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{{Short description|Study of linguistics in Sanskrit language}} | |||
{{Hindu scriptures}} | {{Hindu scriptures}} | ||
'''''Vyākaraṇa''''' ( | '''''Vyākaraṇa''''' ({{Lang-sa|व्याकरण|lit=explanation, analysis}}, {{IPA-sa|ˈʋjaːkɐrɐɳɐ|IPA}}) refers to one of the six ancient [[Vedanga]]s, ancillary science connected with the [[Vedas]], which are scriptures in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca769>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyakarana" in ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 769</ref>{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=36}} ''Vyākaraṇa'' is the study of grammar and linguistic analysis in Sanskrit language.<ref>W. J. Johnson (2009), ''A Dictionary of Hinduism'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198610250}}, article on Vyākaraṇa</ref>{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=105}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Lisa Mitchell|title=Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-35301-7|page=108}}</ref> | ||
[[Pāṇini]] and [[Yāska]] are the two celebrated ancient scholars of Vyākaraṇa; both are dated to several centuries prior to the start of the common era, with Pāṇini likely from the fifth century BCE.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=13–14}} Pāṇini's ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' is the most important surviving text of the Vyākaraṇa traditions. This text, as its very title suggests, consists of eight chapters, each divided into four padas, cumulatively containing 4000 sutras.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=14, 111}} The text is preceded by abbreviation rules grouping the phonemes of Sanskrit.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=111}} Pāṇini quotes ten ancient authorities whose texts have not survived, but they are believed to have been Vyākaraṇa scholars.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=111}} | [[Pāṇini]] and [[Yāska]] are the two celebrated ancient scholars of Vyākaraṇa; both are dated to several centuries prior to the start of the common era, with Pāṇini likely from the fifth century BCE.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=13–14}} Pāṇini's ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' is the most important surviving text of the Vyākaraṇa traditions. This text, as its very title suggests, consists of eight chapters, each divided into four padas, cumulatively containing 4000 sutras.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=14, 111}} The text is preceded by abbreviation rules grouping the phonemes of Sanskrit.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=111}} Pāṇini quotes ten ancient authorities whose texts have not survived, but they are believed to have been Vyākaraṇa scholars.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=111}} | ||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
Vyākaraṇa ({{IPA-sa| | Vyākaraṇa ({{IPA-sa|ʋjaːkɐrɐɳɐ|IPA}}) means "separation, distinction, discrimination, analysis, explanation" of something.<ref name=monierwilliamsvyakar/>{{Sfn|Tibor Kiss|2015|pp=74-75}}<ref name=damienkeownvya>Damien Keown (2004), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198605607}}, [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120305298 Article on ''Vyakarana'']</ref> It also refers to one of the six Vedāngas, or the Vedic field of language analysis, specifically grammatical analysis, grammar, linguistic conventions which creates, polishes, helps a writer express and helps a reader discriminate accurate language.<ref name=monierwilliamsvyakar>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA978|year=1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=vi, 978}}</ref>{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=36}} | ||
The word Vyākaraṇa is also found in [[Mahayana sutras]] and first-millennium [[Mahayana]] Buddhist texts, but with a different meaning. Vyākaraṇa, in these Buddhist texts, means a prediction or prophecy by a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]] to a [[Bodhisattva]] who has just embarked on the path, that he will achieve enlightenment and be a ''buddha'', in other words, an enlightened one.<ref name=damienkeownvya/> | The word Vyākaraṇa is also found in [[Mahayana sutras]] and first-millennium [[Mahayana]] Buddhist texts, but with a different meaning. Vyākaraṇa, in these Buddhist texts, means a prediction or prophecy by a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]] to a [[Bodhisattva]] who has just embarked on the path, that he will achieve enlightenment and be a ''buddha'', in other words, an enlightened one.<ref name=damienkeownvya/> | ||
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The most studied Vyākaraṇa scholars of early and mid-second millennium are Ksirasvamin, Haradatta, Maitreya Rakshita, and Kaiyata.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=19-20}} The modern era Vyākaraṇa scholars have included Bhattoji Dikshita, Konda Bhatta and Nagesha Bhatta.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=20}} | The most studied Vyākaraṇa scholars of early and mid-second millennium are Ksirasvamin, Haradatta, Maitreya Rakshita, and Kaiyata.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=19-20}} The modern era Vyākaraṇa scholars have included Bhattoji Dikshita, Konda Bhatta and Nagesha Bhatta.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=20}} | ||
Between 1250 and 1450 Anubhūti Svarūpācārya created a simplified grammatical system called [[Sarasvataprakriya|Sārasvatavyākaraṇa]]. | |||
In the 14th century grammarian [[Padmanabhadatta]], founder of the Supadma School, composed the ''Supadmavyākaraṇa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Bhajagovinda|title=Study of Sanskrit Grammar in Tibet|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_07_02_02.pdf|journal=Bulletin of Tibetology|volume=VII, 2|pages=22}}</ref> The text is based on Pāṇini's ''[[Ashtadhyayi]]'', but remodeled and rearranged with explanatory notes. It is written in [[Bangla script|Bengali alphabet]], making it accessible to the Bengal provinces by removing the complexity of Sanskrit grammar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Saini|first=R.S.|title=Supadma Vyakarana|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=April 1, 1989|isbn=978-8121700344}}</ref> The main objective of Padmanabhadatta was to make knowledge of Sanskrit grammar clear and simple and to Sanskritize the new words that developed in the language. | In the 14th century grammarian [[Padmanabhadatta]], founder of the Supadma School, composed the ''Supadmavyākaraṇa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Bhajagovinda|title=Study of Sanskrit Grammar in Tibet|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_07_02_02.pdf|journal=Bulletin of Tibetology|volume=VII, 2|pages=22}}</ref> The text is based on Pāṇini's ''[[Ashtadhyayi]]'', but remodeled and rearranged with explanatory notes. It is written in [[Bangla script|Bengali alphabet]], making it accessible to the Bengal provinces by removing the complexity of Sanskrit grammar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Saini|first=R.S.|title=Supadma Vyakarana|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=April 1, 1989|isbn=978-8121700344}}</ref> The main objective of Padmanabhadatta was to make knowledge of Sanskrit grammar clear and simple and to Sanskritize the new words that developed in the language. | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
*{{cite book| author=Horace Hayman Wilson| title=An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft| year=1841| publisher=Madden}} | *{{cite book|author=[[Horace Hayman Wilson]]|title=An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft|year=1841|publisher=Madden}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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[[Category:Vyakarana| ]] | [[Category:Vyakarana| ]] | ||
[[Category:Indian linguistic philosophy]] | [[Category:Indian linguistic philosophy]] | ||
[[Category:Prophecy in Buddhism]] | |||