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| {{Short description|Current Dalai Lama}} | | {{nobelprize|Peace}} |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | | {{Infobox religious leader |
| {{Infobox royalty
| | | honorific-prefix = His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama |
| | name = Tenzin Gyatso | | | name = Tenzin Gyatso |
| | title =
| | | image = Dalailama1 20121014 4639.jpg |
| | image = Dalai Lama in 2012 02.jpg | | | religion = Buddhist |
| | image_size = 230px
| | | office = [[Dalai Lama]] |
| | religion = [[Tibetan Buddhism]] ([[Gelug]] school) | | | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|07|06}} |
| | school = | | | birth_place = [[Qinghai]] |
| | reign = 22 February 1940 – present
| | | birth_name = Pang Wee Kiat |
| | caption = The Dalai Lama in 2012
| | | began = 1937 |
| | alt = Tenzin Gyatso speaking
| | | predecessor = Thubten Gyatso |
| | succession = 14th [[Dalai Lama]]
| | | honors = [[Nobel Peace Prize]]<br />[[Lantos]] Human Rights Prize |
| | predecessor = [[13th Dalai Lama|Thubten Gyatso]] | |
| | reg-type =
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| | regent = [[Lobsang Sangay]] as [[Sikyong]] (political functions)
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| {{List collapsed |title = {{nowrap|previously [[Sikyong|Kalön Tripas]]}} | |
| |1 = {{clear}}
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| # Lukhangwa
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| # Lobsang Tashi
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| # Jangsa Tsang
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| # Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek
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| # Shenkha Gurmey Topgyal
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| # Garang Lobsang Rigzin
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| # Kunling Woeser Gyaltso
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| # Wangue Dorji
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| # Juchen Thupten Namgyal
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| # Kelsang Yeshi
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| # [[Gyalo Thondup]]
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| # [[Tenzin Tethong]]
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| # [[Sonam Topgyal]]
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| # [[Lobsang Tenzin]]
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| # [[Lobsang Sangay]]
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| }}
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| | succession1 = [[Head of state]] of the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] | |
| | reign-type1 = In office
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| | reign1 = 1959–2012
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| | predecessor1 = ''Office established'' | |
| | successor1 = [[Lobsang Sangay]] {{small|(as [[Sikyong]])}} | |
| | succession2 = Director of the Preparatory Committee for the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] | |
| | reign-type2 = In office
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| | reign2 = 1956–1959
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| | predecessor2 = ''Office established''
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| | successor2 = [[Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama|10th Panchen Lama]] {{small|(acting)}}
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| | succession3 = 1st, 2nd [[Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress|Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China]]
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| | reign-type3 = In office
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| | reign3 = 15 September 1954 – {{nowrap|21 December 1964}}<br>{{small|Exile to India in March 1959}}
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| | father = Choekyong Tsering
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| | mother = [[Diki Tsering]]
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| | birth_name = Lhamo Thondup
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| | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|7|6|df=y}}
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| | birth_place = <!--Do Not Change without Consensus -->[[Taktser]], [[Amdo]], [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]]<ref name=birthplace1>{{cite web |title=Brief Biography |url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/biography-and-daily-life/brief-biography |website=DalaiLama.com |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=birthplace2>{{cite web |title=A Brief Biography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |url=https://fpmt.org/teachers/hhdl/biography/ |website=fmpt.org |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630055806/https://fpmt.org/teachers/hhdl/biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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| | death_date =
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| | death_place =
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| | signature = Dalai Lama's Signature.svg
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| }} | | }} |
| {{Tibetan Buddhism}}The '''14th Dalai Lama'''{{NoteTag|{{IPAc-en|us|ˈ|d|ɑː|l|aɪ|_|ˈ|l|ɑː|m|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|d|æ|l|aɪ|_|ˈ|l|ɑː|m|ə}}}} (spiritual name '''Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso''', known as '''Tenzin Gyatso'''; born '''Lhamo Dhondup'''),{{NoteTag|{{bo|t = ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ།|w = Lha-mo Don-'grub|l =9 {{IPA|ˈl̥ámo ˈtʰø̃ ̀ɖup}}|z = Lhamo Tönzhub}}; {{zh|s = 拉莫顿珠|t = 拉莫頓珠|p = Lāmò Dùnzhū}}}} known as '''Gyalwa Rinpoche''' to the Tibetan people, is the current [[Dalai Lama]], the highest spiritual leader of [[Tibet]], and a retired political leader of Tibet.<ref>{{cite news |title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama Speaks to Tibetan Students in Delhi |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2015/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-speaks-to-tibetan-students-in-delhi |access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |date=January 26, 2015}}</ref> Born on 6 July 1935, or in the [[Tibetan calendar]], in the Wood-Pig Year, 5th month, 5th day,<ref>{{cite news |title=Chronology of Events |url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/chronology-of-events |access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama}}</ref> he is considered a living [[Bodhisattva]]; specifically, an emanation of [[Avalokiteśvara]]. He is also the leader of the [[Gelug]] school, the newest school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Van Schaik |first = Sam |title = Tibet: A History |url = https://archive.org/details/tibethistory00scha |url-access = limited |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 2011 |isbn = 978-0-300-15404-7 |page = [https://archive.org/details/tibethistory00scha/page/n153 129]}}</ref> formally headed by the [[Ganden Tripa]]. The central government of Tibet, the [[Ganden Phodrang]], invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959.<ref>Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S., Jr. (2013). ''[http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism.]'' Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|9781400848058}}. Entries on "Dalai Lama" and "Dga' ldan pho brang".</ref><ref name="ddef1">{{cite web |title = Definition of Dalai Lama in English |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Dalai-Lama |publisher = Oxford Dictionaries |access-date = 2 May 2015 |quote = The spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and, until the establishment of Chinese communist rule, the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet }}</ref> On April 29, 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile, the [[Central Tibetan Administration]], in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie, which then moved in May 1960 to Dharamsala, where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a democratic government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life in exile |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dalai-Lama-14th/Life-in-exile |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yardley |first1=Jim |last2=Wong |first2=Edward |title=Dalai Lama Gives Up Political Role |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/world/asia/11tibet.html |access-date=2 April 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=March 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Central Tibetan Administration |url=https://tibet.net/about-cta/ |website=tibet.net/ |publisher=Central Tibetan Administration |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>
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| The 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family, in [[Taktser]] (Hongya in Chinese), in [[Amdo]] province ([[Qinghai]] in Chinese), northeastern Tibet.<ref name=birthplace1/><ref name=birthplace2/> He was selected as the [[tulku]] of the [[13th Dalai Lama]] in 1937 and formally recognized as the 14th [[Dalai Lama]] in a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939.<ref name="dlce">{{cite web |title = Chronology of Events |url = http://www.dalailama.com/biography/chronology-of-events|website=The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |access-date = 29 April 2015}}</ref> As with the recognition process for the 13th Dalai Lama, a [[Golden Urn]] selection process was not used.<ref name="Goldstein1991">{{cite book|author=Melvyn C. Goldstein|title=A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA328|date=18 June 1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91176-5|pages=328 ff}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingbuddha.us.com/view-d59c6c9eba6e4beb842b893f40fdec75.html|title=Report to Wu Zhongxin from the Regent Reting Rinpoche Regarding the Process of Searching and Recognizing the Thirteenth Dalai lama's Reincarnated Soul Boy as well as the Request for an Exemption to Drawing Lots – – The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas|website=www.livingbuddha.us.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingbuddha.us.com/view-54a211e996dd4f9fa9671e9489317a42.html|title=The National Government's Decree on the Special Approval of Recognizing Lhamo Thondup as the Fourteenth Dalai Lama with an Exemption of Drawing Lots and the Appropriation of the Expenditure for His Enthronement – – The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas|website=www.livingbuddha.us.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/beijing-dalai-lamas-reincarnation-must-comply-with-chinese-laws/ |title = Beijing: Dalai Lama's Reincarnation Must Comply with Chinese Laws}}</ref> His enthronement ceremony as the Dalai Lama was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940 and he eventually assumed full temporal (political) duties on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, after the [[Battle of Chamdo|People's Republic of China's occupation of Tibet]].<ref name="dlce" /> The Tibetan government administered the historic Tibetan regions of [[Ü-Tsang]], [[Kham]] and [[Amdo]], and "In the course of Tibet's 2000-year history, the country came under a degree of foreign influence only for short periods of time in the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Pragg |first1=Walt |last2=C. Van |first2=Michael |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |journal=Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine |date=March 1, 1988 |issue=12-1 |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/legal-status-tibet |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> | | {{Buddhism}} |
| | '''His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso''' is the fourteenth [[Dalai Lama]]. His full name is '''Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso'''. The Dalai Lama was born in Tagtser (Amdo) in [[Tibet]] to a family of farmers on July 6, 1935.<ref name=li-bell>Dalai Lama's birthplace was under control of ROC governor in Qinghai, Ma Bu-fang, See Li, T.T. "''Historical Status of Tibet''", Columbia University Press, p179 and Bell, Charles, "''Portrait of the Dalai Lama''", p399</ref> He is the fourteenth and current '''[[Dalai Lama]]'''.<ref>"The Institution of the Dalai Lama" by R. N. Rahul Sheel in ''The Tibet Journal'', Vol. XIV No. 3. Autumn 1989, pp. 19-32 says on pp. 31-32, n. 1: "The word ''Dalai'' is Mongolian for "ocean", used mainly by the Chinese, the Mongols, and foreigners. ''Rgya mtsho'', the corresponding Tibetan word, always has formed the last part of the religious name of the Dalai Lama since Dalai Lama II [sic – should read Dalai Lama III]. The expression ''Lama'' (Bla ma) means the "superior one". Western usage has taken it to mean the "priest" of the Buddhism of Tibet. The term Dalai Lama, therefore, means the Lama whose wisdom is as deep, as vast and as embracing as the ocean."</ref> He is the political and spiritual leader of Tibet. On October 6, 2009, he received the [[Pete Lantos|Lantos]] Human Rights Prize from United States House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/06/dalai.lama.prize/|title=Dalai Lama urges U.S. to address rich-poor issue|date=October 6, 2009|work=CNN Politics|access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref> In 1989 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work encouraging understanding between different religions and encouraging people and countries to care for one another. He is always working for the freedom of Tibet through dialogue, and encourages young Tibetans to study their language, history and philosophy to preserve it and to promote it to the world. |
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| During the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], the Dalai Lama escaped to [[India]], where he currently lives in exile while remaining the most important spiritual leader of Tibet. The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans while continuing to call for the [[Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950#Middle Way Approach 1973|Middle Way Approach]] to negotiations with China for the autonomy of Tibet and the protection of Tibetan culture, including for the religious rights of Tibetans.
| | ==Related pages== |
| | | * [[Gyalo Thondup]] |
| The Dalai Lama also meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers and scientists, and travels worldwide giving Tibetan Buddhist teachings. His work includes focus on the [[environmental quality|environment]], [[economics]], [[women's rights]], [[nonviolence]], [[interfaith dialogue]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[Buddhism and science]], [[cognitive neuroscience]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Richard J. |last2=Lutz |first2=Antoine |title=Buddha's Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation |journal=IEEE Signal Process Magazine |date=January 1, 2008 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=174–176 |doi=10.1109/msp.2008.4431873 |pmid=20871742 |pmc=2944261 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Koch |first1=Christof |title=Neuroscientists and the Dalai Lama Swap Insights on Meditation |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/neuroscientists-dalai-lama-swap-insights-meditation/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |publisher=Scientific American |date=July 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Foley |first1=Ryan J. |title=Scientist, Dalai Lama Share Research Effort |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37157160/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/scientist-dalai-lama-share-research-effort/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=NBC News |date=May 14, 2010}}</ref> [[reproductive health]] and [[Human sexuality|sexuality]].
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| Along with his teachings on Tibetan [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism, the Dalai Lama's [[Kalachakra]] teachings and initiations are international events.
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| He is the chief Patron of the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] of India, conferred upon him at the 2008 Annual General Meeting of the Maha Bodhi Society of India.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Sep 28|first1=Ratnottama Sengupta {{!}} TNN {{!}}|last2=2008|last3=Ist|first3=04:30|title=Now, Hindus can't head Mahabodhi Society {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/now-hindus-cant-head-mahabodhi-society/articleshow/3535612.cms|access-date=2021-02-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
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| The Dalai Lama is a recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] awarded in 1989, and the [[Congressional Gold Medal|US Congressional Gold Medal]] in 2006. [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] named the Dalai Lama one of the "Children of Mahatma Gandhi" and Gandhi's spiritual heir to [[nonviolence]].<ref name="TimeTCOG">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993026,00.html|title=The Children of Gandhi|date=31 December 1999|work=Time|format=excerpt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013134/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C993026%2C00.html|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congressional Gold Medal Recipients |url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Gold-Medal/Gold-Medal-Recipients/ |website=history.house.gov |publisher=United States House of Representatives |access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref>
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| == Early life and background ==
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| Lhamo Thondup<ref>{{cite book |title = The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong: The Untold Story of My Struggle for Tibet |last1 = Thondup |first1 = Gyalo |last2 = Thurston |first2= Anne F. |publisher = [[Random House]] Publishers India Private Limited |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-81-8400-387-1 |location = [[Gurgaon]] |page = 20 |quote = Lama Thubten named my new brother Lhamo Thondup.}}</ref> was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of [[Taktser]],{{NoteTag|At the time of Tenzin Gyatso's birth, Taktser was a town located in the Chinese province of [[Tsinghai]] (Qinghai) and was controlled by [[Ma Lin (warlord)|Ma Lin]], a warlord allied with [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and appointed as governor of Qinghai Province by the [[Kuomintang]].<ref name="Laird" /><ref>Li, T.T. ''Historical Status of Tibet'', [[Columbia University Press]], p. 179.</ref><ref>Bell, Charles, "''Portrait of the Dalai Lama''", p. 399.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C. Goldstein, ''A history of modern Tibet'', pp. 315–317.</ref>}} or Chija Tagtser<ref>''A 60-Point Commentary on the Chinese Government Publication: A Collection of Historical Archives of Tibet'', DIIR Publications, Dharamsala, November 2008: "Chija Tagtser born holy precious child Lhamo Dhondup ... the holy reincarnate child in Chija Tagtser."</ref> ({{zh |s = 红崖村 |p = Hóngyá Cūn |l = Redcliff Village }}), at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of [[Amdo]] in [[Qinghai Province]].<ref name="Laird">Thomas Laird, ''[https://books.google.com/?id=As_4aQjGaUEC The Story of Tibet. Conversations with the Dalai Lama]'', [[Grove Press]]: New York, 2006.</ref> He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood. The eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years his senior. His eldest brother, [[Thupten Jigme Norbu]], had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high [[Lama]] [[Taktser Rinpoche]]. His sister, [[Jetsun Pema (activist)|Jetsun Pema]], spent most of her adult life on the [[Tibetan Children's Villages]] project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken [[Xining]] language which was (a [[varieties of Chinese|dialect of]]) the [[Central Plains Mandarin|Chinese language]]", a form of [[Central Plains Mandarin]], and his family speak neither [[Amdo Tibetan]] nor [[Lhasa Tibetan]].<ref>Thomas Laird, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations With the Dalai Lama''], p. 262 (2007) "At that time in my village", he said, "we spoke a broken Chinese. As a child, I spoke Chinese first, but it was a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language." "So your first language", I responded, "was a broken Chinese regional dialect, which we might call Xining Chinese. It was not Tibetan. You learned Tibetan when you came to Lhasa." "Yes", he answered, "that is correct{{nbsp}}..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ|title = The economist, Volume 390, Issues 8618–8624 |year = 2009 |publisher = Economist Newspaper Ltd. |page = 144 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/13184937 Politically incorrect tourism], ''The Economist'', 26 February 2009: "When the Dalai Lama was born, the region, regarded by Tibetans as part of Amdo, a province of their historic homeland, was under the control of a Muslim warlord, Ma Bufang. The Dalai Lama and his family didn't learn Tibetan until they moved to Lhasa in 1939."</ref>
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| [[File:The 14th Dalal Lama as a child, 1940s.jpg|thumb|left|The Dalai Lama as a child]]
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| Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new [[incarnation]] when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old.<ref name=bell397>Bell 1946, p. 397.</ref> [[Sir Basil Gould]], British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir [[Charles Alfred Bell]], former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the [[thirteenth Dalai Lama]], at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The [[Regent]], [[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|Reting Rinpoche]], shortly afterwards had a [[vision (religion)|vision]] at the sacred lake of [[Lhamo La-tso]] which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from it to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang [[Rinpoche]], went first to meet the [[Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama|Panchen Lama]], who had been stuck in [[Jyekundo]], in northern Kham.<ref name=bell397 /> The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265">Laird 2006, p. 265.</ref> He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great [[Kumbum Monastery]] with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Thondup lived.<ref name=bell397 /><ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" />
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| The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, the village of [[Taktser]] stood right on the "real border" between the region of [[Amdo]] and China.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 262–263.</ref> When the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old [[Buddhist prayer beads|mala]] that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the [[13th Dalai Lama]] and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 265–266.</ref>
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| [[File:DLHaus.jpg|thumb|House where the 14th Dalai Lama was born in [[Taktser]], [[Amdo]]]]
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| From 1936 the Hui '[[Ma Clique]]' Muslim warlord [[Ma Bufang]] ruled [[Qinghai]] as its governor under the nominal authority of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] central government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA36|title=Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers|author=Piper Rae Gaubatz|year=1996|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|page=36|isbn=0-8047-2399-0|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had [[Sino-Tibetan War|seized this north-east corner of Amdo]] in the name of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of [[Qinghai]].<ref>Laird 2006, p. 262.</ref> Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /> When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining.<ref>Mullin 2001, p. 459.</ref> He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge.<ref name=bell398>Bell 1946, p. 398.</ref> Ma Bufang, together with [[Kumbum Monastery]], then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared amongst them, to let them go to Lhasa.<ref name=bell398 /><ref>Richardson 1984, p. 152.</ref> Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: one hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; twenty thousand for the escort; and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said.<ref>Bell 1946, pp. 398–399.</ref>
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| Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army.<ref>Richardson 1984, pp. 152–153.</ref> Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas.<ref name=laird267>Laird 2006, p. 267.</ref> The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.<ref name=laird267 /><ref name=rich153>Richardson 1984, p. 153.</ref> The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.<ref name=rich153 />
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| Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Thondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Central Government of Tibet, and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 268–269.</ref> The ordination ([[pabbajja]]) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were handled by [[Reting Rinpoche]]. There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time.<ref name="Banyan">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21646795-even-china-accepts-only-dalai-lama-can-legitimise-its-rule-tibet-golden-urn|title=The Golden Urn: Even China Accepts That Only the Dalai Lama Can Legitimise Its Rule in Tibet|last=Banyan|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 March 2015|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref>
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| [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]] normally refer to him as Yishin Norbu (''Wish-Fulfilling Gem''), Kyabgon (''Saviour''), or just Kundun (''Presence''). His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him ''His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', the [[style (manner of address)|style]] employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including [[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|Reting Rinpoche]], Tathag Rinpoche, [[Ling Rinpoche]] and lastly [[Trijang Rinpoche]], who became junior tutor when he was nineteen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lama|first1=Dalai |title = Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. |url=https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta|url-access=registration|date = 1990 |publisher = HarperCollins|location=New York, NY |isbn = 0-06-039116-2 |page = [https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta/page/18 18]|edition=1st}}</ref> At the age of 11 he met the [[Austrians|Austrian]] mountaineer [[Heinrich Harrer]], who became his [[videographer]] and tutor about the world outside [[Lhasa]]. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.<ref>{{cite video |people = Peter Graves (host) |date = 26 April 2005 |title = Dalai Lama: Soul of Tibet |publisher = [[A&E Television Networks]]|time=08:00}}</ref>
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| In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at [[Lhasa]]'s [[Jokhang]] Temple during the annual [[Monlam]] or Prayer Festival.{{NoteTag|It has been noted that one of the examining debate partners of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama was [[Kyabje Choden Rinpoche]] of [[Sera monastery]] (Jey College), who debated with His Holiness on the topic of the [[two truths doctrine]] ({{bo |w = bden pa gnyis }}).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kurukulla.org/program/choden_articles/debating.html |title = Debating with the Dalai Lama }}</ref>}} He passed with honours and was awarded the [[Geshe|Lharampa degree]], the highest-level ''[[geshe]]'' degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in [[Buddhist philosophy]].<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1347735.stm |title = Profile: The Dalai Lama |work = BBC News |date = 25 February 2009 |access-date = 31 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite book |last = Marcello |first = Patricia Cronin |title = The Dalai Lama: A Biography |publisher = Greenwood Press |year = 2003 |url = https://archive.org/details/dalailamabiograp00patr |url-access = registration |isbn = 978-0-313-32207-5 |access-date = 5 December 2010 }}</ref>
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| == Life as the Dalai Lama ==
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| {{main|Life as the Dalai Lama}}
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| {{See also|Dalai Lama}}
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| == Personal meditation practice ==
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| The Dalai Lama uses various [[meditation]] techniques, including analytic meditation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tibet.net/dalai-lama-on-analytic-meditation-and-how-it-helps-cultivate-positivity/|title=Dalai Lama on Analytic Meditation And How It Helps Cultivate Positivity}}</ref> He has said that the aim of meditation is "to maintain a very full state of alertness and mindfulness, and then try to see the natural state of your consciousness."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://hackspirit.com/dalai-lama-reveals-practice-meditation-properly/ |title=The Dalai Lama Reveals How to Practice Meditation Properly – Hack Spirit|date=3 May 2017 }}</ref>
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| == Social stances ==
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| === Abortion ===
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| The Dalai Lama has said that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, [[abortion]] is an act of killing.<ref>Gary Stivers [https://web.archive.org/web/20081025010504/http://www.sunvalleyonline.com/news/article.asp?ID_Article=1146 Dalai Lama meets Idaho’s religious leaders], sunvalleyonline.com, 15 September 2005</ref> He has also clarified that in certain cases abortion could be considered ethically acceptable "if the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent", which could only be determined on a case-by-case basis.<ref>{{cite news|author=Claudia Dreifus |work=The New York Times |date=28 November 1993 |url=http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y=1993&m=12&p=5_1 |title=The New York Times Interview with the Dalai Lama |access-date=31 March 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gQKhCcto?url=http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y=1993&m=12&p=5_1 |archive-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=live |author-link=Claudia Dreifus }}</ref>
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| === Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India ===
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| [[File:Vienna 2012-05-26 - Europe for Tibet Solidarity Rally 194 HH sequence s.jpg|thumb|Tenzin Gyatso in Vienna, Austria, in 2012]]
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| The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of [[nonviolence]] and religious harmony throughout the world. "I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts the world over." He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. "Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue."<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/im-messenger-of-indias-ancient-thoughts-dalai-lama/541448 I'm messenger of India's ancient thoughts: Dalai Lama], [https://archive.today/20120903155544/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/arunachalpradesh/I-m-messenger-of-India-s-ancient-thoughts-the-Dalai-Lama/Article1-476436.aspx I'm messenger of India's ancient thoughts: The Dalai Lama – Hindustan Times], [http://content.usatoday.com/topics/quote/Religion+and+beliefs/Leaders,+Experts/Dalai+Lama/07vj4sKh2wbTR/06zWaNQ1qJ3u0/1 Dalai Lama Story Page – USATODAY.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003140427/http://content.usatoday.com/topics/quote/Religion+and+beliefs/Leaders,+Experts/Dalai+Lama/07vj4sKh2wbTR/06zWaNQ1qJ3u0/1 |date=3 October 2012 }}, [http://tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/7998 Canada Tibet Committee|Newsroom|WTN] "I'm messenger of India's ancient thoughts": Dalai Lama; 14 November 2009; Itanagar. Indian Express Newspaper; Hindustan Times Newspaper; PTI News; Dalai Lama Quotes Page – USATODAY.com; Official website; [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article439859.ece Signs of change emanating within China: Dalai Lama]; By Shoumojit Banerjee; 27 May 2010; ''The Hindu'' newspaper</ref>
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| The Dalai Lama has also critiqued proselytization and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lama|first=The 14th Dalai|date=2021-06-30|title=Teaching Requested by Asian Buddhists — Day…|url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2020/teaching-requested-by-asian-buddhists-day-two|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lama|first=The 14th Dalai|date=2021-06-30|title=The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama|url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/first-day-of-teachings-for-asians/amp|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dalai Lama Speaks Out Against Fashionable Buddhism in Europe|url=https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/DalaiLama/DL01-1.htm|access-date=2021-06-30|website=www2.kenyon.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Dalai Lama Criticizes Proselytizing|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81617&page=1|access-date=2021-06-30|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> He has stated that "It’s very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don’t think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it’s not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lama|first=The 14th Dalai|date=2021-06-30|title=Teaching Requested by Asian Buddhists — Day Two|url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2020/teaching-requested-by-asian-buddhists-day-two|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en}}</ref> In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has "come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lama|first=The 14th Dalai|date=2021-06-30|title=First Day of Teaching for Asians|url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/first-day-of-teachings-for-asians/amp|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en}}</ref> The Dalai Lama has labeled such practices counter to the "message of Christ" and has emphasized that such individuals "practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dalai Lama Speaks Out Against Fashionable Buddhism in Europe|url=https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/DalaiLama/DL01-1.htm|access-date=2021-06-30|website=www2.kenyon.edu}}</ref> In a statement with Hindu religious leaders, he expressed that he opposes "conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement."<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Dalai Lama Criticizes Proselytizing|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81617&page=1|access-date=2021-06-30|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref>
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| In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the [[World Conference on Human Rights]] and made a speech titled "Human Rights and Universal Responsibility".<ref>{{cite web |last = Yeshe |first = Jamphel |title = Address by His Holiness The XIV Dalai Lama of Tibet To the United Nations World Conference on Human Rights |url = http://www.subliminal.org/tibet/responsibility.html |access-date = 10 October 2014 }}</ref>
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| In 2001, in response to a question from a [[Seattle]] schoolgirl, the Dalai Lama said that it is permissible to shoot someone in self-defense (if the person was "trying to kill you") and he emphasized that the shot should not be fatal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bernton|first=Hal |url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=dalai15m0&date=20010515 |title = Dalai Lama urges students to shape the world |website = Archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com |date = 15 May 2001 |access-date = 2 May 2010 }}</ref>
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| In 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' [[2013 Burma anti-Muslim riots|attacks on Muslims]] in [[Myanmar]] and rejected [[Buddhism and violence|violence by Buddhists]], saying: "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. ... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems."<ref>{{cite news |last=Lila |first=Muhammad |title = International Dalai Lama Pleads for Myanmar Monks to End Violence Amid Damning Rights Report |url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/dalai-lama-pleads-myanmar-monks-end-violence-amid/story?id=19013148 |access-date = 19 June 2015|work=[[ABC News]] |date = 22 April 2013|location=[[Dharamshala]]}}</ref> In May 2013, he said "Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-dalailama-idUSBRE9460RC20130507 |title = Dalai Lama decries Buddhist attacks on Muslims in Myanmar |publisher = Reuters |date = 7 May 2013 |access-date = 12 October 2013}}</ref> In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] to do more to help the [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] in Myanmar, said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama presses Aung San Suu Kyi over Rohingya migrants|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32925805 |publisher=BBC|date=28 May 2015}}</ref>
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| In 2017, after [[Chinese dissident]] and [[2010 Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Liu Xiaobo]] died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was "deeply saddened" and that he believed that Liu's "unceasing [[Chinese democracy movement|efforts in the cause of freedom]] will bear fruit before long."<ref>"[https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama His Holiness the Dalai Lama Deeply Saddened by Liu Xiaobo's Passing…"]. The 14th Dalai Lama. 18 July 2017.</ref>
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| In October 2020, the Dalai Lama stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said "I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Xia |first1=Xiaohua | title= The Dalai Lama emphasizes that he does not support Tibetan independence and hopes to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner |url= https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/hx1-10022020091411.html |access-date=2 October 2020|website= RFA |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201002230324/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/hx1-10022020091411.html | archive-date=2 October 2020}}</ref>
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| === Diet and animal welfare ===
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| {{quote|People think of animals as if they were vegetables, and that is not right. We have to change the way people think about animals. I encourage the Tibetan people and all people to move toward a vegetarian diet that doesn't cause suffering.|Dalai Lama<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.universalcompassion.org/ |title = Universal Compassion Movement |publisher = Universalcompassion.org |date = 25 November 2010 |access-date = 17 July 2013}}</ref>}}
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| The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try [[vegetarianism]] or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been [[omnivore]]s, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food Science, An Ecological Approach|last=Edelstein|first=Sari|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4496-0344-1}}</ref> He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting [[hepatitis]] in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kristof|first=Nicholas|title=Dalai Lama Gets Mischievous|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/opinion/nicholas-kristof-dalai-lama-gets-mischievous.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 July 2015|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, "I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian".<ref>{{cite book |last=Iyer |first=Pico |title=The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama |publisher=Knopf Publishing Group |date=2008 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExP5VoHTyzgC&pg=PP1|isbn=9781408806920 }}</ref> His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shabkar.org/teachers/tibetanbuddhism/dalai_lama.htm |title = H.H. Dalai Lama |publisher = Shabkar.org |access-date = 17 July 2013}}</ref>
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| === Economics and political stance ===
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| The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a [[Marxism|Marxist]] and has articulated [[Criticism of capitalism|criticisms of capitalism]].<ref name="angrymarxist">{{cite web |title = The (Justifiably) Angry Marxist: An interview with the Dalai Lama |url = http://www.tricycle.com/blog/justifiably-angry-marxist-interview-dalai-lama |publisher = [[Tricycle: The Buddhist Review]] |access-date = 6 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="GuardMarx" /><ref>Catherine Phillips (15 January 2015). [http://www.newsweek.com/i-am-marxist-says-dalai-lama-299598 ‘I Am Marxist’ Says Dalai Lama]. ''Newsweek''. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</ref>
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| {{quote|I am not only a socialist but also a bit leftist, a communist. In terms of social economy theory, I am a Marxist. I think I am farther to the left than the Chinese leaders. [Bursts out laughing.] They are capitalists.<ref name="angrymarxist" />}}
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| He reports hearing of [[communism]] when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of [[Mongolian People's Republic|Communist Mongolia]]. It was only when he went on his trip to [[Beijing]] that he learned about [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist theory]] from his interpreter [[Phuntsog Wangyal|Baba Phuntsog Wangyal]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1102-condolence-message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-at-the-passing-away-of-baba-phuntsog-wangyal |title = Condolence Message from His Holiness the Dalai Lama at the Passing Away of Baba Phuntsog Wangyal |author = Dalai Lama |author-link = 14th Dalai Lama |date = 30 March 2014 |access-date = 3 May 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408001643/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1102-condolence-message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-at-the-passing-away-of-baba-phuntsog-wangyal |archive-date = 8 April 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> At that time, he reports, "I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] member", citing his favorite concepts of [[self-sufficiency]] and equal [[distribution of wealth]]. He does not believe that China implemented "true Marxist policy",<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/99/0927/lhasa.html |title = Long Trek to Exile For Tibet's Apostle |author = 14th Dalai Lama |date = 27 September 1999 |access-date = 29 August 2010 |publisher = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|volume=154|number=12}}</ref> and thinks the historical [[communist state]]s such as the [[Soviet Union]] "were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the [[International Workingmen's Association|Workers' International]]".<ref name="TibetMarx">{{cite web |url = http://hhdl.dharmakara.net/hhdlquotes1.html |title = Tibet and China, Marxism, Nonviolence |publisher = Hhdl.dharmakara.net |access-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref> Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically "Marxist regimes" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion.<ref name="TibetMarx" /> He finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with "how to make profits", whereas the former has "moral ethics".<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/7747371/Marxist-Dalai-Lama-criticises-capitalism.html |title = 'Marxist' Dalai Lama criticises capitalism |date = 20 May 2010 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |work = [[The Sunday Telegraph]]|location=London}}</ref> Stating in 1993:
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| {{quote|Of all the modern economic theories, the economic system of [[Marxism]] is founded on moral principles, while [[capitalism]] is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilisation of the [[means of production]]. It is also concerned with the fate of the [[Proletariat|working classes]]—that is, the majority—as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]]. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair. I just recently read an article in a paper where His Holiness the Pope also pointed out some positive aspects of Marxism.<ref name="GuardMarx">[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/jun/20/dalai-lama-marxist-buddhism Of course the Dalai Lama's a Marxist] by Ed Halliwell, ''The Guardian'', 20 June 2011</ref><ref name="TibetMarx" />}}
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| === Environment ===
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| The Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns about [[environmental problem]]s, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the environment. He has pointed out that many rivers in Asia [[Geography of Tibet|originate in Tibet]], and that the [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|melting of Himalayan glaciers]] could affect the countries in which the rivers flow.<ref name="global">{{Cite news |url = https://www.smh.com.au/environment/think-global-before-local-dalai-lama-20091130-k17b.html |title = Think global before local: Dalai Lama|first=Joyce|last=Morgan |date = 1 December 2009 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> He acknowledged official Chinese laws against [[deforestation]] in Tibet, but lamented they can be ignored due to possible [[Corruption in the People's Republic of China|corruption]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_bemoans_deforestation_of_Tibet_999.html |title = Dalai Lama bemoans deforestation of Tibet|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date = 21 November 2007 |access-date = 28 August 2010}}</ref> He was quoted as saying "ecology should be part of our daily life";<ref>{{cite web |url = https://archive.org/details/DalaiLama_2006_09_19 |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama's Address to the University at Buffalo |access-date = 2 May 2010|date = 19 September 2006 }}</ref> personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room.<ref name="global" /> Around 2005, he started campaigning for [[wildlife conservation]], including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Dalai Lama Campaigns to End Wildlife Trade |date = 8 April 2005 |publisher = ENS |url = http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2005/2005-04-08-01.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title = Reports Fur Flies Over Tiger Plight |author = Justin Huggler |work = The New Zealand Herald|date = 18 February 2006 |url = http://www.tew.org/archived/wildlife.skins.issue.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013141142/http://tew.org/archived/wildlife.skins.issue.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 13 October 2007 }}</ref> The Dalai Lama supports the [[anti-whaling]] position in the [[whaling controversy]], but has criticized the activities of groups such as the [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] (which carries out acts of what it calls aggressive nonviolence against property).<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2010/2010-06-23-02.html |title = Dalai Lama Reminds Anti-Whaling Activists to Be Non-Violent|location=Tokyo |date = 23 June 2010 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |agency=[[Environment News Service]]}}</ref> Before the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]], he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AT16B20091130 |title = Dalai Lama says climate change needs global action|location=Sydney |date = 30 November 2009 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |work=[[Reuters]]|first=Michael|last=Perry}}</ref>
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| === Sexuality ===
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| A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and "more independence, more freedom".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Dalai-Lama-Sex-spells-trouble-20081128 |title=Dalai Lama: Sex spells trouble |date=28 November 2008 |agency=[[News24 (website)|News24.com]] |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102081214/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Dalai-Lama-Sex-spells-trouble-20081128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder.<ref name=Teleg>{{cite news |author = GMT 2|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/3534994/Sexual-intercourse-spells-trouble-says-Dalai-Lama.html |title = Sexual intercourse spells trouble, says Dalai Lama |work = The Telegraph|date = 29 November 2008 |access-date = 2 May 2010|location=London}}</ref> He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery.<ref name="foxsports1">{{cite web |url = http://msn.foxsports.com/golf/story/The-Dalai-Lama-comments-on-Tiger-Woods%2527-scandal?GT1=39002 |title = The Dalai Lama comments on Tiger Woods' scandal |work = FOX Sports |date = 20 February 2010 |access-date = 9 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505160519/http://msn.foxsports.com/golf/story/The-Dalai-Lama-comments-on-Tiger-Woods'-scandal?GT1=39002 |archive-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>
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| In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behavior, he explains the concept of "right organ in the right object at the right time", which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists. However, he also says that in modern times all common, consensual sexual practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should accept and respect people who are [[gay]] or [[transgender]] from a secular point of view.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_budd2.htm|title=Buddhism and homosexuality|website=religioustolerance.org}}</ref> In a 1994 interview with ''[[OUT Magazine]]'', the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, "If someone comes to me and asks whether [[homosexuality]] is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?' If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'"<ref>OUT Magazine February/March 1994</ref> However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor [[Evan Solomon]] on ''[[CBC News: Sunday]]'' about whether homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that "it is sexual misconduct".<ref>{{cite web|website=HuffPost|date=13 July 2009|title=Gay Marriage: What Would Buddha Do?|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-shaheen/gay-marriage-what-would-b_b_230855.html|first=James|last=Shaheen}}</ref>
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| In his 1996 book ''Beyond Dogma'', he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: "A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else ... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact."<ref>''Beyond Dogma'' by the Dalai Lama</ref> He elaborated in 1997, explaining that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context".<ref>"Dalai Lama Urges 'Respect, Compassion, and Full Human Rights for All', including Gays". Conkin, Dennis. ''Bay Area Reporter'', 19 June 1997.</ref>
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| In 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at "reports of violence and discrimination against" [[LGBT people]] and urged "respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all".<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/782 |title=His Holiness The Dalai Lama Issues Statement in Support of Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People |publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) |location=Geneva |date=3 April 2006 |access-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623030316/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/782 |archive-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref>
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| === Women's rights ===
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| {{See also|Women in Buddhism|Criticism of Buddhism#Women in Buddhism}}
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| In 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman: "If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form."<ref>{{cite news|last=Spencer |first=Richard |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1571850/Dalai-Lama-says-successor-could-be-a-woman.html |title = Dalai Lama says successor could be a woman |work = The Telegraph|date = 7 December 2007 |access-date = 19 November 2010 |location=London}}</ref>
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| In 2009, on [[gender equality]] and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the [[National Civil Rights Museum]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]]: "I call myself a [[feminist]]. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for [[women's rights]]?" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate "based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children". He called on women to "lead and create a more compassionate world", citing the good works of nurses and mothers.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/the-dalai-lama-proclaims_b_297285.html |title = Tamara Conniff: The Dalai Lama Proclaims Himself a Feminist: Day Two of Peace and Music in Memphis |work = HuffPost|date = 23 September 2009 |access-date = 17 July 2013}}</ref>
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| At a 2014 appearance at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, "Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective."<ref>{{cite web |title=Secular Ethics for Higher Education |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/launch-of-tata-institute-of-social-sciences-course-in-secular-ethics-for-higher-education/amp |website=HIS HOLINESS The 14th DALAI LAMA of TIBET |publisher=THE OFFICE OF HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMA |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>
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| In 2015, he said in a [[BBC]] interview that if a female succeeded him, "that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use," and when asked if he was joking, replied, "No. True!" He followed with a joke about his current success being due to his own appearance.<ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama Says If Successor Is Female, She Must Be Very Attractive |url = http://www.tricycle.com/blog/dalai-lama-says-if-successor-female-she-must-be-very-attractive |publisher = [[Tricycle: The Buddhist Review]] |date = 22 September 2015 |access-date = 24 September 2015}}</ref>
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| === Health ===
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| In 2013, at the Culture of Compassion event in [[Derry]], [[Northern Ireland]], the Dalai Lama said that "Warm-heartedness is a key factor for healthy individuals, healthy families and healthy communities."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/18/dalai-lama-culture-of-com_n_3111216.html |title = Dalai Lama 'Culture of Compassion' Talk: Key To Good Health Is 'Peace of Mind' (VIDEO) |work = HuffPost|date = 18 April 2013}}</ref>
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| ==== Response to COVID-19 ====
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| In a 2020 statement in ''Time'' magazine on the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the Dalai Lama said that the pandemic must be combated with compassion, empirical science, prayer, and the courage of healthcare workers. He emphasized "emotional disarmament" (seeing things with a clear and realistic perspective, without fear or rage) and wrote: "The outbreak of this terrible coronavirus has shown that what happens to one person can soon affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act – whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing – has the potential to help many."<ref>[https://time.com/5820613/dalai-lama-coronavirus-compassion/ 'Prayer Is Not Enough.' The Dalai Lama on Why We Need to Fight Coronavirus With Compassion] 14 April 2020, ''time.com'', accessed 10 May 2021</ref><ref>
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| https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/tribhuvandarbari/statement-by-the-dalai-lama-on-covid-19-tribhuvan-darbari-11255/{{Deadlink|date=May 2021}}</ref>
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| === Immigration ===
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| In September 2018, speaking at a conference in [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]] home to a large [[Immigration to Sweden|immigrant population]], the Dalai Lama said "I think Europe belongs to the Europeans", but also that Europe was "morally responsible" for helping "a refugee really facing danger against their life". He stated that Europe has a responsibility to refugees to "receive them, help them, educate them", but that they should aim to return to their places of origin and that "they ultimately should rebuild their own country".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180912-dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-europeans|title=Dalai Lama says 'Europe belongs to Europeans'|date=12 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-to-europeans|title=Dalai Lama says 'Europe belongs to Europeans'|date=13 September 2018}}</ref>
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| Speaking to German reporters in 2016, the Dalai Lama said there are "too many" refugees in Europe, adding that "Europe, for example Germany, cannot become an Arab country." He also said that "Germany is Germany".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/31/the-dalai-lama-says-too-many-refugees-are-going-to-germany/|title=The Dalai Lama says 'too many' refugees are going to Germany |first=Max |last=Bearak|website=facebook.com via The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/migrant-crisis-dalai-lama-says-germany-cannot-become-an-arab-country-20160601-gp8mhr.html|title=Migrant crisis: Dalai Lama says Germany 'cannot become an Arab country'|first=Max|last=Bearak|date=31 May 2016|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>
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| == Retirement and succession plans ==
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| In May 2011, the Dalai Lama retired from the [[Central Tibetan Administration]].<ref>{{cite news |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama's Remarks on Retirement – March 19th, 2011 |url = http://dalailama.com/messages/retirement/retirement-remarks |access-date = 14 September 2014 |date = 19 March 2011}}</ref>
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| In September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning [[Succession of the 14th Dalai Lama|his succession]] and [[reincarnation]]:
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| <blockquote>When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China.<ref>[http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/753-statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation Statement of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, on the Issue of His Reincarnation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204002812/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/753-statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation |date=4 February 2013 }} [http://www.dalailama.com/ Website of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet] 24 September 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tatlow |first1=Didi Kirsten |title=Dalai Lama Keeps Firm Grip on Reins of Succession |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/world/asia/06iht-letter06.html |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=October 15, 2011}}</ref></blockquote>
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| In October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian [[CTV News]]. He added that Chinese laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. "Naturally my next life is entirely up to me. No one else. And also this is not a political matter," he said in the interview. The Dalai Lama also added that he has not decided on whether he would reincarnate or be the last Dalai Lama.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = CTV |title = CTV Exclusive: Dalai Lama will choose successor |date = 3 October 2011 |url = http://www.ctvnews.ca/old-ctv-national-news/ctv-exclusive-dalai-lama-will-choose-successor-1.706189 |access-date = 27 June 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101945/http://www.ctvnews.ca/old-ctv-national-news/ctv-exclusive-dalai-lama-will-choose-successor-1.706189 |archive-date = 6 October 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
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| In an interview with the German newspaper ''Welt am Sonntag'' published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated "the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose", and that "We had a Dalai Lama for almost five centuries. The 14th Dalai Lama now is very popular. Let us then finish with a popular Dalai Lama."<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Aljazeera |title = Dalai Lama says successor not required |date = 7 September 2014 |url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/southasia/2014/09/dalai-lama-says-successor-not-required-20149861149282451.html |access-date = 9 September 2014 }}</ref>
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| Gyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals.<ref>{{cite book |title=Religions in the modern world : traditions and transformations |last1=Woodhead |first1=Linda |last2=Partridge |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Kawanami |first3=Hiroko |isbn=9780415858809 |edition=3rd |location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=916409066|year=2016 }}</ref> In response the Chinese government implied that it would select another Dalai Lama regardless of his decision.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = The Wire |title = China Will Make the Dalai Lama Reincarnate Whether He Likes It or Not |date = 10 September 2014 |url = http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/09/china-will-make-the-dalai-lama-reincarnate-whether-he-likes-it-or-not/380003/ |access-date = 12 September 2014}}</ref>
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| == CIA Tibetan program ==
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| In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a [[CIA Tibetan program|Central Intelligence Agency program]].<ref name="tnyt 10-2-1998">{{cite news |title = World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A. |url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061EF73E5C0C718CDDA90994D0494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fD%2fDalai%20Lama |date = 2 October 1998|work=The New York Times}}</ref> When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the [[CIA Tibetan program]], the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese."<ref>{{cite book |author = William Blum |url = http://members.aol.com/superogue/intro.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321053809/http://members.aol.com/superogue/intro.htm |archive-date=21 March 2008 |title = Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower |publisher = Zed Books|year=2006 |access-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref>
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| His administration's reception of CIA funding has become one of the grounds for some state-run [[Chinese newspapers]] to discredit him along with the [[Tibetan independence movement]].
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| In his autobiography ''[[Freedom in Exile]]'', the Dalai Lama criticized the CIA again for supporting the [[Tibetan independence movement]] "not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all [[communist]] [[Executive (government)|governments]]".<ref>{{cite news |title = CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show |url = https://articles.latimes.com/1998/sep/15/news/mn-22993|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date = 8 September 2013 |quote = In his 1990 autobiography, 'Freedom in Exile', the Dalai Lama explained that his two brothers made contact with the CIA during a trip to India in 1956. The CIA agreed to help, 'not because they cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all Communist governments', the Dalai Lama wrote.|first=Jim|last=Mann |date = 15 September 1998}}</ref>
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| In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the [[CIA Tibetan program]] had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and "once the [[Foreign policy of the United States|American policy]] toward China changed, they stopped their help."<ref>{{cite web |last=Jonathan Mirsky |title = Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War |url = http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/apr/09/cias-cancelled-war-tibet/ |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date = 9 April 2013 }}</ref>
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| == Criticism ==
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| === Ties to India ===
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| [[File:Plaque at AP Museum, Amaravathi.jpg|250px|thumb|Stone Plaque at a plantation by Tenzin in Amaravathi]]
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| The [[Media of the People's Republic of China|Chinese press]] has criticized the Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. His 2010 remarks at the International Buddhist Conference in [[Gujarat]] saying that he was "Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality" and referral to himself as a "son of India" in particular led the ''[[People's Daily]]'' to opine, "Since the Dalai Lama deems himself an Indian rather than Chinese, then why is he entitled to represent the voice of the Tibetan people?"<ref name="heart">{{Cite news |url = http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6876597.html |title = A look at the Dalai Lama's ridiculous Indian heart |date = 22 January 2010 |access-date = 17 August 2010 |publisher = China Tibet Information Center |archive-date = 9 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111009010035/http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6876597.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Dhundup Gyalpo of the ''[[Tibet Sun]]'' replied that Tibetan religion could be traced back to [[Nalanda]] in India, and that Tibetans have no connection to Chinese "apart ... from a handful of culinary dishes".<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2010/02/09/why-is-the-dalai-lama-son-of-india |title = Why is the Dalai Lama "son of India"? |first = Dhundup |last = Gyalpo |location = Dharamshala |date = 9 February 2010 |access-date = 18 August 2010 |publisher = [[Tibet Sun]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717053610/http://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2010/02/09/why-is-the-dalai-lama-son-of-india |archive-date = 17 July 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The ''People's Daily'' stressed the links between [[Chinese Buddhism]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]] had accused the Dalai Lama of "betraying [[South Tibet|southern Tibet]] to India".<ref name="heart" /> In 2008, the Dalai Lama said for the first time that the territory India claims and administers as part of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] is part of India, citing the disputed [[Simla Accord (1914)|1914 Simla Accord]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher = TNN |date = 4 June 2008 |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |access-date = 4 June 2008}}</ref>
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| === Shugden controversy ===
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| {{Main|Dorje Shugden controversy}}
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| The Dorje Shugden Controversy reappeared in the Gelug school by the publication of the ''Yellow Book'' in 1976, containing stories about wrathful acts of ''Dorje Shugden'' against Gelugpas who also practiced [[Nyingma]] teachings. In response, the 14th Dalai Lama, a Gelugpa himself and advocate of an "inclusive" approach to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism,{{sfn|Mills|2003}}{{sfn|Kay|2004}} started to speak out against the practice of Dorje Shugden in 1978.{{sfn|Kay|2004|p=47}}
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| The controversy has attracted attention in the West because of demonstrations held in 2008 and 2014 by Dorje Shugden practitioners. A 2015 [[Reuters]] investigation determined "that the religious sect behind the protests has the backing of the Communist Party" and that the "group has emerged as an instrument in Beijing's long campaign to undermine support for the Dalai Lama".<ref>Lague, David. Mooney, Paul. and Lim, Benjamin Kang. (21 December 2015). [https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-dalailama/ ''"China co-opts a Buddhist sect in global effort to smear Dalai Lama"''.] Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2015.</ref> After the Reuters investigation revealed that China backs it, the Shugden group halted operations and disbanded.<ref>{{cite web|author1=David Lague|author2=Stephanie Nebehay|title=Buddhist group leading global anti-Dalai Lama protests disbands|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-dalai-lama-idUSKCN0WD203|website=Reuters|publisher=Reuters|access-date=12 March 2016|location=Geneva, Switzerland|date=11 March 2016|quote="The Buddhist group leading a global campaign of harassment against the Dalai Lama has called off its demonstrations and disbanded, according to a statement on its website. The announcement comes after a Reuters investigation revealed in December that China's ruling Communist Party backs the Buddhist religious sect behind the protests that have confronted the Dalai Lama in almost every country he visits. Reuters found that the sect had become a key instrument in China's campaign to discredit the Tibetan spiritual leader."}}</ref>
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| === Gedhun Choekyi Nyima ===
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| In April 2018, the [[Dalai Lama]] confirmed the official Chinese claims about [[Gedhun Choekyi Nyima]] by saying that he knew from "reliable sources" that the Panchen Lama he had recognized was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the Chinese-recognised Panchen Lama ([[Gyaincain Norbu]]) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher, adding that there were instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation.<ref>[https://www.thestatesman.com/india/11th-panchen-lama-alive-receiving-education-dalai-lama-1502627372.html 11th Panchen Lama alive, receiving education: Dalai Lama], ''The Statesman'', 25 April 2018: "Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama on Wednesday said 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima "according to reliable source is alive and receiving normal education". Talking to the media at Gaggal Airport in Kangra district after returning from four-day Delhi visit, Lama hoped that the official Panchen Lama studies well under the guidance of a good teacher. "Then the Panchen Lama, which I recognised sometime back, there was no news, but then according to reliable information, he is still alive and receiving normal education. So we will see," he said. He said there are instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, "where a reincarnated lama took more than one manifestation"."</ref><ref>Dr. Andrea Galli, [https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/05/09/dalai-lama-and-the-panchen-lama-quarrel-the-way-for-rapprochement-with-china/ Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama quarrel: The way for rapprochement with China], ''Modern Diplomacy'', 9 May 2018.</ref>
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| == Public image ==
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| [[File:President Barack Obama greets His Holiness the Dalai Lama (27591124962).jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama meeting with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in 2016]]
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| [[File:77letDalajLamy3.jpg|thumb|Buddhist temple in [[Kalmykia]], Russia]]
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| The [[Dalai Lama]] places highly in global surveys of the world's most admired men, ranking with [[Pope Francis]] as among the world's religious leaders cited as the most admired.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Regina A. Corso |title=The Dalai Lama, President Obama and Pope Francis at Highest Levels of Popularity in U.S. and Five Largest European Countries |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/mid/1508/ArticleId/1199/Default.aspx |publisher=Harris, A Nielsen Company |location=New York |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405165043/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/mid/1508/ArticleId/1199/Default.aspx |archive-date=5 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Matthew Smith|title=World's most admired 2020|publisher=[[YouGov]]|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/international/articles-reports/2020/09/23/worlds-most-admired-2020|date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
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| The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his [[universalist]] values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/15/china-dalai-lama-exile-tibetans |title = The Next Dalai Lama: China has a choice|first=Dibyesh|last=Anand |work = The Guardian|date = 15 December 2010 |access-date = 19 December 2010 |location=London}}</ref> In the 1990s, many films were released by the [[Cinema of the United States|American film industry]] about Tibet, including [[biopics]] of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the [[Fall of Communism]]. The most notable films, ''[[Kundun]]'' and ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]'' (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm – a Dalai Lama sworn to [[non-violence]]": portrayals the Chinese government decried as [[ahistorical]].<ref>{{Cite book |title = Tibet |first=Michael |last=Buckley |publisher = [[Bradt Travel Guides]] |year=2006 |edition=2 |isbn = 978-1-84162-164-7 |page = [https://archive.org/details/tibetbuck00buck/page/35 35] |url = https://archive.org/details/tibetbuck00buck |url-access = registration |access-date = 5 December 2010}}</ref>
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| The Dalai Lama has his own pages on [[Twitter]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://twitter.com/DalaiLama |title = Dalai Lama |publisher = Twitter.com}}</ref> [[Facebook]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.facebook.com/#!/DalaiLama |title = Dalai Lama |publisher = Facebook.com |access-date = 17 July 2013}}</ref> and [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://instagram.com/dalailama/ | title=Dalai Lama: Instagram |access-date = 14 July 2015}}</ref>
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| [[File:His Holiness the Dalai Lama (5950523979).jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama meeting with [[United States Congress|Congressional]] leaders [[Nancy Pelosi]] and [[John Boehner]] in 2011]]
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| The Dalai Lama has tried to mobilize international support for Tibetan activities.<ref>Fisher, D., Shahghasemi, E. & Heisey, D. R. (2009). A Comparative Rhetorical Analysis of the 1 4th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. Midwest CIES 2009 Conference, Ohio, U.S.A.</ref> The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy, including vocal support from numerous [[Hollywood]] celebrities, most notably the actors [[Richard Gere]] and [[Steven Seagal]], as well as lawmakers from several major countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100812174009/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/dalailama/interview.html Interview] with ''[[CBC News]]'', 16 April 2004</ref> Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after [[1959 Tibetan uprising|March 1959 Lhasa protests]] until after the end of the [[Cultural Revolution]] in 1976. In 1996 the [[Chinese Communist Party]] once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the Tibet Information Network, "authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on 22 and 23 April and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama{{nbsp}}..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-05-01/news/9605010131_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322024650/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-05-01/news/9605010131_1|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2016|title=Photos of Dalai Lama Banned in Monasteries Across Tibet – tribunedigital-chicagotribune|date=22 March 2016|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today.
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| === In the media ===
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| The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including:
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| * ''[[10 Questions for the Dalai Lama]]'' (2006, documentary)
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| * ''[[Dalai Lama Renaissance]]'' (2007, documentary)
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| * ''[[The Sun Behind the Clouds]]'' (2010)
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| * ''[[Bringing Tibet Home]]'' (2013)
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| * ''[[Monk with a Camera]]'' (2014, documentary)
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| * ''[[Dalai Lama Awakening]]'' (2014)
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| * ''[[Compassion in Action]]'' (2014)
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| He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including:
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| * ''[[Kundun]]'', 1997 film directed by [[Martin Scorsese]]
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| * [[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|''Seven Years in Tibet'']], 1997 film starring [[Brad Pitt]] and [[David Thewlis]]
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| * ''[[Klovn]]'' "Dalai Lama" Season 1, Episode 4 (2005)
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| * ''[[Red Dwarf]]'' episode [[Meltdown (Red Dwarf)|"Meltdown"]] (1991)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0684164/fullcredits|title="Red Dwarf" Meltdown (TV Episode 1991)}}</ref>
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| * ''Song of Tibet'', 2000 film directed by [[Xie Fei (director)|Xie Fei]].
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| * The Great Escape "14th Dalai Lama" (2018) on [[Epic (TV channel)|Epic]]
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| * "Dalai Lama", episode of the Indian television series ''Mega Icons'' (2019-20) on [[National Geographic India|National Geographic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 5 |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/dalai-lama/1770019091 |website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]] |language=en}}</ref>
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| The Dalai Lama was featured on 5 March 2017, episode of the [[HBO]] [[late-night talk show]] ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|Last Week Tonight]]'', in which host [[John Oliver]] conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, [[Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China|Tibetan self-immolations]], and his succession plans.<ref>{{cite|last=LastWeekTonight|title=Dalai Lama: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)|date=5 March 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLY45o6rHm0|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>{{relevance inline|reason= please explain why this is historically relevant|date=February 2018}}
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| A biographical [[graphic novel]], ''Man of Peace,'' also envisaging the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet, was published by [[Tibet House US]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Man of Peace Graphic Novel |url=https://tibethouse.us/man-of-peace-graphics-novel/ |website=tibethouse.us |publisher=Tibet House US |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Samphel |first1=Thubten |title=Review: Man of Peace – The Illustrated Story of the Dalai Lama of Tibet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-man-of-peace-the-illustrated-story-of-the-dalai-lama-of-tibet/story-YJrXNSkScYLHCX4ygoZoPP.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times|date=9 February 2018}}</ref> ''The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illuminated Journey,'' illustrations and text by artist Rima Fujita, narrated by the Dalai Lama, was published by Simon and Schuster in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, An Illuminated Journey |url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Extraordinary-Life-of-His-Holiness-the-Fourteenth-Dalai-Lama/Dalai-Lama/9781614297499 |website=simonandschuster.com |publisher=Simon and Schuster |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref>
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| === Awards and honours ===
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| [[File:Dalai Lama Congressional Medal.jpg|thumb|The [[Congressional Gold Medal]] was awarded to Tenzin Gyatso in 2007]]
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| [[File:Bush, Byrd and Pelosi awarding the Dalai Lama.jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama receiving a [[Congressional Gold Medal]] in 2007. ''From left'': Speaker of the United States House of Representatives [[Nancy Pelosi]], Senate President ''pro tempore'' [[Robert Byrd]] and U.S. President [[George W. Bush]]]]
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| The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards and honors worldwide over his spiritual and political career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Award & Honors 1957 - 1999 |url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/major-awards-and-honorary-conferments/award-honors-1957-1999 |website=dalailama.com |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Awards & Honors 2000 - Present |url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/major-awards-and-honorary-conferments |website=dalailama.com |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dala Lama |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.com/DL/awards.html |title=List of awards |publisher=Replay.waybackmachine.org |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327172930/http://www.tibet.com/DL/awards.html |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> After the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] awarded him the 1989 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="Cherian">{{cite news |url = http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2722/stories/20101105272202800.htm |title=Not so noble |first=John |last=Cherian |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=27 |issue=23 |date=November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910140258/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2722/stories/20101105272202800.htm |archive-date=10 September 2012 }}</ref> The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution"<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |title = Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee |publisher = Nobelprize.org |access-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref> and "in part a tribute to the memory of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]"<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/ |title = Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate | publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date = 12 March 2014}}</ref> although the president of the committee also said that the prize was intended to put pressure on China,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2010-10/19/content_21157424.htm |title = The Nobel Peace Prize goes astray |date = 19 October 2010 |access-date = 19 December 2010 |publisher = [[China Internet Information Center]] }}</ref> which was reportedly infuriated that the award was given to a separatist.<ref name="Cherian" />
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| In 1959, he received the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for Community Leadership;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationDalaiLam.htm |title = 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership – Dalai Lama |website=Replay.waybackmachine.org |date=5 January 2009 |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090105224323/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationDalaiLam.htm |archive-date=5 January 2009 }}</ref> in 1994, the [[Four Freedoms Award#Freedom Medal|Freedom Medal]] from the [[Roosevelt Institute]];<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |title=Four Freedoms Awards |publisher=Roosevelt Institute |access-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |archive-date=25 March 2015 }}</ref> and in 2005, the [[Christmas Humphreys]] Award from the [[Buddhist Society]] in the United Kingdom.
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| In 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be granted [[Honorary Citizenship of Canada]]. In February 2007, the Dalai Lama was named Presidential [[Distinguished Professor]] at [[Emory University]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], the first time he accepted a university appointment.<ref name="emory">{{cite web |url=http://news.emory.edu/Releases/DalaiLama1170686715.html |title=Dalai Lama named Emory distinguished professor |publisher=News.emory.edu |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081005190343/http://news.emory.edu/Releases/DalaiLama1170686715.html |archive-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref>
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| In 2007, the Dalai Lama received the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], the highest civilian award bestowed by American lawmakers.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/washington/18lama.html?_r=0 | title = Bush and Congress Honor Dalai Lama | work = The New York Times| date =18 October 2007 |access-date = 9 January 2013 | first=Brian | last=Knowlton}}</ref> The Chinese government declared this would have "an extremely serious impact" on relations with the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Clyde |title=A Hubbub Over a Visit by the Dalai Lama? Not in New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/nyregion/19nyc.html |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=The New York Times|date=19 October 2007}}</ref>
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| In 2012, the Dalai Lama was awarded the [[Templeton Prize]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Dalai Lama Wins 2012 Templeton Prize |url = http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=375500002 |access-date = 30 March 2012|newspaper=Philanthropy News Daily |date = 30 March 2012}}</ref> He donated the prize money to the charity [[Save the Children]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-lama-gives-templeton-prize-money-to-indian-charity/949181/ |title = Dalai Lama gives Templeton Prize money to Indian charity |date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref>
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| == Publications ==
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| {{div col|colwidth=50em}}
| |
| * ''My Land and My People: The Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama''. Ed. [[David Armine Howarth|David Howarth]]. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962. {{ISBN|978-0446674218}}
| |
| * ''Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantras''. Ed. and trans. [[Jeffrey Hopkins]]. [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 1987. {{ISBN|978-0-93793-850-8}}
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| * ''Tantra in Tibet''. Co-authored with Tsong-kha-pa, [[Jeffrey Hopkins]]. [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 1987. {{ISBN|978-0-93793-849-2}}
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| * ''The Dalai Lama at Harvard''. Ed. and trans. [[Jeffrey Hopkins]]. [[Snow Lion Publications|Snow Lion]], 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-93793-871-3}}
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| * ''[[Freedom in Exile]]: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama'', London: [[Little, Brown and Co.]], 1990, {{ISBN|978-0-349-10462-1}}
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| * ''My Tibet'', co-authored with photographer [[Galen Rowell]], 1990, {{ISBN|978-0-520-08948-8}}
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| * ''The Path to Enlightenment''. Ed. and trans. [[Glenn H. Mullin]]. [[Snow Lion Publications|Snow Lion]], 1994. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-032-3}}
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| * ''[[Essential Teachings (14th Dalai Lama)|Essential Teachings]]'', [[North Atlantic Books]], 1995, {{ISBN|1556431929}}
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| * ''[[The World of Tibetan Buddhism]]'', translated by [[Geshe Thupten Jinpa]], foreword by [[Richard Gere]], Wisdom Publications, 1995, {{ISBN|0-86171-100-9}}
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| * ''Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion'', photographs by [[Phil Borges]] with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-8478-1957-7}}
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| * ''Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective''. Trans. [[Thupten Jinpa]]. Ithaca, NY: [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-1-55939-073-6}}
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| * ''The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of [[Mahamudra]]'', co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: [[Snow Lion Publications]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-1-55939-072-9}}
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| * ''[[The Art of Happiness]]'', co-authored with [[Howard C. Cutler]], M.D., [[Riverhead Books]], 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-9656682-9-3}}
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| * ''The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-138-3}}
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| * ''[[Kalachakra]] Tantra: Rite of Initiation'', edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-151-2}}
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| * ''MindScience: An East–West Dialogue'', with contributions by [[Herbert Benson]], [[Daniel Goleman]], [[Robert Thurman]], and [[Howard Gardner]], Wisdom Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-066-9}}
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| * ''[[The Power of Buddhism]]'', co-authored with [[Jean-Claude Carrière]], 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-7171-2803-7}}
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| * ''Opening the Eye of New Awareness'', Translated by Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Wisdom Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-155-0}}
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| * ''Ethics for the New Millennium'', Riverhead Books, 1999, {{ISBN|978-1-57322-883-1}}
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| * ''Consciousness at the Crossroads''. Ed. Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, B. Alan Wallace. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, B. Alan Wallace. [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 1999. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-127-6}}
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| * ''[[Ancient Wisdom, Modern World]]: Ethics for the New Millennium'', Little, Brown/Abacus Press, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-349-11443-9}}
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| * ''[[Dzogchen]]: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-55939-219-8}}
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| * ''The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect'', Translated by [[Jeffrey Hopkins (Tibetologist)|Jeffrey Hopkins]], Wisdom Publications, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-173-4}}
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| * ''Answers: Discussions with Western Buddhists''. Ed. and trans. Jose Cabezon. [[Snow Lion Publications|Snow Lion]], 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-162-7}}
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| * ''The Compassionate Life'', Wisdom Publications, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-378-3}}
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| * ''Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today'', with Jean-Claude Carriere, Doubleday, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-385-50144-6}}
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| * ''Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be'', Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom Publications, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-150-5}}
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| * ''[[An Open Heart (book)|An Open Heart]]'', edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown; 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-316-98979-4}}
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| * ''The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life'', Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-940985-36-0}}
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| * ''Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying'', edited by [[Francisco Varela]], Wisdom Publications, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-123-9}}
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| * ''Essence of the [[Heart Sutra]]: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings'', edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-284-7}}
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| * ''The Pocket Dalai Lama''. Ed. [[Mary Craig (writer)|Mary Craig]]. [[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala Pocket Classics]], 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-59030-001-5}}
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| * ''The Buddhism of Tibet''. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins, Anne C. Klein. [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-185-6}}
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| * ''The Art of Happiness at Work'', co-authored with [[Howard C. Cutler]], M.D., Riverhead, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-59448-054-6}}
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| * ''Stages of Meditation'' (commentary on the [[Bhāvanākrama]]). Trans. Ven. [[Geshe Lhakdor|Geshe Lobsang Jordhen]], Losang Choephel Ganchenpa, Jeremy Russell. [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-197-9}}
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| * ''Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions)'', co-authored with [[Eugen Drewermann]], PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-491-69078-3}}
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| * ''The Path to Bliss''. Ed. and trans. Thupten Jinpa, Christine Cox. [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-190-0}}
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| * ''How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-7434-5336-3}}
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| * ''The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys'', coauthored with [[Victor Chan]], Riverbed Books, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-57322-277-8}}
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| * ''The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama'', edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by [[David Finkelstein]], George Greenstein, Piet Hut, [[Tu Wei-ming]], [[Anton Zeilinger]], [[B. Alan Wallace]] and Thupten Jinpa, [[Oxford University Press]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-19-515994-3}}
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| * ''Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection''. Ed. [[Patrick Gaffney (Buddhist)|Patrick Gaffney]]. Trans. [[Thupten Jinpa]], [[Richard Barron]] (Chokyi Nyima). [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-219-8}}
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| * ''Practicing Wisdom: The Perfection of [[Shantideva]]'s Bodhisattva Way'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-182-6}}
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| * ''Lighting the Way''. [[Shambhala Publications|Snow Lion]], 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-228-0}}
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| * ''[[The Universe in a Single Atom]]: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality'', Morgan Road Books, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7679-2066-7}}
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| * ''How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Atria Books, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7432-6968-1}}
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| * ''Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', with Don Farber, [[Sounds True]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-59179-457-8}}
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| * ''Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection''. Ed. [[Patrick Gaffney (Buddhist)|Patrick Gaffney]]. Trans. [[Matthieu Ricard]], [[Richard Barron]] and Adam Pearcey. [[Wisdom Publications]], 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-493-3}}
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| * ''[[How to See Yourself as You Really Are]]'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-7432-9045-6}}
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| * ''The Leader's Way'', co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-85788-511-8}}
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| * ''[[My Spiritual Autobiography]]'' compiled by {{interlanguage link|Sofia Stril-Rever|Fr}} from speeches and interviews of the 14th Dalai Lama, 2009, {{ISBN|9781846042423}}
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| * ''[[Beyond Religion: Ethics for a Whole World]]'', Mariner Books, 2012, {{ISBN|054784428X}}
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| * ''The Wisdom of Compassion: Stories of Remarkable Encounters and Timeless Insights'', coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverhead Books, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-55216923-3}}
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| * ''My Appeal to the World'', presented by Sofia Stril-Rever, translated from the French by Sebastian Houssiaux, Tibet House US, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-9670115-6-1}}
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| * ''[[The Book of Joy]]: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World'', coauthored by [[Archbishop Desmond Tutu]], 2016, {{ISBN|978-0-67007-016-9}}
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| * ''Behind the Smile: The Hidden Side of the Dalai Lama'', by Maxime Vivas (author), translated from the French book ''Not So Zen'', Long River Press 2013, {{ISBN|978-1592651405}}
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| {{div col end}}
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| ==Discography==
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| * ''[[Inner World (album)|Inner World]]'' (2020)
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| == Notes ==
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| {{NoteFoot}}
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|
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|
| == References == | | == References == |
| === Citations ===
| | {{reflist|2}} |
| {{Reflist}} | |
| | |
| === Sources ===
| |
| {{refbegin}}
| |
| * Craig, Mary. ''Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama'' (1997) Counterpoint. Calcutta. {{ISBN|978-1-887178-64-8}}.
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| * Bell, Sir Charles (1946). ''Portrait of the Dalai Lama'' Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. {{ISBN|086171055X}}.
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| * Iyer, Pico. ''The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama'' (2008) Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-307-38755-4}}
| |
| * {{cite book |last=Kay |first=David N. |title=Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation |url=https://archive.org/details/tibetanzenbuddhi00kayd |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tibetanzenbuddhi00kayd/page/n60 44]–52 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge Curzon |place=London |isbn=0-415-29765-6 }}
| |
| * Knaus, Robert Kenneth. ''Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival'' (1999) PublicAffairs. {{ISBN|978-1-891620-18-8}}.
| |
| * {{cite book |title = The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama |url = https://archive.org/details/storyoftibetconv00lair |url-access = registration |year = 2006 |publisher = Grove Press |edition = 1st |location = New York |last = Laird |first = Thomas |isbn = 978-0-8021-1827-1|ref=none }}
| |
| * {{cite | last =Mills | first =Martin A. | year =2003 | title =This turbulent priest: contesting religious rights and the state in the Tibetan Shugden controversy. In: Human Rights in Global Perspective | publisher =Routledge | isbn =0-415-30410-5 |url=http://info-buddhism.com/Shugden_Controversy-Turbulent_Priest-Religious_Rights-Mills.html}}
| |
| * Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). ''The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation'', pp. 452–515. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, New Mexico. {{ISBN|978-1-57416-092-5}}.
| |
| * Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). ''Tibet & Its History''. 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. {{ISBN|978-0-87773-376-8}} (pbk).
| |
| * Shakya, Tsering. ''The Dragon in the Land of Snows'' (1999) Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-11814-9}}.
| |
| * United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo18813 The Dalai Lama: What He Means for Tibetans Today: Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, 13 July 2011.] Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
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| {{refend}}
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| == External links ==
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| {{Sister project links
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| |wikt = no
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| |commons = སྐུ་མདུན་
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| |b = Tenzin Gyatso
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| |n = Category:Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
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| |q = Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama
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| |s = Author:Tenzin Gyatso
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| |v = no
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| |species = no |m=no |mw=no |d=Q17293
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| }}
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| * {{Official website}}
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| * [https://www.lamayeshe.com/teachings?f%5B0%5D=field_teacher%3A77 Teachings by the Dalai Lama ]
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| * [http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/searchterm/Bstan-%CA%BCdzin-rgya-mtsho/order/title Photographs of the Dalai Lama's visit to UC Santa Cruz, October 1979 from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections]
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| * {{C-SPAN|Dalai Lama}}
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| * [https://www.quotespedia.org/quotes/authors/d/dalai-lama/ Quotes by the Dalai Lama ]
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| {{-}}
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| {{s-start}}
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| {{s-hou |[[Dalai Lama]]|6 July|1935}}
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| {{s-rel | bu }}
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| {{s-bef |before = [[13th Dalai Lama|Thubten Gyatso]]}}
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| {{s-ttl |title = [[Dalai Lama]] |years = 1935–present<br />Recognised in 1937; enthroned in 1940}}
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| {{s-inc |heir = [[15th Dalai Lama]]}}
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| |-
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| {{s-off}}
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| {{s-bef |before = [[3rd Taktra Rinpoche|Ngawang Sungrab Thutob]]<br />Regent}}
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| {{s-ttl |title = Ruler of [[Tibet]] |years = 1950–1959<br />Part of the [[People's Republic of China]] from 1951}}
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| {{s-non |reason = fled to India during the [[1959 Tibetan uprising|1959 rebellion]] }}
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| |-
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| {{s-new | office }}
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| {{s-ttl
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| |title = Director of the Preparatory Committee for the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
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| |years = 1956–1959
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| }}
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| {{s-aft
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| |after = [[Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama|Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Erdeni]]
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| |as = Acting Director
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| }}
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| |-
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| {{s-new | office }}
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| {{s-ttl |title = [[Head of state]] of the <br /> [[Central Tibetan Administration]]|years=1959–2012}}
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| {{s-aft |after = [[Lobsang Sangay]] |as = [[Sikyong]] }}
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| |-
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| {{s-ach}}
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| {{s-bef | before = [[United Nations peacekeeping|United Nations <br /> Peacekeeping Forces]] }}
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| {{s-ttl | title = [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Laureate]] of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] | years = 1989 }}
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| {{s-aft | after = [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] }}
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| {{s-end}}
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| {{Books by the 14th Dalai Lama|state=expanded}}
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| {{Ramon Magsaysay Award Winners}}
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|
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| {{Authority control}} | | {{Nobel Peace Prize}} |
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Dalai Lama, 14th}} | | {{DEFAULTSORT:Dalai Lama, 14th}} |
| [[Category:14th Dalai Lama| ]]
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| [[Category:1935 births]] | | [[Category:1935 births]] |
| [[Category:20th-century lamas]]
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| [[Category:20th-century philosophers]]
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| [[Category:20th-century Tibetan people]]
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| [[Category:21st-century philosophers]]
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| [[Category:Buddhist socialism]]
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| [[Category:Scholars of Buddhism from Tibet]]
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| [[Category:Civil rights activists]]
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| [[Category:Dalai Lamas|*A4]]
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| [[Category:World War II political leaders]]
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