kemang Raya: Part 1|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803020029/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/30/jakpost-guide-to-jl-kemang-raya-part-1.html|archive-date=3 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[SCBD|Jalan Senopati]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Jatmiko |first=Bambang Priyo |url=http://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2015/05/06/054500826/Fenomena.Bisnis.Kuliner.di.Jalan.Senopati.Jakarta|title=Fenomena Bisnis Kuliner di Jalan Senopati Jakarta|newspaper=Kompas|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809174104/http://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2015/05/06/054500826/Fenomena.Bisnis.Kuliner.di.Jalan.Senopati.Jakarta|archive-date=9 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Setiabudi, South Jakarta|Kuningan]], [[Senayan City|Senayan]], [[Pantai Indah Kapuk]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Valentina |first=Jessicha |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/07/jakpost-guide-to-pantai-indah-kapuk.html|title=Jakpost guide to Pantai Indah Kapuk|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806143921/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/07/jakpost-guide-to-pantai-indah-kapuk.html|archive-date=6 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kelapa Gading]]. [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] street-food is plentiful at Jalan Pangeran, [[Mangga Besar, Jakarta|Manga Besar]] and [[Glodok|Petak Sembilan]] in the old Jakarta area, while the ''Little Tokyo'' area of [[Blok M]] has many [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] style restaurants and bars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Figge |first=Katrin |url=http://jakartaglobe.id/archive/a-trip-to-melawais-little-tokyo-in-jakarta/|title=A Trip to Melawai's Little Tokyo in Jakarta|newspaper=Jakarta Globe|access-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812140556/http://jakartaglobe.id/archive/a-trip-to-melawais-little-tokyo-in-jakarta/|archive-date=12 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lenggang Jakarta]] is a food court, accommodating small traders and street vendors,<ref>{{cite web |last=Prakoso |first=Johanes Randy |date=2015-06-29 |title=Lenggang Jakarta, Tempat Nongkrong Baru di Monas |url=http://travel.detik.com/read/2015/06/29/140837/2955101/1519/lenggang-jakarta-tempat-nongkrong-baru-di-monas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724070751/http://travel.detik.com/read/2015/06/29/140837/2955101/1519/lenggang-jakarta-tempat-nongkrong-baru-di-monas |archive-date=2016-07-24 |website=detik.com}}</ref> where [[Indonesian Cuisine|Indonesian foods]] are available within a single compound. At present, there are two such food courts, located at [[Monas]] and [[Kemayoran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2016/12/29/lenggang-jakarta-kemayoran-resmi-dibuka-kawasan-sentra-kuliner-baru-di-pusat-ibu-kota|title=Lenggang Jakarta Kemayoran Resmi Dibuka, Kawasan Sentra Kuliner Baru di Pusat Ibu Kota|newspaper=Tribnnews|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024421/http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2016/12/29/lenggang-jakarta-kemayoran-resmi-dibuka-kawasan-sentra-kuliner-baru-di-pusat-ibu-kota|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thamrin 10]] is a food and creative park located at Menteng, where varieties of food stall are available.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/02/01/better-space-for-cheap-food.html|title=Better space for cheap food|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
 
Global fast-food chains are present, and usually found in [[List of shopping malls in Jakarta|Shopping malls]], along with local brands like [[J.CO Donuts|J'CO]], [[Es Teler 77]], [[Kebab Turki Baba Rafi|Kebab Turki]], [[California Fried Chicken|CFC]], and Japanese [[HokBen]] and [[Yoshinoya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Superhot-fried-chicken-eats-into-KFC-s-dominance-in-Indonesia|title=Superhot fried chicken eats into KFC's dominance in Indonesia|newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523105332/https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Superhot-fried-chicken-eats-into-KFC-s-dominance-in-Indonesia|archive-date=23 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Foreign cuisines such as [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Singaporean cuisine|Singaporean]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[American cuisine|American]], [[Australian cuisine|Australian]], [[Malaysian Cuisine|Malaysian]], [[French cuisine|French]], [[Mediterranean cuisine]]s like [[Maghrebi cuisine|Maghrebi]], [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Middle Eastern cuisine]], and modern fusion food restaurants can all be found in Jakarta.
 
===Sports===
[[File:Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Asia Cup 2007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Association football|Football]] match at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium]]
 
Jakarta hosted the [[1962 Asian Games]],{{sfn|Hanna|1962|pp=193–203}} and the [[2018 Asian Games]], co-hosted by [[Palembang]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?9QoyD9QEWPeFpHpEhgXsDA==|title=Olympic Council of Asia: Games|publisher=Ocasia.org|access-date=27 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005210655/http://www.ocasia.org/game/GameParticular.aspx?9QoyD9QEWPeFpHpEhgXsDA==|archive-date=5 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jakarta also hosted the [[Southeast Asian Games]] in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting [[Palembang]]). [[Gelora Bung Karno Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://reservation.gbk.id/venue/id_stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno |title=Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |access-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003181809/https://reservation.gbk.id/venue/id_stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> hosted the group stage, quarterfinal and final of the [[2007 AFC Asian Cup]] along with Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-afc.com/en/previous-competitions/afc-asian-cup-2007/afc-asian-cup-2007-hosts|title=Asian Cup 2007 Host nations|date=11 September 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723093055/http://www.the-afc.com/en/previous-competitions/afc-asian-cup-2007/afc-asian-cup-2007-hosts|archive-date=23 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/IDN.html|title=Football stadiums of the world – Stadiums in Indonesia|publisher=Fussballtempel.net|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513032836/http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/IDN.html|archive-date=13 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest capacity retractable roof stadium in Asia [[Jakarta International Stadium|JIS]] is located at [[Tanjung Priok]] district, completed in 2022.
 
The Senayan sports complex has several sports venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium, [[Madya Stadium]], [[Istora Senayan]], aquatic arena, baseball field, basketball hall, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis courts. The Senayan complex was built in 1960 to accommodate the 1962 Asian Games. For basketball, the [[Kelapa Gading Sport Mall]] in [[Kelapa Gading]], North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team. [[The BritAma Arena]] serves as a playground for [[Satria Muda Pertamina Jakarta]], the 2017 runner-up of the [[Indonesian Basketball League]]. [[Jakarta International Velodrome]] is a sporting facility located at [[Rawamangun]], which was used as a venue for the [[2018 Asian Games]]. It has a seating capacity of 3,500 for [[track cycling]], and up to 8,500 for shows and concerts,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nysnmedia.com/lintasan-sudah-90-persen-rampung-timnas-sepeda-jajal-venue-velodrome-awal-mei/|title=Lintasan Sudah 90 Persen Rampung, Timnas Sepeda Jajal Venue Velodrome Awal Mei|publisher=NYSN Media|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111614/http://nysnmedia.com/lintasan-sudah-90-persen-rampung-timnas-sepeda-jajal-venue-velodrome-awal-mei/|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> which can also be used for various sports activities such as volleyball, badminton and futsal. [[Jakarta International Equestrian Park]] is an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] sports venue located at [[Pulo Gadung|Pulomas]], which was also used as a venue for [[2018 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/jakarta/448378-equestrian-park-pulomas-ditargetkan-rampung-november-2017.html|title=Equestrian Park Pulomas Ditargetkan Rampung November 2017|newspaper=Berita Satu|access-date=6 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030446/http://www.beritasatu.com/jakarta/448378-equestrian-park-pulomas-ditargetkan-rampung-november-2017.html|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[File:Asian Games 2018 GBK Stadium Opening 01.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Asian Games 2018]] opening ceremony in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, 2018]]
The Jakarta [[Car-Free Days]] are held weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman, and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 AM to 11 AM. The briefer Car-Free Day, which lasts from 6 AM to 9 AM, is held on every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are usually full of traffic. Along the road from the Senayan traffic circle on Jalan Sudirman, South Jakarta, to the "Selamat Datang" Monument at the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on Jalan Thamrin, north to the National Monument in Central Jakarta, cars are blocked from entering. During the event, morning gymnastics, [[callisthenics]] and [[aerobic exercises]], [[futsal]] [[game]]s, [[jogging]], [[bicycling]], [[skateboarding]], [[badminton]], [[karate]], on-street library and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/25/carfree-day-reduces-air-pollution-tests.html|title=Car-Free Day reduces air pollution: Tests|date=25 June 2008|access-date=26 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607063052/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/25/carfree-day-reduces-air-pollution-tests.html|archive-date=7 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Jakarta's most popular home football club is [[Persija Jakarta|Persija]], which plays in [[Liga 1 (Indonesia)|Indonesia Super League]]. Another football team in Jakarta is [[Persitara Jakarta Utara|Persitara]] who compete in [[Liga Indonesia Premier Division|2nd Division Football League]] and play in [[Kamal Muara Stadium]] and [[Soemantri Brodjonegoro Stadium]].
 
[[Jakarta Marathon]] each November is recognised by [[Association of International Marathons and Distance Races|AIMS]] and [[International Athletic Association Federation|IAAF]]. It was established in 2013. It brings [[sports tourism]]. In 2015, more than 15,000 runners from 53 countries participated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/23/thousands-runners-join-jakarta-marathon-2015-sunday.html|title=Thousands of runners to join Jakarta Marathon 2015 on Sunday|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|date=23 October 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119142554/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/23/thousands-runners-join-jakarta-marathon-2015-sunday.html|archive-date=19 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/22647/here-are-the-new-routes-for-jakarta-marathon-2015/|title=Here are the New Routes for Jakarta Marathon 2015 &#124; GIVnews.com – Indonesian Perspective to Global Audience|publisher=Globalindonesianvoices.com|date=26 September 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119131110/http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/22647/here-are-the-new-routes-for-jakarta-marathon-2015/|archive-date=19 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indonesia.travel/en/event/detail/867/jakarta-marathon-2014-indonesia-s-biggest-running-event|title=Wonderful Indonesia – Jakarta Marathon 2014 : Indonesia's Biggest Running Event|publisher=Indonesia.travel|access-date=19 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119080400/http://indonesia.travel/en/event/detail/867/jakarta-marathon-2014-indonesia-s-biggest-running-event|archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aimsworldrunning.org/Calendar.htm|title=AIMS – Calendar of Races|publisher=Aimsworldrunning.org|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110072644/http://aimsworldrunning.org/Calendar.htm|archive-date=10 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2013/10/28/057525201/IAAF-Approves-Jakarta-Marathons-Route|title=IAAF Approves Jakarta Marathon's Route &#124; Metro &#124; Tempo.Co :: Indonesian News Portal|publisher=En.tempo.co|date=28 October 2013|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119080604/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2013/10/28/057525201/IAAF-Approves-Jakarta-Marathons-Route|archive-date=19 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Jakarta successfully hosted the first [[Jakarta ePrix]] race of the [[Formula E]] championship in June 2022 at [[Jakarta International e-Prix Circuit|Ancol Circuit]], North Jakarta.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 2022 |title=Sirkuit Formula E di Ancol Mulai Dibangun |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5936626/sirkuit-formula-e-di-ancol-mulai-dibangun |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Detik.com}}</ref>
 
==Government and politics==
{{Main|Governor of Jakarta}}
[[File:Istana Merdeka.jpg|thumb|Jakarta [[Merdeka Palace]]]]
Jakarta is administratively equal to a [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] with special status. The executive branch is headed by an elected [[Governor of Jakarta|governor]] and a [[Vice Governor of Jakarta|vice governor]], while the [[Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council]] ({{lang-id|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}}, DPRD DKI Jakarta) is the legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. The [[Jakarta City Hall]] at the south of [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]] houses the office of the governor and the vice governor, and serves the main administrative office.
 
Executive governance consists of five administrative cities ({{lang-id|Kota Administrasi}}), each headed by a [[mayor]] and one [[Regencies of Indonesia|administrative regency]] ({{lang-id|Kabupaten Administrasi}}) headed by a [[regent]] (''bupati''). Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent are directly elected, Jakarta's mayors and regents are chosen by the governor. Each city and regency is divided into administrative districts.
 
Aside from representatives to the provincial parliament, Jakarta sends 21 delegates to the [[People's Representative Council|national lower house parliament]]. The representatives are elected from Jakarta's three national electoral districts, which also includes overseas voters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ini 21 Caleg DPR yang Terpilih dari DKI Jakarta |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/2582777/ini-21-caleg-dpr-yang-terpilih-dari-dki-jakarta |access-date=14 August 2018 |website=detik.com |date=14 May 2014 |language=id |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814103209/https://news.detik.com/berita/2582777/ini-21-caleg-dpr-yang-terpilih-dari-dki-jakarta |archive-date=14 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also sends 4 delegates, just like other provinces, to the [[Regional Representative Council|national upper house parliament]].
 
The Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on 14 December 2014 with a goal for smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living and a smart environment in the city using the web and various smartphone-based apps.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/14/four-years-on-ahoks-smart-city-legacy-lives-on.html|title=Four years on, Ahok's 'Smart City' legacy lives on|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153327/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/14/four-years-on-ahoks-smart-city-legacy-lives-on.html|archive-date=14 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Public safety===
The [[Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police]] ({{lang-id|Polda Metro Jaya}}) is the police force that is responsible to maintain law, security, and order for the [[Jakarta metropolitan area]]. It is led by a two-star police general ([[Inspector General of Police#Indonesia|Inspector General of Police]]) with the title of "Greater Jakarta Regional Police Chief" ({{lang-id|Kepala Kepolisian Daerah Metro Jaya}}, abbreviated {{lang|id|Kapolda Metro Jaya}}). Its office is located at Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 55, Senayan, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta and their hotline-emergency number is 110.
 
The [[Kodam Jaya|Jayakarta Military Regional Command]] ({{lang-id|Komando Daerah Militer Jayakarta}}, abbreviated {{lang|id|Kodam Jaya}}) is the territorial army of the [[Indonesian Army]], which serves as a defence component for Jakarta and its surrounding areas ([[Greater Jakarta]]). It is led by an army [[Major General]] with the title of "Jakarta Military Regional Commander" ({{lang-id|Panglima Daerah Militer Kodam Jaya}}, abbreviated {{lang|id|Pangdam Jaya}}). The Jakarta Military Command is located at [[East Jakarta]] and oversees several military battalions ready for defending the capital city and its vital installations. It also assists the Jakarta Metropolitan Police during certain tasks, such as supporting security during [[state visit]]s, [[VVIP]] security, and [[riot control]].
 
===Municipal finances===
The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees, among others.<ref>'Taxpayer money for the city', ''The Jakarta Post'', 16 July 2011.</ref> The ability of the regional government to respond to Jakarta's many problems is constrained by limited finances.
 
The provincial government consistently runs a surplus of between 15 and 20% of planned spending, primarily because of delays in procurement and other inefficiencies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dewi |first=Sita W. |date=2013-12-09 |title=Jokowi spends less, provides more than Foke, say observers |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/12/09/jokowi-spends-less-provides-more-foke-say-observers.html |access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref> Regular under-spending is a matter of public comment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/29/editorial-regional-budgets-underspent.html|title=Editorial: Regional budgets underspent|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010174954/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/29/editorial-regional-budgets-underspent.html|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50&nbsp;trillion ($US5.2&nbsp;billion), equivalent to around $US380 per citizen. Spending priorities were on education, transport, flood control, environment and social spending (such as health and housing).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dewi |first=Sita W. |date=2013-01-29 |title=Council approves city budget for 2013, higher than proposed |work=The Jakarta Post |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/29/council-approves-city-budget-2013-higher-proposed.html}}</ref> Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1&nbsp;trillion ($US5.92&nbsp;billion), Rp 83.2&nbsp;trillion ($US6.2&nbsp;billion), and Rp 89&nbsp;trillion ($US6.35&nbsp;billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/11/28/2019-draft-city-budget-to-be-set-at-rp-89-trillion.html|title=2019 draft city budget to be set at Rp 89 trillion|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817150214/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/11/28/2019-draft-city-budget-to-be-set-at-rp-89-trillion.html|archive-date=17 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1236195/jakarta-proposes-rp95-trillion-regional-budget-plan-for-2020?|title=Jakarta Proposes Rp95 Trillion Regional Budget Plan for 2020|newspaper=Tempo|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815081524/https://en.tempo.co/read/1236195/jakarta-proposes-rp95-trillion-regional-budget-plan-for-2020|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/13/jakarta-revised-budget-estimated-at-rp-72-trillion.html|title=Jakarta revised budget estimated at Rp 72 trillion|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817153243/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/13/jakarta-revised-budget-estimated-at-rp-72-trillion.html|archive-date=17 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Administrative divisions===
[[File:Special Capital Region of Jakarta.png|thumb|Map of the administrative cities ({{lang|id|Kota administratif}}) in Jakarta province. The Thousand Islands Regency (to the north) is not shown. Each administrative city is further divided into [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''[[Kecamatan]]'').]]
Jakarta consists of five ''Kota Administratif'' (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one ''Kabupaten Administratif'' ([[Regencies of Indonesia|Administrative regency]]). Each city and regency is divided into districts/Kecamatan. The administrative cities/municipalities of Jakarta are:
* [[Central Jakarta]] ({{lang|id|Jakarta Pusat}}) is Jakarta's smallest city and the administrative and political centre. It is divided into eight districts. It is characterised by large parks and Dutch colonial buildings. Landmarks include the National Monument ([[Monas]]), [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal Mosque]], [[Jakarta Cathedral]] and museums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp|title=Central Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|access-date=19 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911220356/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp|archive-date=11 September 2009}}</ref>
* [[West Jakarta]] ({{lang|id|Jakarta Barat}}) has the city's highest concentration of small-scale industries. It has eight districts. The area includes Jakarta's Chinatown and Dutch colonial landmarks such as the Chinese Langgam building and [[Toko Merah]]. It contains part of [[Jakarta Old Town]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp|title=West Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|access-date=24 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911220346/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp|archive-date=11 September 2009}}</ref>
* [[South Jakarta]] ({{lang|id|Jakarta Selatan}}), originally planned as a satellite city, is now the location of upscale shopping centres and affluent residential areas. It has ten districts and functions as Jakarta's [[groundwater]] buffer,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/|title=South Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|access-date=19 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705203755/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Much of the [[central business district]] is concentrated in Kebayoran Baru, Setiabudi, a small part in Tebet & Mampang Prapatan, bordering the Tanah Abang/Sudirman area of Central Jakarta. The area is known as the [[Golden Triangle of Jakarta|Jakarta Golden Triangle]].
* [[East Jakarta]] ({{lang|id|Jakarta Timur}}) territory is characterised by several industrial sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp|title=East Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|access-date=19 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014184630/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp|archive-date=14 October 2009}}</ref> Also located in East Jakarta are [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] and [[Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport]]. This city has ten districts.
* [[North Jakarta]] ({{lang|id|Jakarta Utara}}) is bounded by the [[Java Sea]]. It is the location of [[Port of Tanjung Priok]]. Large- and medium-scale industries are concentrated there. It contains part of [[Jakarta Old Town]], which was the centre of [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] trade activity during the colonial era. Also located in North Jakarta is [[Ancol Dreamland]] ({{lang|id|Taman Impian Jaya Ancol}}), the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp|title=North Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|access-date=19 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913084331/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp|archive-date=13 September 2009}}</ref> North Jakarta is divided into six districts.
 
The only administrative regency ({{lang|id|kabupaten}}) of Jakarta is the [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)|Thousand Islands]] ({{lang|id|Kepulauan Seribu}}), formerly a [[Districts of Indonesia|district]] within North Jakarta. It is a collection of 105 small islands located on the Java Sea. It is of high conservation value because of its unique ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and windsurfing, are the primary tourist activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands is speed boats or small ferries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu|title="Thousand Island" Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|access-date=19 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616124511/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu/|archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref>
 
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Jakarta's cities/municipalities ({{lang|id|Kota Administratif}})
!City/regency
!width="70"|Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! style="width:100px;"|Total population (2010 census)<ref>Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref>
! style="width:100px;"|Total population (2020 census)<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref>
! style="width:100px;"|Population density<br />(per km<sup>2</sup>)<br />in 2020
![[Human Development Index|HDI]]<br /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jakarta.bps.go.id/linkTableDinamis/view/id/5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003150603/http://jakarta.bps.go.id/linkTableDinamis/view/id/5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2016 |title=BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta}}</ref> 2019 estimates
|- style="text-align:right;"
! [[South Jakarta]]
|154.32||2,062,232||2,226,812||14,430
||0.848 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}})
|- style="text-align:right;"
! [[East Jakarta]]
|182.70||2,693,896||3,037,139||16,624
||0.827 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}})
|- style="text-align:right;"
! [[Central Jakarta]]
|52.38||902,973||1,056,896||20,177
||0.812 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}})
|- style="text-align:right;"
! [[West Jakarta]]
|124.44||2,281,945||2,434,511||19,564
||0.812 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}})
|- style="text-align:right;"
! [[North Jakarta]]
|139.99||1,645,659||1,778,981||12,708
||0.802 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}})
|- style="text-align:right;"
! [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)|Thousand Islands]]
|10.18||21,082||27,749||2,726
||0.714 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|}
 
==Transportation==
{{Category see also|Category:Roads of Jakarta}}
{{multiple image
| perrow  = 2
| footer  = Various rail-based transports in Jakarta, from top left to right: [[KRL Jabotabek|Commuter rail]], [[Jakarta MRT|MRT]], [[Jakarta LRT|LRT]], and [[Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link|Airport Railink]]
| align    = right
| width    = 170
| image1  = KRL Jabotabek 6115 Gambir 20111126.JPG
| alt1    = KRL
| image2  = MRT Jakarta train in Lebak Bulus Depot.jpg
| alt2    = MRT
| image3  = LRT Jakarta - Hyundai Rotem LRV in Boulevard Utara Station.jpg
| alt3    = LRT
| image4  = Railink EA203 set 7.jpg
| alt4    = Railink
}}
}}
{{Excerpt|Transport in Jakarta}}
'''Jakarta''', officially the '''Special Capital Region of Jakarta''' ({{lang-id|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}}), is the largest and the [[capital city]] of [[Indonesia]]. It is on the northwest coast of the [[island]] of [[Java]], it has an area of 661.52 [[km²]] and a population of 10,562,088 as of 2020.<ref name="sensus"/> Jakarta has been established for more than 490 years. It is the ninth most dense city in the world with 15,900 people per [[km²]].
Jakarta is part of the Maritime [[Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast via the [[Suez Canal]] to the Mediterranean and there to the Upper Adriatic region.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shenntyara |first=Mirtha |date=2017-09-22 |title=Indonesia: Asia's maritime gateway to the west |url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesia-asias-maritime-gateway-west}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hernig|2018|p=112}}; {{harvnb|Hartmann|Maennig|Wang|2017|p=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Yuniarni |first=Sarah |title=Here's How Indonesia Can Benefit From China's Belt and Road Initiative |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/business/heres-how-indonesia-can-benefit-from-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative |website=Jakarta Globe}}</ref>
 
==Infrastructure==
[[File:Batavia 1897.jpg|thumb|Batavia map of Meester Cornelis (now [[Jatinegara]])]]
To transform the city into a more livable one, a ten-year ''urban regeneration'' project was undertaken, for Rp 571&nbsp;trillion ($40.5&nbsp;billion). The project aimed to develop infrastructure, including the creation of a better integrated public transit system and the improvement of the city's clean water and wastewater systems, housing and flood control systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/21/capital-or-not-jakarta-looks-toward-urban-regeneration.html |title=Capital or not, Jakarta looks toward urban regeneration |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref>
 
===Health===
Jakarta has many of the country's best-equipped private and public [[Healthcare in Indonesia|healthcare facilities]]. In 2012, Governor of Jakarta [[Joko Widodo]] introduced a [[universal health care]] program, the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' (''Kartu Jakarta Sehat'', KJS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.development.asia/PDF/issue15/devasia-15-web-4-nov-2013-14-overdue-antidote.pdf|title=Overdue Antidote|publisher=Asian Development Bank|last=McCawley|first=Tom|date=November 2013|access-date=24 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102842/http://www.development.asia/PDF/issue15/devasia-15-web-4-nov-2013-14-overdue-antidote.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a universal health care system called the ''[[Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional]]'' (JKN), which is run by [[BPJS Kesehatan]].{{sfn|Britnell|2015|p=47}} KJS is being integrated into JKN,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pemprov DKI Jakarta Masuki Tahun ke-4 Integrasikan KJS ke Program JKN-KIS |url=https://www.bpjs-kesehatan.go.id/bpjs/index.php/post/read/2016/424/Jakarta-Provincial-Government-Experience-4th-Year-Program-to-Integrate-KJS-JKN-KIS |publisher=[[BPJS Kesehatan]] |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=29 December 2016 |language=id}}</ref> and KJS cards are still valid as of 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martiyanti |first1=Erna |title=Dinkes Pastikan KJS Masih Tetap Berlaku - Beritajakarta.id |url=https://www.beritajakarta.id/read/54041/dinkes-pastikan-kjs-masih-tetap-berlaku#.Yeb3cPgxVPY |access-date=18 January 2022 |work=Beritajakarta.id/ |date=17 January 2018 |language=id}}</ref> As of 2021, 85.55% of the people of Jakarta is covered by JKN.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dihni |first=Vika Azkiya |title=Bukan Jakarta, Penduduk yang Miliki BPJS di Provinsi Ini Terbanyak Se-Indonesia |url=https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/11/25/bukan-jakarta-penduduk-yang-miliki-bpjs-di-provinsi-ini-terbanyak-se-indonesia |access-date=18 January 2022 |work=databoks.katadata.co.id |date=25 November 2021 |language=id}}</ref>
 
Government-run hospitals are of a good standard but are often overcrowded. Government-run specialised hospitals include [[Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital]], [[Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital]], as well as community hospitals and [[puskesmas]]. Other options for healthcare services include private hospitals and clinics. The private healthcare sector has seen significant changes, as the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While some private facilities are run by nonprofit or religious organisations, most are for-profit. Hospital chains such as [[Siloam Hospitals|Siloam]], Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Ciputra, and Hermina operate in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/09/27/indonesias-health-care-industry-is-on-the-rise.html|title=Indonesia's health care industry is on the rise|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052122/http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/09/27/indonesias-health-care-industry-is-on-the-rise.html|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2013/10/25/mayapada-hospital-jakarta-selatan-diresmikan|title=Mayapada Hospital Jakarta Selatan Diresmikan|newspaper=Tribun News|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052329/http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2013/10/25/mayapada-hospital-jakarta-selatan-diresmikan|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Water supply===
{{further|Water privatisation in Jakarta}}
Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. Eighty per cent of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the [[Citarum River]], {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast of the city. The water supply was privatised by President Suharto in 1998 to the French company [[Suez Environnement]] and the British company [[Thames Water]] International. Both companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the first seven years of the concessions had been lower than before, possibly because of substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005, tariffs were frozen, leading the private water companies to cut down on investments.
 
According to PALYJA, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% (1998) to 65% (2010) in its western half of the concession.<ref>{{cite web|title=Key Figures|url=http://en.palyja.co.id/profile/key-figures/|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001736/http://en.palyja.co.id/profile/key-figures/|archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004 but stagnated afterwards.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Iwan |first=Renalia |title=Ten Years of Public Private Partnership in Jakarta Drinking Water Service (1998-2007): Eastern Jakarta Drinking Water Service by Thames PAM Jaya |date=2008 |url=http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/978 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: one study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005,<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/disconnected-poverty-water-supply-and-development-jakarta-indonesia |title=Disconnected: Poverty, Water Supply and Development in Jakarta, Indonesia |last1=Bakker |first1=Karen |last2=Kooy |first2=Michelle |date=2006 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |publication-date=2013-10-17 |quote=Personal Communication from Kris Tutuko, Technical Director PAM JAYA, Jakarta, Indonesia (was quoted - seems difficult to understand). |last3=Shofiani |first3=Nur Endah |last4=Martijn |first4=Ernst-Jan}}</ref> while another estimated it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=KRuHA People's coalition for the rights to water|title=Poor Water Service, Most of Jakarta People Threatened by E-Coli|url=http://www.kruha.org/page/en/dinamic_detil/50/194/Press_Releases/Poor_Water_Service__Most_of_Jakarta_People_Threatened_by_E_Coli.html|access-date=20 November 2011|date=7 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001731/http://www.kruha.org/page/en/dinamic_detil/50/194/Press_Releases/Poor_Water_Service__Most_of_Jakarta_People_Threatened_by_E_Coli.html|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Those without access to piped water get water mostly from wells that are often salty and unsanitary. As of 2017, according to the [[Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)|Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources]], Jakarta had a crisis over clean water.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nababan |first1=Christine Novita |title=Kementerian ESDM: Jakarta Krisis Air Bersih |url=http://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20170610160840-85-220815/kementerian-esdm-jakarta-krisis-air-bersih/ |access-date=13 June 2017 |publisher=CNN Indonesia |date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611040040/http://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20170610160840-85-220815/kementerian-esdm-jakarta-krisis-air-bersih/ |archive-date=11 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==International relations==
{{See also|List of embassies in Jakarta}}
[[File:ASEAN HQ 1.jpg|thumb|right|The Secretariat of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] at Jl. Sisingamangaraja No.70A, [[South Jakarta]], Indonesia]]
Jakarta hosts foreign [[Diplomatic mission|embassies]]. Jakarta also serves as the seat of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) Secretariat and is ASEAN's diplomatic capital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta is Affirmed to be a Diplomatic Capital City|work=Association of Southeast Asian Nations|url=http://www.asean.org/jakarta-is-affirmed-to-be-a-diplomatic-capital-city/|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531081257/http://asean.org/jakarta-is-affirmed-to-be-a-diplomatic-capital-city/|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Jakarta is a member of the [[Asian Network of Major Cities 21]], [[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]] and [[ASEAN Smart Cities Network]].
 
===Twin towns – sister cities===
[[File:Jakarta Street Tripoli Libya.JPG|thumb|upright|Jakarta Street in [[Tripoli]], [[Libya]]]]
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia}}
Jakarta signed [[sister city]] agreements with other cities, including [[Casablanca]]. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after [[Sukarno]], Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.<ref name="JakartaPost2">{{cite news|url= http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/07/30/morocco-seeks-boost-business-ties-with-ri-envoy.html|title = Morocco seeks to boost business ties with RI: Envoy|author= Veeramalla Anjaiah|date = 30 July 2009|newspaper= The Jakarta Post|access-date= 14 June 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171114064731/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/07/30/morocco-seeks-boost-business-ties-with-ri-envoy.html|archive-date = 14 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
 
Jakarta's sister cities are:<ref name=sisters>{{cite web |title=21 State Capitals Working with Sister City with Jakarta|url=https://www.beritajakarta.id/en/read/29691/21-state-capitals-working-with-sister-city-with-jakarta|publisher=Berita Jakarta|date=2019-02-13|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[East Jerusalem]], Palestine
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi]], Vietnam
*{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|SAU}} [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States
*{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Maputo]], Mozambique
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia
*{{flagicon|PRK}} [[Pyongyang]], North Korea
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijayawada]], India<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia for 'sister city' agreement with Vijayawada|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/indonesia-for-sister-city-agreement-with-vijayawada/article27174777.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=2019-05-18|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>
<!--Budapest, Rotterdam, Paris, New South Wales - partnership, not twinning, none of them consider Jakarta a twin town-->
{{div col end}}


===Cooperation and friendship===
Jakarta's first name was Sunda Kelapa. Before the Dutch came, it was renamed to Jayakarta, starting in 1527. In 1619 the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] renamed the city Batavia. It was called Jakarta by the [[Japan]]ese during [[World War 2]].
Jakarta has established a partnership with [[Rotterdam]], especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange.<ref name="NESO">{{cite news|title=Jakarta and Rotterdam strengthen ties on urban water management|date=16 September 2014|work=Neso Indonesia|url=http://www.nesoindonesia.or.id/berita/2014/september/jakarta-and-rotterdam-strengthen-ties-on-urban-water-management|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807135334/http://www.nesoindonesia.or.id/berita/2014/september/jakarta-and-rotterdam-strengthen-ties-on-urban-water-management|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams, and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas.


In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:<ref name=sisters/>
Jakarta has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (Am in the [[Köppen climate classification]]).
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Arkansas]], United States
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[New South Wales]], Australia
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands


==See also==
Jakarta's challenges include rapid urban growth and [[flooding]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humancities.co/2017/01/jakarta-urban-challenges-overview/|title=Jakarta – Urban Challenges Overview – Human Cities Coalition|website=humancities.co|access-date=2017-12-03|archive-date=2017-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224641/https://www.humancities.co/2017/01/jakarta-urban-challenges-overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, Jakarta is sinking up to 17&nbsp;cm (6.7 inches) per year. It is also one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2019/07/30/cure-to-sinking-jakarta.html|title=Cure to sinking Jakarta?|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=23 August 2019}}</ref> In 2019, President [[Joko Widodo]] said that the capital would be moved to [[East Kalimantan]], an Indonesian province on the island of [[Borneo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/jakarta-sinks-as-indonesian-capital-and-borneo-takes-on-mantle-20190826-p52kvp.html|title=Jakarta sinks as Indonesian capital and Borneo takes on mantle|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=26 August 2019}}</ref> On 18 January 2022, the [[Parliament of Indonesia]] approved a bill to change the country's capital from Jakarta to [[Nusantara (city)|Nusantara]].<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/indonesia-nusantara-new-capital-intl-scli/index.html Indonesia names new capital, approving shift from Jakarta]</ref>
{{portal|Indonesia|Cities|Asia}}
* [[Geology of Indonesia]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Jakarta]]
* [[List of Javanese people]]
* [[Outline of Jakarta]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==External links==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* [http://www.jakarta.go.id/ Official website]
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* [http://jakarta-tourism.go.id/ Jakarta Official Travel Website]
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* [http://asiawheeling.com/?p=704/ An Account of Exploring Jakarta by Bicycle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831064659/http://asiawheeling.com/?p=704%2F |date=2013-08-31 }}
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* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Jakarta}}
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* {{cite book |last=Heuken |first=Adolf |title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16 |date=1999 |volume=1 |publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka |trans-title=Original sources of Jakarta's history, Volume I: Historical documents of Jakarta up to the end of the 16th century}}
* {{cite book |last=Iyer |first=Alessandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XocAQAAIAAJ |title=Indonesian Performing Arts: Tradition and Transition |date=2001 |publisher=Harwood Academic Pub.}}
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* {{cite book |last=Knörr |first=Jacqueline |title=Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft: Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_IAxzcSX7YC |date=2007 |publisher=Campus Verlag |trans-title=Creole and Post-Colonial Society: Integration and Differentiation in Jakarta |isbn=978-3-593-38344-6 |language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Knörr |first=Jacqueline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo0dDAAAQBAJ |title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia |date=2014 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78238-268-3 |jstor=j.ctt9qcwb1}}
* {{cite book |last=Kusno |first=Abidin |year=2000 |title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures |location=New York City |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SSWwAtgkB8C |isbn=978-0-415-23615-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Merrillees |first=Scott |title=Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950–1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ&q=JAKARTA:+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950-1980 |location=Jakarta |publisher=Equinox Publishing |date=2015 |isbn=9786028397308}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Clemens |first2=R.S. |last3=Phinn |first3=S.R. |last4=Possingham |first4=H.P. |last5=Fuller |first5=R.A. |title=Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=5  |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1890/130260|url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf }}
* {{cite book |last1=Nas |first1=Peter J.M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBJr9viseXEC |title=Jakarta-Batavia: Socio-cultural Essays |last2=Grijns |first2=Kees |date=2000 |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=90-6718-139-0 |location=Leiden}}
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{{refend}}


==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Ring |first=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |date=1994 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |isbn=1-884964-05-2 |editor-last=Schellinger |editor-first=Paul E. |volume=5 |location=Chicago |editor-last2=Salkin |editor-first2=Robert M.}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|https://jakarta.go.id}}
*[http://insecam.org/en/view/966078/ Online camera]
* [https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/ Jakarta Official Travel Website]
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Indonesia/Provinces/Jakarta/|Jakarta}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|6362934}}


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