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{{short description|State of the United States}}
{{about|the state of Hawai{{okina}}i|the archipelago|Hawaiian Islands|the largest island in the archipelago|Hawaii (island)|other uses|Hawaii (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Hawai (disambiguation){{!}}Hawai|Hawaiki|Kawaii|Kauai}}
{{coord|21|18|27|N|157|51|27|W|region:US-HI_type:adm1st|name=State of Hawai{{okina}}i|display=title}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Hawaii
| name = Hawaii
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| postal_code = HI
| postal_code = HI
| TradAbbreviation = H.I.
| TradAbbreviation = H.I.
| area_rank = {{ordinal|47}} (land)
| area_rank = {{ordinal|43}}
| area_total_sq_mi = 10,931
| area_total_sq_mi = 10,931
| area_total_km2 = 28,311
| area_total_km2 = 28,311
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|QuarterReleaseDate = 2008
|QuarterReleaseDate = 2008
}}
}}
'''Hawaii''' (sometimes spelled "Hawai'i".) is a [[U.S. state]] and the only U.S. State that is in [[Oceania]]. It is the last state that joined the [[United States]], becoming a state on August 21, 1959. It is the only state made only of [[island]]s. Hawaii is also the name of the largest island. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] and largest city of Hawaii is [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] on the island named [[Oahu]].


'''Hawaii''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Hawaii.ogg|h|ə|ˈ|w|aɪ|.|i}} {{respell|hə|WY|ee}}; {{lang-haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}} {{IPA-haw|həˈvɐjʔi|}} or {{IPA-haw|həˈwɐjʔi|}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Western United States|Western]] [[United States]] located in the [[Pacific Ocean]] about 2,000 miles (3,200&nbsp;km) from the U.S. mainland. It is the only state outside [[North America]], the only state [[archipelago|composed entirely of islands]], and the only state in the [[tropics]]. Hawaii is also one of a few U.S. states to have once been an independent nation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrews|first=Evan|title=6 Short-Lived Republics in the United States|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-short-lived-republics-in-the-united-states|access-date=2020-12-19|website=HISTORY}}</ref><ref name="Sovereign States of America">{{cite web |title=Sovereign States of America: 10 States That Started as Free Countries & How They Joined the Union |website=Ammo.com |date=1900-04-30 |url=https://ammo.com/articles/sovereign-states-america-history-independent-states-joined-us-union |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref>
==Name==
 
Hawaii is known as the "Aloha State". ''Aloha'' is a [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] word that has many meanings like welcome, hello and goodbye. Aloha also means love and care. The different meanings are brought together in the term "Aloha Spirit" to describe the friendly people of Hawaii.
Hawaii comprises [[Midway Atoll|nearly]] the entire [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian archipelago]], 137 [[High island|volcanic islands]] spanning {{convert|1500|mi}} that are [[physiography|physiographically]] and [[Ethnography|ethnologically]] part of the [[Polynesia]]n subregion of [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html|title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America?|website=WorldAtlas|access-date=June 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html|archive-date=July 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The state's ocean coastline is consequently the [[list of U.S. states and territories by coastline|fourth longest in the U.S]]., at about {{convert|750|mi|km}}.{{efn|After Alaska, Florida, and California.}} The eight main islands, from northwest to southeast, are [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]], [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]], [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]], [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]], [[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]], [[Maui]], and [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], after which the state is named; it is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaii Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The uninhabited [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]] make up most of the [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]], the nation's [[List of national monuments of the United States|largest protected area]] and the [[List of largest protected areas|third largest]] in the world.
 
Settled by [[Polynesians]] some time between 124 and 1120, Hawaii was home to numerous independent chiefdoms. In 1778, British explorer [[James Cook]] was the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago; early British influence is reflected in the [[Flag of Hawaii|state flag]], which bears a [[Union Jack]]. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly thereafter, introducing diseases that decimated the once isolated indigenous community. Hawaii became a unified, internationally recognized [[Hawaiian Kingdom|kingdom]] in 1810, remaining independent until [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Western businessmen overthrew]] the monarchy in 1893; this led to [[Annexation of Hawaii|annexation by the U.S.]] in 1898. As a strategically valuable [[Territory of Hawaii|U.S. territory]], Hawaii was [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked by Japan]] on December 7, 1941, which brought it global and historical significance, and contributed to America's decisive entry into World War II. Hawaii is the most recent state to [[Hawaii Admission Act|join the union]], on August 21, 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |title=[USC02] 48 USC Ch. 3: Front Matter |website=uscode.house.gov |access-date=October 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029034308/http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |archive-date=October 29, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, the U.S. government [[Apology Resolution|formally apologized]] for its role in the overthrow of Hawaii's government, which spurred the [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]].
 
Of the 50 [[List of states and territories of the United States|U.S. states]], Hawaii is the [[list of U.S. states and territories by area|fourth-smallest in land area]] and the [[list of states and territories of the United States by population|11th-least populous]], but with 1.4{{nbs}}million residents ranks [[list of states and territories of the United States by population density|13th in population density]]. Two-thirds of the population lives on O'ahu, home to the state's capital and largest city, [[Honolulu]]. Hawaii is among the country's most diverse states, owing to its central location in the Pacific and over two centuries of migration. As one of only six [[Majority minority in the United States|majority-minority states]], it has the nation's only [[Asian American]] plurality, its largest [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhist community]],<ref>"[http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/hawaii/ Religious Landscape Study]". ''Pewforum.org''. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2018</ref> and the largest proportion of [[multiracial people]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawaii is home to the nation's largest share of multiracial Americans|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/17/hawaii-is-home-to-the-nations-largest-share-of-multiracial-americans/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Consequently, it is a unique [[melting pot]] of [[Southeast Asian]], [[East Asian]] and [[North America]]n cultures, in addition to its [[Native Hawaiians|indigenous Hawaiian]] heritage.
 
Historically dominated by [[Plantation economy|a plantation economy]], Hawaii remains a major agricultural exporter due to its fertile soil and uniquely tropical climate in the U.S. Its economy has gradually diversified since the mid-20th century, with tourism and military defense becoming the two largest sectors. The state attracts tourists, surfers, and scientists from around the world with its diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches, oceanic surroundings, active volcanoes, and clear skies on the Big Island. Hawaii hosts the [[United States Pacific Fleet|U.S. Pacific Fleet]], the world's largest naval command, as well as 75,000 employees of the Defense Department.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Top 5 richest states in the US|url=https://www.worldfinance.com/wealth-management/top-5-richest-states-in-the-us|access-date=2020-12-15|website=www.worldfinance.com}}</ref>
 
Although its relative isolation results in one of the nation's highest [[Cost of living|costs of living]], Hawaii is the third-wealthiest state.<ref name=":1" /> Honolulu performs well in several [[World's most liveable cities|world livability indexes]], ranking 22nd out of 140 cities worldwide in the 2019 Global Liveability Index, more than any American city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Locke|first=Taylor|date=2019-09-05|title=This is the most liveable city in America|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/05/global-liveability-ranking-2019-the-most-liveable-city-in-america.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=CNBC}}</ref> Several [[List of people from Hawaii|notable American celebrities were born and raised in Hawaii]], most notably [[Barack Obama]], the 44th president of the U.S., who was a [[List of people from Honolulu|Honolulu native]].
 
{{TOC limit|3}}
 
==Etymology==
 
The state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, {{lang|haw|[[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]]|italic=no}}. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i|italic=no}} is that it was named for {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiiloa|Hawai{{okina}}iloa]]|italic=no}}, a legendary figure from Hawaiian myth. He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/cartwright1929.pdf |title=The Legend of Hawaii-loa |author=Bruce Cartwright |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |year=1929 |volume=38 |pages=105–121 |via=Ethnomathematics Digital Library (EDL) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713091306/http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/cartwright1929.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |title=Origins of Hawaii's Names |access-date=February 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195509/http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2006 }}</ref>
 
The [[Hawaiian language]] word {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}} is very similar to [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]] ''Sawaiki'', with the [[internal reconstruction|reconstructed]] meaning "homeland".{{efn|1=Pollex—a reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biggs|first=Bruce|date=1994|chapter=Does Māori have a closest relative?|pages=96–105|editor-last=Sutton|editor-first=Douglas G.|title=The Origins of the First New Zealanders|publisher=Auckland University Press|location=Auckland, NZ|isbn=978-1-86940-098-9}}{{break}}{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Ross|date=1994|chapter=Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence|pages=123–135|editor-last=Sutton|editor-first=Douglas G.|title=The Origins of the First New Zealanders|publisher=Auckland University Press|location=Auckland, NZ|isbn=978-1-86940-098-9}}</ref> The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a reconstructed word form.}} [[Cognate]]s of {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}} are found in other Polynesian languages, including [[Māori language|Māori]] ({{lang|mi|[[Hawaiki]]}}), [[Cook Islands Maori|Rarotongan]] ({{lang|rar|{{okina}}Avaiki}}) and [[Samoan language|Samoan]] ({{lang|sm|[[Savai'i|Savai{{okina}}i]]}}). According to linguists Pukui and Elbert,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pukui|first1=M.K.|first2=S.H.|last2=Elbert|title=Hawaiian Dictionary|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-8248-0703-0|page=62}}</ref> "elsewhere in Polynesia, {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}} or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawaii, the name has no meaning".<ref>{{cite book|first1=M.K.|last1= Pukui|first2=S.H.|last2= Elbert|first3=E.T.|last3= Mookini|date= 1974|title=Place Names of Hawaii|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0208-0}}</ref>
 
===Spelling of state name===
 
In 1978, Hawaiian was added to the Constitution of the State of Hawaii as an official state language alongside English.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article XV, Section 4 |website=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101203129/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The title of the state constitution is ''The Constitution of the State of Hawaii''. Article{{nbs}}XV, Section{{nbs}}1 of the Constitution uses ''The State of Hawaii''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article XV, Section 1 |website=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101203129/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Diacritic]]s were not used because the document, drafted in 1949,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conorg.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309102450/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conorg.html |archive-date=March 9, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> predates the use of the {{lang|haw|[[ʻOkina|{{okina}}okina]]}} {{angbr|{{okina}}}} and the {{lang|haw|[[macron (diacritic)|kahakō]]}} in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the state's name in the Hawaiian language is {{lang|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i}}.{{efn|The {{lang|haw|[[ʻokina]]}}, which resembles an apostrophe and precedes the final ''i'' in ''Hawai{{okina}}i'', is a consonant in Hawaiian and phonetically represents the [[glottal stop]] {{IPAc-en|ʔ}}.}} In the [[Hawaii Admission Act]] that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognized ''Hawaii'' as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the [[Seal of Hawaii]] use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wowpolynesia.com/hawaiian-language/ |title=Hawaiian language |publisher=Wow Polynesia |date=December 2, 2009 |access-date=April 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618030826/http://www.wowpolynesia.com/hawaiian-language/ |archive-date=June 18, 2011 }}</ref>
 
{{Anchor|Geography}}
 
==Geography and environment==
 
{{Main Hawaiian Islands}}
{{See also|List of islands of Hawaii}}
 
There are eight main Hawaiian islands. Seven are inhabited, but only six are open to tourists and locals. Ni{{okina}}ihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and [[Keith Robinson (environmentalist)|Keith Robinson]]; access is restricted to those who have their permission. This island is also home to native Hawaiians. Access to uninhabited [[Kahoʻolawe]] island is also restricted and anyone who enters without permission will be arrested. This island may also be dangerous since it was a military base during the world wars and could still have unexploded ordnance.
 
===Topography===
 
[[File:Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png|thumb|alt=Map of the Hawaiian islands]]
 
The Hawaiian [[archipelago]] is {{convert|2000|mi|km|abbr=on}} southwest of the contiguous United States.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-constitutes-united-states-what-are-official-definitions |title = What constitutes the United States, what are the official definitions? |publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date = July 3, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171116081238/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-constitutes-united-states-what-are-official-definitions |archive-date = November 16, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after [[Alaska]]. Hawaii, like Alaska, does not border any other U.S. state. It is the only U.S. state that is not geographically located in North America, the only state completely surrounded by water and that is entirely an archipelago, and the only state in which coffee is commercially cultivable.
 
In addition to the eight main islands, the state has many smaller islands and islets. [[Kaʻula|Ka{{okina}}ula]] is a small island near Ni{{okina}}ihau. The [[Northwest Hawaiian Islands]] is a group of nine small, older islands to the northwest of Kaua{{okina}}i that extend from [[Nihoa]] to [[Kure Atoll]]; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains. Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets, such as [[Molokini]], which are either volcanic, marine sedimentary or erosional in origin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_volc.html | title=General Information about Hawaiian Shield Volcanoes | last=Rubin | first=Ken | access-date=December 1, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229054039/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_volc.html | archive-date=December 29, 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Hawai{{okina}}i's tallest mountain [[Mauna Kea]] is {{convert|13796|ft|m|abbr=on}} above mean sea level;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/maunakea/ |title=Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii |publisher=Hvo.wr.usgs.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021204300/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/maunakea/ |archive-date=October 21, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> it is taller than [[Mount Everest]] if measured from the base of the mountain, which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about {{convert|33500|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/BeataUnke.shtml|last=Unke|first=Beata|year=2001|website=The Physics Factbook|title=Height of the Tallest Mountain on Earth|access-date=August 3, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819084653/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/BeataUnke.shtml|archive-date=August 19, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Geology===
 
{{See also|Hawaii hotspot}}
[[File:Pāhoehoe lava meets Pacific.jpg|thumb|left|{{lang|haw|Pāhoehoe}} (smooth lava) spills into the Ocean, forming new rock.]]
 
The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea [[magma]] source called the [[Hawaii hotspot|Hawai{{okina}}i hotspot]]. The process is continuing to build islands; the [[plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Because of the hotspot's location, all currently active land volcanoes are located on the southern half of Hawai{{okina}}i Island. The newest volcano, [[Loihi Seamount|Lō{{okina}}ihi Seamount]], is located south of the coast of Hawai{{okina}}i Island.
 
The last volcanic eruption outside Hawai{{okina}}i Island occurred at {{lang|haw|[[Haleakalā]]|italic=no}} on Maui before the late 18th{{nbs}}century, possibly hundreds of years earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1999/99_09_09.html |title = Youngest lava flows on East Maui probably older than A.D. 1790 |publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] |date = September 9, 1999 |access-date = May 5, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010222184841/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1999/99_09_09.html |archive-date = February 22, 2001 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1790, [[1790 Footprints|Kīlauea exploded]]; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs074-97/ |title=Living on Active Volcanoes—The Island of Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 074-97 |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025021343/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs074-97/ |archive-date=October 25, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on [[Kīlauea]] were killed by the eruption.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Swanson, D. A. |author2=Rausch, J |year=2008 |bibcode=2008AGUFM.V11B2022S |title=Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of Kīlauea |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting |volume=11 |pages=V11B–2022 }}</ref> Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. Hawaii Island has the [[list of islands by highest point|second-highest point]] among the world's islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/islands.htm |title=Largest islands of the world |publisher=Worldatlas.com |access-date=April 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321164954/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/islands.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On the flanks of the volcanoes, slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related [[tsunami]]s, particularly in [[1868 Hawaii earthquake|1868]] and [[1975 Hawaii earthquake|1975]].<ref name="PTWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/hawaii.php|title=Tsunami Safety & Preparedness in Hawaii|last=Pacific Tsunami Warning Center|date=November 12, 2009|access-date=November 12, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307231047/http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/hawaii.php |archive-date=March 7, 2011 }}</ref> Steep cliffs have been created by catastrophic [[debris avalanche]]s on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Bas |first=T.P. |chapter=Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands |editor-last=Lykousis |editor-first=Vasilios |title=Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 3rd international symposium |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-6511-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=N. |year=2003 |title=Susceptibility of mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands and seamounts to large scale landsliding |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=108 |issue=B8 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1029/2002jb001997 |bibcode=2003JGRB..108.2397M |s2cid=131282494 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
The {{lang|haw|[[Kīlauea]]|italic=no}} erupted in May 2018, opening 22 fissure vents on its East [[Rift Zone]]. The [[Leilani Estates]] and Lanipuna Gardens are situated within this territory. The destruction affected at least 36 buildings and this coupled with the [[lava]] flows and the [[sulfur dioxide]] fumes, necessitated the evacuation of more than 2,000 local inhabitants from the neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g20264868/hawaii-volcano-eruption-2018-photos/|title=Man Whose Leg Was Shattered By Hawaii's Volcano Eruption Speaks Out|date=May 24, 2018|access-date=May 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601073344/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g20264868/hawaii-volcano-eruption-2018-photos/|archive-date=June 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Flora and fauna===
 
{{See also|Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands|List of invasive plant species in Hawaii}}
[[File:Hawaiian monk seal at French Frigate Shoals 07.jpg|thumb|alt= A Hawaiian monk seal rests at French Frigate Shoals.|[[French Frigate Shoals]], located in the [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]], is protected as part of the [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]].]]
 
The islands of Hawai{{okina}}i are distant from other land habitats, and life is thought to have arrived there by wind, waves (i.e., by ocean currents), and wings (i.e., birds, insects, and any seeds that they may have carried on their feathers). Hawai{{okina}}i has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318100849/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm| archive-date=March 18, 2007| title=Hawaii's Forest Birds Sing the Blues| author=Howard Youth | access-date=October 31, 2008}}</ref> The endemic plant ''[[Brighamia]]'' now requires hand-pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm| title=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database| access-date=December 15, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128012940/http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm| archive-date=November 28, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> The two species of ''Brighamia''—''B. rockii'' and ''B. insignis''—are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants. To ensure that these plants set seed, biologists rappel down {{Convert|3000|foot|m|adj=on}} cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas.<ref>{{cite book| url={{google books |plainurl=y|id=YWTZs5fSqb8C|page=133}} |title=The Forgotten Pollinators|author1=Stephen Buchmann |author2=Gary Paul Nabhan | access-date=December 17, 2013| isbn=9781597269087| date=June 22, 2012}}</ref>
 
The extant main islands of the [[archipelago]] have been above the surface of the ocean for fewer than 10{{nbs}}million years; a fraction of the time [[biological colonization]] and evolution have occurred there. The islands are well known for the [[biodiversity|environmental diversity]] that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field. On a single island, the climate around the coasts can range from dry [[tropical]] (less than {{convert|20|in|mm|disp=or|sp=us}} annual rainfall) to wet tropical; on the slopes, environments range from [[tropical rainforest]] (more than {{convert|200|in|mm|disp=or|sp=us}} per year), through a [[temperate climate]], to [[Mountain|alpine]] conditions with a cold, dry climate. The rainy climate impacts [[Soil mechanics|soil development]], which largely determines ground permeability, affecting the distribution of streams and [[wetlands]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Charles H. |last2=Murray-Wallace |first2=Colin V. |last3=Glenn |first3=Craig R. |last4=Sherman |first4=Clark E. |last5=Popp |first5=Brian |last6=Hessler |first6=Angela |title=Age and Origin of Late Quaternary Eolianite, Kaiehu Point (Moomomi), Molokai, Hawaii |journal=Journal of Coastal Research |date=2005 |pages=97–112 |jstor=25736978 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-1-4831-9842-2.50022-5 |chapter=Halloysite and Gibbsite Formation in Hawaii |title=Clays and Clay Minerals |year=1962 |last1=Bates |first1=Thomas F. |pages=315–328 |isbn=978-1-4831-9842-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70160871 |title=Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Kauai, Hawaii |first1=Gordon A. |last1=Macdonald |first2=Dan A. |last2=Davis |first3=Doak C. |last3=Cox |date=27 May 1960 |via=pubs.er.usgs.gov}}</ref>
 
===Protected areas===
 
[[File:Na Pali Coast, Kauai, Hawaii.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nā Pali Coast State Park]], Kauaʻi]]
 
Several areas in Hawai{{okina}}i are under the protection of the [[National Park Service]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Hawaii | publisher = National Park Service | access-date = July 15, 2008 | url = http://www.nps.gov/state/HI | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080703061043/http://www.nps.gov/state/hi/ | archive-date = July 3, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> Hawaii has two national parks: [[Haleakalā National Park]] located near [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]] on the island of Maui, which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui, and [[Hawaii Volcanoes National Park]] in the southeast region of the Hawai{{okina}}i Island, which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones.
 
There are three [[national historical park]]s; [[Kalaupapa National Historical Park]] in Kalaupapa, Moloka{{okina}}i, the site of a former leper colony; [[Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park|Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park]] in [[Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]] on Hawai{{okina}}i Island; and [[Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park|Pu{{okina}}uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park]], an ancient place of refuge on Hawai{{okina}}i Island's west coast. Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include [[Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail]] on Hawai{{okina}}i Island and the [[USS Arizona Memorial|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] on O{{okina}}ahu.
 
The [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]] was proclaimed by President [[George W. Bush]] on June 15, 2006. The monument covers roughly {{convert|140000|mi2|km2}} of reefs, atolls, and shallow and deep sea out to {{convert|50|mi|km|-1}} offshore in the Pacific Ocean—an area larger than all the national parks in the U.S. combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/ideas/ideas_item.cfm?content_item_id=3417&content_type_id=15&issue_name=Protecting%20ocean%20life&issue=16&page=15&name=Op-eds%20%28Pew%29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930183659/http://www.pewtrusts.org/ideas/ideas_item.cfm?content_item_id=3417&content_type_id=15&issue_name=Protecting%20ocean%20life&issue=16&page=15&name=Op-eds%20%28Pew%29 |archive-date=September 30, 2006 |title=Treasure Islands |author=Joshua Reichert and [[Theodore Roosevelt IV]] |date=June 15, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
===Climate===
 
{{See also|List of Hawaii tornadoes|List of Hawaii hurricanes|Climate of Hawaii}}
[[File:Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg|thumb|A true-color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of the islands' vegetation is on their northeast sides, which face the wind. The silver glow indicates calmer waters downwind.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3510 |title=Hawaiian Islands : Image of the Day |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |access-date=November 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913073516/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3510 |archive-date=September 13, 2010 |url-status=live |date=June 3, 2003 }}</ref>]]
 
Hawai{{okina}}i's climate is typical for the tropics, although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near-constant [[trade winds]] from the east. Summer highs usually reach around {{Convert|88|F|C}} during the day, with the temperature reaching a low of {{Convert|75|F|C}} at night. Winter day temperatures are usually around {{Convert|83|F|C}}; at low elevation they seldom dip below {{Convert|65|F|C}} at night. Snow, not usually associated with the tropics, falls at {{convert|4200|m|ft|order=flip}} on Mauna Kea and [[Mauna Loa]] on Hawaii Island in some winter months. Snow rarely falls on Haleakalā. [[Mount Waialeale|Mount Wai{{okina}}ale{{okina}}ale]] on Kaua{{okina}}i has the second-highest average annual rainfall on Earth, about {{convert|460|in|mm}} per year. Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/climate_summary.php |title=Climate of Hawaii |publisher=Prh.noaa.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101041503/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/climate_summary.php |archive-date=November 1, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The warmest temperature recorded in the state, in [[Pahala]] on April 27, 1931, is {{convert|100|°F}}, making it tied with [[Alaska]] as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records|title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC)|publisher=US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Centers for Environmental Information.|access-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records|archive-date=February 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawai{{okina}}i's record low temperature is {{convert|12|°F}} observed in May{{nbs}}1979, on the summit of [[Mauna Kea]]. Hawai{{okina}}i is the only state to have never recorded sub-zero Fahrenheit temperatures.<ref name=":0" />


Climates vary considerably on each island; they can be divided into [[windward and leeward]] (''ko{{okina}}olau'' and ''kona'', respectively) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face cloud cover.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
==Geography==
Hawaii is an [[archipelago]], a long chain of islands. There are eight main islands and many small islands and [[atoll]]s. They are the tops of underwater [[volcano]]s. The main islands are [[Niihau]], [[Kauai]], [[Oahu]], [[Molokai]], [[Lanai]], [[Kahoolawe]], [[Maui]] and [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]].


==History==
==History==
The first people of Hawaii were [[Polynesians]]. They came to the islands sometime between 200 and 600 AD. [[Captain]] [[James Cook]] discovered the islands in 1778. Others may have been there before him. Captain Cook named the islands the Sandwich Islands for the fourth [[Earl of Sandwich]], John Montague.


{{Main|History of Hawaii}}
[[Kamehameha I]] was the first [[king]] of Hawaii. He united the separate small Hawaiian kingdoms into one large kingdom in 1795. In 1893, American soldiers stopped Queen [[Liliuokalani]] from leading Hawaii when American business people took over the government and made their own laws. She was the last [[monarch]] of Hawaii. She also wrote the original words of the song called ''Aloha Oe''.
{{HI history}}
 
Hawai{{okina}}i is one of two states that were widely recognized independent nations prior to joining the United States. The [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]] was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|the monarchy was overthrown]] by resident American and European capitalists and landholders. Hawai{{okina}}i was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawai{{okina}}i was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/government/hi_government.htm |title=Hawaii State Government |publisher=Netstate.com |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019022737/http://netstate.com/states/government/hi_government.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===First human settlement – Ancient Hawai{{okina}}i (800–1778)===
 
{{Main|Ancient Hawaii}}
 
Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest habitation of the Hawaiian Islands dates to around AD 300, probably by Polynesian settlers from the [[Marquesas Islands]].{{doubtful|date=May 2018}} A second wave of migration from [[Raiatea]] and [[Bora Bora]] took place in the {{ordinal|11}} century. The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate.<ref>{{cite book | first = Patrick Vinton | last = Kirch | author-link = Patrick Vinton Kirch | title = The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1989 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/evolutionofpolyn0000kirc/page/77 77–79] | isbn = 978-0-521-27316-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionofpolyn0000kirc/page/77 }}</ref> Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from [[Tahiti]] around AD 1000 who introduced a new line of high chiefs, the [[kapu]] system, the practice of human sacrifice, and the building of ''[[heiau]]''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-18|title=Hawaii History & Civilization Growth {{!}} Timelines, Facts, Info|url=https://www.tourmaui.com/hawaii-history-timelines/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Valley Isle Excursions}}</ref> This later immigration is detailed in [[Hawaiian mythology]] (''mo{{okina}}olelo'') about [[Pa'ao|Pa{{okina}}ao]]. Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Pa{{okina}}ao must be regarded as a myth.<ref name="auto"/>
 
The history of the islands is marked by a slow, steady growth in population and the size of the [[chiefdoms]], which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs, called [[Ali'i|ali{{okina}}i]], ruled their settlements, and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals. Ancient Hawai{{okina}}i was a [[Makaainana|caste]]-based society, much like that of Hindus in India.<ref>{{cite book | first = Barbara A. | last = West | year = 2009 | url = {{google books |plainurl=y|id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|page=270}} | title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania | publisher = Infobase Publishing | page = 270 | isbn = 978-1438119137}}</ref>
 
===European arrival===
 
[[File:Tereoboo, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to Captain Cook by John Webber.jpg|thumb|''[[Kalaniʻōpuʻu|Tereoboo]], King of Owyhee, bringing presents to [[James Cook|Captain Cook]]'' by [[John Webber]] (drawn 1779, published 1784)|alt=Drawing of single-masted sailboat with one spinnaker-shaped sail, carrying dozens of men, accompanied by at least four other canoes]]
 
The 1778 arrival of British explorer [[James Cook|Captain James Cook]] marked the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawai{{okina}}i; early British influence can be seen in the design of the [[Flag of Hawaii|flag of Hawai{{okina}}i]], which bears the [[Union Jack]] in the top-left corner. Cook named the archipelago "the Sandwich Islands" in honor of his sponsor [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], publishing the islands' location and rendering the native name as ''Owyhee''. The form [[Owyhee (disambiguation)|'Owyhee' or 'Owhyhee']] is preserved in the names of certain locations in the American part of the Pacific Northwest, among them [[Owyhee County, Idaho|Owyhee County]] and [[Owyhee Mountains]] in [[Idaho]], named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went missing in the area.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Name Owyhee|url=http://www.history.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reference-series/0036.pdf|publisher=Idaho State Historical Society|access-date=January 1, 2015|date=August 1964|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816231420/http://history.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reference-series/0036.pdf|archive-date=August 16, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
It is very possible that [[Conquistador|Spanish explorers]] arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century, two hundred years before Cook's first documented visit in 1778. [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] commanded a fleet of six ships that left [[Acapulco]] in 1542 bound for the Philippines, with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot. Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano's reports describe an encounter with either Hawai{{okina}}i or the [[Marshall Islands]].<ref name=Kane>{{cite book| last = Kane| first = Herb Kawainui| author-link = Herb Kawainui Kane| editor = Bob Dye| chapter = The Manila Galleons| title = Hawaii Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine| volume = I| publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]| year = 1996| location = Honolulu| pages = 25–32| isbn = 978-0-8248-1829-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://heroesdehispania.blogspot.se/2014/05/ruy-lopez-de-villalobos-descubridor-de.html|title=Ruy López de Villalobos (descubridor de Hawai)|website=heroesdehispania.blogspot.se|language=es|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106011530/http://heroesdehispania.blogspot.se/2014/05/ruy-lopez-de-villalobos-descubridor-de.html|archive-date=January 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~dennisk/voyaging_chiefs/discovery.html|date=January 2017}} If de Villalobos' crew spotted Hawai{{okina}}i, Gaetano would thus be considered the first European to see the islands. Some scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility.<ref>By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). ''The Pacific Islands''. University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. {{ISBN|0-8248-1233-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Coulter | first1 = John Wesley | year = 1964 | title = Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument | journal = The Geographical Journal | volume = 130 | issue = 2 | pages = 256–261 | doi = 10.2307/1794586| jstor = 1794586 }}</ref>
 
Nonetheless, Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as Hawai{{okina}}i, but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands. In this manuscript, the island of Maui is named ''La Desgraciada'' (The Unfortunate Island), and what appears to be Hawai{{okina}}i Island is named ''La Mesa'' (The Table). Islands resembling [[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe']], [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]], and [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]] are named ''Los Monjes'' (The Monks).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Hawaii National Park |date=June 1959 |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hawaii-notes/vol6-59h.htm |title=Hawaiʻi Nature Notes |access-date=August 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108031007/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hawaii-notes/vol6-59h.htm |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> For two-and-a-half centuries, [[Manila galleon|Spanish galleons]] crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of Hawai{{okina}}i on their way to [[Manila]]. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers. Hawai{{okina}}i thus maintained independence, despite being situated on a sea route east–west between nations that were subjects of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], an empire that exercised jurisdiction over many subject civilizations and kingdoms on both sides of the Pacific.<ref>Katharine Bjork, "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571-1815," ''Journal of World History'' 9, no. 1 (1998), 25-50.</ref>
[[File:Entrevue de l'expedition de M. Kotzebue avec le roi Tammeamea dans l'ile d'Ovayhi, Iles Sandwich (detailed).jpg|thumb|right|King Kamehameha receiving the Russian naval expedition of [[Otto von Kotzebue]]. Drawing by [[Louis Choris]] in 1816.]]
 
Despite such contested claims, Cook is generally credited as being the first European to land at Hawai{{okina}}i, having visited the Hawaiian Islands twice. As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued as Cook took temple idols and fencing as "firewood",<ref>Stanley D. Porteus, ''Calabashes and Kings: An Introduction to Hawaii.'' Kessinger Publishing, 2005; p. 17</ref> and a minor chief and his men stole a boat from his ship. Cook abducted the [[Alii Aimoku of Hawaii|King of Hawai{{okina}}i Island]], [[Kalaniʻōpuʻu|Kalani{{okina}}ōpu{{okina}}u]], and held him for ransom aboard his ship in order to gain return of Cook's boat, as this tactic had previously worked in Tahiti and other islands.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kuykendall |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom Volume I: Foundation and Transformation |page=18 |quote=Cook's plan was to get the king on board the Resolution and keep him there until the stolen boat was returned—a plan that had been effective under similar circumstances in the south Pacific.}}</ref> Instead, the supporters of Kalani{{okina}}ōpu{{okina}}u attacked, killing Cook and four sailors as Cook's party retreated along the beach to their ship. The ship departed without retrieving the stolen boat.
 
After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawaiian Islands attracted many European and American visitors: explorers, traders, and eventually whalers, who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies. These visitors introduced diseases to the once-isolated islands, causing the Hawaiian population to drop precipitously.<ref name="EB">{{Britannica|257332}}</ref> Native Hawaiians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases, such as [[influenza]], [[smallpox]] and [[measles]]. By 1820, disease, famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population.<ref>{{cite book |title=To express the policy of the United States regarding the United States' relationship with Native Hawaiians, and for other purposes: report (to accompany S. 2899) |page=7 |author=United States Congress Senate United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs (1993–) U.S. G.P.O., 2000 |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2000 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011330718 |access-date=May 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230441/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011330718 |archive-date=September 3, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 1850s, measles killed a fifth of Hawai{{okina}}i's people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=422 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207121510/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=422 |archive-date=February 7, 2007|title=Migration and Disease | website=Digital History}}</ref>
 
Historical records indicated the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawai{{okina}}i originated from [[Guangdong|Guangdong Province]]; a few sailors had arrived in 1778 with Captain Cook's journey, and more arrived in 1789 with an American trader who settled in Hawai{{okina}}i in the late 18th century. It is said that leprosy was introduced by Chinese workers by 1830, and as with the other new infectious diseases, it proved damaging to the Hawaiians.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kala/pdf/B3LepHawaii.pdf|title=National Historical Park : KALAUPAPA|last=Greene|first=Linda W.|publisher=National Park Service|year=1985|page=11|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412020628/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kala/pdf/B3LepHawaii.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i===
 
{{Main|Kingdom of Hawaii}}
 
====House of Kamehameha====
 
[[File:Kamehameha Statue and flag.jpg|thumb|Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago.]]
 
During the 1780s, and 1790s, chiefs often fought for power. After a series of battles that ended in 1795, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler, who became known as [[Kamehameha I|King Kamehameha the Great]]. He established the [[House of Kamehameha]], a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fry|first1=Kathie|title=Kamehameha Dynasty|url=http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/monarchy/kamehameha-dynasty.htm|website=Hawaii for Visitors|access-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221138/http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/monarchy/kamehameha-dynasty.htm|archive-date=November 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
After [[Kamehameha II]] inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawai{{okina}}i converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. They used their influence to end many traditional practices of the people.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=i8RdAgAAQBAJ|page=165}}|title=Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook|last=MacDonald|first=Margaret Read|date=December 16, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135917142|page=165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_3DrC3iFfQQC|page=15}}|title=American Aloha: Cultural Tourism and the Negotiation of Tradition|last=Diamond|first=Heather A.|date=2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824831714|page=15}}</ref> During the reign of King [[Kamehameha III]], Hawaiʻi turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the [[1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1840 Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hooilina.org/cgi-bin/journal?e=p-0journal--00-0-0-004-Document---0-1--1en-50---20-docoptions-search-issue---001-0110escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&cl=&d=HASH0166acfd8ec6df2fa38fd161.5.2.6|title=Ho'oilina Legacy Collection|website=hooilina.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213916/http://hooilina.org/cgi-bin/journal?e=p-0journal--00-0-0-004-Document---0-1--1en-50---20-docoptions-search-issue---001-0110escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&cl=&d=HASH0166acfd8ec6df2fa38fd161.5.2.6|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hiram Bingham I]], a prominent Protestant missionary, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period. Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=O_3fCgAAQBAJ|page=572}}|title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|last1=Goucher|first1=Candice|last2=Walton|first2=Linda|date=March 12, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135088293|page=572}}</ref> Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom, but they converted a minority of the Native Hawaiian population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/240/JL07047.pdf?sequence=1|title=Religious Statistics of Hawaii, 1825–1972|last=Schmitt|first=Robert C.|page=43|type=Typographical error in "1950", meant to be "1850"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013217/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/240/JL07047.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Bb0HAAAAMAAJ|page=5}}|title=Studies in the History of American Education|author=University of Michigan School of Education|date=January 1, 1947|publisher=UM Libraries|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=HPyhAgAAQBAJ|page=89}}|title=Indigenous Symbols and Practices in the Catholic Church: Visual Culture, Missionization and Appropriation|last=Martin|first=Dr Kathleen J.|date=June 28, 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409480655|page=89}}</ref> Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Moloka{{okina}}i, which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century. The best known were [[Father Damien]] and [[Mother Marianne Cope]], both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman [[Catholic saints]].
 
The death of the bachelor [[Kamehameha V|King Kamehameha V]]—who did not name an heir—resulted in the popular election of [[Lunalilo]] over [[Kalākaua]]. Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. In 1874, the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Emma, Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV]]. After riots broke out, the United States and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order. [[Kalākaua|King Kalākaua]] was chosen as monarch by the [[Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii|Legislative Assembly]] by a vote of 39 to{{nbs}}6 on February 12, 1874.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0|title=Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty|website=www.ulukau.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120013821/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
====1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations====
 
In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the [[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]]. Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of much of his authority. It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier, white elite. Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not. As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kalākaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], succeeded him; she was the last monarch of Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0|title=Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty|website=www.ulukau.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120043915/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In 1893, Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch. On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]] to stage a [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|coup d'état]] against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. United States Government Minister [[John L. Stevens]], responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. The Queen's soldiers did not resist. According to historian William Russ, the monarchy was unable to protect itself.<ref name="Adam">{{cite book | last = Russ | first = William Adam | title = The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94) | publisher=Associated University Presses | year = 1992 | page = 350 | isbn = 978-0-945636-43-4}}</ref>
 
===Overthrow of 1893 – Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i (1894–1898)===
 
{{Main|Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|Provisional Government of Hawaii|Republic of Hawaii}}
{{See also|List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups#Historical – Royalist Organizations (from 1880s)}}
[[File:Liliuokalani in 1891.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Liliuokalani|Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom|alt=Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani, seated inside {{okina}}Iolani Palace]]
 
On January 17, 1893, Queen [[Liliʻuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]] was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety. The United States Minister to the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] ([[John L. Stevens]]) conspired with U.S. citizens to overthrow the monarchy.<ref name="HIgpo"/> After the overthrow, Lawyer [[Sanford B. Dole]], a citizen of Hawaii, became President of the Republic when the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii|Provisional Government of Hawai{{okina}}i]] ended on July 4, 1894. Controversy ensued in the following years as the Queen tried to regain her throne. The administration of President [[Grover Cleveland]] commissioned the [[Blount Report]], which concluded that the removal of Lili{{okina}}uokalani had been illegal. The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused.
 
Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the [[Morgan Report]], which found all parties, including Minister Stevens—with the exception of the Queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.<ref>{{cite book| author=Kuykendall, R.S. |year=1967 |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1874–1893 |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=648}}</ref> Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.<ref name="Adam"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Kinzer | first = Stephen | title = Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq | publisher = Times Books | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8050-7861-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/overthrowamerica00kinz }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Hawaii Reporter|url=http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123|title=Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill|date=August 18, 2005|access-date=February 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512101435/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123|archive-date=May 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "HDAICS">{{cite web |url=http://www.angelfire.com/hi5/bigfiles3/AkakaHawaiiDividedFeinJune2005.pdf |title=Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand |first=Bruce |last=Fein |author-link=Bruce Fein |date=June 6, 2005 |publisher=[[Grassroot Institute of Hawaii]] |location=Honolulu |access-date=May 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205112419/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/file.aspx?Guid=aefef5f6-a533-486a-9459-691138355dd1 |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In 1993, the US Congress passed a joint [[Apology Resolution]] regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President [[Bill Clinton]]. The resolution apologized and said that the overthrow was illegal in the following phrase: "The Congress—on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i on January 17, 1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawaiian people."<ref name="HIgpo">{{cite web|title=Public Law 103-150—November 23, 1993|website=gpo.gov|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407014005/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-date=April 7, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> The Apology Resolution also "acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i or through a plebiscite or referendum".<ref name="HIgpo"/><ref name = "HDAICS"/>
 
==={{anchor|annexation}}Annexation – Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i (1898–1959)===
 
{{Main|Organic act#List of organic acts|Territory of Hawaii}}
[[File:1899BalanceCartoon.jpg|thumb|upright|In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are depicted as savage children. The figures are [[Puerto Rico]], Hawaii, [[Cuba]], [[Philippines]] and "Ladrones" (the [[Mariana Islands]]).]]
 
After [[William McKinley]] won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani. McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawai{{okina}}i. He met with three non-native annexationists: [[Lorrin A. Thurston]], Francis March Hatch and [[William Ansel Kinney]]. After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State [[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]] agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref>{{cite web |website= The [[Morgan Report]] |url= http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=1897_Annexation_Treaty |title= 1897 Hawaii Annexation Treaty |access-date= August 14, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100825165348/http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=1897_Annexation_Treaty |archive-date= August 25, 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[U.S. Senate]] never ratified the treaty. Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intro.html |title=Anti-annexation petitions—Page 1 |publisher=Libweb.hawaii.edu |access-date=March 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317183803/http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intro.html |archive-date=March 17, 2012 }}</ref> the [[Newlands Resolution]] was used to annex the Republic to the U.S.; it became the [[Territory of Hawaii|Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i]]. The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by 209 votes in favor to 91 against, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=IjZPcGb2R08C|page=209}}|title=Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai_i?|last=Dyke|first=Jon M. Van|date=January 1, 2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824832117|page=209}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18980616.2.60|title=Sacramento Daily Union 16 June 1898—California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213163714/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18980616.2.60|archive-date=February 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrmakahinui.com/Timeline_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.php|title=Annexation Timeline—of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|website=hrmakahinui.com|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117074544/http://hrmakahinui.com/Timeline_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.php|archive-date=November 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In 1900, Hawai{{okina}}i was granted self-governance and retained [[Iolani Palace|{{okina}}Iolani Palace]] as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts to become a state, Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years. Plantation owners and capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions such as the [[Big Five (Hawaii)|Big Five]], found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap, foreign labor. Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Hawaii-Statehood-Honolulu-Star-Bulletin/7223272607/bd|title=Hawaii Statehood—Honolulu Star-Bulletin by HAWAII: Honolulu, Hawaii No binding—Seth Kaller Inc|website=www.abebooks.co.uk|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164159/https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Hawaii-Statehood-Honolulu-Star-Bulletin/7223272607/bd|archive-date=February 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:USS SHAW exploding Pearl Harbor Nara 80-G-16871 2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.|The Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in 1941 was the primary event that caused the United States to enter [[World War&nbsp;II]].]]
 
[[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Rican immigration to Hawai{{okina}}i]] began in 1899, when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by [[1899 San Ciriaco hurricane|a hurricane]], causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawai{{okina}}i. Hawaiian [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantation]] owners began to recruit experienced, unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico. Two waves of [[Korean immigration to Hawaii|Korean immigration to Hawai{{okina}}i]] occurred in the 20th century. The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |title=1965 immigration law changed face of America |author=Jennifer Ludden |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |publisher=NPR |access-date=September 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143552/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |archive-date=October 21, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
O{{okina}}ahu was the target of a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] by [[Imperial Japan]] on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by [[Warplane|aircraft]] and by [[midget submarine]]s, brought the United States into [[World War&nbsp;II]].<!-- The Japanese had justification to attack American held Hawai{{okina}}i since the Japanese Empire and the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i once had a political alliance when the last Crown Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i [[Kaʻiulani]] and Crown [[Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito]] were in love and they were supposed to marry if it wasn't prevented due to weight of their other responsibilities.{{cn}} -->
 
===Political changes of 1954 – State of Hawai{{okina}}i (1959–present)===
 
{{Main|Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954|Hawaii Admission Act|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
{{See also|List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups#Modern – Sovereignty Organizations (1960s–present)}}
[[File:Food-Hawaii-Canning. Native girls packing pineapple into cans. - NARA - 522863.tif|thumb|alt=Three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928.|Prior to the postwar labor movement, Hawaii was governed by plantation owners. Here, three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928.]]
 
In the 1950s, the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawai{{okina}}i and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the [[Hawaii Republican Party|Hawai{{okina}}i Republican Party]], strongly supported by plantation owners. The new majority voted for the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic Party of Hawai{{okina}}i]], which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years. Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College, residents actively campaigned for statehood. In Washington there was talk that Hawai{{okina}}i would be a Republican Party stronghold so it was matched with the admission of Alaska, seen as a Democratic Party stronghold. These predictions turned out to be inaccurate; today, Hawai{{okina}}i votes Democratic predominantly, while Alaska votes Republican.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/188969/red-states-outnumber-blue-first-time-gallup-tracking.aspx|title=Red States Outnumber Blue for First Time in Gallup Tracking|website=gallup.com|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104092539/http://www.gallup.com/poll/188969/red-states-outnumber-blue-first-time-gallup-tracking.aspx|archive-date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|date=February 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>[ 2016 election result—Politico]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/modern-political-parties-59/red-states-vs-blue-states-337-4262/|title=Red States vs. Blue States|last=Boundless|date=August 8, 2016|website=Boundless.com|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112151613/https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/modern-political-parties-59/red-states-vs-blue-states-337-4262/|archive-date=November 12, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2012/all/president/|title=2012 Presidential Race—Election Results by State—NBC News|date=December 2, 2011|website=nbcnews.com|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174223/http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2012/all/president/|archive-date=January 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In March 1959, Congress passed the [[Hawaii Admission Act|Hawai{{okina}}i Admissions Act]], which U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signed into law.<ref>{{cite video| year =1959| title =Video: Aloha Hawaii. islanders Celebrate Long-Sought Statehood, 1959/03/16 (1959)| url =https://archive.org/details/1959-03-16_Aloha_Hawaii| publisher =[[Universal Newsreel]]| access-date =February 20, 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120515045750/http://archive.org/details/1959-03-16_Aloha_Hawaii| archive-date =May 15, 2012| url-status =live}}</ref> The act excluded [[Palmyra Atoll]] from statehood; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i. On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawai{{okina}}i to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it.<ref name="celebrating-50-years-of-statehood">{{cite web |url=http://archive.lingle.hawaii.gov/govgallery/news/files/2009/march/celebrating-50-years-of-statehood |title=Commemorating 50 Years of Statehood |website=archive.lingle.hawaii.gov |publisher=State of Hawaii |date=March 18, 2009 |access-date=March 21, 2014 |quote=On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held to allow Hawai{{okina}}i residents to ratify the congressional vote for statehood. The 'yes for statehood' garnered 94.3 percent (132,773 votes) while the 'no' ballots totaled 5.7 percent (7,971 votes). |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321081230/http://archive.lingle.hawaii.gov/govgallery/news/files/2009/march/celebrating-50-years-of-statehood |archive-date=March 21, 2014 }}</ref> The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory. The United Nations' [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] later removed Hawai{{okina}}i from [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories|its list of non-self-governing territories]].
 
After attaining statehood, Hawai{{okina}}i quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. Later, state programs promoted Hawaiian culture.{{which|date=March 2015}} The [[1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention|Hawai{{okina}}i State Constitutional Convention of 1978]] created institutions such as the [[Office of Hawaiian Affairs]] to promote indigenous language and culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/uhawlr7&div=9&id=&page=|title=The Constitutionality of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs|page=63|last=Van Dyke|first=Jon|date=1985|journal=University of Hawaii Law Review|volume=7|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094007/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fuhawlr7&div=9&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
{{See also|Hawaii statistical areas}}
[[File:Hawaii population map.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Population density map of Hawaii, 2010]]
{{Historical populations
|type = US
|1778 (est.)|300000
|1819 (est.)|145000
|1835–1836|107,954
|1850|84165
|1860|69800
|1872|56897
|1884|80578
|1890|89990
|1896|109020
|1900| 154001
|1910| 191909
|1920| 255912
|1930| 368336
|1940| 423330
|1950| 499794
|1960| 632772
|1970| 768561
|1980| 964691
|1990| 1108229
|2000| 1211537
|2010| 1360301
|2020| 1455271
|source=1778–1896<ref name="Schmitt1968">{{cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Robert C.|title=Demographic Statistics of Hawaii, 1778–1965|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/30985/DemographicStatisticsHawaii.pdf|year=1968|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|hdl=10125/30985|oclc=760489664|pages=41, 69}}</ref> 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |date=April 29, 2021}}</ref>
}}
 
After Europeans and mainland Americans first arrived during the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] period, the overall population of Hawaii—which until that time composed solely of Indigenous Hawaiians—fell dramatically. Many people of the Indigenous Hawaiian population died to foreign diseases, declining from 300,000 in the 1770s, to 60,000 in the 1850s, to 24,000 in 1920. In 1923 42% of the population was of Japanese descent, 9% was of Chinese descent, and 16% was native descent.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=THE STATES |url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1923-03-03/page/8/ |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |magazine=[[Time Magazine]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |page=8 |date=March 3, 1923 |access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th{{nbs}}century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/population-and-visitor-statist.asp |title=Hawaiian Encyclopedia : Population and Visitor Statistics |publisher=Hawaiianencyclopedia.com |date=July 1, 2002 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214051108/http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/population-and-visitor-statist.asp |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The unmixed indigenous Hawaiian population has still not restored itself to its 300,000 pre-contact level. {{as of|2010}}, only 156,000 persons declared themselves to be of Native Hawaiian-only ancestry, just over half the pre-contact level Native Hawaiian population, although an additional 371,000 persons declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races (including other Polynesian groups, but mostly Asian and/or Caucasian).
 
The [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates the population of Hawaii was 1,420,491 on July 1, 2018; an increase of 4.42% since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/hi,US/PST045218|title=QuickFacts Hawaii; UNITED STATES|website=2018 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=March 10, 2019|access-date=March 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230041652/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/hi,US/PST045218|archive-date=December 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
{{As of|2018}}, Hawaii had an estimated population of 1,420,491; a decrease of 7,047 from the previous year and an increase of 60,190 (4.42%) since 2010. This includes a natural increase of 48,111 (96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Fiona|date=2020-12-29|title=People leaving Hawaii doubled in 2020|url=https://www.sfgate.com/hawaii/article/hawaii-exodus-2020-people-leaving-doubles-15832708.php|access-date=2020-12-29|website=SFGATE}}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=This paragraph was unsourced. It needs to be completely rewritten using this citation I added|date=December 2020}}
 
The center of population of Hawaii is located on the island of [[O'ahu]]. Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to [[Las Vegas]], which has been called the "ninth island" of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stateofthereunion.com/home/season-2-2/las-vegas-nv |title=Las Vegas: Bright Lights, Big City, Small Town |publisher=State of the Reunion |access-date=July 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602145540/http://stateofthereunion.com/home/season-2-2/las-vegas-nv |archive-date=June 2, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Apr/11/tr/hawaii4110346.html|title=Hawaii's ninth island offers everything we need|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|access-date=July 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110090555/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Apr/11/tr/hawaii4110346.html|archive-date=January 10, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Hawaii has a ''[[de facto]]'' population of over 1.4{{nbs}}million, due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents. [[O'ahu]] is the most populous island; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in {{convert|597|sqmi|km2|0}}, approximately 1,650 people per square mile.{{efn|For comparison, [[New Jersey]]—which has 8,717,925 people in {{convert|7417|sqmi|km2|0}}—is the most-densely populated state in [[United States|the Union]] with 1,134 people per square mile.}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Population Estimate Data|url=https://census.hawaii.gov/home/population-estimate/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=census.hawaii.gov}}</ref> Hawaii's 1.4{{nbs}}million residents, spread across {{convert|6000|mi2|-2}} of land, result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html |title=Hawaii Quickfacts |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028063456/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html |archive-date=October 28, 2011 }}</ref> The state has a lower population density than [[Ohio]] and [[Illinois]].<ref name="USCB density">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php#AREA_HI |title=Resident Population Data—2010 Census |website=2010 Census |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |location=Washington, DC |access-date=May 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028061117/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php |archive-date=October 28, 2011 }}</ref>
 
The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years; 77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female—longer than the average lifespan of any other [[U.S. state]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/projections/MethTab2.xls|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100615135706/http://www.census.gov/population/projections/MethTab2.xls|archive-date=June 15, 2010|title=Average life expectancy at birth by state|access-date=November 5, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Asof|2011}} the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands.<ref name=Hawaii_mil>{{cite web|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1109.pdf|website=Department of Defense|access-date=October 21, 2013|date=September 30, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019001235/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1109.pdf|archive-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref>
 
=== Ancestry ===
 
{{Further|Native Hawaiians|White Americans in Hawaii|Africans in Hawaii|Japanese in Hawaii}}
[[File:Early Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.jpg|thumb|Japanese immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation.]]
 
According to the 2010 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301. The state's population identified as 38.6% [[Asian American|Asian]]; 24.7% [[White American|White]] (22.7% non-Hispanic White alone); 23.6% from two or more races; 10.0% Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders; 8.9% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]] and Latinos of any race; 1.6% Black or African American; 1.2% from some other race; and 0.3% Native American and Alaska Native.<ref name="Hawaii QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html|title=Hawaii QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]|location=Washington, DC|website=State and County QuickFacts|date=January 17, 2012|access-date=June 2, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028063456/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html|archive-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Hawaii racial breakdown of population
|-
! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census" /> !! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |author=Population Division, Laura K. Yax |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008 }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/HI |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107203104/http://censusviewer.com/city/HI |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |title=Population of Hawaii: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data|author=Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO)|access-date=December 9, 2017|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>!! est. 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2015_PEPASR6H&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder—Results|author=U.S. Census Bureau|website=census.gov|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060801/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2015_PEPASR6H&prodType=table|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[White American|White]] || 38.8% || 33.4% || 24.3% || 24.7%|| 26.7%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || rowspan=2|57.7% || rowspan=2|61.8% || 41.6% || 38.6% || 37.3%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and{{break}}[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || 9.4% || 10.0% || 9.9%
|-
| [[African American|Black]] || 1.0% || 2.5% || 1.8% || 1.6% || 2.6%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American and Alaskan native]] || 0.1% || 0.5% || 0.3% || 0.3% || 0.5%
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 2.4% || 1.9% || 1.2% || 1.2% || –
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || – || 21.4% || 23.6% || 23.0%
|}
 
Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state. It is the only state where people who identify as Asian Americans are the largest ethnic group. In 2012, 14.5% of the resident population under age 1 was non-Hispanic white.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]|access-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|archive-date=July 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaii's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipino Americans, 185,000 (13.6%) Japanese Americans, roughly 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans, and 24,000 (1.8%) [[Korean American]]s.<ref name="US Census Bureau" /> There are more than 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians—5.9% of the population.<ref name="US Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190521214830/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data |publisher=[[US Census Bureau]] |access-date=May 22, 2012 }}</ref> Including those with partial ancestry, Samoan Americans constitute 2.8% of Hawaii's population, and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6%.<ref name="American FactFinder">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP9&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150328060334/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP9&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2015|title=Race Reporting for the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population by Selected Categories: 2010|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref>
 
Over 120,000 (8.8%) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii. Mexican Americans number over 35,000 (2.6%); Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25% of Hawaii's population, exceeding 320,000 people. Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed-race group, numbering about 66,000 (4.9%). The non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000—just over 20% of the population. The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people.<ref name="US Census Bureau" /> In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population was 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hawaii—Race and Hispanic Origin: 1900 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008 }}</ref>
 
The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%), Irish (5.2%), English (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%) and Italian (2.7%). About 82.2% of the state's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75% of foreign-born residents originate in Asia. Hawaii is a [[majority-minority state]]. It was expected to be one of three states that will not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014; the other two are [[California]] and [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-population-california-idUSBRE91006920130201 |title=California's Hispanic population projected to outnumber white in 2014 |work=Reuters |date=January 31, 2013 |access-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075415/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/01/us-usa-population-california-idUSBRE91006920130201 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Hawaii racial and ethnic map.svg|thumb|Map of the largest racial/ethnic group by county. Red indicates Native Hawaiian, blue indicates non-Hispanic white, and green indicates Asian. Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population.]]
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Population of Hawaii''' (2008)<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{cite web|author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US15&-format=&-_lang=en |title=Hawaii—ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2008 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211181857/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US15&-format=&-_lang=en |archive-date=February 11, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US15&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=|title=Hawaii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202062818/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US15&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=|archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!Ancestry||Percentage||Main article:
|-
|[[Filipinos|Filipino]]
!13.6%
|''See [[Filipinos in Hawaii]]''
|-
| [[Japanese people|Japanese]]
!12.6%
|''See [[Japanese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Polynesia]]n
!9.0%
|''See [[Native Hawaiians]]''
|-
|[[Germans]]
!7.4%
|''See [[German American]]''
|-
|[[Irish people|Irish]]
!5.2%
|''See [[Irish American]]''
|-
|[[English people|English]]
!4.6%
|''See [[English American]]''
|-
|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
!4.3%
|''See [[Portuguese immigration to Hawaii|Portuguese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Chinese people|Chinese]]
!4.1%
|''See [[Chinese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Koreans|Korean]]
!3.1%
|''See [[Korean American]]''
|-
|[[Mexicans|Mexican]]
!2.9%
|''See [[Mexican American]]''
|-
|[[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]]
!2.8%
|''See [[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Ricans in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Italians|Italian]]
!2.7%
|''See [[Italian American]]''
|-
|[[African Americans|African]]
!2.4%
|''See [[African American]]''
|-
|[[French people|French]]
!1.7%
|''See [[French American]]''
|-
|[[Samoans|Samoan]]
!1.3%
|''See [[Samoans in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]
!1.2%
|''See [[Scottish American]]''
|}
 
The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China. Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways.<ref name="Charles Williams">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Charles |title=The missionary gazetteer: comprising a geographical and statistical account ... |others=B B Edwards |url={{google books |plainurl=y|id=V6YNAAAAQAAJ|page=42}} |access-date=May 3, 2012 |edition=America |series=CIHM/ICMH microfiche series, no. 35042 (also ATLA monograph preservation program; ATLA fiche 1988–3226) |year=1832 |orig-year=1828 |publisher=W. Hyde & Co |location=Boston, MA |isbn=978-0-665-35042-9 |id={{OCLC|657191416|718098082|719990067|680518873}} |page=424}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, a large proportion of Hawaii's population have Asian ancestry—especially Filipino, Japanese and Chinese. Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to-late 19th century. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not approved by the then-current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]—by then replaced by the [[Meiji Restoration]]. The first Japanese current-government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885, after Kalākaua's petition to [[Emperor Meiji]] when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881.<ref name="Goto">{{cite web |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/10/000016406_20070510133229/Rendered/PDF/wps4203.pdf |title=Latin Americans of Japanese Origin (''Nikkeijin'') Working in Japan—A Survey |first=Junichi |last=Goto |date=April 2007 |website=Documents & Reports—All Documents &#124; The World Bank |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC |pages=5, 48 |access-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611133213/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/10/000016406_20070510133229/Rendered/PDF/wps4203.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wao+Lani">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao+Lani&treasure=369&offset=0 |title=+ Hawaii Alive &#124; Realms: Wao Lani + |website=Hawaii Alive |location=Honolulu, HI |publisher=[[Bishop Museum]] |access-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426110326/http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao+Lani&treasure=369&offset=0 |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations.<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Frederic L. | date=September 1899 |title=The Portuguese Population in the United States |journal=Publications of the American Statistical Association |volume=6 |issue=47 |pages=327–336 |oclc=11137237 |jstor=2276463 |doi=10.2307/2276463 }}{{Subscription required}} See pp. 332–33.</ref> By 1901, more than 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii.<ref name="López">{{cite encyclopedia |last=López |first=Iris |editor=Ruiz, Vicki L. |editor2=Korrol, Virginia Sánchez |encyclopedia=Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia |title=Puerto Ricans in Hawaii |series=Gale Virtual Reference Library |url={{google books |plainurl=y|id=_62IjQ-XQScC|page=591}} |access-date=May 3, 2012 |date=May 3, 2006 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |volume=2 |location=Bloomington, IN |id={{OCLC|74671044|748855661|756540171}} |isbn=978-0-253-34680-3 |pages=591–95}}</ref>
 
=== Languages ===
 
[[File:Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii during the 19th century.jpg|thumb|Many Portuguese immigrants were [[Azores|Azorean]] or [[Madeira]]n. They brought with them Roman Catholicism and Portuguese language and cuisine.]]
 
[[English language|English]] and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are listed as Hawaii's official languages in the state's 1978 constitution, in Article XV, Section 4.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF HAWAII|url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126122307/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the use of Hawaiian is limited because the constitution specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law". [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiʻi Creole English]], locally referred to as "Pidgin", is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bu Kerry Chan Laddaran, Special to|title=Pidgin English is now an official language of Hawaii|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/12/living/pidgin-english-hawaii/index.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=CNN}}</ref>
 
As of the 2000 Census, 73.4% of Hawaii residents age{{nbs}}5 and older exclusively speak English at home.<ref name=mla>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=15&mode=state_tops |title=Language Map Data Center |publisher=Mla.org |date=July 17, 2007 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831190300/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D15%26mode%3Dstate_tops |archive-date=August 31, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents older than{{nbs}}5 speak only English at home.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" /> In their homes, 21.0% of state residents speak an additional [[Languages of Asia|Asian language]], 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.6% speak other [[Indo-European language]]s and 0.2% speak another language.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" />
 
After English, other languages popularly spoken in the state are [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], Japanese and [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]. Significant numbers of European immigrants and their descendants also speak their native languages; the most numerous are German, Portuguese, Italian and French.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} 5.4% of residents speak Tagalog—which includes non-native speakers of [[Filipino language]], the national, co-official, Tagalog-based language; 5.0% speak Japanese and 4.0% speak Ilocano; 1.2% speak Chinese, 1.7% speak Hawaiian; 1.7% speak Spanish; 1.6% speak [[Korean language|Korean]]; and 1.0% speak [[Samoan language|Samoan]].<ref name=mla />
 
==== Hawaiian ====
 
{{Main|Hawaiian language}}
 
The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers, about 0.15% of the total population.<ref name=Lyovin /> According to the [[United States Census]], there were more than 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006–2008.<ref name="Census Bureau Hawaiian Speaker estimate">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |title=Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008 |date=April 2010 |website=American Community Survey Data on Language Use |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |location=Washington, DC |access-date=May 7, 2012 |format=MS-Excel Spreadsheet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922225023/https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |archive-date=September 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name=Lyovin>{{Cite book | last = Lyovin | first = Anatole V. | title = An Introduction to the Languages of the World | location = New York | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-19-508116-9|pages=257–58}}</ref> It is closely related to other [[Polynesian languages]], such as [[Marquesan language|Marquesan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Māori language|Māori]], [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] (the language of [[Easter Island]]), and less closely to [[Samoan language|Samoan]] and [[Tongan language|Tongan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schütz, Albert J., 1937-|title=The voices of Eden : a history of Hawaiian language studies|date=1994|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-585-28415-6|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|oclc=45733324}}</ref>
 
According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly AD 300<ref>{{cite book| last=Schütz| first=Albert J.| title=The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies| place=Honolulu| publisher=University of Hawaii Press| year=1994 | isbn=978-0-8248-1637-7 | pages=334–36; 338 ''20n''}}</ref> and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the [[Society Islands]], [[Samoa]] and [[Tonga]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/hawaiian-language-history-phrases.html |title=Hawaiian Language: History & Phrases |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=study.com}}</ref> These Polynesians remained in the islands; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and [[Hawaiian language#Family and origin|their languages]] evolved into the Hawaiian language.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Elbert|first1=Samuel H.|author-link=Samuel Hoyt Elbert|first2=Mary Kawena|last2=Pukui|author2-link=Mary Kawena Pukui|title=Hawaiian Grammar|place=Honolulu|publisher=The University Press of Hawaii|year=1979|isbn=0-8248-0494-5|pages=35–36}}</ref> Kimura and Wilson say, "[l]inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands".<ref>{{Cite book| author1=Kimura, Larry |author2=Pila, Wilson| year=1983 | chapter=Native Hawaiian Culture| title=Native Hawaiian Study Commission Minority Report| pages=173–203 [185] |location=Washington| publisher=[[United States Department of Interior]]}}</ref>
 
Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no written form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 who assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet. Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established. The [[University of Hawaii System|University of Hawaii]] developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
 
Hawaiian distinguishes between [[vowel length|long and short vowel sounds]]. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a [[macron (diacritic)|macron]] (''[[Hawaiian language#Orthography (writing system)|kahakō]]''). Hawaiian-language newspapers (''nūpepa'') published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing. The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to help non-native speakers.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} The Hawaiian language uses the [[glottal stop]] (''[[ʻOkina|ʻokina]]'') as a consonant. It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left-hanging (opening) single quotation mark.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
 
The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is [[QWERTY]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/dev/keyboards/layouts/haw.html|title=Layouts: Hawaiian (haw)|website=unicode.org|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013041/http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/dev/keyboards/layouts/haw.html|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==== Hawaiian Pidgin ====
 
{{Main|Hawaiian Pidgin}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Hermann A. Widemann and family, ca. 1850s.jpg|thumb|Mixed Hawaiian/European-American family in Honolulu, 1850s]]
 
Some residents of '''Hawaii''' speak [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiʻi Creole English]] (HCE), endonymically called ''pidgin'' or ''pidgin English''. The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also uses words that have derived from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano and Tagalog. During the 19th century, the increase in immigration—mainly from China, Japan, Portugal—especially from the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]], and Spain—catalyzed the development of a hybrid variant of English known to its speakers as ''pidgin''. By the early 20th century, pidgin speakers had children who acquired it as their first language. HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic.{{clarify|date=March 2015|reason=https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/hce.html}} Most place names are retained from Hawaiian, as are some names for plants and animals. For example, tuna fish is often called by its Hawaiian name, ''ahi''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawai'i Creole English|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/hce.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.hawaii.edu}}</ref>
 
HCE speakers have modified the meanings of some English words. For example, "aunty" and "uncle" may either refer to any adult who is a friend or be used to show respect to an elder. [[Syntax]] and [[grammar]] follow distinctive rules different from those of General American English. For example, instead of "it is hot today, isn't it?", an HCE speaker would say simply "stay hot, eh?"{{efn|English "to be" is often omitted in Pidgin. In contexts where "to be" is used in [[General American]], "to stay" is preferred. "To stay" may have arisen due to an English calque of the Portuguese ''[[wikt:ser#Portuguese|ser]]'', ''[[wikt:estar#Portuguese|estar]]'', or ''[[wikt:ficar#Portuguese|ficar]]''. ''Eh?'' ({{IPA-all|æ̃ː˧˦}}) is a [[tag question]] which may have roots in Japanese, which utilizes ね (ne?) to emphasize a point that may be agreed upon by all parties, or may come from Portuguese [[wikt:né#Portuguese|né?]] (shortened from "[[wikt:não é#Portuguese|não é?]]"), cf. French [[wikt:n'est-ce pas#French|n'est-ce pas ?]]. ''Eh?'' may also have come from English ''yeah''.}} The term ''[[da kine]]'' is used as a [[filler (linguistics)|filler]]; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase. During the [[surfing]] boom in Hawaii, HCE was influenced by surfer slang. Some HCE expressions, such as ''brah'' and ''da kine'', have found their ways elsewhere through surfing communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120418-travelwise-surfer-lingo-explained |title=Surfer lingo, explained |last=Sood |first=Suemedha |date=2012-04-20 |website=BBC |publisher=The British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=2020-12-09}}</ref>
 
==== Hawaiʻi Sign Language ====
 
[[Hawaiʻi Sign Language]], a [[sign language]] for the Deaf based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s. It is dwindling in numbers due to [[American Sign Language]] supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
 
=== Religion ===
 
[[File:Perspective view of northwest elevation - Makiki Christian Church, 829 Pensacola Street, Honolulu, Honolulu County, HI HABS HI-533-1 (cropped).tif|thumb|alt=The façade of a Christian church in downtown Honolulu.|The Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon [[Japanese architecture]].]]
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Hawaii (2014)<ref name="pew2014" />
| label1 = [[Protestantism]]
| value1 = 38
| color1 = DodgerBlue
| label2 = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| value2 = 20
| color2 = #d4213d
| label3 = [[Mormonism]]
| value3 = 3
| color3 = DeepSkyBlue
| label4 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| value4 = 1
| color4 = Aquamarine
| label5 = Other Christian
| value5 = 1
| color5 = Pink
| label6 = [[Irreligious|No religion]]
| value6 = 26
| color6 = Honeydew
| label7 = [[Buddhism]]
| value7 = 8
| color7 = Gold
| label8 = Other religion
| value8 = 2
| color8 = Chartreuse
| label9 = Don't know
| value9 = 1
| color9 = Black
}}
Hawaii is among the most religiously diverse states in the U.S., with one in ten residents practicing a non-Christian faith.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Christianity remains the majority religion, mainly represented by various [[Protestants]] groups and [[Roman Catholics]]. The second largest religion is [[Buddhism]], which is concentrated in the Japanese community, and comprises a larger proportion of the population than any other state. The unaffiliated and nonreligious account for roughly half the population, making Hawaii one of the most secular states.
 
The [[Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew (Honolulu)|Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew]] in Honolulu was formally the seat of the [[Church of Hawaii|Hawaiian Reformed Catholic Church]], a province of the [[Anglican Communion]] that had been the state church of the Kingdom of Hawaii; it subsequently merged into the [[Episcopal Church (USA)|Episcopal Church]] in the 1890s following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, becoming the seat of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii]]. The [[Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace]] and the [[Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus (Honolulu, Hawaii)|Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus]] serve as seats of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu]]. The Eastern Orthodox community is centered around the [[Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific (Honolulu)|Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific]].
 
The largest denominations by membership were the Roman Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010;<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112160810/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 68,128 adherents in 2009;<ref>[https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/state/hawaii "Facts and Statistics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523085659/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/state/hawaii |date=May 23, 2020 }}, ''[[Church News]]'', 2020. Retrieved on March 30, 2020.</ref> the [[United Church of Christ]] with 115 congregations and 20,000 members; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 108 congregations and 18,000 members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_name_2010.asp|title=The Association of Religion Data Archives—Maps & Reports|access-date=April 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421163629/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_name_2010.asp|archive-date=April 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> All non-denominational churches have 128 congregations and 32,000 members.
 
According to data provided by religious establishments, religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2000 |title=State of Hawaii Data Book 2000, Section 1 Population, Table 1.47 |publisher=Hawaii.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020193420/http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2000 |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Sep/21/il/il11afaith.html |title=Survey shows partial picture |newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser |date=September 21, 2002 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009103414/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Sep/21/il/il11afaith.html |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Christianity: 351,000 (29%)
* Buddhism: 110,000 (9%)
* Judaism: 10,000 (1%)<ref>{{cite web|author=Bernard Katz|title=The Jewish Community of Maui, Hawaii|website=Museum of the Jewish People – Beit Hatfutsot|url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-maui-hawaii/|access-date=March 14, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101095528/https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-maui-hawaii/|archive-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref>
* Other: 100,000 (10%)
* Unaffiliated: 650,000 (51%)
{{div col end}}
 
{{notelist-ua}}
 
A [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] poll found that the religious composition was as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in Hawaii (2014)<ref name="pew2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/hawaii/|title=Adults in Hawaii|work=Religious Landscape Study|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707121053/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/hawaii/|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Affiliation
! colspan="2"|% of Hawaiʻi's population
|-
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|63||2||background:darkblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Evangelical Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|25||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Mainline Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|11||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Black church]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Roman Catholic]]
|align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Mormon]]
|align=right| {{bartable|3||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Eastern Orthodox]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Christian
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]
|align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:purple}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Nothing in particular
|align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Agnosticism|Agnostic]]
|align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Atheism|Atheist]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| Non-Christian faiths
|align=right| {{bartable|10||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Jewish]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Muslim]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Buddhist]]
|align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Hindu]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Non-Christian faiths
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| Don't know
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| '''Total''' || {{bartable|100||2||background:grey}}
|}
 
=== Birth data ===
 
''Note: Births in this table do not add up, because Hispanic peoples are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Live births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2013|volume=64|issue=1|date=January 15, 2015|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|access-date=April 18, 2018|institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{cite web |title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2014 |volume=64 |issue=12 |date=December 23, 2015 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |access-date=April 18, 2018 |institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2015|volume=66|issue=1|date=January 5, 2017|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|access-date=April 18, 2018|institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Births: Final Data for 2016 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=NVSS |access-date=May 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Births: Final Data for 2017 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=NVSS |access-date=February 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=March 29, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 12,203 (64.3%)
| 11,535 (62.2%)
| 11,443 (62.1%)
| 4,616 (25.6%)
| 4,653 (26.6%)
| 4,366 (25.7%)
| 4,330 (25.8%)
|-
| [[White Americans|White]]:
| 6,045 (31.8%)
| 6,368 (34.3%)
| 6,322 (34.3%)
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
|-
| > [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic white]]
| 4,940 (26.0%)
| 4,881 (26.3%)
| 4,803 (26.1%)
| 3,649 (20.2%)
| 3,407 (19.4%)
| 3,288 (19.4%)
| 3,223 (19.2%)
|-
| [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]]
| ...
| ...
| ...
| 1,747 (9.7%)
| 1,684 (9.6%)
| 1,706 (10.1%)
| 1,695 (10.1%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 671 (3.5%)
| 617 (3.3%)
| 620 (3.3%)
| 463 (2.6%)
| 406 (2.3%)
| 424 (2.5%)
| 429 (2.6%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 68 (0.3%)
| 30 (0.2%)
| 35 (0.2%)
| 28 (0.1%)
| 39 (0.2%)
| 33 (0.2%)
| 27 (0.2%)
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] (of any race)
| ''3,003'' (15.8%)
| ''2,764'' (14.9%)
| ''2,775'' (15.1%)
| ''2,766'' (15.3%)
| ''2,672'' (15.3%)
| ''2,580'' (15.2%)
| ''2,589'' (15.4%)
|-
| '''Total Hawaiʻi'''
| '''18,987''' (100%)
| '''18,550''' (100%)
| '''18,420''' (100%)
| '''18,059''' (100%)
| '''17,517''' (100%)
| '''16,972''' (100%)
| '''16,797''' (100%)
|}
:1) Until 2016, data for births of Asian origin, included also births of the Pacific Islander group.
:2) Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
 
=== LGBT ===
 
Hawaii has had a long history of [[LGBT]] identities. ''[[Māhū]]'' ("in the middle") were a precolonial [[third gender]] with traditional spiritual and social roles, widely respected as healers. Homosexual relationships known as ''[[aikāne]]'' were widespread and normal in ancient Hawaiian society.<ref name="Murray2002">{{cite book|author=Stephen O. Murray|title=Homosexualities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99|date=June 1, 2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-55195-1|pages=99–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627132241/http://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kornblum2011">{{cite book|author=William Kornblum|title=Sociology in a Changing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189|date=January 31, 2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-30157-6|page=165|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123651/http://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Klarman2012">{{cite book|author=Michael Klarman|title=From the Closet to the Altar: Courts, Backlash, and the Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56|date=October 18, 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992210-9|pages=56–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123631/http://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Among men, ''aikāne'' relationships often began as teens and continued throughout their adult lives, even if they also maintained heterosexual partners.<ref name="EmberEmber2003">{{cite book|author1=Carol R. Ember|author2=Melvin Ember|title=Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures Topics and Cultures A–K—Volume 1; Cultures L–Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207|date=December 31, 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-47770-6|pages=207–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515091537/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207|archive-date=May 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> While ''aikāne'' usually refers to male homosexuality, some stories also refer to women, implying that women may have been involved in ''aikāne'' relationships as well.<ref name="Zimmerman2000">{{cite book|author=Bonnie Zimmerman|title=Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-1920-7|pages=358–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205251/https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358|archive-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Journals written by [[James Cook|Captain Cook]]'s crew record that many ''[[aliʻi]]'' (hereditary nobles) also engaged in ''aikāne'' relationships, and [[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha the Great]], the founder and first ruler of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]], was also known to participate. Cook's second lieutenant and co-astronomer [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] observed that "all the chiefs had them", and recounts that Cook was actually asked by one chief to leave King behind, considering the role a great honor.
 
Hawaiian scholar [[Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa]] notes that ''aikāne'' served a practical purpose of building mutual trust and cohesion; "If you didn't sleep with a man, how could you trust him when you went into battle? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs, if he wasn't your lover?"<ref name="mahu">{{cite AV media |people= Xian, Kathryn and Brent Anbe (Directors)|year= 2001|title= ''Ke Kūlana He Māhū'': Remembering a Sense of Place|medium= DVD}}</ref>


As Western colonial influences intensified in the late 19th and early 20th century, the word ''aikāne'' was [[Expurgation|expurgated]] of its original sexual meaning, and in print simply meant "friend". Nonetheless, in Hawaiian language publications its metaphorical meaning can still mean either "friend" or "lover" without stigmatization.<ref>{{cite book|author=Noenoe K. Silva|title=Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press Durham & London|pages=66, 77|isbn=0-8223-8622-4|access-date=June 7, 2019|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094011/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Americans made Hawaii into a [[republic]] for a short time. The new leader, [[Sanford Dole]] was called the President of Hawaii. In 1898, the United States of America took over the government and made Hawaii into a [[territory]]. In 1959, Hawaii became the fiftieth American state. It other words, it was taken ("annexed") against the wishes of its native people. Their queen, Lili’uokalani, wrote that “it had not entered into our hearts to believe that these friends and allies from the United States… would ever go so far as to absolutely overthrow our form of government, seize our nation by the throat, and pass it over to an alien power”.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1262093837 |title=Hawaii's story by Hawaii's Queen |date=February 23, 2021 |isbn=978-1-5132-0902-9 |oclc=1262093837}}</ref>


A 2012 Gallup poll found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of LGBT adults in the U.S., at 5.1%, an estimated 53,966 individuals. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239, representing a 35.5% increase from a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |title=LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota |date=February 15, 2013 |author1=Gates, Gary J. |author2=Newport, Frank |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |access-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6PbRRgCev?url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |archive-date=May 16, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx |title=An Estimated 780,000 Americans in Same-Sex Marriages |author1=Gates, Gary J. |author2=Newport, Frank |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=May 9, 2015 |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429162023/http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx |archive-date=April 29, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage; this reportedly boosted tourism by $217{{nbs}}million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hawaii Senate passes gay marriage bill|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/hawaii-gay-marriage/3510441/|newspaper=USA Today|date=November 13, 2013|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710204833/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/hawaii-gay-marriage/3510441/|archive-date=July 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Reason for statehood ===
Early in [[World War II]] the U.S. Pacific Fleet was based on the [[Philippines|Phillipines]]. Perceiving that this was not safe, the navy moved its base to the Hawaiian islands, namely [[Oahu]] (the main island in the chain). It was there that the Japanese attacked [[Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam|Pearl Harbor]]. That was significant in the later discussions about the future of the islands.


==Economy==
==Economy==
The biggest [[industry]] of Hawaii is [[tourism]]. Almost seven [[million]] people visited in 2000. Important [[export]]s are [[sugar]], [[pineapple]], [[macadamia nut]]s, and [[coffee]].


{{See also|Hawaii locations by per capita income|List of power stations in Hawaii}}
Popular [[tourist site]]s include [[Waikiki Beach]], [[Hawaii Volcanoes National Park]], [[Polynesian Cultural Center]], and the [[USS Arizona Memorial]] at [[Pearl Harbor]].
[[File:Pineapple field near Honolulu, Hawaii, 1907 (CHS-418).jpg|thumb|alt=In a pineapple field, a laborer stands with his hat in hand.|Post-annexation, Hawaii's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by growth in the agricultural sector.]]
[[File:'Two Surfer Girls' by William Fulton Soare, oil on canvas, c. 1935.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A painting of two white women surfing, circa 1935.|From the end of World War II onwards, depictions and photographs, such as this, of Hawaii as a tropical, leisure paradise encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii, which eventually became the largest industry of the islands.]]
[[File:US Navy 111218-N-RI884-097 The U.S. Pacific Fleet Marching Band participates in a parade through downtown Waikiki honoring Japanese-American vetera.jpg|thumb|alt=An American soldier at Schofield Barracks.|The U.S. federal government's spending on Hawaii-stationed personnel, installations and materiel, either directly or through military personnel spending, amounts to Hawaii's second largest source of income, after tourism.]]
 
The history of Hawaii's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries: [[sandalwood]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=274 |title=Hawaii sandalwood trade |publisher=Hawaiihistory.org |access-date=November 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005214518/http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=274 |archive-date=October 5, 2011 }}</ref> [[whaling]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=287 |title=Whaling in Hawaii |publisher=Hawaiihistory.org |date=June 16, 1999 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005214600/http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=287 |archive-date=October 5, 2011 }}</ref> sugarcane, [[pineapple]], the military, tourism and education. Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The state's gross output for 2003 was {{US$|47}}{{nbs}}billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was {{US$|54,516}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://data.hawaii.gov/Economic-Development/Per-capita-GDP-by-Year/qnar-gix3/data| title=Per capita GDF by year| publisher=State of Hawaii| access-date=August 25, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911221546/https://data.hawaii.gov/Economic-Development/Per-capita-GDP-by-Year/qnar-gix3/data| archive-date=September 11, 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian exports include food and clothing. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy, due to the shipping distance to viable markets, such as the [[West Coast of the United States]]. The state's food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane and honey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiibeekeepers.org/history.php |title=A History of Honey Bees in the Hawaiian Islands |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908102027/http://www.hawaiibeekeepers.org/history.php |archive-date=September 8, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
By weight, honey bees may be the state's most valuable export.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/2012/apr/23/hawaii-honeybees-vie-for-most-valuable-export/ |title=Hawaii honeybees vie for most valuable export |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-date=March 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314184307/http://www.vcstar.com/errors/404/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, agricultural sales were {{US$|370.9}}{{nbs}}million from diversified agriculture, {{US$|100.6}}{{nbs}}million from pineapple, and {{US$|64.3}}{{nbs}}million from sugarcane. Hawaii's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry, which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands, compared with one or two on the mainland.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://klewtv.com/news/nation-world/hawaiian-corn-is-genetically-engineered-crop-flash-point-11-19-2015 |title=Hawaii is genetically engineered crop flash point |date=April 19, 2014 |website=KLEW_TV |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112105619/https://klewtv.com/news/nation-world/hawaiian-corn-is-genetically-engineered-crop-flash-point-11-19-2015 |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Seeds yielded {{US$|264}} million in 2012, supporting 1,400 workers.<ref name=ny1310>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/business/fight-over-genetically-altered-crops-flares-in-hawaii.html |title=Unease in Hawaii's Cornfields |author=Pollack, Andrew |date=October 7, 2013 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831190727/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/business/fight-over-genetically-altered-crops-flares-in-hawaii.html |archive-date=August 31, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
{{as of|2015|December}}, the state's unemployment rate was 3.2%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics|url=http://www.bls.gov/lau/|website=www.bls.gov|publisher=US Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=February 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, the United States military spent {{US$|12.2}}{{nbs}}billion in Hawaii, accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/06/ap-military-spending-strong-in-hawaii-060111/ |title=Study: Military spent $12B in Hawaii in 2009 |work=[[Military Times]] |date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=June 1, 2011 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904070338/http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/06/ap-military-spending-strong-in-hawaii-060111/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii had the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.2%.<ref>{{cite web|last=Frank|first=Robert|title=Top states for millionaires per capita|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338309|publisher=CNBC|access-date=January 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122061516/http://www.cnbc.com/id/101338309|archive-date=January 22, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Taxation===
 
Tax is collected by the Hawaii Department of Taxation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tax.hawaii.gov/|title=Department of Taxation|website=tax.hawaii.gov|access-date=January 3, 2020|archive-date=December 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231151648/https://tax.hawaii.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most government revenue comes from [[Income tax|personal income taxes]] and a [[excise|general excise tax]] (GET) levied primarily on businesses; there is no statewide tax on sales,<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Information {{!}} Department of Taxation|url=https://tax.hawaii.gov/geninfo/|access-date=2021-07-19|language=en-US}}</ref> personal property, or stock transfers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=11 Reasons to do Business in Hawaii|url=https://invest.hawaii.gov/business/why-invest-in-hawaii/11-reasons-to-do-business-in-hawaii/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=invest.hawaii.gov|language=en}}</ref> while the effective property tax rate is among the lowest in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawaii Tax Rates & Rankings {{!}} Hawaii State Taxes|url=https://taxfoundation.org/state/hawaii/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Tax Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> The high rate of tourism means that millions of visitors generate public revenue through GET and the hotel room tax.<ref name="taxes" /> However, Hawaii residents generally pay among the most state taxes per person in the U.S.<ref name="taxes">{{cite web |url=http://starbulletin.com/2004/05/21/news/story1.html |title=Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News |publisher=Starbulletin.com |date=November 30, 2006 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919004110/http://starbulletin.com/2004/05/21/news/story1.html |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The Tax Foundation of Hawaii considers the state's tax burden too high, claiming that it contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.<ref name="taxes" /> The nonprofit Tax Foundation ranks Hawaii third in income tax burden and second in its overall tax burden, though notes that a significant portion of taxes are borne by tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State-Local Tax Burden Rankings|url=https://taxfoundation.org/publications/state-local-tax-burden-rankings/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Tax Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Former [[Hawaii Senate|State Senator]] [[Sam Slom]] attributed Hawaii's comparatively high tax rate to the fact that the state government is responsible for education, health care, and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states.<ref name="taxes" />
 
===Cost of living===
 
The cost of living in Hawaii, specifically Honolulu, is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities, although it is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://salary.nytimes.com/costoflivingwizard/layoutscripts/coll_start.asp |title=Cost of Living Wizard |work=The New York Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914100326/http://salary.nytimes.com/CostOfLivingWizard/layoutscripts/coll_start.asp |archive-date=September 14, 2008 }}</ref> These numbers may not take into account some costs, such as increased travel costs for flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=202052360|title=Amazon.com Help: About Shipping to Alaska, Hawaii, & Puerto Rico Addresses|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214002438/https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=202052360|archive-date=December 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aimforawesome.com/moving-to-hawaii/no-free-shipping-to-hawaii/|title=(No) free shipping to Hawaii—Living in Hawaii—Moving to Oahu, Maui, Kauai, Big Island|website=www.aimforawesome.com|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102423/https://www.aimforawesome.com/moving-to-hawaii/no-free-shipping-to-hawaii/|archive-date=June 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Hawaiian Electric Industries]], a privately owned company, provides 95% of the state's population with electricity, mostly from fossil-fuel power stations. Average electricity prices in October 2014 ({{convert|36.41|¢/kWh|¢/kWh|abbr=off|disp=out}}) were nearly three times the national average ({{convert|12.58|¢/kWh|¢/kWh|abbr=off|disp=out}}) and 80% higher than the second-highest state, Connecticut.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chesto|first1=Jon|title=House bill aims to address state's power shortfall|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/01/29/house-bill-aims-address-state-power-shortfall/wrlx8fjkjzLF85wDhsf6KJ/story.html|issue=February 8, 2015|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=January 29, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629053521/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/01/29/house-bill-aims-address-state-power-shortfall/wrlx8fjkjzLF85wDhsf6KJ/story.html|archive-date=June 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was {{US$|272,700}}, while the national median home value was {{US$|119,600}}. Hawaii home values were the highest of all states, including California with a median home value of {{US$|211,500}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/values.html |title=Historic Housing Values |website=www.census.gov |access-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029205137/https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/values.html |archive-date=October 29, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Research from the [[National Association of Realtors]] places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu, Hawaii, at {{US$|607,600}} and the U.S. median sales price at {{US$|173,200}}. The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010, just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California ({{US$|602,000}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realtor.org/research/research/metroprice |title=Metropolitan Median Prices |publisher=Realtor.org |date=February 15, 2005 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103194245/http://www.realtor.org/research/research/metroprice |archive-date=November 3, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Hawaii's very high [[cost of living]] is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy. Like other regions with desirable weather year-round, such as [[California]], [[Arizona]] and [[Florida]], Hawaii's residents can be considered to be subject to a "[[sunshine tax]]". This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs, a problem which many [[island country|island states and territories]] suffer from as well.
 
The higher costs to ship goods across an ocean may be further increased by the requirements of the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]], which generally requires that goods be transported between places within the U.S., including between the mainland U.S. west coast and Hawaii, using only U.S.-owned, built, and crewed ships. Jones Act-compliant vessels are often more expensive to build and operate than foreign equivalents, which can drive up shipping costs. While the Jones Act does not affect transportation of goods to Hawaii directly from Asia, this type of trade is nonetheless not common; this is a result of other primarily economic reasons including additional costs associated with stopping over in Hawaii (e.g. pilot and port fees), the market size of Hawaii, and the economics of using ever-larger ships that cannot be handled in Hawaii for transoceanic voyages. Therefore, Hawaii relies on receiving most inbound goods on Jones Act-qualified vessels originating from the U.S. west coast, which may contribute to the increased cost of some consumer goods and therefore the overall cost of living.<ref name="Keeping up with the Jones Act">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/August-2012/The-pros-and-cons-of-the-Jones-Act/ |title=Keeping up with the Jones Act |date=August 2012 |website=[[Hawaii Business Magazine]] |publisher=PacificBasin Communications |location=Honolulu, HI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823083544/http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/August-2012/The-pros-and-cons-of-the-Jones-Act/ |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |url-status=live|access-date=March 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Law Restricting Foreign Ships Leads to Higher Gas Prices">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/ID/10736/Jones-Act-Does-Not-Bar-International-Trade-From-Hawaii.aspx|title=Jones Act Does Not Bar International Trade From Hawaii|last=Hansen|first=Michael|date=October 3, 2013|publisher=Hawaiʻi Free Press|location=Honolulu, Hawaiʻi|access-date=July 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728040004/http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/ID/10736/Jones-Act-Does-Not-Bar-International-Trade-From-Hawaii.aspx|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics of the Jones Act contend that Hawaii consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act.<ref name="Star-Bulletin on Jones Act">{{cite news |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/04/08/business/story3.html |title=U.S.-only shipping rule praised, blasted; Backers and foes of the Jones Act make their case before the Legislature |first=Russ |last=Lynch |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |date=April 4, 1997 |location=Honolulu, HI |publisher=[[Black Press|Black Press Group Ltd]] |issn=0439-5271 |id={{OCLC|9188300|433678262|232117605|2268098}} |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013185712/http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/04/08/business/story3.html |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Culture==
 
{{Main|Culture of the Native Hawaiians}}
 
The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast [[Polynesian Triangle]] of the south and central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society, there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of ''[[luau|lū{{okina}}au]]'' and ''[[hula]]'', are strong enough to affect the wider United States.
 
===Cuisine===
 
{{Main|Cuisine of Hawaii}}
[[File:Man with a Yoke Carrying Taro by Joseph Strong, oil on canvas board, 1880, Honolulu Museum of Art, accession 12692.1.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A painting of a man carrying taro by a yoke.|[[Taro]], or in Hawaiian ''kalo'', was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today.]]
 
The [[cuisine of Hawaii]] is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesians and [[Native Hawaiian cuisine]], and [[Cuisine of the United States|American]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Philippine cuisine|Filipino]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Polynesian cuisine|Polynesian]], [[Puerto Rican cuisine|Puerto Rican]], and [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]] origins. Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii. ''[[Poi (food)|Poi]]'', a starch made by pounding [[taro]], is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous [[plate lunch]], which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American [[macaroni salad]] and a variety of toppings including [[hamburger]] patties, a fried egg, and [[gravy]] of a ''[[loco moco]]'', Japanese style ''[[tonkatsu]]'' or the traditional lū{{okina}}au favorites, including ''[[kalua|kālua]]'' pork and ''[[laulau]]''. ''[[Spam musubi]]'' is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed [[Hawaii regional cuisine]] as a contemporary fusion cuisine.
 
===Customs and etiquette===
 
{{Main|Customs and etiquette in Hawaii}}
 
Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows: when visiting a home, it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one's host (for example, a dessert). Thus, parties are usually in the form of potlucks. Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home. It is customary for Hawaiian families, regardless of ethnicity, to hold a luau to celebrate a child's first birthday. It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings, especially at Filipino weddings, for the bride and groom to do a money dance (also called the [[pandanggo]]). Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to non-Hawaiians as "locals of Hawaii" or "people of Hawaii".
 
===Hawaiian mythology===
 
{{Main|Hawaiian mythology}}
[[File:Ethnologisches Museum Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 009.jpg|thumb|upright|A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity, housed at a German museum]]
 
Hawaiian mythology includes the legends, historical tales, and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people. It is considered a variant of a more general [[Polynesian mythology]] that developed a unique character for several centuries before ''circa'' 1800. It is associated with the [[Hawaiian religion]], which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Prominent figures and terms include [[Aumakua]], the spirit of an ancestor or family god and [[Kāne]], the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
 
===Polynesian mythology===
 
{{Main|Polynesian mythology}}
[[File:Tahiti-Oro.jpg|thumb|upright|A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god [['Oro]], made of woven dried coconut fibre ([[sennit]]), which would have protected a Polynesian god effigy (''to'o''), made of wood]]
 
Polynesian mythology is the [[oral tradition]]s of the people of Polynesia, a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island [[archipelago]]s in the [[Polynesian triangle]] together with the scattered cultures known as the [[Polynesian outliers]]. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]] that was probably spoken in the area around Tonga and Samoa in around 1000 BC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirch|first=Patrick Vinton|title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78309-5|pages=99–119|author2=Roger Green }}</ref>
 
Prior to the 15th century, [[Polynesian culture|Polynesian people]] migrated east to the [[Cook Islands]], and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the [[Marquesas]]. Their descendants later discovered the islands Tahiti, Rapa Nui and later the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite journal |title=High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia |last=Wilmshurst |first=Janet |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=2010-12-27 |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1815–1820 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine |doi=10.1073/pnas.1015876108 |pmid=21187404 |pmc=3033267 }}</ref>
 
The Polynesian languages are part of the Austronesian language family. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be [[mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]]. There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially in terms of social organization, childrearing, horticulture, building and textile technologies. Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales. The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history (the time of "pō") and the adventures of gods ("[[atua]]") and deified ancestors.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
 
===List of state parks===
 
{{Main|List of Hawaiian state parks}}
 
There are [[list of Hawaiian state parks|many Hawaiian state parks]].
* The [[Hawaii (island)|Island of Hawai{{okina}}i]] has state parks, recreation areas, and historical parks.
* [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] has the Ahukini State Recreation Pier, six state parks, and the [[Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park]].
* [[Maui]] has two state monuments, several state parks, and the [[Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area]]. [[Moloka'i]] has the [[Pala'au State Park]].
* [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] has several state parks, a number of state recreation areas, and a number of monuments, including the [[Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument]].
 
===Literature===
 
{{Main|Literature in Hawaii}}
 
The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors [[Kiana Davenport]], [[Lois-Ann Yamanaka]], and [[Kaui Hart Hemmings]]. Hawaiian magazines include ''[[Hana Hou!]]'', ''[[Hawaii Business Magazine]]'' and ''[[Honolulu (magazine)|Honolulu]]'', among others.
 
===Music===
 
{{Main|Music of Hawaii}}
[[File:Chã das Caldeiras-Musicien.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A young man holds a small four-stringed instrument and strums.|The Portuguese ''[[cavaquinho]]'', a four-stringed instrument from which the [[ukulele|{{okina}}ukulele]] is descended]]
[[File:Bonnaroo08 jackjohnson2 lg.jpg|thumb|[[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack Johnson]], folk rock musician, was born and raised on [[North Shore (Oahu)|Oahu's North Shore]].]]
 
The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern [[rock music|rock]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]]. Hawaii's musical contributions to the [[music of the United States]] are out of proportion to the state's small size.
 
Styles such as [[slack-key guitar]] are well known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a frequent part of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] soundtracks. Hawaii also made a major contribution to [[country music]] with the introduction of the [[steel guitar]].<ref name="Unterberger">{{cite book|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|title=Music USA|isbn=978-1-85828-421-7|location=London|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte/page/465 465–473]|url=https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte/page/465}}</ref>
 
Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state's musical heritage. The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largely religious in nature, and includes chanting and dance music.
 
Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the [[Polynesian music|music of other Polynesian islands]]; according to Peter Manuel, the influence of Hawaiian music a "unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".<ref name="Manuel">{{cite book|last=Manuel|first=Peter|title=Popular Musics of the Non-Western World|url=https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-19-506334-9|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu/page/236 236–241]}}</ref> Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist [[Israel Kamakawiwoʻole]], famous for his medley of "[[Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World]]", was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by [[NPR]] in 2010 in its 50 great voices series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamakawiwo|first=Israel|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131812500/israel-kamakawiwo-ole-the-voice-of-hawaii|title=Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice Of Hawaii|date=December 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416062754/http://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131812500/israel-kamakawiwo-ole-the-voice-of-hawaii|archive-date=April 16, 2017|url-status=live|access-date=April 16, 2017}}</ref>
 
===Sports===
Due to its distance from the continental United States, team sports in Hawaii are characterised by youth, collegial and amateur teams over professional teams, although some professional teams sports teams have at one time played in the state. Notable professional teams include [[The Hawaiians (WFL)|The Hawaiians]], which played at the [[World Football League]] in 1974 and 1975; the [[Hawaii Islanders]], a Triple-A minor league baseball team that played at the [[Pacific Coast League]] from 1961 to 1987; and [[Team Hawaii]], a [[North American Soccer League (1968–84)|North American Soccer League]] team that played in 1977.
 
Notable college sports events in Hawaii include the [[Maui Invitational Tournament]], [[Diamond Head Classic]] (basketball) and [[Hawaii Bowl]] (football). The only [[NCAA Division I]] team in Hawaii is the [[Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine]], which competes at the [[Big West Conference]] (major sports), [[Mountain West Conference]] (football) and [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]] (minor sports). There are three teams in NCAA Division II: [[Chaminade Silverswords]], [[Hawaii Pacific Sharks]] and Hawaii-Hilo Vulcans, all of which compete at the [[Pacific West Conference]].
 
[[File:Surfing contest - oahu hawaii - north shore - oct 2015.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=6|right|Surfing at [[North Shore (Oahu)|North Shore]] of [[Oahu]]]]
 
[[Surfing]] has been a central part of [[Polynesian culture]] for centuries. Since the late 19th century, Hawaii has become a major site for surfists from around the world. Notable competitions include the [[Triple Crown of Surfing]] and [[The Eddie]]. Likewise, Hawaii has produced elite-level swimmers, including five-time Olympic medalist [[Duke Kahanamoku]] and [[Buster Crabbe]], who set 16 swimming
world records.
 
Hawaii has hosted the [[Sony Open in Hawaii]] golf tournament since 1965, the [[Tournament of Champions (golf)|Tournament of Champions]] golf tournament since 1999, the [[Lotte Championship]] golf tournament since 2012, the [[Honolulu Marathon]] since 1973, the [[Ironman World Championship]] triathlon race since 1978, the [[Ultraman (endurance challenge)|Ultraman]] triathlon since 1983, the [[National Football League]]'s [[Pro Bowl]] from 1980 to 2016, the [[2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships]], and the [[2008 Pan-Pacific Championship]] and [[2012 Hawaiian Islands Invitational]] soccer tournaments.
 
Hawaii has produced a number of notable [[Mixed Martial Arts]] fighters, such as former [[UFC Lightweight Champion]] and [[UFC Welterweight Champion]] [[B.J. Penn]], and former [[UFC Featherweight Champion]] [[Max Holloway]]. Other notable Hawaiian Martial Artists include [[Travis Browne]], [[KJ Noons]], [[Brad Tavares]] and [[Wesley Correira]].
 
Hawaiians have found success in the world of [[sumo wrestling]]. [[Takamiyama Daigorō]] was the first foreigner to ever win a sumo title in Japan, while his protege [[Akebono Tarō]] became a top-level sumo wrestler in Japan during the 1990s before transitioning into a successful [[professional wrestling]] career in the 2000s. Akebono was the first foreign-born Sumo to reach [[Yokozuna]] in history and helped fuel a boom in interest in Sumo during his career.
 
==Tourism==
 
{{Main|Tourism in Hawaii}}
[[File:Punaluu Beach Park, Big Island, Hawaii.jpg|thumb|[[Punalu'u Beach]], on the Big Island. [[Tourism in Hawaii|Tourism]] is Hawaii's leading employer.]]
 
Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy. In 2003, according to state government data, there were more than 6.4{{nbs}}million visitors, with expenditures of over $10{{nbs}}billion, to the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="DBEDT 2003">{{cite journal|author=Hawaii State DBEDT|title=Overview of All Visitors|journal=Summary of 2003 Visitors to Hawaii|year=2003|page=2|url=http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/visitor-stats/visitor-research/2003-annual-visitor.pdf|access-date=February 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209224525/http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/visitor-stats/visitor-research/2003-annual-visitor.pdf|archive-date=December 9, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the mild year-round weather, tourist travel is popular throughout the year. The major holidays are the most popular times for outsiders to visit, especially in the winter months. Substantial numbers of Japanese tourists still visit the islands but have now been surpassed by Chinese and Koreans due to the collapse of the value of the Yen and the weak Japanese economy. The average Japanese stays only five days, while other Asians stay over 9.5 days and spend 25% more.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/visitor/tourism/2015/Oct15.pdf|title = Tourism stats|last = Hawaii.gov|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101023521/http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/visitor/tourism/2015/Oct15.pdf|archive-date = January 1, 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>
 
Hawaii hosts numerous cultural events. The annual [[Merrie Monarch Festival]] is an international Hula competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/current/il/merriemonarch05 |title=Merrie Monarch Festival 2005 |newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005224410/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/current/il/merriemonarch05 |archive-date=October 5, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Hawaii International Film Festival]] is the premier film festival for Pacific rim cinema.<ref name="Shane Nelson">{{cite journal |url=http://www.travelweekly.com/Hawaii-Travel/Insights/Hawaii-International-Film-Festival--Kinship-through-cinema/?a=hawaii |title=Hawaii International Film Festival: Kinship through cinema |journal=[[Travel Weekly]] |first=Shane |last=Nelson |date=August 8, 2011 |access-date=May 10, 2012 |oclc=60626324 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114045659/http://www.travelweekly.com/Hawaii-Travel/Insights/Hawaii-International-Film-Festival--Kinship-through-cinema/?a=hawaii |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Honolulu hosts the state's long-running LGBT film festival, the [[Rainbow Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hnlnow.com/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=10075&year=2008&month=5 |title=19th Annual Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival at Doris Duke Theatre: Honolulu Hawaii Nightlife Event Guide |publisher=Hnlnow.com |access-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827040400/http://www.hnlnow.com/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=10075&year=2008&month=5 |archive-date=August 27, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/05/29/features/index.html |title=Honolulu Star-Bulletin Features |publisher=Archives.starbulletin.com |date=May 29, 2001 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705150332/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/05/29/features/index.html |archive-date=July 5, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Health==
 
{{Main|Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act}}
 
{{As of|2009}}, Hawaii's health care system insures 92% of residents. Under the state's plan, businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week. Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps reduce the cost to employers. Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care, Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States, while total health care expenses measured as a percentage of state GDP are substantially lower.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Proponents of [[universal health care]] elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}
 
==Education==
===Public schools===
 
{{Main|Hawai'i Department of Education}}{{See also|List of elementary schools in Hawaii|List of middle schools in Hawaii|List of high schools in Hawaii}}
[[File:Waianae High School (5888481033).jpg|thumb|alt=Façade of a public high school.|[[Waianae High School]], located in [[Waianae, Hawaii|Wai{{okina}}anae]], houses an educational community media center.]]
 
Hawaii has the only school system within the U.S. that is unified statewide. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen-member state [[Hawaii Board of Education|Board of Education]], which sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools, who oversees the [[Hawaii Department of Education]]. The Department of Education is divided into seven districts; four on O{{okina}}ahu and one for each of the other three counties.
 
Public elementary, middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores. This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehawaiichannel.com/education/4870699/detail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318182117/http://www.thehawaiichannel.com/education/4870699/detail.html |archive-date=March 18, 2007 |title=Two-Thirds of Hawaii Schools Do Not Meet Requirements—Education News Story—KITV Honolulu |publisher=Thehawaiichannel.com |date=August 18, 2005 |access-date=May 15, 2010}}</ref> The [[ACT (examination)|ACT college placement tests]] show that in 2005, seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9),<ref>Honolulu Advertiser, August 17, 2005, p. B1</ref> but in the widely accepted [[SAT]] examinations, Hawaii's college-bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics.
 
The first native controlled public charter school was the [[Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School]].<ref>{{cite book |title=US: Hawaii Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 |date=March 20, 2009 |publisher=Intl Business Pubns USA |isbn=978-1438721880 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGndCwAAQBAJ&q=The+first+native+controlled+public+charter+school+was+the+Kanu+O+Ka+Aina+New+Century+Charter+School&pg=PA34 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094011/https://books.google.com/books?id=aGndCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=The+first+native+controlled+public+charter+school+was+the+Kanu+O+Ka+Aina+New+Century+Charter+School&hl=en#v=onepage |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Private schools===
 
Hawaii has the highest rates of private school attendance in the nation. During the 2011–2012 school year, Hawaii public and charter schools had an enrollment of 181,213,<ref name="DOE">{{cite web |url=http://lilinote.k12.hi.us/STATE/COMM/DOEPRESS.NSF/a1d7af052e94dd120a2561f7000a037c/81c3aa4a36044f930a257927007ab8d5?OpenDocument |title=News—Official 2011–12 Public and Charter School Enrollment |publisher=[[Hawaiʻi Department of Education]] |location=Honolulu, HI |website=Hawaii Public Schools |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=May 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309125225/http://lilinote.k12.hi.us/STATE/COMM/DOEPRESS.NSF/a1d7af052e94dd120a2561f7000a037c/81c3aa4a36044f930a257927007ab8d5?OpenDocument |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> while private schools had 37,695.<ref name="HAIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.hais.org/uploads/file/about_stats_hcpsenrollrpt12.pdf#page=3 |title=Private School Enrollment Report 2011–2012 |author=Jordan, Cynthia |website=Hawaii Association of Independent Schools |publisher=Hawaii Association of Independent Schools |location=Honolulu, HI |date=October 10, 2011 |page=3 |access-date=May 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104733/http://www.hais.org/uploads/file/about_stats_hcpsenrollrpt12.pdf#page=3 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Private schools educated over 17% of students in Hawaii that school year, nearly three times the approximate national average of 6%.<ref name="NCES">{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009062.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919172601/http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009062.pdf |archive-date=September 19, 2009 |title=Projections of Education Statistics to 2018 |author1=Hussar, William J. |author2=Bailey, Tabitha M. |website=National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Home Page, a part of the U.S. Department of Education |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |location=Washington, DC |date=September 11, 2009 |page=6 (22 out of 68)|access-date=May 12, 2012}}</ref> According to Alia Wong of ''[[Honolulu Civil Beat]]'', this is due to private schools being relatively inexpensive compared to ones on the mainland as well as the overall reputations of private schools.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wong|first=Alia|url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2014/03/living-hawaii-many-families-sacrifice-to-put-kids-in-private-schools/|title=Living Hawaii: Many Families Sacrifice to Put Kids in Private Schools|work=[[Honolulu Civil Beat]]|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2020-10-07}}</ref>
 
It has four of the largest independent schools; [[Iolani School|{{okina}}Iolani School]], [[Kamehameha Schools]], [[Mid-Pacific Institute]] and [[Punahou School]]. [[Pacific Buddhist Academy]], the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii, was founded in 2003.
 
Independent schools can select their students, while most public schools of HIDOE are open to all students in their attendance zones. The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the U.S. that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry; collectively, they are one of the wealthiest schools in the United States, if not the world, having over eleven billion [[US dollars]] in estate assets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksbe.edu/assets/annual_reports/KS_Annual_Report_2014.pdf |title=Kamehameha Schools 2013–2014 Annual Report |access-date=September 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603160954/http://www.ksbe.edu/assets/annual_reports/KS_Annual_Report_2014.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students, 8.4% of the Native Hawaiian children in the state.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ksbe.edu/pase/pdf/Reports/K-12/05_06_8.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527133819/http://www.ksbe.edu/pase/pdf/Reports/K-12/05_06_8.pdf
|archive-date = May 27, 2010
|title = Official Enrollment
|author = Ishibasha, Koren
|date = November 2005
|access-date = December 1, 2009
|url-status = dead
|df = mdy
}}</ref>
 
===Colleges and universities===
 
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Hawaii}}
[[File:University of Hawaii at Hilo.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Hawaii at Hilo|Main entrance]]]]
 
The largest institution of higher learning in Hawaii is the [[University of Hawaii System]], which consists of the research university at [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|Mānoa]], two comprehensive campuses at [[University of Hawaii at Hilo|Hilo]] and [[University of Hawaii-West Oahu|West O{{okina}}ahu]], and seven community colleges. Private universities include [[Brigham Young University–Hawaii]], [[Chaminade University of Honolulu]], [[Hawaii Pacific University]], and [[Wayland Baptist University]]. [[Saint Stephen Diocesan Seminary, Honolulu|Saint Stephen Diocesan Center]] is a [[seminary]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu]]. Kona hosts the [[University of the Nations]], which is not an [[educational accreditation|accredited]] university.
 
==Transportation==
 
{{See also|Hawaii Department of Transportation|List of airports in Hawaii|Aviation in Hawaii}}
[[File:HonoluluAirportWelcomeSign.jpg|thumb|Honolulu International Airport]]
 
A [[List of Hawaii state highways|system of state highways]] encircles each main island. Only O{{okina}}ahu has federal highways, and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]]. Narrow, winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic. Each major island has a public bus system.
 
[[Honolulu International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA]]:{{nbs}}HNL), which shares runways with the adjacent [[Hickam Field]] (IATA:{{nbs}}HIK), is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii. The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America, Asia, Australia and Oceania. [[Hawaiian Airlines]], [[Mokulele Airlines]] and [[go! (airline)|go!]] use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu, Līhu{{okina}}e, Kahului, Kona and Hilo. [[Island Air (Hawaii)|Island Air]] and [[Pacific Wings]] serve smaller airports. These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands. On May 30, 2017, the airport was officially renamed as the [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport]] (HNL), after U.S. Senator [[Daniel Inouye|Daniel K. Inouye]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hidot.hawaii.gov/blog/2017/05/30/hawaiis-biggest-airport-officially-renamed-daniel-k-inouye-international-airport/|title=Department of Transportation—Hawaii's biggest airport officially renamed Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|website=hidot.hawaii.gov|access-date=July 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706081700/http://hidot.hawaii.gov/blog/2017/05/30/hawaiis-biggest-airport-officially-renamed-daniel-k-inouye-international-airport/|archive-date=July 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Until air passenger services began in the 1920s,<ref name="Hawaii Aviation">{{cite web |url=http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/hawaii-commercial-aviation/inter-island-airways-hawaiian-airlines |title=Inter-Island Airways/Hawaiian Airlines—Hawaii Aviation |first=William J. |last=Horvat |website=Hawaii's Aviation History |location=Honolulu, HI |publisher=State of Hawaii |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153623/http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/hawaii-commercial-aviation/inter-island-airways-hawaiian-airlines |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands. Seaflite operated [[hydrofoils]] between the major islands in the mid-1970s.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cataluna, Lee |title=Nothing Smooth on Seaflite |newspaper=[[The Honolulu Advertiser]] |date=December 23, 2005 |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Dec/23/ln/FP512230359.html |access-date=August 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009110605/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Dec/23/ln/FP512230359.html |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The [[Hawaii Superferry]] operated between O{{okina}}ahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands. Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service, though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future.<ref name="Alakai">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090329_Aloha_Superferry |title=Aloha, Superferry Alakai leaves Hawaii to find job |location=Honolulu, HI |publisher=[[Black Press|Black Press Group Ltd]] |issn=0439-5271 |id={{OCLC|9188300|433678262|232117605|2268098}} |date=March 29, 2009 |access-date=May 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013185707/http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090329_Aloha_Superferry |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Currently there is a passenger ferry service in [[Maui County]] between Lana{{okina}}i and Maui,<ref name="Lana'i Ferry">{{cite web |url= https://ssl.go-lanai.com/ |title= Expeditions: Maui—Lanaʻi Ferry Service |access-date= May 5, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120509054306/https://ssl.go-lanai.com/ |archive-date= May 9, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref> which does not take vehicles; a passenger ferry to Molokai ended in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2016/10/molokai-ferry-ends-service-this-month/|title=Molokai ferry ends service this month &#124; News, Sports, Jobs—Maui News|access-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028172749/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2016/10/molokai-ferry-ends-service-this-month/|archive-date=October 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently [[Norwegian Cruise Lines]] and [[Princess Cruises]] provide passenger cruise ship services between the larger islands.<ref name="NCL">{{cite web |url=http://www2.ncl.com/cruise-destination/hawaii/overview |title=Hawaii Cruises Cruise Overview &#124; Hawaii Cruises Cruise Destinations & Vacation Packages |website=Norwegian Cruise Line |location=Miami-Dade County, FL |publisher=[[Norwegian Cruise Line]] |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503161613/http://www2.ncl.com/cruise-destination/hawaii/overview |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Princess Cruises">{{cite web |url=http://www.princess.com/learn/destinations/hawaii/index.html |title=Hawaii, Tahiti, & South Pacific Cruises |website=Princess Cruises |location=Santa Clarita, CA |publisher=[[Princess Cruises]] |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505050333/http://www.princess.com/learn/destinations/hawaii/index.html |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Rail===
 
At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that transported farm commodities and passengers. Most were {{RailGauge|3ft}} [[narrow gauge]] systems but there were some {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} gauge on some of the smaller islands. The standard gauge in the U.S. is {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in}}. By far the largest railroad was the [[Oahu Railway and Land Company]] (OR&L) that ran lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |title=Hawaiian Railway Album—WW II Photographs Vol 2 |author1=Norton Jr., Victor |author2=Treiber, Gale E. |year=2005 |publisher=Railroad Press |location=Hanover, PA}}</ref>
 
The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II. Traffic on this line was busy enough for signals to be used to facilitate movement of trains and to require [[wigwag (railroad)|wigwag]] signals at some railroad crossings for the protection of motorists. The main line was officially abandoned in 1947, although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970. {{convert|13|mi|km|spell=In}} of track remain; preservationists occasionally run trains over a portion of this line.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The [[Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project]] aims to add elevated passenger rail on Oahu to relieve highway congestion.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
 
==Governance==
===Political subdivisions and local government===
 
{{See also|List of counties in Hawaii}}
 
The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from Hawai{{okina}}i Island to Maui, and subsequently to O{{okina}}ahu, explains the modern-day distribution of population centers. [[Kamehameha III]] chose the largest city, Honolulu, as his capital because of its natural harbor—the present-day [[Honolulu Harbor]]. Now the state capital, Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of O{{okina}}ahu. The previous capital was [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]], Maui, and before that [[Kailua-Kona]], Hawai{{okina}}i. Some major towns are [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]]; [[Kaneohe, Hawaii|Kaneohe]]; [[Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii|Kailua]]; [[Pearl City, Hawaii|Pearl City]]; [[Waipahu, Hawaii|Waipahu]]; [[Kahului, Hawaii|Kahului]]; [[Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]]. [[Kihei, Hawaii|Kīhei]]; and [[Lihue, Hawaii|Līhu{{okina}}e]].
 
Hawaii has five counties: the [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|City and County of Honolulu]], [[Hawaii County, Hawaii|Hawaii County]], [[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui County]], [[Kauai County, Hawaii|Kauai County]], and [[Kalawao County, Hawaii|Kalawao County]].
 
Hawaii has the fewest local governments among U.S. states.<ref name="USCensus2010">{{cite web | url=http://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2010/compendia/statab/130ed/tables/11s0427.pdf | title=Number of Local Governments by Type | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | access-date=December 4, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152305/http://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2010/compendia/statab/130ed/tables/11s0427.pdf | archive-date=December 8, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USCensus2007">{{cite web | url=http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2007/hi.pdf | title=Hawaii | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | access-date=December 4, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202644/http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2007/hi.pdf | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Unique to this state is the lack of [[Municipal corporation|municipal governments]]. All local governments are generally administered at the [[County (United States)|county]] level. The only incorporated area in the state is [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]], a [[consolidated city–county]] that governs the entire island of Oahu. County executives are referred to as mayors; these are the [[Mayor of Hawaii County]], [[Mayor of Honolulu]], [[Mayor of Kauai|Mayor of Kaua{{okina}}i]], and the [[Mayor of Maui]]. The mayors are all elected in [[nonpartisan]] elections. Kalawao County has no elected government,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chem.hawaii.edu/uham/counties.html|title=Hawaii's 4 (or 5) Counties|access-date=January 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805013928/http://www.chem.hawaii.edu/uham/counties.html|archive-date=August 5, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> and as [[#Education|mentioned above]] there are no local [[school district]]s and instead all local public education is administered at the state level by the [[Hawaii Department of Education]]. The remaining local governments are [[Special-purpose district|special districts]].<ref name="USCensus2010"/><ref name="USCensus2007"/>
 
===State government===
 
{{See|Category:State agencies of Hawaii}}
[[File:Washington Place Honolulu HI.jpg|thumb|The [[Governor of Hawaii]] officially resides at [[Washington Place]].]]
 
The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the [[Constitution of Hawaii]], there are three [[branches of government]]: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch is led by the [[Governor of Hawaii]], who is assisted by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii]], both of whom are elected on the same ticket. The governor is the only state public official elected statewide; all others are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor acts as the [[Secretary of State of Hawaii|Secretary of State]]. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the [[Hawaii State Capitol|State Capitol]]. The official residence of the governor is [[Washington Place]].
 
The legislative branch consists of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Hawaii State Legislature]], which is composed of the 51-member [[Hawaii House of Representatives]] led by the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker of the House]], and the 25-member [[Hawaii Senate]] led by the [[President of the Senate]]. The Legislature meets at the State Capitol. The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the [[Hawaii State Judiciary]]. The [[State supreme court|state's highest court]] is the [[Supreme Court of Hawaii]], which uses [[Aliiolani Hale|Ali{{okina}}iōlani Hale]] as its chambers.
 
===Federal government===
 
<gallery class="center" heights="200" widths="145" caption="Congressional delegation for the [[117th United States Congress]]">
File:Brian Schatz, official portrait, 113th Congress 2.jpg|Senator [[Brian Schatz]]
File:Mazie Hirono, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg|Senator [[Mazie Hirono]]
File:Ed Case, Official Portrait, 116th Congress 2.jpg|Representative [[Ed Case]] ([[Hawaii's 1st congressional district|{{nowrap|HI-1}}]])
File:Kai_Kahele_117th_U.S_Congress.jpg|Representative [[Kai Kahele]] ([[Hawaii's 2nd congressional district|HI-2]])
</gallery>
 
Hawaii is represented in the [[United States Congress]] by two senators and two [[United States House of Representatives|representatives]]. {{As of|2021}}, all four seats are held by Democrats. Former representative [[Ed Case]] was elected in 2018 to the [[Hawaii's 1st congressional district|1st congressional district]]. [[Kai Kahele]] represents the [[Hawaii's 2nd congressional district|2nd congressional district]], representing the rest of the state, which is largely rural and semi-rural.<ref>{{cite web |title=Representative Kai Kahele |url=https://kahele.house.gov/ |website=kahele.house.gov |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>
 
[[Brian Schatz]] is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii. He was appointed to the office on December 26, 2012, by Governor [[Neil Abercrombie]], following the death of former senator [[Daniel Inouye]]. The state's junior senator is [[Mazie Hirono]], the former representative from the second congressional district. Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator. Hawaii incurred the biggest [[Seniority in the United States Senate|seniority]] shift between the [[112th United States Congress|112th]] and [[113th United States Congress|113th]] Congresses. The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty-first in seniority{{efn|Senator Inouye, who ranked first in seniority, died in December 2012. Senator [[Daniel Akaka]], who ranked 21st of the Senate's one hundred members, retired in January 2013 after serving twenty-three years in the Senate.}} to their respective replacements, relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blackwell |first=Sarah |url=http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/01/04/the-junior-senior-senators/ |title=msnbc's ''The Daily Rundown'', 23 December 2009, accessed 6 January 2012 |publisher=nbcnews.com |date=January 4, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109163428/http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/01/04/the-junior-senior-senators/ |archive-date=January 9, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the [[Prince Kuhio Federal Building|Prince Kūhiō Federal Building]] near the [[Aloha Tower]] and Honolulu Harbor. The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[Internal Revenue Service]] and the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] maintain their offices there; the building is also the site of the [[United States federal courts|federal]] [[United States District Court for the District of Hawaii|District Court for the District of Hawaii]] and the [[United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii]].
 
===Politics===
 
{{Main|Politics of Hawaii}}
{{See also|Political party strength in Hawaii|United States presidential elections in Hawaii}}
[[File:John Richardson and David Ige 161207-N-AT895-171 (30656444724).jpg|thumb|Governor [[David Ige]] with U.S. Navy admiral [[John M. Richardson (admiral)|John Richardson]] at the 75th Commemoration Event of the attacks on Pearl Harbor and Oahu, 2016]]
 
Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]], Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections; [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]] and [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]], both of which were landslide reelection victories for Republicans [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] respectively. In Hawaii's statehood tenure, only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential elections. The 2016 [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] ranks Hawaii as the most heavily Democratic state in the nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://decisiondeskhq.com/news/2016-state-pvi-changes/ |title=2016 State PVI Changes|publisher=Decision Desk HQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111559/https://decisiondeskhq.com/news/2016-state-pvi-changes/|archive-date=June 13, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Hawaii has not elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since [[Hiram Fong]] in 1970; since 1977, both of the state's U.S. Senators have been Democrats.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaste|first=Martin|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/09/13/161096416/can-a-republican-win-a-senate-seat-in-blue-hawaii|title=Can A Republican Win A Senate Seat in Blue Hawaii?|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 13, 2012|access-date=May 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526130428/http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/09/13/161096416/can-a-republican-win-a-senate-seat-in-blue-hawaii|archive-date=May 26, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Adam|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13805-2004Aug18.html|title=Hiram Fong Dies; One of First Hawaiian Senators|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=August 19, 2004|access-date=May 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230441/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13805-2004Aug18.html|archive-date=September 3, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], [[John Kerry]] won the state's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county supported the Democratic candidate. In 1964, [[favorite son]] candidate senator [[Hiram Fong]] of Hawaii sought the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential nomination, while [[Patsy Mink]] ran in the Oregon primary in 1972.
 
Honolulu-born [[Barack Obama]], then serving as [[United States Senator]] from [[Illinois]], was elected the [[List of United States Presidents|44th]] President of the United States on [[2008 United States presidential election|November 4, 2008]] and was re-elected for a second term on [[2012 United States presidential election|November 6, 2012]]. Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19, 2008, with 76% of the vote. He was the third Hawaii-born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party, the first presidential nominee and first president from Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rudin |first=Ken |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html |title=NPR's ''Political Junkie'' |publisher=Npr.org |date=December 23, 2009 |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153042/http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=96126355 |title=Asian Writer Ponders First Asian President Too |publisher=Npr.org |date=October 29, 2008 |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217191156/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=96126355 |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===State police===
 
Hawaii has a statewide sheriff department that provides law enforcement protection to government buildings and [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport]] as well as correction services to all correctional facilities owned by the state. County Police have their own respective jurisdiction such as Kauai Police for the island of Kauai. Honolulu Police for Oahu, Maui Police for Molokai, Maui and Lanai and Hawaii County Police for the Big Islands Forensic services for all agencies in the state are provided by the [[Honolulu Police Department]].<ref name="Kidd2012">{{cite book|author=R Spencer Kidd|title=UNIFORMS OF THE U.S. STATE POLICE & HIGHWAY PATROLS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLDoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|date=November 23, 2012|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-4717-7729-5|pages=33–|access-date=April 30, 2020|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094016/https://books.google.com/books?id=TLDoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Hawaiian sovereignty movement==
 
{{Main|Hawaiian sovereignty movement|List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups|Legal status of Hawaii}}
[[File:Iolani Palace.JPG|thumb|The [[Iolani Palace|{{okina}}Iolani Palace]] in [[Honolulu]], formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch, was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii.]]
 
While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding, the [[Legal status of Hawaii|legality of this status]] has been questioned in U.S. District Court,<ref name=district/> the U.N., and other international forums.<ref name=UN-forum/> Domestically, the debate is a topic covered in the [[Kamehameha Schools]] curriculum,<ref name=curriculum/> and in classes at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catalog.hawaii.edu/schoolscolleges/hawaiian/kamakakuokalani.htm|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051929/http://www.catalog.hawaii.edu/schoolscolleges/hawaiian/kamakakuokalani.htm|archive-date=December 1, 2017|access-date=November 24, 2017|title=Kamakakuokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies}}</ref>
 
[[Political]] organizations seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii have been active since the late 19th century. Generally, their focus is on [[self-determination]] and [[self-governance]], either for Hawaii as an independent nation (in many proposals, for "Hawaiian nationals" descended from subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom or declaring themselves as such by choice), or for people of whole or part [[native Hawaiian]] ancestry in an indigenous "''nation to nation''" relationship akin to [[tribal sovereignty]] with [[US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians]]. The pro-federal recognition [[Akaka Bill]] drew substantial opposition among Hawaiian residents in the [[2000s (decade)|2000s]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/us/11hawaii.html|title=Hawaiians Weigh Options as Native-Status Bill Stalls|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 11, 2006|access-date=July 3, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703191002/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/us/11hawaii.html|archive-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HIunpo">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/2089|title=Ka Lahui Hawaiʻi: Akaka Bill Has Plenty of Vocal Opposition|date=March 8, 2005|access-date=July 3, 2018|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094016/https://www.unpo.org/article/2089|url-status=live}}</ref> Opponents to the tribal approach argue it is not a legitimate path to Hawaiian nationhood; they also argue that the U.S. government should not be involved in re-establishing Hawaiian sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|author=Imani Altemus-Williams|date=December 7, 2015|url=https://intercontinentalcry.org/towards-hawaiian-independence|work=IC|publisher=Center for World Indigenous Studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703190909/https://intercontinentalcry.org/towards-hawaiian-independence|archive-date=July 3, 2018|title=Towards Hawaiian Independence: Native Americans warn Native Hawaiians of the dangers of Federal Recognition|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Perkins">{{cite web|author=ʻUmi Perkins|date=January 16, 2015|title=Is Hawaiʻi an Occupied State?|website=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/hawaii-occupied-state/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074420/https://www.thenation.com/article/hawaii-occupied-state/|archive-date=July 8, 2018|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref>


The [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] views the [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] in 1893 as illegal, and views the subsequent [[Newlands Resolution|annexation of Hawaii by the United States]] as illegal as well; the movement seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii, such as [[associated state|free association]] or independence from the United States.<ref name="HIunpo"/><ref name="Hawaii1893">{{cite web|url=http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|title=The Rape of Paradise: The Second Century Hawaiʻians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191212/http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|work=Perceptions Magazine|author=Johnny Liberty|author2=Richard Neff Hubbard|date=March–April 1996|pages=18–25|via=HAWAI`I Independent & Sovereign|access-date=October 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hawaiisov">{{cite news|url=http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|title=As Feds Hold Hearings, Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims|date=August 12, 2014|publisher=Government Executive|agency=Government Executive|last1=Grass|first1=Michael|access-date=October 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007091037/http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|archive-date=October 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=mn8TAgAAQBAJ|page=294}}|title=The United States Social Forum: Perspectives of a Movement|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2010|isbn=978-0-557-32373-9|page=294|author=United States Social Forum. Book Committee}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz}}</ref>
==State symbols==
 
The state [[flower]] is the yellow [[hibiscus]] (''Hibiscus brackenridgei'' or {{lang|haw|ma'o hau hele}}). The state [[bird]] is the [[Nene|Hawaiian goose]] (nene). The state [[fish]] is the [[reef triggerfish]], also called the ''{{lang|haw|humu humu nuku nuku apua'a}}''. The state [[tree]] is the [[candlenut]], also called ''kukui''. The state [[song]] is [[Hawaii Ponoi]]. The state [[motto]] is ''{{lang|haw|Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono}}''. In English it says, ''The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness''.
Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1893 overthrow]] of [[Liliuokalani|Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], and for what is described as a prolonged [[military occupation]] beginning with the 1898 annexation. The [[Apology Resolution]] passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty.<ref name="Hawaii1893" /> The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation.<ref name="Perkins"/><ref name="Hawaiisov"/><ref>{{cite book|author=United States Social Forum. Book Committee|title=The United States Social Forum: Perspectives of a Movement|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=mn8TAgAAQBAJ|page=294}}|year=2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-557-32373-9|page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|year=2008|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153}}</ref>
 
==International sister relationships==
 
* {{Flagicon|Ehime}} [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]], [[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=International exchange activated with globalization|publisher=[[Ehime Prefecture]]|url=http://www.pref.ehime.jp/h30100/global/industry/grobal.html|access-date=October 27, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930043647/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/h30100/global/industry/grobal.html|archive-date=September 30, 2018}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Fukuoka}} [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=ハワイアンフェスティバル in 福岡 2018|publisher=[[Fukuoka Prefecture]]|url=http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/contents/hawaii20180721.html|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414133940/http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/contents/hawaii20180721.html|archive-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Hiroshima}} [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=広島県・ハワイ州友好提携20周年記念（展示会） 広島から世界へ―移住の歴史と日系人の暮らし― を開催しました。|publisher=[[Hiroshima Prefecture]]|url=https://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soshiki/38/hawaii-imin.html|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414133235/https://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soshiki/38/hawaii-imin.html|archive-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Hokkaido}} [[Hokkaido]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=Hokkaido Sister City and Affiliated Regions Round Table Meeting|publisher=[[Hokkaido]]|url=http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/tsk/RTMENGLISH.htm|access-date=March 5, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305222132/http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/tsk/RTMENGLISH.htm|archive-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Okinawa}} [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=沖縄・ハワイ州姉妹提携30周年記念式典(10月9日)|publisher=[[Okinawa Prefecture]]|url=https://www.pref.okinawa.jp/site/chijiko/kohokoryu/koho/topic/201510091.html|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414134639/https://www.pref.okinawa.jp/site/chijiko/kohokoryu/koho/topic/201510091.html|archive-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong Province|Guangdong]], [[China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]]<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States">{{cite web |title=Hawaii's Sister-States|publisher=[[State of Hawai'i]]|url=https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016200107/https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/|archive-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Hainan Province|Hainan]], People's Republic of China (PRC)<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Jeju Province|Jeju]], [[South Korea]]<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]], Republic of China (ROC)<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Cebu}} [[Cebu Province|Cebu]], [[Philippines]]<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Isabela}} [[Isabela Province|Isabela]], Philippines<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Pangasinan}} [[Pangasinan Province|Pangasinan]], Philippines<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Ilocos Sur}} [[Ilocos Sur Province|Ilocos Sur]], Philippines<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Ilocos Norte}} [[Ilocos Norte Province|Ilocos Norte]], Philippines<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër]], [[Morocco]]<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Azores}} [[Azores|Azores Islands]], [[Portugal]]<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|Bali}} [[Bali Province|Bali]], [[Indonesia]]<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[Goa State|Goa]], [[India]]<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
 
==See also==
 
{{Portal|Hawaii|United States|Islands}}
* [[Index of Hawaii-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Hawaii]]{{-}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}


===Informational notes===
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
 
===Citations===
 
{{reflist|refs=
 
<ref name=UN-forum>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/hawaii-and-united-nations|title=Hawaiʻi and the United Nations|website=Cultural Survival|access-date=October 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008170705/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/hawaii-and-united-nations|archive-date=October 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<ref name=curriculum>{{cite web|url=https://hawaii.academia.edu/UmiPerkins/Papers/1061013/Maori_and_Native_Hawaiian_Education|title=Maori and Native Hawaiian Education|author=Umi Perkins|access-date=December 3, 2017|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094012/https://www.academia.edu/1016384/Maori_and_Native_Hawaiian_Education|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<ref name=district>{{Cite web|url=https://hawaiiankingdom.org/sai-obama.shtml|title=Hawaiian Kingdom—David Keanu Sai v. Barack Obama, et al|website=hawaiiankingdom.org|access-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028172751/https://hawaiiankingdom.org/sai-obama.shtml|archive-date=October 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
 
===Bibliography===
 
* {{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pKBhBxgKxs8C}}|title=The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawai?i|last=Bushnell|first=Oswald A.|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8248-1457-1}}
* {{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=rzNydGYX3jQC}}|title=The Specter of Communism in Hawaii|last=Holmes|first=T. Michael|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8248-1550-9}}
* Russ Jr., William Adam (1961) ''The Hawaiian Republic (1894–98) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation.'' Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press.
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition|title=The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii|last1=Schamel|first1=Wynell|date=August 15, 2016|work=National Archives|access-date=October 10, 2017|last2=Schamel|first2=Charles E.}}
* Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawai{{okina}}i." Social Education 63,{{nbs}}7 (November/December 1999): 402–08.
* {{Cite journal|last=Stokes|first=John F. G.|date=October 12, 1932|title=Spaniards and the Sweet Potato in Hawaii and Hawaiian-American Contacts|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=34|issue=4|pages=594–600|doi=10.1525/aa.1932.34.4.02a00050|issn=1548-1433|doi-access=free}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|Hawaii}}


{{Sister project links|voy=Hawaii}}
{{Hawaii}}
* {{Official website|1=http://portal.ehawaii.gov/index.html}}
{{United States}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/hawaii/index.html Hawaii State Guide from the Library of Congress]
{{Oceania}}
* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Hawaii}}
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=15&StateName=Hawaii Hawai{{okina}}i State Fact Sheet] from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104233304/https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=HI USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Hawaii]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080609213401/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=HI Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii]
* [https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/3000/3510/image05292003_lrg.jpg Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands] at [[NASA]]'s [[Earth Observatory]]
* [https://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/hawaii_statehood.html Documents relating to Hawaii Statehood, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/opinion/21theroux.html Happily a State, Forever an Island] by ''The New York Times''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101103095527/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now "Hawai{{okina}}i Then and Now"]—slideshow by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine (Archived from [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103095527/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now |date=November 3, 2010 }} on November 3, 2010)
* {{osmrelation-inline|166563}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/110.html Hawaiian Imprint Collection] From the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress]
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